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Shields CA, Wang X, Cornelius DC. Sex differences in cardiovascular response to sepsis. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 324:C458-C466. [PMID: 36571442 PMCID: PMC9902216 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00134.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Revised: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been increased recognition of the importance of sex as a biological factor affecting disease and health. Many preclinical studies have suggested that males may experience a less favorable outcome in response to sepsis than females. The underlying mechanisms for these differences are still largely unknown but are thought to be related to the beneficial effects of estrogen. Furthermore, the immunosuppressive role of testosterone is also thought to contribute to the sex-dependent differences that are present in clinical sepsis. There are still significant knowledge gaps in this field. This mini-review will provide a brief overview of sex-dependent variables in relation to sepsis and the cardiovascular system. Preclinical animal models for sepsis research will also be discussed. The intent of this mini-review is to inspire interest for future considerations of sex-related variables in sepsis that should be addressed to increase our understanding of the underlying mechanisms in sepsis-induced cardiovascular dysfunction for the identification of therapeutic targets and improved sepsis management and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corbin A Shields
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Xi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Denise C Cornelius
- Department of Emergency Medicine, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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2
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Gay L, Melenotte C, Lopez A, Desnues B, Raoult D, Leone M, Mezouar S, Mege JL. Impact of Sex Hormones on Macrophage Responses to Coxiella burnetii. Front Immunol 2021; 12:705088. [PMID: 34987498 PMCID: PMC8720845 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.705088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Q fever, a zoonosis caused by Coxiella burnetii, affects more males than females despite a similar level of exposure. A protective role of estradiol has been reported in mice, suggesting that sex hormones are involved in C. burnetii infection. We wondered whether the responses of monocytes and monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) to C. burnetii are influenced by sex hormones. Materials and Methods The bacterial intracellular fate in monocytes was studied using quantitative PCR, and monocyte cytokine production in response to C. burnetii was assessed using qRT-PCR and immunoassays. Before infection, MDMs from males and females were incubated with testosterone and estradiol, respectively. Results Bacterial uptake and persistence were similar in monocytes from males and females but were slightly increased in male MDMs. The expression of inflammatory genes, including those encoding TNF and CXCL10, was higher in MDMs from females than in MDMs from males infected by C. burnetii. Adding testosterone to male MDMs amplified their immunoregulatory properties, including increased expression of IL10 and TGFB genes and TGF-β production in response to C. burnetii. In contrast, adding estradiol to MDMs from females had no effect on their inflammatory profile. Conclusion The stronger inflammatory profile of macrophages from females may have a protective role, likely under estrogen control, while testosterone may affect disease progression by promoting an anti-inflammatory response. This finding may have consequences for personalized management of patients with Q fever.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Gay
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Cléa Melenotte
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Alexandre Lopez
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Univ, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Benoit Desnues
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Didier Raoult
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Marc Leone
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Hôpital Nord, Aix-Marseille Univ, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Marseille, France
| | - Soraya Mezouar
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Louis Mege
- Aix-Marseille University, Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD), Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Microbes, Evolution, Phylogeny and Infection (MEPHI), Marseille, France
- Department of Immunology, Institut Hospitalo-Universitaire (IHU)-Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Marseille (APHM), Hôpital de la Conception, Laboratoire d’Immunologie, Marseille, France
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Yang Q, Zhang H, Wei T, Lin A, Sun Y, Luo P, Zhang J. Single-Cell RNA Sequencing Reveals the Heterogeneity of Tumor-Associated Macrophage in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer and Differences Between Sexes. Front Immunol 2021; 12:756722. [PMID: 34804043 PMCID: PMC8602907 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.756722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) is a disease with high morbidity and mortality, which has sex-related differences in prognosis and immunotherapy efficacy. However, the difference in the mechanisms remains unclear. Macrophages, characterized by high plasticity and heterogeneity, act as one of the key cells that exert anti-tumor effects in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and play a complicated role in the process of tumor progression. To elucidate the subtype composition and functional heterogeneity of tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) in NSCLC and further compare the sex-mediated differences, we conducted a single-cell level analysis in early-stage smoking NSCLC patients, combined with ssGSEA analysis, pseudotime ordering, and SCENIC analysis. We found two universally presented immune-suppressive TAMs with different functional and metabolic characteristics in the TME of NSCLC. Specifically, CCL18+ macrophages exerted immune-suppressive effects by inhibiting the production of inflammatory factors and manifested high levels of fatty acid oxidative phosphorylation metabolism. Conversely, the main metabolism pathway for SPP1+ macrophage was glycolysis which contributed to tumor metastasis by promoting angiogenesis and matrix remodeling. In terms of the differentially expressed genes, the complement gene C1QC and the matrix remodeling relevant genes FN1 and SPP1 were differentially expressed in the TAMs between sexes, of which the male upregulated SPP1 showed the potential as an ideal target for adjuvant immunotherapy and improving the efficacy of immunotherapy. According to the early-stage TCGA-NSCLC cohort, high expression of the above three genes in immune cells were associated with poor prognosis and acted as independent prognostic factors. Moreover, through verification at the transcription factor, transcriptome, and protein levels, we found that TAMs from women showed stronger immunogenicity with higher interferon-producing and antigen-presenting ability, while men-derived TAMs upregulated the PPARs and matrix remodeling related pathways, thus were more inclined to be immunosuppressive. Deconstruction of the TAMs at the single-cell level deepens our understanding of the mechanism for tumor occurrence and progress, which could be helpful to achieve the precise sex-specific tumor treatment sooner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Yang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hongman Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ting Wei
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Anqi Lin
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yueqin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peng Luo
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Oncology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Androgens enhance the ability of intratumoral macrophages to promote breast cancer progression. Oncol Rep 2021; 46:188. [PMID: 34278480 DOI: 10.3892/or.2021.8139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens are produced locally in breast carcinoma tissues by androgen‑producing enzymes such as 5α‑reductase type 1 (5αRed1) and affect not only breast cancer cells but the tumor microenvironment as well. Tumor‑associated macrophages (TAMs) are primary components of the tumor microenvironment and contribute to tumor progression. Although previous studies suggest that androgen/androgen receptor (AR) signaling in macrophages has important roles in human diseases, androgen action on TAMs has remained largely unknown. We immunolocalized macrophage marker CD163 as well as AR and 5αRed1 in 116 breast carcinomas and correlated them with clinicopathological parameters and clinical outcomes. Moreover, we examined the roles of androgens on macrophages in breast cancer progression using cell lines 4T1 (mouse breast cancer) and RAW264.7 (macrophage) in a tumor‑bearing female BALB/c mouse model. Double immunohistochemistry revealed that AR was sporadically expressed in the macrophages in breast carcinoma tissues. Macrophage infiltration was significantly correlated with an aggressive phenotype of breast carcinomas and worse prognosis, especially in the 5αRed1‑positive group. In a sphere‑forming assay using 4T1 and RAW‑AR cells, which stably express AR, the sphere size was significantly increased due to androgens when 4T1 cells were cocultured with RAW‑AR cells. Furthermore, in vivo experiments revealed that tumor growth and Ki67, a cell proliferation marker, were increased when androgens were stably produced in breast cancer cells and AR was expressed in macrophages. In conclusion, AR is expressed in intratumoral macrophages and is associated with an aggressive phenotype of breast carcinomas, especially when breast cancer cells actively produce androgens. Thus, androgens may enhance the ability of macrophages to promote breast cancer progression.
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Micheletto MLJ, Hermes TDA, Bertassoli BM, Petri G, Perez MM, Fonseca FLA, Carvalho AADS, Feder D. Ixazomib, an oral proteasome inhibitor, exhibits potential effect in dystrophin-deficient mdx mice. Int J Exp Pathol 2021; 102:11-21. [PMID: 33296126 PMCID: PMC7839951 DOI: 10.1111/iep.12383] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 10/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dystrophin deficiency makes the sarcolemma fragile and susceptible to degeneration in Duchenne muscular dystrophy. The proteasome is a multimeric protease complex and is central to the regulation of cellular proteins. Previous studies have shown that proteasome inhibition improved pathological changes in mdx mice. Ixazomib is the first oral proteasome inhibitor used as a therapy in multiple myeloma. This study investigated the effects of ixazomib on the dystrophic muscle of mdx mice. MDX mice were treated with ixazomib (7.5 mg/kg/wk by gavage) or 0.2 mL of saline for 12 weeks. The Kondziela test was performed to measure muscle strength. The tibialis anterior (TA) and diaphragm (DIA) muscles were used for morphological analysis, and blood samples were collected for biochemical measurement. We observed maintenance of the muscle strength in the animals treated with ixazomib. Treatment with ixazomib had no toxic effect on the mdx mouse. The morphological analysis showed a reduction in the inflammatory area and fibres with central nuclei in the TA and DIA muscles and an increase in the number of fibres with a diameter of 20 µm2 in the DIA muscle after treatment with ixazomib. There was an increase in the expression of dystrophin and utrophin in the TA and DIA muscles and a reduction in the expression of osteopontin and TGF-β in the DIA muscle of mdx mice treated with ixazomib. Ixazomib was thus shown to increase the expression of dystrophin and utrophin associated with improved pathological and functional changes in the dystrophic muscles of mdx mice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tulio de Almeida Hermes
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
- Departament of AnatomyFederal University of AlfenasAlfenasBrazil
| | | | - Giuliana Petri
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
| | | | | | | | - David Feder
- Departament of Morphology and PhysiologyMedical Faculty of the ABCSanto AndréBrazil
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Becerra-Diaz M, Song M, Heller N. Androgen and Androgen Receptors as Regulators of Monocyte and Macrophage Biology in the Healthy and Diseased Lung. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1698. [PMID: 32849595 PMCID: PMC7426504 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgens, the predominant male sex hormones, drive the development and maintenance of male characteristics by binding to androgen receptor (AR). As androgens are systemically distributed throughout the whole organism, they affect many tissues and cell types in addition to those in male sexual organs. It is now clear that the immune system is a target of androgen action. In the lungs, many immune cells express ARs and are responsive to androgens. In this review, we describe the effects of androgens and ARs on lung myeloid immune cells-monocytes and macrophages-as they relate to health and disease. In particular, we highlight the effect of androgens on lung diseases, such as asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and lung fibrosis. We also discuss the therapeutic use of androgens and how circulating androgens correlate with lung disease. In addition to human studies, we also discuss how mouse models have helped to uncover the effect of androgens on monocytes and macrophages in lung disease. Although the role of estrogen and other female hormones has been broadly analyzed in the literature, we focus on the new perspectives of androgens as modulators of the immune system that target myeloid cells during lung inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicola Heller
- Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, United States
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7
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Hermes TDA, Kido LA, Macedo AB, Mizobuti DS, Moraes LHR, Somazz MC, Cagnon VHA, Minatel E. Sex influences diaphragm muscle response in exercised mdx mice. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:1611-1621. [PMID: 30238549 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Physical exercise promotes increased muscle damage in the mdx mice, the experimental model of Duchenne muscular dystrophy. Studies suggest that the estrogen level in females makes them less susceptible to muscle injuries. The aim of this study was to characterize the diaphragm (DIA) muscle response to physical exercise in male and female mdx mice. The animals were divided into four groups: female sedentary mdx; male sedentary mdx; female mdx submitted to exercise; and male mdx mice submitted to exercise. Blood samples were used to determine creatine kinase (CK). Regenerated muscle fibers were indicated by the presence of central nucleus and also inflammation areas were determined in DIA muscle sections. The alpha and beta estrogen receptors (ER) were determined by means of immunohistochemistry evaluation in the dystrophic DIA muscle. Male mdx animals submitted to exercise showed increased CK levels and inflammatory area. The quantification of regenerated fibers was higher in male animals, submitted or not to physical exercise. Greater alpha and beta ER expression was verified in the females submitted to exercise in the DIA muscle than in the other experimental groups. Therefore, estrogen may have contributed to the prevention of increased inflammatory process and DIA injury in females submitted to exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Túlio de Almeida Hermes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.,Centro Regional Universitário de Espírito Santo do Pinhal (UNIPINHAL), Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo 13990-000, Brazil
| | - Larissa Akemi Kido
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Aline Barbosa Macedo
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Daniela Sayuri Mizobuti
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Luiz Henrique Rapucci Moraes
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Marco Cesar Somazz
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil.,Centro Regional Universitário de Espírito Santo do Pinhal (UNIPINHAL), Espírito Santo do Pinhal, São Paulo 13990-000, Brazil
| | - Valéria Helena Alves Cagnon
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Elaine Minatel
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo 13083-970, Brazil
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Rakholia MV, Kumar RG, Oh BM, Ranganathan PR, Berga SL, Kochanek PM, Wagner AK. Systemic Estrone Production and Injury-Induced Sex Hormone Steroidogenesis after Severe Traumatic Brain Injury: A Prognostic Indicator of Traumatic Brain Injury-Related Mortality. J Neurotrauma 2018; 36:1156-1167. [PMID: 29947289 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.5782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive pre-clinical studies suggest that sex steroids are neuroprotective in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, clinical trials involving sex hormone administration have not shown beneficial results, and our observational cohort studies show systemic estradiol (E2) production to be associated with adverse outcomes. Systemic E2 is produced via aromatization of testosterone (T) or reduction of estrone (E1). E1, also produced via aromatization of androstenedione (Andro) and is a marker of T-independent E2 production. We hypothesized that E1 would be (1) associated with TBI-related mortality, (2) the primary intermediate for E2 production, and (3) associated with adipose tissue-specific aromatase transcription. We assessed 100 subjects with severe TBI and 8 healthy controls. Serum levels were measured on days 0-3 post-TBI for key steroidogenic precursors (progesterone), aromatase pathway intermediates (E1, E2, T, Andro), and the adipose tissue-specific aromatase transcription factors cortisol, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and interleukin-6 (IL-6). E1 was elevated after TBI versus controls. High E1 was associated with higher progesterone, cortisol, and IL-6 (p < 0.05). Multivariable logistic regression demonstrated that those in the highest E1 tertile had increased odds for mortality (adjusted OR = 5.656, 95% CI = 1.102-29.045, p = 0.038). Structural equation models show that early serum E2 production is largely T independent, occurring predominantly through E1 metabolism. Acute serum E1 functions as a mortality marker for TBI through aromatase-dependent E1 production and T-independent E2 production. Further work should evaluate risk factors for high E2 production and how systemic E2 and its key intermediate E1 contribute to the extracerebral consequences of severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milap V Rakholia
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Raj G Kumar
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Byung-Mo Oh
- 2 Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Prerna R Ranganathan
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Sarah L Berga
- 3 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Patrick M Kochanek
- 4 Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,5 Department of Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
| | - Amy K Wagner
- 1 Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,5 Department of Safar Center for Resuscitation Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,6 Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.,7 Department of Center for Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania
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Novel Biomarker Candidates for Febrile Neutropenia in Hematological Patients Using Nontargeted Metabolomics. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:6964529. [PMID: 29849825 PMCID: PMC5925027 DOI: 10.1155/2018/6964529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 02/04/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background Novel potential small molecular biomarkers for sepsis were analyzed with nontargeted metabolite profiling to find biomarkers for febrile neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy for hematological malignancies. Methods Altogether, 85 patients were included into this prospective study at the start of febrile neutropenia after intensive chemotherapy for acute myeloid leukemia or after autologous stem cell transplantation. The plasma samples for the nontargeted metabolite profiling analysis by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry were taken when fever rose over 38° and on the next morning. Results Altogether, 90 differential molecular features were shown to explain the differences between patients with complicated (bacteremia, severe sepsis, or fatal outcome) and noncomplicated courses of febrile neutropenia. The most differential compounds were an androgen hormone, citrulline, and phosphatidylethanolamine PE(18:0/20:4). The clinical relevance of the findings was evaluated by comparing them with conventional biomarkers like C-reactive protein and procalcitonin. Conclusion These results hold promise to find out novel biomarkers for febrile neutropenia, including citrulline. Furthermore, androgen metabolism merits further studies.
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Sałagacka-Kubiak A, Zebrowska M, Jeleń A, Mirowski M, Balcerczak E. Assessment of TNFA polymorphisms at positions -857 and -863 in Polish peptic ulcer patients. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:164-8. [PMID: 26774268 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Peptic ulceration connected with chronic inflammation in gastrointestinal mucosa could be induced by Helicobacter pylori infection. Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) encoded by TNFA gene is a key mediator in the inflammation process. There are several polymorphisms in the promoter of TNFA influencing its transcriptional activity. -857C>T (rs1799724) and -863C>A (rs1800630) substitutions may be responsible for increased TNFA transcription and TNF-α production. The association of these two polymorphisms with peptic ulceration and the development of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients in Poles were evaluated. MATERIAL AND METHODS Polymorphisms were assessed by PCR-RFLP in 203 peptic ulcer patients. H. pylori infection was confirmed by rapid urease test. The results of genotyping were compared with those obtained for 248 healthy Polish individuals. RESULTS There were no significant differences in genotype and allele frequencies for both investigated polymorphisms between peptic ulcer patients and healthy individuals. No associations between frequencies of particular genotypes and alleles for both SNPs and the presence of H. pylori infection in peptic ulcer patients and in subgroups of peptic ulcer women and men were confirmed. CONCLUSIONS The investigated SNPs are not risk factors for peptic ulcer development. They are not risk factors for H. pylori infection in ulcer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra Sałagacka-Kubiak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marta Zebrowska
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Jeleń
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Marek Mirowski
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Laboratory of Molecular Diagnostics and Pharmacogenomics, Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Łódź, Poland.
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11
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Neunaber C, Angela Y, Safi S, Krettek C, Zeckey C. Beneficial effects of finasteride on hepatic and pulmonary immune response after trauma hemorrhage in mice. Cytokine 2015; 74:123-9. [PMID: 25907835 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2015.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The literature reveals evidence for a gender specific outcome after major trauma and hemorrhage. Increased levels of male sex hormones such as testosterone and even more dihydrotestosterone (DHT) mediate negative effects on the posttraumatic immune response. Pretreatment with finasteride several days before trauma hemorrhage (TH) led to improved outcomes in mice. We hypothesized that finasteride mediates its protective effects also when administered after TH within the resuscitation process. METHODS Male C57BL/6N-mice underwent TH (blood pressure: 35 mmHg, 90 min) followed by finasteride application and fluid resuscitation. Plasma cytokines (MIP-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, MCP-3, IL-6), productive capacity of alveolar macrophages (AM) and hepatic Kupffer cells (KC) and systemic DHT levels were determined 4 h and 24 h thereafter. Pulmonary and hepatic infiltration of PMN was determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Finasteride treatment resulted in reduced levels of systemic cytokines. This was accompanied by a reduced posttraumatic cytokine secretion of AM as well as Kupffer cells, thereby reducing hepatic distant organ damage as measured by reduced PMN infiltration. Systemic DHT levels were decreased following finasteride treatment. CONCLUSION Finasteride exerts salutary effects on the pulmonary and hepatic immune response using a therapeutic approach following TH in mice. Therefore, finasteride might represent a potential agent following multiple trauma and hemorrhage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yenny Angela
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Schabnam Safi
- Trauma Department, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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12
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Androgen and androgen receptor signals jamming monocyte/macrophage functions in premalignant phase of livers. Biomedicine (Taipei) 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomed.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
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Qiu Y, Tanaka T, Nawata H, Yanase T. Dihydrotestosterone inhibits lectin-like oxidized-LDL receptor-1 expression in aortic endothelial cells via a NF-κB/AP-1-mediated mechanism. Endocrinology 2012; 153:3405-15. [PMID: 22597534 DOI: 10.1210/en.2011-1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the antiatherosclerotic effects of androgens are unclear. Although lectin-like oxidized low-density lipoprotein receptor-1 (LOX-1) in endothelial cells plays critical roles in atherosclerosis, the effects of androgens on endothelial LOX-1 expression has not been examined. Therefore, to investigate the effects of dihydrotestosterone (DHT) on LOX-1 expression in rabbit aortic endothelial cells and cultured human aortic endothelial cells (HAEC), pellets containing DHT or placebo were s.c. implanted into 26 male New Zealand white rabbits at the time of castration or sham operation. The rabbits were then fed a high-cholesterol diet (HCD) for 2 wk. Microscopic examination of the aortic arch revealed that DHT significantly reduced HCD-induced LOX-1 expression in endothelial cells compared with placebo. In cultured HAEC, DHT at concentrations above 10(-9) to 10(-7) mol/liter inhibited TNFα-induced LOX-1 mRNA and protein expression. Deletion and mutation analysis of human LOX-1 promoter-luciferase constructs transfected into HAEC with an androgen receptor (AR) expression plasmid revealed that the 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) response element (TRE; nucleotides -60/-53) contributed to the inhibitory effects of DHT on TNFα-induced LOX-1 expression. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) and re-ChIP assays revealed that TNFα- and TPA-dependent enrichment of p65 and phosphorylated c-Jun in the TRE chromatin region was inhibited by DHT-AR. Consistent with these results, DHT also suppressed TPA-induced expression of LOX-1. In conclusion, DHT exerts antiatherosclerotic effects by suppressing endothelial LOX-1 expression. This effect is partly mediated by the suppression of nuclear factor-κB- and activator protein 1-dependent activation of the LOX-1 promoter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Qiu
- Department of Medicine and Bioregulatory Science, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 812-8582, Japan
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El-Tawil A. Mechanism of non-specific-fistula-in-ano: Hormonal aspects—Review. PATHOPHYSIOLOGY 2012; 19:55-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pathophys.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2010] [Accepted: 01/21/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
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15
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Zeckey C, Andruszkow H, Neunaber C, Frink M, Schirmer B, Mommsen P, Barkhausen T, Krettek C, Hildebrand F. Protective effects of finasteride on the pulmonary immune response in a combined model of trauma-hemorrhage and polymicrobial sepsis in mice. Cytokine 2011; 56:305-11. [PMID: 21767963 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2011.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Literature supports findings about a gender specific outcome following multiple trauma. Male sex hormones such as dihydrotestosterone (DHT) exert deleterious effects on the posttraumatic immune response whereas increased estradiol concentrations are correlated with improved outcome. Pretreatment with the 5α-reductase inhibitor finasteride resulted in an improved outcome following trauma-hemorrhage (TH) in mice. The present study tested the hypothesis that finasteride exerts beneficial effects on the posttraumatic immune response also in a combined setting of TH and sepsis when administered during the resuscitation process. MATERIAL AND METHODS Male C57BL/6N-mice were subjected to TH (blood pressure, 35 mm Hg, 60 min) followed by finasteride application and fluid resuscitation. Thereafter, finasteride was administered every 12h. 24h after TH, sepsis was induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) or sham operation was performed. Plasma cytokines (MIP-1α, MIP-1β, TNF-α, MCP-1, IL-6), productive capacity by alveolar macrophages (AM) and systemic estradiol levels were determined 4 h thereafter. The expression of pro-inflammatory mediators in lung tissue was evaluated by PCR. Pulmonary infiltration of PMN was determined by immunohistochemical staining. RESULTS Finasteride treatment resulted in a reduced posttraumatic cytokine secretion of AM as well as in a decreased concentration of MCP-1 and MIP-1β in lung tissue. Systemic estradiol levels were increased following finasteride treatment. CONCLUSION Finasteride mediates salutary effects on the pulmonary immune response using a therapeutical approach following TH-CLP in mice. Thus, finasteride might represent a relevant therapeutic substance following major trauma also in the clinical setting.
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Gil D, Culver R. Male ornament size in a passerine predicts the inhibitory effect of testosterone on macrophage phagocytosis. Funct Ecol 2011. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2011.01878.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Inflammatory Alterations in a Novel Combination Model of Blunt Chest Trauma and Hemorrhagic Shock. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 70:189-96. [DOI: 10.1097/ta.0b013e3181d7693c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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18
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Gilliver SC. Sex steroids as inflammatory regulators. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2010; 120:105-15. [PMID: 20045727 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2009.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2009] [Revised: 12/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/23/2009] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
It is becoming increasingly clear that endogenous sex steroids are key players in a range of inflammatory contexts. Androgens and estrogens have been shown to have a profound influence on the function of inflammatory cells including macrophages and on the secretion and activation of a range of plasma-borne inflammatory mediators. The menopause and polymorphisms in estrogen receptor genes have separately been shown to affect the incidence of a range of inflammatory disorders. Sex steroids themselves have been shown to be protective in certain conditions; harmful in others. This review will summarize their documented effects on inflammatory processes, with particular focus on two areas that have received much recent attention: the antiatherosclerotic properties of estrogens in females and the wound healing effects of sex steroids.
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Mukhopadhyay R, Mishra MK, Basu A, Bishayi B. Effect of particulate antigenic stimulation or in vivo administration of interleukin-6 on the level of steroidogenic enzymes in adrenal glands and lymphoid tissues of mice with parallel alteration in endogenous inflammatory cytokine level. Cell Immunol 2010; 261:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellimm.2009.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2009] [Revised: 07/21/2009] [Accepted: 10/13/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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20
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White JP, Baltgalvis KA, Sato S, Wilson LB, Carson JA. Effect of nandrolone decanoate administration on recovery from bupivacaine-induced muscle injury. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 107:1420-30. [PMID: 19745189 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00668.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Although testosterone administration elicits well-documented anabolic effects on skeletal muscle mass, the enhancement of muscle regeneration after injury has not been widely examined. The purpose of this study was to determine whether anabolic steroid administration improves skeletal muscle regeneration from bupivacaine-induced injury. Male C57BL/6 mice were castrated 2 wk before muscle injury induced by an intramuscular bupivacaine injection into the tibialis anterior (TA) muscle. Control mice received an intramuscular PBS injection. Anabolic steroid [nandrolone decanoate (ND), 6 mg/kg] or sesame seed oil was administered at the time of initial injury and continued every 7 days for the study's duration. Mice were randomly assigned to one of four treatment groups for 5, 14, or 42 days of recovery, as follows: 1) control (uninjured); 2) ND only (uninjured + ND); 3) bupivacaine only (injured); or 4) bupivacaine + ND (injured + ND). TA morphology, protein, and gene expression were analyzed at 14 and 42 days after injury; protein expression was analyzed at 5 days after injury. After 14 days of recovery, the injury and injury + ND treatments induced small-diameter myofiber incidence and also decreased mean myofiber area. The increase in small-myofiber incidence was 65% greater in injury + ND muscle compared with injury alone. At 14 days, injury + ND induced a fivefold increase in muscle IGF-I mRNA expression, which was greater than injury alone. Muscle Akt activity and glycogen synthetase kinase-3beta activity were also induced by injury + ND at 14 days of recovery, but not by injury alone. ND had a main effect for increasing muscle MyoD and cyclin D1 mRNA expression at 14 days. After 42 days of recovery, injury + ND increased large-diameter myofiber incidence compared with injury only. Nandrolone decanoate (ND) administration can enhance castrated mouse muscle regeneration during the recovery from bupivacaine-induced injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P White
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Exercise Science Department, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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21
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Abstract
Even if trauma patients initially avoid death after trauma (due to massive blood volume loss, primary severe brain injury), they are still at risk for multiple organ failure. Thus, it is crucial to elucidate the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms of trauma/hemorrhagic shock and the immune response involved. As of now, many hemorrhagic shock/trauma studies have used various types of animal models. Despite a large number of results from these efforts, some authors have argued that animal model results are difficult to translate directly into the clinical scenario. This review summarizes the advantages and the disadvantages of using animal models in trauma/hemorrhagic shock studies and discusses the relevance of various animal studies to the clinical scenario.
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Mechanism of salutary effects of finasteride on post-traumatic immune/inflammatory response: upregulation of estradiol synthesis. Ann Surg 2007; 246:836-43. [PMID: 17968177 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0b013e318158fca0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate whether pretreatment with finasteride, a 5alpha-reductase inhibitor, improves immune functions after trauma-hemorrhage. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA A number of studies have provided evidence for a gender dimorphism in host defense after trauma. Under stress conditions, such as trauma-hemorrhage, androgenic hormones have immunosuppressive effects, leading to increased susceptibility to sepsis, morbidity, and mortality. Testosterone is converted by 5alpha-reductase to 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a more potent androgen. METHODS Male C3H/HeN mice (8-10 weeks) were randomly assigned to receive finasteride or vehicle for 2 days and were then subjected to trauma-hemorrhage or sham operation. Trauma-hemorrhage was induced by a midline laparotomy and approximately 90 minutes of hemorrhagic shock (blood pressure, 35 mm Hg), followed by fluid resuscitation. Animals were killed 2 hours after resuscitation or sham procedure. Plasma levels and Kupffer cell production of cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-6, IL-10, MCP-1, KC, and MIP-1alpha), lung neutrophil infiltration, and edema were evaluated. RESULTS Finasteride administration prevented the increase in cytokine plasma levels, decreased DHT, and increased 17beta-estradiol plasma concentrations. In addition, neutrophil infiltration and edema formation in the lung were reduced by finasteride. The salutary effects of finasteride were abrogated after coadministration with an estrogen receptor inhibitor (ICI 182,780). Increased Kupffer cell cytokine production normally observed after trauma-hemorrhage was prevented by treatment with finasteride. CONCLUSION These results suggest that inhibition of 5alpha-reductase leads to the conversion of testosterone to 17beta-estradiol, which produces salutary effects on the post-traumatic immune response.
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Thompson RW, McClung JM, Baltgalvis KA, Davis JM, Carson JA. Modulation of overload-induced inflammation by aging and anabolic steroid administration. Exp Gerontol 2006; 41:1136-48. [PMID: 17064867 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2006.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2006] [Revised: 08/11/2006] [Accepted: 08/29/2006] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Aging can alter the skeletal muscle growth response induced by overload. The initiation of overload induces muscle extracellular matrix expansion, increased cellularity, and inflammatory gene expression, which are all related to processes important for myofiber growth. These remodeling processes are also biological targets of testosterone. It is not certain how aging affects the inflammatory response to functional overload and whether anabolic steroid administration can alter this response. The effect of anabolic steroid administration on inflammatory processes during functional overload is not known. The purpose of this study was to determine if age altered the skeletal muscle inflammatory response at the onset of functional overload and whether anabolic steroid administration would modulate this response in young or older animals. Five-month and 25 month F344 x BRN rats were given nandrolone decanoate (ND) (6 mg/kg bw/wk) or sham injections for 3 weeks, and then the soleus muscle was overloaded (OV) for 3 days by synergist ablation. ND alone induced a 230% increase in ED1(+) cells in 5 month muscle. Three days of OV had no effect on ED1(+) cell number at either age. OV combined with ND induced a 90% increase in ED2(+) cells in 5 month muscle, while there was no effect of either treatment alone at this age. In 25 month muscle, OV induced a 40% increase in ED2(+) cells. Regardless of age, OV induced muscle TNF-alpha mRNA expression (300%) and IL-6 mRNA expression (900%). ND attenuated OV-induced IL-6 mRNA but not TNF-alpha expression in both age groups. The overload induction of IL-1beta mRNA was 3-fold greater in 25 month muscle (1400%), compared to 5 month muscle (400%). ND administration ablated the overload IL-1beta mRNA induction in 25 month muscle. Anabolic steroid administration can suppress inflammatory cytokine gene expression at the onset of overload and this effect is age dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond W Thompson
- Integrative Muscle Biology Laboratory, Arnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA
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Gilliver SC, Ashworth JJ, Mills SJ, Hardman MJ, Ashcroft GS. Androgens modulate the inflammatory response during acute wound healing. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:722-32. [PMID: 16449322 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.02786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Impaired wound healing states in the elderly lead to substantial morbidity and mortality, and a cost to the health services of over 9 billion dollars per annum. In addition to intrinsic ageing processes that per se cause delayed healing, studies have suggested marked differences in wound repair between the sexes. We have previously reported that, castration of male mice results in a striking acceleration of local cutaneous wound healing and dampens the associated inflammatory response. In this study, we report that systemic 5alpha-reductase inhibition, which blocks the conversion of testosterone to its more active metabolite 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone, mimics the effects of castration in a rat model of cutaneous wound healing. The mechanisms underlying the observed effects involve a direct, cell-specific upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokine expression by macrophages, but not fibroblasts, in response to androgens. Androgens require the transforming growth factor beta signalling intermediate Smad3 to be present in order to influence repair and local pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. That reducing 5alpha-dihydrotestosterone levels through 5alpha-reductase antagonism markedly accelerates healing suggests a specific target for future therapeutic intervention in impaired wound healing states in elderly males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen C Gilliver
- Faculty of Life Sciences, Michael Smith Building, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Crisostomo PR, Wang M, Wairiuko GM, Morrell ED, Meldrum DR. Brief exposure to exogenous testosterone increases death signaling and adversely affects myocardial function after ischemia. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2006; 290:R1168-74. [PMID: 16439666 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00833.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic endogenous testosterone exposure adversely affects proinflammatory and proapoptotic signaling after ischemia/reperfusion; however, it remains unknown whether a single acute testosterone exposure is equally detrimental. We hypothesized that acute exogenous testosterone infusion before ischemia would worsen myocardial functional recovery, increase the activation of MAPKs and caspase-3, and increase myocardial proinflammatory cytokine production. To study this, isolated-perfused rat hearts (Langendorff) from adult females and castrated males were subjected to 25-min ischemia and 40-min reperfusion with and without acute testosterone infusion (17beta-hydroxy-4-androstenone, 10 ng x ml(-1) x min(-1)) before ischemia. Myocardial contractile function was continuously recorded. After ischemia/reperfusion, hearts were assessed for levels of testosterone (ELISA), expression of proinflammatory cytokines (ELISA), and activation of MAPKs and caspase-3 (Western blot analysis). Data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA or Student's t-test; P < 0.05 was statistically significant. All indices of postischemic functional recovery were decreased with acute exogenous testosterone compared with the untreated groups. Acute testosterone infusion increased activation of MAPKs and caspase-3 following ischemia/reperfusion. However, there were no significant differences in the myocardial proinflammatory cytokine production after brief testosterone infusion. A single acute exposure to exogenous testosterone before ischemia worsens myocardial functional recovery and increases activation of MAPKs and caspase-3. These findings confirm the deleterious effects of testosterone on myocardium, elucidate the nongenomic mechanistic pathways of testosterone, and may have important clinical implications for patients who have acute exposure to exogenous testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul R Crisostomo
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, USA
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Abstract
Aging in men is associated with a progressive decline in the production of several hormones, including androgens. The extent to which an age-dependent decline in androgen levels lead to health problems or can affect quality of life remains under debate. Clinical results on replacement therapy do not yet provide a definitive clue on the benefit/risk balance. A sexual dimorphism of the immune system is well established, and the differences between female and male immune responses under normal, as well as pathological, conditions are generally attributed to the influence of estrogens, progestins, and androgens. The suppressive effects of male sex hormones on immune functions have been observed in a wide variety of disease processes and appear to be testosterone-mediated. Endogenous testosterone inhibits skin wound healing response in males and is associated with an enhanced inflammatory response. Although there are no known gender-related differences in permeability barrier function in adults, estrogens accelerates--whereas testosterone retards--barrier development in fetal skin, and male fetuses demonstrate slower barrier development than female littermates.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fimmel
- Department of Dermatology, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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