1
|
Gafurova CR, Tsentsevitsky AN, Fedorov NS, Khaziev AN, Malomouzh AI, Petrov AM. β2-Adrenergic Regulation of the Neuromuscular Transmission and Its Lipid-Dependent Switch. Mol Neurobiol 2024; 61:6805-6821. [PMID: 38353924 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-024-03991-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 08/22/2024]
Abstract
β2-Adrenoceptors (β2-ARs) are the most abundant subtype of adrenergic receptors in skeletal muscles. Their activation via a stabilization of postsynaptic architecture has beneficial effects in certain models of neuromuscular disorders. However, the ability of β2-ARs to regulate neuromuscular transmission at the presynaptic level is poorly understood. Using electrophysiological recordings and fluorescent FM dyes, we found that β2-AR activation with fenoterol enhanced an involvement of synaptic vesicles in exocytosis and neurotransmitter release during intense activity at the neuromuscular junctions of mouse diaphragm. This was accompanied by an improvement of contractile responses to phrenic nerve stimulation (but not direct stimulation of the muscle fibers) at moderate-to-high frequencies. β2-ARs mainly reside in lipid microdomains enriched with cholesterol and sphingomyelin. The latter is hydrolyzed by sphingomyelinases, whose upregulation occurs in many conditions characterized by muscle atrophy and sympathetic nerve hyperactivity. Sphingomyelinase treatment reversed the effects of β2-AR agonist on the neurotransmitter release and synaptic vesicle recruitment to the exocytosis during intense activity. Inhibition of Gi protein with pertussis toxin completely prevented the sphingomyelinase-mediated inversion in the β2-AR agonist action. Note that lipid raft disrupting enzyme cholesterol oxidase had the same effect on β2-AR agonist-mediated changes in neurotransmission as sphingomyelinase. Thus, β2-AR agonist fenoterol augmented recruitment and release of synaptic vesicles during intense activity in the diaphragm neuromuscular junctions. Sphingomyelin hydrolysis inversed the effects of β2-AR agonist on neurotransmission probably via switching to Gi protein-dependent signaling. This phenomenon may reflect a dependence of the β2-AR signaling on lipid raft integrity in the neuromuscular junctions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chulpan R Gafurova
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012
| | - Andrei N Tsentsevitsky
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Nikita S Fedorov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Arthur N Khaziev
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
| | - Artem I Malomouzh
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111
- Kazan National Research Technical University, 10, K. Marx St., Kazan, Russia, 420111
| | - Alexey M Petrov
- Laboratory of Biophysics of Synaptic Processes, Kazan Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, FRC Kazan Scientific Center of RAS, 2/31 Lobachevsky St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420111.
- Kazan State Medical University, 49 Butlerova St., Kazan, RT, Russia, 420012.
- Kazan Federal University, 18 Kremlyovskaya St., Kazan, Russia, 420008.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Raymond-Pope CJ, Basten AM, Bruzina AS, McFaline-Figueroa J, Lillquist TJ, Call JA, Greising SM. Restricted physical activity after volumetric muscle loss alters whole-body and local muscle metabolism. J Physiol 2023; 601:743-761. [PMID: 36536512 PMCID: PMC9931639 DOI: 10.1113/jp283959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Volumetric muscle loss (VML) is the traumatic loss of skeletal muscle, resulting in chronic functional deficits and pathological comorbidities, including altered whole-body metabolic rate and respiratory exchange ratio (RER), despite no change in physical activity in animal models. In other injury models, treatment with β2 receptor agonists (e.g. formoterol) improves metabolic and skeletal muscle function. We aimed first to examine if restricting physical activity following injury affects metabolic and skeletal muscle function, and second, to enhance the metabolic and contractile function of the muscle remaining following VML injury through treatment with formoterol. Adult male C57Bl/6J mice (n = 32) underwent VML injury to the posterior hindlimb compartment and were randomly assigned to unrestricted or restricted activity and formoterol treatment or no treatment; age-matched injury naïve mice (n = 4) were controls for biochemical analyses. Longitudinal 24 h evaluations of physical activity and whole-body metabolism were conducted following VML. In vivo muscle function was assessed terminally, and muscles were biochemically evaluated for protein expression, mitochondrial enzyme activity and untargeted metabolomics. Restricting activity chronically after VML had the greatest effect on physical activity and RER, reflected in reduced lipid oxidation, although changes were attenuated by formoterol treatment. Formoterol enhanced injured muscle mass, while mitigating functional deficits. These novel findings indicate physical activity restriction may recapitulate following VML clinically, and adjunctive oxidative treatment may create a metabolically beneficial intramuscular environment while enhancing the injured muscle's mass and force-producing capacity. Further investigation is needed to evaluate adjunctive oxidative treatment with rehabilitation, which may augment the muscle's regenerative and functional capacity following VML. KEY POINTS: The natural ability of skeletal muscle to regenerate and recover function is lost following complex traumatic musculoskeletal injury, such as volumetric muscle loss (VML), and physical inactivity following VML may incur additional deleterious consequences for muscle and metabolic health. Modelling VML injury-induced physical activity restriction altered whole-body metabolism, primarily by decreasing lipid oxidation, while preserving local skeletal muscle metabolic activity. The β2 adrenergic receptor agonist formoterol has shown promise in other severe injury models to improve regeneration, recover function and enhance metabolism. Treatment with formoterol enhanced mass of the injured muscle and whole-body metabolism while mitigating functional deficits resulting from injury. Understanding of chronic effects of the clinically available and FDA-approved pharmaceutical formoterol could be a translational option to support muscle function after VML injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Alec M. Basten
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | - Angela S. Bruzina
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| | | | | | - Jarrod A. Call
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
- Regenerative Bioscience Center, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Sarah M. Greising
- School of Kinesiology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis MN 55455, USA
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Koike TE, Fuziwara CS, Brum PC, Kimura ET, Rando TA, Miyabara EH. Muscle Stem Cell Function Is Impaired in β2-Adrenoceptor Knockout Mice. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2022; 18:2431-2443. [PMID: 35244862 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-022-10334-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Knockout (ko) mice for the β2 adrenoceptor (Adrβ2) have impaired skeletal muscle regeneration, suggesting that this receptor is important for muscle stem cell (satellite cell) function. Here, we investigated the role of Adrβ2 in the function of satellite cells from β2ko mice in the context of muscle regeneration, through in vivo and in vitro experiments. Immunohistochemical analysis showed a significant reduction in the number of self-renewed Pax7+ satellite cells, proliferating Pax7+/MyoD+ myogenic precursor cells, and regenerating eMHC+ myofibers in regenerating muscle of β2ko mice at 30, 3, and 10 days post-injury, respectively. Quiescent satellite cells were isolated by fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and cell cycle entry was assessed by EdU incorporation. The results demonstrated a lower number of proliferating Pax7+/EdU+ satellite cells from β2ko mice. There was an increase in the gene expression of the cell cycle inhibitor Cdkn1a and Notch pathway components and the activation of Notch signaling in proliferating myoblasts from β2ko mice. There was a decrease in the number of myogenin-positive nuclei in myofibers maintained in differentiation media, and a lower fusion index in differentiating myoblasts from β2ko mice. Furthermore, the gene expression of Wnt/β-catenin signaling components, the expression of nuclear β-catenin and the activation of Wnt/β-catenin signaling decreased in differentiating myoblasts from β2ko mice. These results indicate that Adrβ2 plays a crucial role in satellite cell self-renewal, as well as in myoblast proliferation and differentiation by regulating Notch and Wnt/β-catenin signaling, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana E Koike
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415. CEP, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil
| | - Cesar S Fuziwara
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Patricia C Brum
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Edna T Kimura
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Thomas A Rando
- Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, 3801 Miranda Avenue, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Broad Stem Cell Research Center, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Elen H Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Avenida Professor Lineu Prestes, 2415. CEP, São Paulo, SP, 05508-000, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Rodrigues ACZ, Messi ML, Wang ZM, Bonilla HJ, Freeman WM, Delbono O. Long-term, induced expression of Hand2 in peripheral sympathetic neurons ameliorates sarcopenia in geriatric mice. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:1908-1924. [PMID: 34546662 PMCID: PMC8718059 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The discovery of adrenoceptors, which mediate the effects of the sympathetic nervous system neurotransmitter norepinephrine on specific tissues, sparked the development of sympathomimetics that have profound influence on skeletal muscle mass. However, chronic administration has serious side effects that preclude their use for muscle-wasting conditions such as sarcopenia, the age-dependent decline in muscle mass, force, and power. Devising interventions that can adjust neurotransmitter release to changing physiological demands will require understanding how the sympathetic nervous system affects muscle motor innervation and muscle mass, which will prevent sarcopenia-associated impaired mobility, falls, institutionalization, co-morbidity, and premature death. Here, we tested the hypothesis that prolonged heart and neural crest derivative 2 (Hand2) expression in peripheral sympathetic neurons (SNs) ameliorates sympathetic muscle denervation, motor denervation, and sarcopenia in geriatric mice. METHODS We delivered either a viral vector encoding the transcription factor Hand2 or an empty vector (EV) driven to SNs by the PRSx8 promoter by injecting the saphenous vein in 16-month-old C57BL/6 mice that were sacrificed 10-11 months later. Studies relied on sympathetic and muscle immunohistochemistry analysed by confocal microscopy, nerve and muscle protein expression assessed by immunoblots, nerve-evoked and muscle-evoked maximal muscle contraction force, extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscle RNA sequencing, SN real-time PCR, and tests of physical performance using an inverted-cling grip test and in an open-arena setting. RESULTS Examining the mice 10-11 months later, we found that inducing Hand2 expression in peripheral SNs preserved (i) the number of neurons (EV: 0.32 ± 0.03/μm2 , n = 6; Hand2: 0.92 ± 0.08/μm2 , n = 7; P < 0.0001) and size (EV: 279 ± 18 μm2 , n = 6; Hand2: 396 ± 18 μm2 , n = 7; P < 0.0001); (ii) lumbricalis muscle sympathetic innervation (EV: 1.4 ± 1.5 μm/μm2 , n = 5; Hand2: 12 ± 1.8 μm/μm2 , n = 5; P < 0.001); (iii) tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, EDL, and soleus muscles weight and whole-body strength (EV: 48 ± 6.4 s, n = 6; Hand2: 102 ± 6.8 s, n = 6; P < 0.001); (iv) EDL type IIb, IIx, and II/IIx and soleus type I, IIa, IIx, IIa/IIx, and IIb/IIx myofibre cross-sectional area; (v) nerve-evoked (EV: 16 ± 2.7 mN; Hand2: 30 ± 4.4 mN; P < 0.001) and muscle-evoked (EV: 24 ± 3.8 mN, n = 5; Hand2: 38 ± 3.0 mN, n = 8; P < 0.001) muscle force by 150 Hz-3 s pulses; and (vi) motor innervation assessed by measuring presynaptic/postsynaptic neuromuscular junction area overlay. CONCLUSIONS Preserving Hand2 expression in SNs from middle-aged to very old mice attenuates decreases in muscle mass and force by (i) maintaining skeletal muscle sympathetic and motor innervation, (ii) improving membrane and total acetylcholine receptor stability and nerve-evoked and muscle-evoked muscle contraction, (iii) preventing the elevation of inflammation and myofibrillar protein degradation markers, and (iv) increasing muscle autophagy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Zaia Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,The Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - María Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Henry Jacob Bonilla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,The Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,The Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
The emerging role of the sympathetic nervous system in skeletal muscle motor innervation and sarcopenia. Ageing Res Rev 2021; 67:101305. [PMID: 33610815 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2021.101305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 01/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Examining neural etiologic factors'role in the decline of neuromuscular function with aging is essential to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying sarcopenia, the age-dependent decline in muscle mass, force and power. Innervation of the skeletal muscle by both motor and sympathetic axons has been established, igniting interest in determining how the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) affect skeletal muscle composition and function throughout the lifetime. Selective expression of the heart and neural crest derivative 2 gene in peripheral SNs increases muscle mass and force regulating skeletal muscle sympathetic and motor innervation; improving acetylcholine receptor stability and NMJ transmission; preventing inflammation and myofibrillar protein degradation; increasing autophagy; and probably enhancing protein synthesis. Elucidating the role of central SNs will help to define the coordinated response of the visceral and neuromuscular system to physiological and pathological challenges across ages. This review discusses the following questions: (1) Does the SNS regulate skeletal muscle motor innervation? (2) Does the SNS regulate presynaptic and postsynaptic neuromuscular junction (NMJ) structure and function? (3) Does sympathetic neuron (SN) regulation of NMJ transmission decline with aging? (4) Does maintenance of SNs attenuate aging sarcopenia? and (5) Do central SN group relays influence sympathetic and motor muscle innervation?
Collapse
|
6
|
Rodrigues ACZ, Wang ZM, Messi ML, Bonilla HJ, Liu L, Freeman WM, Delbono O. Heart and neural crest derivative 2-induced preservation of sympathetic neurons attenuates sarcopenia with aging. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2021; 12:91-108. [PMID: 33258279 PMCID: PMC7890150 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 10/02/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sarcopenia, or age-dependent decline in muscle force and power, impairs mobility, increasing the risk of falls, institutionalization, co-morbidity, and premature death. The discovery of adrenoceptors, which mediate the effects of the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) neurotransmitter norepinephrine on specific tissues, sparked the development of sympathomimetics that have profound influence on skeletal muscle mass. However, chronic administration has serious side effects that preclude their use for muscle-wasting conditions. Interventions that can adjust neurotransmitter release to changing physiological demands depend on understanding how the SNS affects neuromuscular transmission, muscle motor innervation, and muscle mass. METHODS We examined age-dependent expression of the heart and neural crest derivative 2 (Hand2), a critical transcription factor for SN maintenance, and we tested the possibility that inducing its expression exclusively in sympathetic neurons (SN) will prevent (i) motor denervation, (ii) impaired neuromuscular junction (NMJ) transmission, and (iii) loss of muscle mass and function in old mice. To test this hypothesis, we delivered a viral vector carrying Hand2 expression or an empty vector exclusively in SNs by vein injection in 16-month-old C57BL/6 mice that were sacrificed 6 months later. Techniques include RNA-sequencing, real-time PCR, genomic DNA methylation, viral vector construct, tissue immunohistochemistry, immunoblot, confocal microscopy, electrophysiology, and in vivo mouse physical performance. RESULTS Hand2 expression declines throughout life, but inducing its expression increased (i) the number and size of SNs, (ii) muscle sympathetic innervation, (iii) muscle weight and force and whole-body strength, (iv) myofiber size but not muscle fibre-type composition, (v) NMJ transmission and nerve-evoked muscle force, and (vi) motor innervation in old mice. Additionally, the SN controls a set of genes to reduce inflammation and to promote transcription factor activity, cell signalling, and synapse in the skeletal muscle. Hand2 DNA methylation may contribute, at least partially, to gene silencing. CONCLUSIONS Selective expression of Hand2 in the mouse SNs from middle age through old age increases muscle mass and force by (i) regulating skeletal muscle sympathetic and motor innervation; (ii) improving acetylcholine receptor stability and NMJ transmission; (iii) preventing inflammation and myofibrillar protein degradation; (iv) increasing autophagy; and (v) probably enhancing protein synthesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Carolina Zaia Rodrigues
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Zhong-Min Wang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - María Laura Messi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Henry Jacob Bonilla
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | - Liang Liu
- Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| | | | - Osvaldo Delbono
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Neuroscience Program, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Comprehensive Cancer Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA.,Sticht Center for Healthy Aging and Alzheimer's Prevention, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Needling on trigger point promotes muscle regeneration after bupivacaine injection induced injury. Neurosci Lett 2020; 739:135436. [PMID: 33132179 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2020.135436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Dry needling treatment has a promising relieving effect on Myofascial Pain Syndrome (MPS). In China, acupuncture practitioners use acupuncture needle instead to insert the "A-Shi" acupoint to treat MPS which is defined as the same as the trigger point of dry needling. This method has been applied for thousands of years in China. In this study, bupivacaine injection induced gastrocnemius muscle injury in mice. We applied the clinical improved needling method on animal model by making the angle between the skin and needle less than 30 degree. Animals got needling treatment 24 h later at the point where the bupivacaine was injected. Results of muscle H.E. staining showed that, compared to bupivacaine injection group without needling, acupuncture treatment group showed more intact muscle fibers, less inflammatory cell infiltration and fractured muscle fibers. By RNA sequencing analysis, our work firstly demonstrated that the physical stimulation of needling changed the gene expression of muscle tissue to accelerate the muscular regeneration process. Therefore, our study proved that simple needling at "A-Shi" acupoint promoted muscle regeneration and revealed underlying mechanisms of the beneficial effects of acupuncture and dry needle treatments.
Collapse
|
8
|
The β-arrestin-biased β-adrenergic receptor blocker carvedilol enhances skeletal muscle contractility. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12435-12443. [PMID: 32414934 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1920310117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A decrease in skeletal muscle strength and functional exercise capacity due to aging, frailty, and muscle wasting poses major unmet clinical needs. These conditions are associated with numerous adverse clinical outcomes including falls, fractures, and increased hospitalization. Clenbuterol, a β2-adrenergic receptor (β2AR) agonist enhances skeletal muscle strength and hypertrophy; however, its clinical utility is limited by side effects such as cardiac arrhythmias mediated by G protein signaling. We recently reported that clenbuterol-induced increases in contractility and skeletal muscle hypertrophy were lost in β-arrestin 1 knockout mice, implying that arrestins, multifunctional adapter and signaling proteins, play a vital role in mediating the skeletal muscle effects of β2AR agonists. Carvedilol, classically defined as a βAR antagonist, is widely used for the treatment of chronic systolic heart failure and hypertension, and has been demonstrated to function as a β-arrestin-biased ligand for the β2AR, stimulating β-arrestin-dependent but not G protein-dependent signaling. In this study, we investigated whether treatment with carvedilol could enhance skeletal muscle strength via β-arrestin-dependent pathways. In a murine model, we demonstrate chronic treatment with carvedilol, but not other β-blockers, indeed enhances contractile force in skeletal muscle and this is mediated by β-arrestin 1. Interestingly, carvedilol enhanced skeletal muscle contractility despite a lack of effect on skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Our findings suggest a potential unique clinical role of carvedilol to stimulate skeletal muscle contractility while avoiding the adverse effects with βAR agonists. This distinctive signaling profile could present an innovative approach to treating sarcopenia, frailty, and secondary muscle wasting.
Collapse
|
9
|
Tong T, Kim M, Park T. α-Ionone attenuates high-fat diet-induced skeletal muscle wasting in mice via activation of cAMP signaling. Food Funct 2019; 10:1167-1178. [PMID: 30734800 DOI: 10.1039/c8fo01992d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a common and debilitating condition that lacks a pharmacological therapy. Our aim was to investigate the potential of α-ionone, a naturally occurring flavoring agent, in preventing muscle atrophy and to delineate the mechanisms involved. We found that α-ionone not only stimulated myogenesis but also attenuated palmitic-acid-induced atrophy of cultured skeletal myotubes, as evidenced by an increased myotube diameter and length, fusion index, and cellular protein content. These beneficial actions of α-ionone were abrogated by cAMP inhibitor. The antiatrophic effects of α-ionone on cultured myotubes were confirmed in a corresponding mouse model. The skeletal muscle mass, muscle protein content, myofiber diameter, and muscle strength were greater in α-ionone-treated mice than in untreated animals fed high-fat diet. Furthermore, α-ionone increased cAMP concentration and enhanced its downstream PKA-CREB signaling in skeletal muscle of mice fed high-fat diet. Thus, α-ionone is a promising agent that may enhance skeletal muscle mass and strength.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Tong
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Brain Korea 21 PLUS Project, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul 120-749, South Korea.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Koziczak-Holbro M, Rigel DF, Dumotier B, Sykes DA, Tsao J, Nguyen NH, Bösch J, Jourdain M, Flotte L, Adachi Y, Kiffe M, Azria M, Fairhurst RA, Charlton SJ, Richardson BP, Lach-Trifilieff E, Glass DJ, Ullrich T, Hatakeyama S. Pharmacological Characterization of a Novel 5-Hydroxybenzothiazolone-Derived β2-Adrenoceptor Agonist with Functional Selectivity for Anabolic Effects on Skeletal Muscle Resulting in a Wider Cardiovascular Safety Window in Preclinical Studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2019; 369:188-199. [DOI: 10.1124/jpet.118.255307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
|
11
|
Kim J, Grotegut CA, Wisler JW, Li T, Mao L, Chen M, Chen W, Rosenberg PB, Rockman HA, Lefkowitz RJ. β-arrestin 1 regulates β2-adrenergic receptor-mediated skeletal muscle hypertrophy and contractility. Skelet Muscle 2018; 8:39. [PMID: 30591079 PMCID: PMC6309084 DOI: 10.1186/s13395-018-0184-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND β2-adrenergic receptors (β2ARs) are the target of catecholamines and play fundamental roles in cardiovascular, pulmonary, and skeletal muscle physiology. An important action of β2AR stimulation on skeletal muscle is anabolic growth, which has led to the use of agonists such as clenbuterol by athletes to enhance muscle performance. While previous work has demonstrated that β2ARs can engage distinct signaling and functional cascades mediated by either G proteins or the multifunctional adaptor protein, β-arrestin, the precise role of β-arrestin in skeletal muscle physiology is not known. Here, we tested the hypothesis that agonist activation of the β2AR by clenbuterol would engage β-arrestin as a key transducer of anabolic skeletal muscle growth. METHODS The contractile force of isolated extensor digitorum longus muscle (EDL) and calcium signaling in isolated flexor digitorum brevis (FDB) fibers were examined from the wild-type (WT) and β-arrestin 1 knockout mice (βarr1KO) followed by chronic administration of clenbuterol (1 mg/kg/d). Hypertrophic responses including fiber composition and fiber size were examined by immunohistochemical imaging. We performed a targeted phosphoproteomic analysis on clenbuterol stimulated primary cultured myoblasts from WT and βarr1KO mice. Statistical significance was determined by using a two-way analysis with Sidak's or Tukey's multiple comparison test and the Student's t test. RESULTS Chronic administration of clenbuterol to WT mice enhanced the contractile force of EDL muscle and calcium signaling in isolated FDB fibers. In contrast, when administered to βarr1KO mice, the effect of clenbuterol on contractile force and calcium influx was blunted. While clenbuterol-induced hypertrophic responses were observed in WT mice, this response was abrogated in mice lacking β-arrestin 1. In primary cultured myoblasts, clenbuterol-stimulated phosphorylation of multiple pro-hypertrophy proteins required the presence of β-arrestin 1. CONCLUSIONS We have identified a previously unappreciated role for β-arrestin 1 in mediating β2AR-stimulated skeletal muscle growth and strength. We propose these findings could have important implications in the design of future pharmacologic agents aimed at reversing pathological conditions associated with skeletal muscle wasting.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jihee Kim
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Chad A Grotegut
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - James W Wisler
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Tianyu Li
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Lan Mao
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiology and Duke Cardiovascular Physiology Core, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Minyong Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Paul B Rosenberg
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Howard A Rockman
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Department of Cell Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.,Departments of Molecular Genetics and Microbiology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Robert J Lefkowitz
- Department of Medicine, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA. .,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Regulation of Adipogenesis and Thermogenesis through Mouse Olfactory Receptor 23 Stimulated by α-Cedrene in 3T3-L1 Cells. Nutrients 2018; 10:nu10111781. [PMID: 30453511 PMCID: PMC6265911 DOI: 10.3390/nu10111781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Olfactory receptors (ORs) are G protein-coupled receptors that perform important physiological functions beyond their role as odorant detectors in the olfactory sensory neurons. In the present study, we describe a novel role for one of these ORs, mouse olfactory receptor 23 (MOR23), as a regulator of adipogenesis and thermogenesis in 3T3-L1 cells. Downregulation of MOR23 by small interfering RNA in 3T3-L1 cells enhanced intracellular lipid accumulation and reduced the oxygen consumption rate. In agreement with this phenotype, MOR23 deletion significantly decreased intracellular cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) levels and protein amounts of adenylyl cyclase 3 (ADCY3), protein kinase A catalytic subunit (PKA Cα), phospho-5′-adenosine monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and phospho-cAMP-responsive element-binding protein (CREB), along with upregulation of adipogenic genes and downregulation of genes involved in thermogenesis. Activation of MOR23 by α-cedrene, a novel natural ligand of MOR23, significantly reduced lipid content, increased the oxygen consumption rate, and stimulated reprogramming of the metabolic signature of 3T3-L1 cells, and these changes elicited by α-cedrene were absent in MOR23-deficient cells. These findings point to the role of MOR23 as a regulator of adipogenesis and thermogenesis in adipocytes.
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) currently allows therapeutic use of the beta2-agonists salbutamol, formoterol and salmeterol when delivered via inhalation despite some evidence suggesting these anti-asthma drugs may be performance enhancing. Beta2-agonists are usually administered as 50:50 racemic mixtures of two enantiomers (non-superimposable mirror images), one of which demonstrates significant beta2-adrenoceptor-mediated bronchodilation while the other appears to have little or no pharmacological activity. For salbutamol and formoterol, urine thresholds have been adopted to limit supratherapeutic dosing and to discriminate between inhaled (permitted) and oral (prohibited) use. However, chiral switches have led to the availability of enantiopure (active enantiomer only) preparations of salbutamol and formoterol, which effectively doubles their urine thresholds and provides a means for athletes to take supratherapeutic doses for doping purposes. Given the availability of these enantiopure beta2-agonists, the analysis of these drugs using enantioselective assays should now become routine. For salmeterol, there is currently only a therapeutic dose threshold and adoption of a urinary threshold should be a high priority for doping control.
Collapse
|
14
|
Ifegwu OC, Awale G, Rajpura K, Lo KWH, Laurencin CT. Harnessing cAMP signaling in musculoskeletal regenerative engineering. Drug Discov Today 2017; 22:1027-1044. [PMID: 28359841 PMCID: PMC7440772 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2017.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This paper reviews the most recent findings in the search for small molecule cyclic AMP analogues regarding their potential use in musculoskeletal regenerative engineering.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Okechukwu Clinton Ifegwu
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Guleid Awale
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Connecticut, School of Engineering, Storrs, CT 06030, USA
| | - Komal Rajpura
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
| | - Kevin W-H Lo
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; UConn Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, School of Engineering, Storrs, CT 06268, USA
| | - Cato T Laurencin
- Institute for Regenerative Engineering, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; The Raymond and Beverly Sackler Center for Biomedical, Biological, Physical and Engineering Sciences, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Connecticut Institute for Clinical and Translational Science, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Connecticut Health Center, School of Medicine, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; UConn Stem Cell Institute, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, School of Engineering, Storrs, CT 06268, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Ravnskjaer K, Madiraju A, Montminy M. Role of the cAMP Pathway in Glucose and Lipid Metabolism. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 233:29-49. [PMID: 26721678 DOI: 10.1007/164_2015_32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
3'-5'-Cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cyclic AMP or cAMP) was first described in 1957 as an intracellular second messenger mediating the effects of glucagon and epinephrine on hepatic glycogenolysis (Berthet et al., J Biol Chem 224(1):463-475, 1957). Since this initial characterization, cAMP has been firmly established as a versatile molecular signal involved in both central and peripheral regulation of energy homeostasis and nutrient partitioning. Many of these effects appear to be mediated at the transcriptional level, in part through the activation of the transcription factor CREB and its coactivators. Here we review current understanding of the mechanisms by which the cAMP signaling pathway triggers metabolic programs in insulin-responsive tissues.
Collapse
|
16
|
Saera-Vila A, Kasprick DS, Junttila TL, Grzegorski SJ, Louie KW, Chiari EF, Kish PE, Kahana A. Myocyte Dedifferentiation Drives Extraocular Muscle Regeneration in Adult Zebrafish. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2015; 56:4977-93. [PMID: 26230763 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.14-16103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to characterize the injury response of extraocular muscles (EOMs) in adult zebrafish. METHODS Adult zebrafish underwent lateral rectus (LR) muscle myectomy surgery to remove 50% of the muscle, followed by molecular and cellular characterization of the tissue response to the injury. RESULTS Following myectomy, the LR muscle regenerated an anatomically correct and functional muscle within 7 to 10 days post injury (DPI). Following injury, the residual muscle stump was replaced by a mesenchymal cell population that lost cell polarity and expressed mesenchymal markers. Next, a robust proliferative burst repopulated the area of the regenerating muscle. Regenerating cells expressed myod, identifying them as myoblasts. However, both immunofluorescence and electron microscopy failed to identify classic Pax7-positive satellite cells in control or injured EOMs. Instead, some proliferating nuclei were noted to express mef2c at the very earliest point in the proliferative burst, suggesting myonuclear reprogramming and dedifferentiation. Bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling of regenerating cells followed by a second myectomy without repeat labeling resulted in a twice-regenerated muscle broadly populated by BrdU-labeled nuclei with minimal apparent dilution of the BrdU signal. A double-pulse experiment using BrdU and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) identified double-labeled nuclei, confirming the shared progenitor lineage. Rapid regeneration occurred despite a cell cycle length of 19.1 hours, whereas 72% of the regenerating muscle nuclei entered the cell cycle by 48 hours post injury (HPI). Dextran lineage tracing revealed that residual myocytes were responsible for muscle regeneration. CONCLUSIONS EOM regeneration in adult zebrafish occurs by dedifferentiation of residual myocytes involving a muscle-to-mesenchyme transition. A mechanistic understanding of myocyte reprogramming may facilitate novel approaches to the development of molecular tools for targeted therapeutic regeneration in skeletal muscle disorders and beyond.
Collapse
|
17
|
Swiderski K, Lynch GS. Therapeutic potential of orphan drugs for the rare skeletal muscle diseases. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2015. [DOI: 10.1517/21678707.2015.1085858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
18
|
Silva MT, Wensing LA, Brum PC, Câmara NO, Miyabara EH. Impaired structural and functional regeneration of skeletal muscles from β2-adrenoceptor knockout mice. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2014; 211:617-33. [PMID: 24938737 PMCID: PMC4660878 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2013] [Revised: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Aims β2-adrenergic stimulation causes beneficial effects on structure and function of regenerating muscles; thus, the β2-adrenoceptor may play an important role in the muscle regenerative process. Here, we investigated the role of the β2-adrenoceptor in skeletal muscle regeneration. Methods Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles from β2-adrenoceptor knockout (β2KO) mice were cryolesioned and analysed after 1, 3, 10 and 21 days. The role of β2-adrenoceptor on regenerating muscles was assessed through the analysis of morphological and contractile aspects, M1 and M2 macrophage profile, cAMP content, and activation of TGF-β signalling elements. Results Regenerating muscles from β2KO mice showed decreased calibre of regenerating myofibres and reduced muscle contractile function at 10 days when compared with those from wild type. The increase in cAMP content in muscles at 10 days post-cryolesion was attenuated in the absence of the β2-adrenoceptor. Furthermore, there was an increase in inflammation and in the number of macrophages in regenerating muscles lacking the β2-adrenoceptor at 3 and 10 days, a predominance of M1 macrophage phenotype, a decrease in TβR-I/Smad2/3 activation, and in the Smad4 expression at 3 days, while akirin1 expression increased at 10 days in muscles from β2KO mice when compared to those from wild type. Conclusions Our results suggest that the β2-adrenoceptor contributes to the regulation of the initial phases of muscle regeneration, especially in the control of macrophage recruitment in regenerating muscle through activation of TβR-I/Smad2/3 and reduction in akirin1 expression. These findings have implications for the future development of better therapeutic approaches to prevent or treat muscle injuries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M. T. Silva
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - L. A. Wensing
- Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - P. C. Brum
- Department of Biodynamics School of Physical Education and Sport University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - N. O. Câmara
- Department of Immunology Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| | - E. H. Miyabara
- Department of Anatomy Institute of Biomedical Sciences University of Sao Paulo Sao Paulo Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Church JE, Trieu J, Sheorey R, Chee AYM, Naim T, Baum DM, Ryall JG, Gregorevic P, Lynch GS. Functional β-adrenoceptors are important for early muscle regeneration in mice through effects on myoblast proliferation and differentiation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e101379. [PMID: 25000590 PMCID: PMC4084885 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0101379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscles can be injured in different ways and the trauma and subsequent loss of function and physical capacity can impact significantly on the lives of patients through physical impairments and compromised quality of life. The relative success of muscle repair after injury will largely determine the extent of functional recovery. Unfortunately, regenerative processes are often slow and incomplete, and so developing novel strategies to enhance muscle regeneration is important. While the capacity to enhance muscle repair by stimulating β2-adrenoceptors (β-ARs) using β2-AR agonists (β2-agonists) has been demonstrated previously, the exact role β-ARs play in regulating the regenerative process remains unclear. To investigate β-AR-mediated signaling in muscle regeneration after myotoxic damage, we examined the regenerative capacity of tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus muscles from mice lacking either β1-AR (β1-KO) and/or β2-ARs (β2-KO), testing the hypothesis that muscles from mice lacking the β2-AR would exhibit impaired functional regeneration after damage compared with muscles from β1-KO or β1/β2-AR null (β1/β2-KO) KO mice. At 7 days post-injury, regenerating muscles from β1/β2-KO mice produced less force than those of controls but muscles from β1-KO or β2-KO mice did not exhibit any delay in functional restoration. Compared with controls, β1/β2-KO mice exhibited an enhanced inflammatory response to injury, which delayed early muscle regeneration, but an enhanced myoblast proliferation later during regeneration ensured a similar functional recovery (to controls) by 14 days post-injury. This apparent redundancy in the β-AR signaling pathway was unexpected and may have important implications for manipulating β-AR signaling to improve the rate, extent and efficacy of muscle regeneration to enhance functional recovery after injury.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Knockout Techniques
- Mice
- Muscle Strength
- Muscle, Skeletal/anatomy & histology
- Muscle, Skeletal/cytology
- Muscle, Skeletal/physiology
- Myoblasts/cytology
- Organ Size
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-1/metabolism
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/deficiency
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/genetics
- Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2/metabolism
- Regeneration
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod E. Church
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jennifer Trieu
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Radhika Sheorey
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Annabel Y. -M. Chee
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Timur Naim
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Dale M. Baum
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - James G. Ryall
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Paul Gregorevic
- Laboratory for Muscle Research & Therapeutics Development, Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Victoria, Australia
| | - Gordon S. Lynch
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Acute muscle belly injuries to the semitendinosus, semimembranosus and biceps femoris (the 'hamstring' muscles) remain a common problem in the sporting population. Physiotherapy-led rehabilitation remains the mainstay of treatment, and the physician's input is often minimal. Anecdotally, many different topical, oral and injectable therapies are used around the world in an effort to accelerate the healing of these injuries and to prevent their recurrence. This article reviews the evidence available to support some of the most commonly used medical therapies and the pathophysiological basis for their use. It also presents the evidence behind some of the more promising future treatments for muscle injury, including stem cell therapy, growth factor delivery and potential novel uses of current medication not traditionally used in the musculoskeletal setting.
Collapse
|
21
|
Kostrominova TY, Reiner DS, Haas RH, Ingermanson R, McDonough PM. Automated methods for the analysis of skeletal muscle fiber size and metabolic type. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2013; 306:275-332. [PMID: 24016528 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407694-5.00007-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
It is of interest to quantify the size, shape, and metabolic subtype of skeletal muscle fibers in many areas of biomedical research. To do so, skeletal muscle samples are sectioned transversely to the length of the muscle and labeled for extracellular or membrane proteins to delineate the fiber boundaries and additionally for biomarkers related to function or metabolism. The samples are digitally photographed and the fibers "outlined" for quantification of fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) using pointing devices interfaced to a computer, which is tedious, prone to error, and can be nonobjective. Here, we review methods for characterizing skeletal muscle fibers and describe new automated techniques, which rapidly quantify CSA and biomarkers. We discuss the applications of these methods to the characterization of mitochondrial dysfunctions, which underlie a variety of human afflictions, and we present a novel approach, utilizing images from the online Human Protein Atlas to predict relationships between fiber-specific protein expression, function, and metabolism.
Collapse
|
22
|
Song H, Ochi E, Lee K, Hiranuma K, Nakazato K. Characteristics of myogenic response and ankle torque recovery after lengthening contraction-induced rat gastrocnemius injury. BMC Musculoskelet Disord 2012; 13:211. [PMID: 23110577 PMCID: PMC3566911 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2474-13-211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Although muscle dysfunction caused by unfamiliar lengthening contraction is one of most important issues in sports medicine, there is little known about the molecular events on regeneration process. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal and spatial expression patterns of myogenin, myoD, pax7, and myostatin after acute lengthening contraction (LC)-induced injury in the rat hindlimb. Methods We employed our originally developed device with LC in rat gastrocnemius muscle (n = 24). Male Wistar rats were anesthetized with isoflurane (aspiration rate, 450 ml/min, concentration, 2.0%). The triceps surae muscle of the right hindlimb was then electrically stimulated with forced isokinetic dorsi-flexion (180°/sec and from 0 to 45°). Tissue contents of myoD, myogenin, pax7, myostatin were measured by western blotting and localizations of myoD and pax7 was measured by immunohistochemistry. After measuring isometric tetanic torque, a single bout of LC was performed in vivo. Results The torque was significantly decreased on days 2 and 5 as compared to the pre-treatment value, and recovered by day 7. The content of myoD and pax7 showed significant increases on day 2. Myogenin showed an increase from day 2 to 5. Myostatin on days 5 and 7 were significantly increased. Immunohistochemical analysis showed that myoD-positive/pax7-positive cells increased on day 2, suggesting that activated satellite cells play a role in the destruction and the early recovery phases. Conclusion We, thus, conclude that myogenic events associate with torque recovery after LC-induced injury.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongsun Song
- Korea Institute of Sport Science, San223-19, Gongneung-2DongNowon-gu, Seoul 139-242, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Berdeaux R, Stewart R. cAMP signaling in skeletal muscle adaptation: hypertrophy, metabolism, and regeneration. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2012; 303:E1-17. [PMID: 22354781 PMCID: PMC3404564 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00555.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Among organ systems, skeletal muscle is perhaps the most structurally specialized. The remarkable subcellular architecture of this tissue allows it to empower movement with instructions from motor neurons. Despite this high degree of specialization, skeletal muscle also has intrinsic signaling mechanisms that allow adaptation to long-term changes in demand and regeneration after acute damage. The second messenger adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP) not only elicits acute changes within myofibers during exercise but also contributes to myofiber size and metabolic phenotype in the long term. Strikingly, sustained activation of cAMP signaling leads to pronounced hypertrophic responses in skeletal myofibers through largely elusive molecular mechanisms. These pathways can promote hypertrophy and combat atrophy in animal models of disorders including muscular dystrophy, age-related atrophy, denervation injury, disuse atrophy, cancer cachexia, and sepsis. cAMP also participates in muscle development and regeneration mediated by muscle precursor cells; thus, downstream signaling pathways may potentially be harnessed to promote muscle regeneration in patients with acute damage or muscular dystrophy. In this review, we summarize studies implicating cAMP signaling in skeletal muscle adaptation. We also highlight ligands that induce cAMP signaling and downstream effectors that are promising pharmacological targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca Berdeaux
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The main mechanism of action of local anesthetics (LA) is to block sodium channels, thereby interrupting the propagation of nerve impulses. However, this action not only is localized to the sodium channels of nerve tissues involved with pain transmission but will have its effect on any tissue containing sodium channels. Thus, if there is a rapid absorption into the systemic circulation of locally injected LA or if LA inadvertently is injected into a blood vessel, then significant blockade of sodium channels in other tissues may also be blocked and serious complications may ensue. The two most important tissues associated with systemic toxicity of LA are the central nervous and the cardiovascular systems, which may lead to seizures, tachyarrhythmias, and ultimately death from apnea and cardiovascular collapse. The aim of this communication is to elucidate some issues that are associated with toxicity of LA and its treatment in the pediatric population.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Per-Arne Lönnqvist
- Department of Physiology & Pharmacology, Karolinska Institute, Paediatric Anaesthesia & Intensive Care, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Conte TC, Silva LH, Silva MT, Hirabara SM, Oliveira AC, Curi R, Moriscot AS, Aoki MS, Miyabara EH. The β2-adrenoceptor agonist formoterol improves structural and functional regenerative capacity of skeletal muscles from aged rat at the early stages of postinjury. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2011; 67:443-55. [PMID: 22113942 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glr195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscles from old rats fail to completely regenerate following injury. This study investigated whether pharmacological stimulation of β2-adrenoceptors in aged muscles following injury could improve their regenerative capacity, focusing on myofiber size recovery. Young and aged rats were treated with a subcutaneous injection of β2-adrenergic agonist formoterol (2 μg/kg/d) up to 10 and 21 days after soleus muscle injury. Formoterol-treated muscles from old rats evaluated at 10 and 21 days postinjury showed reduced inflammation and connective tissue but a similar number of regenerating myofibers of greater caliber when compared with their injured controls. Formoterol minimized the decrease in tetanic force and increased protein synthesis and mammalian target of rapamycin phosphorylation in old muscles at 10 days postinjury. Our results suggest that formoterol improves structural and functional regenerative capacity of regenerating skeletal muscles from aged rats by increasing protein synthesis via mammalian target of rapamycin activation. Furthermore, formoterol may have therapeutic benefits in recovery following muscle damage in senescent individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita C Conte
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Church JE, Gehrig SM, Chee A, Naim T, Trieu J, McConell GK, Lynch GS. Early functional muscle regeneration after myotoxic injury in mice is unaffected by nNOS absence. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2011; 301:R1358-66. [PMID: 21849632 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00096.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO) is an important signaling molecule produced in skeletal muscle primarily via the neuronal subtype of NO synthase (NOS1, or nNOS). While many studies have reported NO production to be important in muscle regeneration, none have examined the contribution of nNOS-derived NO to functional muscle regeneration (i.e., restoration of the muscle's ability to produce force) after acute myotoxic injury. In the present study, we tested the hypothesis that genetic deletion of nNOS would impair functional muscle regeneration after myotoxic injury in nNOS(-/-) mice. We found that nNOS(-/-) mice had lower body mass, lower muscle mass, and smaller myofiber cross-sectional area and that their tibialis anterior (TA) muscles produced lower absolute tetanic forces than those of wild-type littermate controls but that normalized or specific force was identical between the strains. In addition, muscles from nNOS(-/-) mice were more resistant to fatigue than those of wild-type littermates (P < 0.05). To determine whether deletion of nNOS affected muscle regeneration, TA muscles from nNOS(-/-) mice and wild-type littermates were injected with the myotoxin notexin to cause complete fiber degeneration, and muscle structure and function were assessed at 7 and 10 days postinjury. Myofiber cross-sectional area was lower in regenerating nNOS(-/-) mice than wild-type controls at 7 and 10 days postinjury; however, contrary to our original hypothesis, no difference in force-producing capacity of the TA muscle was evident between the two groups at either time point. Our findings reveal that nNOS is not essential for functional muscle regeneration after acute myotoxic damage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jarrod E Church
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sirtuin 1 in skeletal muscle of cachectic tumour-bearing rats: a role in impaired regeneration? J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2011; 2:57-62. [PMID: 21475674 PMCID: PMC3063873 DOI: 10.1007/s13539-011-0018-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Accepted: 01/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND: In advanced malignant disease, cachexia and muscle wasting appear to be among the most common manifestations. This phenomenon is partially related with a decreased muscle regeneration capacity, as previously described in our laboratory. METHODS AND RESULTS: Rats bearing the Yoshida AH-130 ascites hepatoma were used in the experiments. The animals experienced a marked weight loss with decreases in skeletal muscle weights (13% gastrocnemius, 18% extensor digitorum longus, and 12% tibialis muscles). Muscle gene expression was measured using real-time polymerase chain reaction. Skeletal muscle from cachectic tumour-bearing rats is associated with a decreased expression of genes involved in regeneration such as Pax-7 (39%), myogenin (24%), and MyoD (17%). mRNA levels of Sirt1 increased (91%) in cachectic skeletal muscle. The Sirt1 gene has been shown to be associated with changes in muscle myoblast differentiation. Treatment of the tumour-bearing animals with formoterol-a beta2-agonist-normalizes the expression of genes involved in regeneration (i.e., increase of Pax7 (139%)), at the same time as it does with that of Sirt1 (42% decrease). CONCLUSIONS: It is suggested that the lack of muscle regeneration observed during muscle wasting in tumour-bearing animals is linked to the action of Sirt-1, possibly via PGC-1α. These factors may constitute possible targets of pharmacological treatment against muscle loss, thus potentially contributing to the understanding and mitigation of muscle atrophy associated with disease.
Collapse
|
28
|
Tiidus PM. Skeletal Muscle Damage and Repair: Classic Paradigms and Recent Developments. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.3109/10582452.2010.502620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
29
|
Ryall JG, Church JE, Lynch GS. Novel role for β-adrenergic signalling in skeletal muscle growth, development and regeneration. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2010; 37:397-401. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2009.05312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
30
|
Koopman R, Ryall JG, Church JE, Lynch GS. The role of beta-adrenoceptor signaling in skeletal muscle: therapeutic implications for muscle wasting disorders. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; 12:601-6. [PMID: 19741516 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283318a25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The beta-adrenergic signaling pathway represents a novel therapeutic target for skeletal muscle wasting disorders due to its roles in regulating protein synthesis and degradation. beta-Adrenoceptor agonists (beta-agonists) have therapeutic potential for attenuating muscle wasting associated with sarcopenia (age-related muscle wasting), cancer cachexia, sepsis, disuse, burns, HIV-AIDS, chronic kidney or heart failure, and neuromuscular diseases such as the muscular dystrophies. This review describes the role of beta-adrenergic signaling in the mechanisms controlling muscle wasting due to its effects on protein synthesis, protein degradation, and muscle fiber phenotype. RECENT FINDINGS Stimulation of the beta-adrenergic signaling pathway with beta-agonists has therapeutic potential for muscle wasting since administration can elicit an anabolic response in skeletal muscle. As a consequence of their potent muscle anabolic actions, the effects of beta-agonist administration have been examined in several animal models and human conditions of muscle wasting in the hope of discovering a new therapeutic. The repartitioning characteristics of beta-agonists (increasing muscle mass and decreasing fat mass) have also made them attractive anabolic agents for use in livestock and by some athletes. However, potentially deleterious cardiovascular side-effects of beta-agonists have been identified and these will need to be obviated in order for the therapeutic potential of beta-agonists to be realized. SUMMARY Multiple studies have identified anticachectic effects of beta-agonists and their therapeutic potential for pathologic states when muscle protein hypercatabolism is indicated. Future studies examining beta-agonist administration for muscle wasting conditions need to separate beneficial effects on skeletal muscle from potentially deleterious effects on the heart and cardiovascular system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- René Koopman
- Basic and Clinical Myology Laboratory, Department of Physiology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Ryall JG, Lynch GS. The potential and the pitfalls of β-adrenoceptor agonists for the management of skeletal muscle wasting. Pharmacol Ther 2008; 120:219-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2008.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2008] [Accepted: 06/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|