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Tsukamoto H, Suga T, Dora K, Sugimoto T, Tomoo K, Isaka T, Hashimoto T. The lactate response to a second bout of exercise is not reduced in a concurrent lower-limb exercise program. Sci Rep 2023; 13:21337. [PMID: 38049500 PMCID: PMC10696069 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48670-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the blood lactate level in response to two bouts of exercise. First, we hypothesized that blood lactate elevation in response to moderate-intensity aerobic exercise (MIAE) would be lower at the end of the second bout of MIAE than the first bout of MIAE. In this context, we also hypothesized that lactate accumulation at the end of resistance exercise (RE) would be reduced if MIAE is performed before RE (i.e., concurrent exercise; CE). If so, we hypothesized that the order of the CE (i.e., RE + MIAE vs. MIAE + RE) influences blood lactate kinetics. To test the hypotheses, forty-three healthy men participated in three studies. In study 1, 20 men (age 21 ± 2 years) performed two bouts of a 20-min MIAE separated by a 20-min rest interval. In study 2, 11 men (age 22 ± 1 years) performed RE only and CE (MIAE + RE; ARCE) with a 20-min rest interval in a crossover design. In study 3, 12 men (age 21 ± 2 years) performed both CEs, which were ARCE and RE + MIAE (RACE), with a 20-min rest interval in a crossover design. We measured blood lactate before and at the end of each exercise session. In study 1, the blood lactate response to the second bout of MIAE was lower than that of the first bout (P < 0.001, r = 0.68). However, the blood lactate response to the ARCE trial was not lower than the response to the RE trial in study 2 (P = 0.475, r = 0.22). The results of study 3 showed that the RACE and ARCE trials induced a similar lactate response (MIAE P = 0.423, r = 0.28; RE P = 0.766, d = 0.03). These observations indicate that whereas lactate accumulation might be diminished by a second bout of MIAE, a different type of exercise (i.e., aerobic/resistance) did not result in a diminished lactate accumulation in response to a second bout of exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hayato Tsukamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Tadashi Suga
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kento Dora
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Toyo University, Kawagoe, Saitama, Japan
| | - Takeshi Sugimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Keigo Tomoo
- Department of Nutrition Science, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Tadao Isaka
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Institute of Advanced Research for Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
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2
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Aveseh M, Koushkie-Jahromi M, Nemati J, Esmaeili-Mahani S, Hosseini NS. Lactate entrance into the brain facilities adipose tissue lipolysis during exercise via circulating calcitonin gene-related peptide. Arch Physiol Biochem 2023:1-10. [PMID: 37982717 DOI: 10.1080/13813455.2023.2283684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Objectives: We assessed the relationships between CGRP, lactate and fat regulation.Methods: We evaluated the effect of intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of lactate and acute exercise on brain CGRP expression, and its concentration in serum/cerebrospinal fluid (SCF) in rats.Results: Injection of lactate up-regulated CGRP expression in the cortex and CSF and activated p38-mitogen-activated protein kinases (p38-MAPK) pathway. Co-injection of lactate and sb203580, deterred lactate-induced up-regulation of CGRP in the brain and CSF. Exercise increased the CGRP expression in the brain and CSF and up-regulated fat metabolism. Inhibition of lactate entrance into the brain using alpha-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamate (4-CIN) diminished exercise-induced CGRP up-regulation in the brain and CSF. Reducing the circulating blood lactate by pre-treatment of the animals with dichloroacetate (DCA) had no effect on exercise-induced increase in CGRP expression or fat metabolism during exercise.Conclusions: lactate probably acts as one of a signalling molecule in the brain to regulate fat metabolism during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malihe Aveseh
- Sport Sciences Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
- Neuroscience Research Center, Institute of Neuropharmacology, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Javad Nemati
- Sport Sciences Department, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Saeed Esmaeili-Mahani
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
| | - Najmeh Sadat Hosseini
- Department of Exercise Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman, Kerman, Iran
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3
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Thomas C, Delfour‐Peyrethon R, Lambert K, Granata C, Hobbs T, Hanon C, Bishop DJ. The effect of pre-exercise alkalosis on lactate/pH regulation and mitochondrial respiration following sprint-interval exercise in humans. Front Physiol 2023; 14:1073407. [PMID: 36776968 PMCID: PMC9911540 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2023.1073407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of pre-exercise alkalosis, induced via ingestion of sodium bicarbonate, on changes to lactate/pH regulatory proteins and mitochondrial function induced by a sprint-interval exercise session in humans. Methods: On two occasions separated by 1 week, eight active men performed a 3 × 30-s all-out cycling test, interspersed with 20 min of recovery, following either placebo (PLA) or sodium bicarbonate (BIC) ingestion. Results: Blood bicarbonate and pH were elevated at all time points after ingestion in BIC vs PLA (p < 0.05). The protein content of monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) and basigin (CD147), at 6 h and 24 h post-exercise, and sodium/hydrogen exchanger 1 (NHE1) 24 h post-exercise, were significantly greater in BIC compared to PLA (p < 0.05), whereas monocarboxylate transporter 4 (MCT4), sodium/bicarbonate cotransporter (NBC), and carbonic anhydrase isoform II (CAII) content was unchanged. These increases in protein content in BIC vs. PLA after acute sprint-interval exercise may be associated with altered physiological responses to exercise, such as the higher blood pH and bicarbonate concentration values, and lower exercise-induced oxidative stress observed during recovery (p < 0.05). Additionally, mitochondrial respiration decreased after 24 h of recovery in the BIC condition only, with no changes in oxidative protein content in either condition. Conclusion: These data demonstrate that metabolic alkalosis induces post-exercise increases in several lactate/pH regulatory proteins, and reveal an unexpected role for acidosis in mitigating the loss of mitochondrial respiration caused by exercise in the short term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Thomas
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France,French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,*Correspondence: Claire Thomas,
| | - Rémi Delfour‐Peyrethon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Karen Lambert
- PhyMedExp, University of Montpellier, INSERM U1046, CNRS UMR 9214, Montpellier, France
| | - Cesare Granata
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,Department of Diabetes, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia,Institute for Clinical Diabetology, German Diabetes Center, Leibniz Center for Diabetes Research at Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany,German Center for Diabetes Research, Partner Düsseldorf, München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Hobbs
- LBEPS, Univ Evry, IRBA, University Paris Saclay, Evry, France
| | - Christine Hanon
- French Institute of Sport (INSEP), Research Department, Laboratory Sport, Expertise, and Performance, Paris, France,French Athletics Federation, Paris, France
| | - David J. Bishop
- Institute for Health and Sport (iHeS), Victoria University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
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Townsend LK, MacPherson REK, Wright DC. New Horizon: Exercise and a Focus on Tissue-Brain Crosstalk. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:2147-2163. [PMID: 33982072 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgab333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The world population is aging, leading to increased rates of neurodegenerative disorders. Exercise has countless health benefits and has consistently been shown to improve brain health and cognitive function. The purpose of this review is to provide an overview of exercise-induced adaptations in the brain with a focus on crosstalk between peripheral tissues and the brain. We highlight recent investigations into exercise-induced circulating factors, or exerkines, including irisin, cathepsin B, GPLD1, and ketones and the mechanisms mediating their effects in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan K Townsend
- Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, L8S 4L8, Canada
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Rebecca E K MacPherson
- Department of Health Sciences and Centre for Neuroscience, Brock University, St. Catharines, L2S 3A1, Canada
| | - David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, N1G 2W1, Canada
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Brooks GA, Arevalo JA, Osmond AD, Leija RG, Curl CC, Tovar AP. Lactate in contemporary biology: a phoenix risen. J Physiol 2021; 600:1229-1251. [PMID: 33566386 PMCID: PMC9188361 DOI: 10.1113/jp280955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
After a century, it's time to turn the page on understanding of lactate metabolism and appreciate that lactate shuttling is an important component of intermediary metabolism in vivo. Cell‐cell and intracellular lactate shuttles fulfil purposes of energy substrate production and distribution, as well as cell signalling under fully aerobic conditions. Recognition of lactate shuttling came first in studies of physical exercise where the roles of driver (producer) and recipient (consumer) cells and tissues were obvious. Moreover, the presence of lactate shuttling as part of postprandial glucose disposal and satiety signalling has been recognized. Mitochondrial respiration creates the physiological sink for lactate disposal in vivo. Repeated lactate exposure from regular exercise results in adaptive processes such as mitochondrial biogenesis and other healthful circulatory and neurological characteristics such as improved physical work capacity, metabolic flexibility, learning, and memory. The importance of lactate and lactate shuttling in healthful living is further emphasized when lactate signalling and shuttling are dysregulated as occurs in particular illnesses and injuries. Like a phoenix, lactate has risen to major importance in 21st century biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- George A Brooks
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Jose A Arevalo
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Adam D Osmond
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Robert G Leija
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Casey C Curl
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
| | - Ashley P Tovar
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Department of Integrative Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA
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6
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Ito Y, Morishita K, Nagasawa T. Oleanolic acid induces lipolysis and antioxidative activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3136/fstr.27.511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiaki Ito
- Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Kouki Morishita
- Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
| | - Takashi Nagasawa
- Biological Chemistry and Food Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Iwate University
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7
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Hashimoto T, Okada Y, Yamanaka A, Ono N, Uryu K, Maru I. The effect of eleutherococcus senticosus on metabolism-associated protein expression in 3T3-L1 and C2C12 cells. Phys Act Nutr 2020; 24:13-18. [PMID: 33108713 PMCID: PMC7669464 DOI: 10.20463/pan.2020.0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/06/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] In vivo studies have demonstrated the ergogenic benefits of eleutherococcus senticosus (ES) supplementation. ES has been observed to enhance endurance capacity, improve cardiovascular function, and alter metabolic functions (e.g., increased fat utilization); however, the exact mechanisms involved remain unknown. We aimed to determine whether ES could effectively induce fat loss and improve muscle metabolic profiles through increases in lipolysis- and lipid metabolism-associated protein expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes and C2C12 skeletal muscle cells, respectively, to uncover the direct effects of ES on adipocytes and skeletal muscle cells. [Methods] Different doses of ES extracts (0.2, 0.5, and 1.0 mg/mL) were added to cells (0.2 ES, 0.5 ES, and 1.0 ES, respectively) for 72 h and compared to the vehicle control (control). [Results] The intracellular triacylglycerol (TG) content significantly decreased (p < 0.05 for 0.2 ES, p < 0.01 for 0.5 ES and 1.0 ES) in 3T3-L1 cells. Adipose triglyceride lipase, which is involved in active lipolysis, was significantly higher in the 1.0 ES group than in the control group (p < 0.01) of 3T3-L1 adipocytes. In C2C12 cells, the mitochondrial protein voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC) was significantly increased in the 1.0 ES group (p < 0.01). Furthermore, we found that 1.0 ES activated both 5' AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) in skeletal muscle cells (p < 0.01). [Conclusion] These findings suggest that ES extracts decreased TG content, presumably by increasing lipase in adipocytes and metabolism-associated protein expression as well as mitochondrial biogenesis in muscle cells. These effects may corroborate previous in vivo findings regarding the ergogenic effects of ES supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Yoko Okada
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | | | | | - Keisuke Uryu
- Bizen Chemical Co., Ltd., Akaiwa, Okayama, Japan
| | - Isafumi Maru
- Bizen Chemical Co., Ltd., Akaiwa, Okayama, Japan
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Hori A, Ichihara M, Kimura H, Ogata H, Kondo T, Hotta N. Inhalation of molecular hydrogen increases breath acetone excretion during submaximal exercise: a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled study. Med Gas Res 2020; 10:96-102. [PMID: 33004705 PMCID: PMC8086628 DOI: 10.4103/2045-9912.296038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic exercise is widely accepted as a beneficial option for reducing fat in humans. Recently, it has been suggested that molecular hydrogen (H2) augments mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation. Therefore, the hypothesis that inhaling H2 could facilitate lipid metabolism during aerobic exercise was investigated in the current study by measuring the breath acetone levels, which could be used as non-invasive indicators of lipid metabolism. This study aimed to investigate the effect of inhaling H2 on breath acetone output during submaximal exercise using a randomized, single-blinded, placebo-controlled, and cross-over experimental design. After taking a 20-minute baseline measurement, breath acetone levels were measured in ten male subjects who performed a 60% peak oxygen uptake-intensity cycling exercise for 20 minutes while inhaling either 1% H2 or a control gas. In another experiment, six male subjects remained in a sitting position for 45 minutes while inhaling either 1% H2 or a control gas. H2 significantly augmented breath acetone and enhanced oxygen uptake during exercise (P < 0.01). However, it did not significantly change oxidative stress or antioxidant activity responses to exercise, nor did it significantly alter the breath acetone or oxygen uptake during prolonged resting states. These results suggest that inhaling H2 gas promotes an exercise-induced increase in hepatic lipid metabolism. The study was approved by the Ethical Committee of Chubu University, Japan (approved No. 260086-2) on March 29, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amane Hori
- Graduate School of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | | | - Hayata Kimura
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Hisayoshi Ogata
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Takaharu Kondo
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Norio Hotta
- College of Life and Health Sciences, Chubu University, Kasugai, Japan
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9
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Kato H, Ogasawara J, Takakura H, Shirato K, Sakurai T, Kizaki T, Izawa T. Exercise Training-Enhanced Lipolytic Potency to Catecholamine Depends on the Time of the Day. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186920. [PMID: 32967199 PMCID: PMC7554872 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise training is well known to enhance adipocyte lipolysis in response to hormone challenge. However, the existence of a relationship between the timing of exercise training and its effect on adipocyte lipolysis is unknown. To clarify this issue, Wistar rats were run on a treadmill for 9 weeks in either the early part (E-EX) or late part of the active phase (L-EX). L-EX rats exhibited greater isoproterenol-stimulated lipolysis expressed as fold induction over basal lipolysis, with greater protein expression levels of hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) phosphorylated at Ser 660 compared to E-EX rats. Furthermore, we discovered that Brain and muscle Arnt-like (BMAL)1 protein can associate directly with several protein kinase A (PKA) regulatory units (RIα, RIβ, and RIIβ) of protein kinase, its anchoring protein (AKAP)150, and HSL, and that the association of BMAL1 with the regulatory subunits of PKA, AKAP150, and HSL was greater in L-EX than in E-EX rats. In contrast, comparison between E-EX and their counterpart sedentary control rats showed a greater co-immunoprecipitation only between BMAL1 and ATGL. Thus, both E-EX and L-EX showed an enhanced lipolytic response to isoproterenol, but the mechanisms underlying exercise training-enhanced lipolytic response to isoproterenol were different in each group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisashi Kato
- Organization for Research Initiatives and Development, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
| | - Junetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Health Science, Asahikawa Medical University, 2-1-1-1 Midorigaoka-Higashi, Asahikawa, Hokkaido 078-8510, Japan;
| | - Hisashi Takakura
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
| | - Ken Shirato
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University of School Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; (K.S.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University of School Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; (K.S.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University of School Medicine, 6-20-2 Shinkawa, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan; (K.S.); (T.S.); (T.K.)
| | - Tetsuya Izawa
- Faculty of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan;
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, 1-3 Tatara-Miyakodani, Kyotanabe City, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-424-65-6721; Fax: +81-424-65-6729
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Yokokawa T, Sato K, Narusawa R, Kido K, Mori R, Iwanaka N, Hayashi T, Hashimoto T. Dehydroepiandrosterone activates 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase and suppresses lipid accumulation and adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 528:612-619. [PMID: 32505344 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.05.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Substantial evidence has linked dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) levels to the anti-obesity and anti-diabetic effects of exercise. While 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a negative regulator of adipocyte differentiation and lipid accumulation, activation of mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), which is inhibited by AMPK, is required for adipocyte differentiation and positively regulates lipid accumulation. DHEA treatment activates the AMPK pathway in C2C12 myotubes. Hence, DHEA addition to preadipocytes and adipocytes might activate AMPK and inhibit mTORC1, resulting in the inhibition of adipogenesis and lipid accumulation. Therefore, we investigated the effect of DHEA on the AMPK pathway, mTORC1 activity, adipocyte differentiation, and lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 cells. DHEA suppressed lipid accumulation and adipogenic marker expression during differentiation. It also activated AMPK signaling in preadipocytes and adipocytes and suppressed mTORC1 activity during differentiation. These results suggest that the activation of the AMPK pathway and inhibition of mTORC1 activity may mediate the anti-obesity effect of DHEA, providing novel molecular-level insights into its physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takumi Yokokawa
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan; College of Gastronomy Management, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan.
| | - Koji Sato
- Graduate School of Human Development and Environment, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryoko Narusawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Kohei Kido
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Faculty of Sports and Health Science, Fukuoka University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Risako Mori
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | - Nobumasa Iwanaka
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan; Faculty of Health Science, Kyoto Koka Women's University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hayashi
- Laboratory of Sports and Exercise Medicine, Graduate School of Human and Environmental Studies, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Science, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
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Yoshikawa M, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K, Fujita T, Nishino H, Hashimoto T. Fucoxanthinol attenuates oxidative stress-induced atrophy and loss in myotubes and reduces the triacylglycerol content in mature adipocytes. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:2703-2711. [PMID: 32180086 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05369-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The combination of sarcopenia and obesity (i.e., sarcopenic obesity) is more strongly associated with disability and metabolic/cardiovascular diseases than obesity or sarcopenia alone. Therefore, countermeasures that simultaneously suppress fat gain and muscle atrophy to prevent an increase in sarcopenic obesity are warranted. The aim of this study was to investigate the simultaneous effects of fucoxanthinol (FXOH) on fat loss in mature adipocytes and the inhibition of atrophy and loss in myotubes induced by oxidative stress. C2C12 myotubes were treated with FXOH for 24 h and further incubated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) for 24 h. The area of myosin heavy chain-positive myotubes and the ROS concentration were measured. Mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with FXOH for 72 h. The triacylglycerol (TG) content and glycerol and fatty acid (FA) release were biochemically measured. The myotube area was smaller in H2O2-treated cells than that in control cells. However, FXOH protected against the H2O2-induced decreases in myotube area. Further, the ROS concentration was significantly higher in the FXOH-treated cells compared with that in the control cells, although it was significantly lower than that in the H2O2-treated cells. On the other hand, in the mature adipocytes, the TG content was significantly decreased by FXOH treatment compared to that in the control. Moreover, FXOH treatment significantly increased glycerol and FA release compared with that of the control. These results suggest that FXOH inhibits H2O2-induced atrophy and loss in myotubes and activates lipolysis and decreases the TG content in mature adipocytes. Accordingly, FXOH has the potential to exert anti-sarcopenic obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Yoshikawa
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan
| | - Masashi Hosokawa
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyashita
- Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takashi Fujita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Shiga, Japan
| | | | - Takeshi Hashimoto
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, 1-1-1 Nojihigashi, Kusatsu, Shiga, 525-8577, Japan.
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Hashimoto T, Yokokawa T, Narusawa R, Okada Y, Kawaguchi R, Higashida K. A lactate-based compound containing caffeine in addition to voluntary running exercise decreases subcutaneous fat mass and improves glucose metabolism in obese rats. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Miso (Fermented Soybean Paste) Suppresses Visceral Fat Accumulation in Mice, Especially in Combination with Exercise. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11030560. [PMID: 30845686 PMCID: PMC6470805 DOI: 10.3390/nu11030560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated whether the difference in miso consumption between the Japanese diets of 1975 and 2010 has influenced the observed increase in diet-induced obesity. To recreate the 2010 and 1975 Japanese high-fat diets with the corresponding proportions of miso, freeze-dried miso was added to high-fat mouse feed at 1.6% and 2.6%, respectively. When 5-week-old male Institute of Cancer Research (ICR) mice were provided each of these diets ad libitum for 8 weeks, it was found that the white adipose tissue weight and adipocyte area were lower in mice receiving the 1975 diet than in those receiving the 2010 diet. Therefore, high miso consumption is one reason why the 1975 Japanese diet tended to not lead to obesity. Next, the combined effects of treadmill exercise and miso consumption were investigated. The mice were divided into three groups, which were provided either a high-fat diet (group C), a high-fat diet with exercise (group C + E), or a miso-supplemented high-fat diet with exercise (group M + E) for 8 weeks. In this experiment, the white adipose tissue weight and adipocyte area in group M + E were lower than in group C. When the mRNA expression of lipid metabolism-associated genes in adipose tissue was measured, we found that expression of Hsl (lipase, hormone sensitive), which is involved in lipolysis, and Pparγ (peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma), which regulates adipocyte differentiation upstream of Hsl, was increased in group M + E. These results clearly demonstrated that lipid accumulation in the adipose tissues is suppressed by miso consumption in combination with exercise.
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Asano M, Iwagaki Y, Sugawara S, Kushida M, Okouchi R, Yamamoto K, Tsuduki T. Effects of Japanese diet in combination with exercise on visceral fat accumulation. Nutrition 2019; 57:173-182. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2018.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Schnuck JK, Gould LM, Parry HA, Johnson MA, Gannon NP, Sunderland KL, Vaughan RA. Metabolic effects of physiological levels of caffeine in myotubes. J Physiol Biochem 2017; 74:35-45. [PMID: 29198059 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-017-0601-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Caffeine has been shown to stimulate multiple major regulators of cell energetics including AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII). Additionally, caffeine induces peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC-1α) and mitochondrial biogenesis. While caffeine enhances oxidative metabolism, experimental concentrations often exceed physiologically attainable concentrations through diet. This work measured the effects of low-level caffeine on cellular metabolism and gene expression in myotubes, as well as the dependence of caffeine's effects on the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta/delta (PPARβ/δ). C2C12 myotubes were treated with various doses of caffeine for up to 24 h. Gene and protein expression were measured via qRT-PCR and Western blot, respectively. Cellular metabolism was determined via oxygen consumption and extracellular acidification rate. Caffeine significantly induced regulators of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Mitochondrial staining was suppressed in PPARβ/δ-inhibited cells which was rescued by concurrent caffeine treatment. Caffeine-treated cells also displayed elevated peak oxidative metabolism which was partially abolished following PPARβ/δ inhibition. Similar to past observations, glucose uptake and GLUT4 content were elevated in caffeine-treated cells, however, glycolytic metabolism was unaltered following caffeine treatment. Physiological levels of caffeine appear to enhance cell metabolism through mechanisms partially dependent on PPARβ/δ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamie K Schnuck
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Lacey M Gould
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Hailey A Parry
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Michele A Johnson
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Nicholas P Gannon
- School of Medicine, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, 53226, USA
| | - Kyle L Sunderland
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA
| | - Roger A Vaughan
- Department of Exercise Science, High Point University, One University Parkway, High Point, NC, 27268, USA.
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16
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Bae JY, Woo J, Roh HT, Lee YH, Ko K, Kang S, Shin KO. The effects of detraining and training on adipose tissue lipid droplet in obese mice after chronic high-fat diet. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:13. [PMID: 28095854 PMCID: PMC5240242 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0398-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It is well known that exercise promotes lipolysis by stimulating the lipid droplet (LD) signaling pathway. However, few studies have been conducted to examine the effect of detraining with high fat diet (HFD) and training effects after long-term HFD. Here, we investigated the effect of detraining and training on adipose tissue LD pathway in diet-induced obese mice after continuous HFD. Methods Seventy male C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into a Normal diet + Sedentary group (ND, n = 10) or a High-fat diet + Sedentary group (HF, n = 50); in the HF group, obesity was induced by a 45% fat chow for six weeks. For the subsequent eight weeks, the HF group was randomly subdivided into an HF (n = 30) or an HF + training group (HFT, n = 20), and the HFT group was subjected to treadmill training while on an HFD. Following this eight-week period, the HFT group stopped exercising (HFT-DT group, n = 10), and the mice in the HF group were randomly subdivided into an HF (n = 10) or an HF + training group (HF-T, n = 10). After training and detraining, abdominal visceral fat was obtained and analyzed by histological staining and western blot. Results Treadmill exercise decreased body weight and fat mass (P <0.05), and increased the levels of PKA, perilipin1, CGI-58, ATGL, and HSL (P <0.05) after eight weeks of training. Following eight weeks of detraining, the levels of PKA and HSL were decreased (P <0.05); however, exercise after chronic HFD increased the levels of PKA, perilipin1, CGI-58, ATGL, and HSL (P <0.05), and decreased body weight and fat mass (P <0.05). Conclusions Regardless of dietary restrictions, exercise is an effective treatment for obesity, owing to the regulation of LD signaling proteins. Moreover, the effects of regular exercise after chronic HFD were similar to those of exercise in the absence of HFD. Therefore, although obesity is induced by chronic HFD, exercise without dietary change is sufficiently effective for obesity treatment regardless of the preceding HFD period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yong Bae
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Jinhee Woo
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee Tae Roh
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Yul Hyo Lee
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Kangeun Ko
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunghwun Kang
- Laboratory of Exercise physiology, Division of Sport Science, Kangwon National University, 1 Kangwondaehak-gil, Chuncheon-si, Gangwon-do 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Ok Shin
- Laboratory of Exercise Biochemistry, Department of Physical Education, College of Arts and Physical Education, Dong-A University, 37 Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Hadan-dong, Saha-gu, Busan, 604-714, Republic of Korea.
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Hoshino D, Hanawa T, Takahashi Y, Masuda H, Kato M, Hatta H. Chronic post-exercise lactate administration with endurance training increases glycogen concentration and monocarboxylate transporter 1 protein in mouse white muscle. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 2016; 60:413-9. [PMID: 25866305 DOI: 10.3177/jnsv.60.413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Lactate is oxidized as an energy fuel during exercise, and it also plays a key role in the regulation of glycogen synthesis in the muscles and liver after exercise. Previous studies have suggested that lactate is converted to glycogen and stimulates glycogen synthesis. However, it remains unclear whether chronic post-exercise lactate administration can increase glycogen storage in skeletal muscle. We examined whether 3 wk of chronic post-exercise lactate administration with training can increase muscle glycogen storage and whether such changes are associated with monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT1) protein expression in mice. Mice were assigned to receive saline with training (SA+T group; n=6) or lactate with training (LA+T group; n=6). All mice performed 40 min of treadmill running at 25 m/min, following which they received saline or lactate (2.5 mg/g body weight), 6 d/wk for 3 wk. After 3 wk, glycogen concentration at rest was higher in the white tibialis anterior (TA; p<0.05, +34%), but not in the red TA, in the LA+T group. Protein expression of MCT1, the primary lactate transporter, was increased with chronic post-exercise lactate administration in the white TA (p<0.05, +32%), but not in the red TA. MCT1 protein expression was significantly correlated with muscle glycogen concentration in the red and white TA in both groups (p<0.05, r=0.969). These results suggest that chronic lactate administration after exercise increases MCT1 protein expression, which can be involved in the regulation of the observed increase in muscle glycogen storage after exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshino
- Department of Sports Sciences, Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, The University of Tokyo
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Hoshino D, Tamura Y, Masuda H, Matsunaga Y, Hatta H. Effects of decreased lactate accumulation after dichloroacetate administration on exercise training-induced mitochondrial adaptations in mouse skeletal muscle. Physiol Rep 2015; 3:3/9/e12555. [PMID: 26416973 PMCID: PMC4600395 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggested that lactate accumulation can be a signal for mitochondrial biogenesis in skeletal muscle. We investigated whether reductions in lactate concentrations in response to dichloroacetate (DCA), an activator of pyruvate dehydrogenase, attenuate mitochondrial adaptations after exercise training in mice. We first confirmed that DCA administration (200 mg/kg BW by i.p. injection) 10 min before exercise decreased muscle and blood lactate concentrations after high-intensity interval exercise (10 bouts of 1 min treadmill running at 40 m/min with a 1 min rest). At the same time, exercise-induced signal cascades did not change by pre-exercise DCA administration. These results suggested that DCA administration affected only lactate concentrations after exercise. We next examined the effects of acute DCA administration on mRNA expressions involved with mitochondrial biogenesis after same high-intensity interval exercise and the effects of chronic DCA administration on mitochondrial adaptations after high-intensity interval training (increasing intensity from 38 to 43 m/min by the end of training period). Acute DCA administration did not change most of the exercise-induced mRNA upregulation. These data suggest that lactate reductions by DCA administration did not affect transcriptional activation after high-intensity interval exercise. However, chronic DCA administration attenuated, in part, mitochondrial adaptations such as training-induced increasing rates of citrate synthase (P = 0.06), β-hydroxyacyl CoA dehydrogenase activity (P < 0.05), cytochrome c oxidase IV (P < 0.05) and a fatty acid transporter, fatty acid translocase/CD36 (P < 0.05), proteins after exercise training. These results suggest that lactate accumulation during high-intensity interval exercise may be associated with mitochondrial adaptations after chronic exercise training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Hoshino
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuki Tamura
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Masuda
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Matsunaga
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hideo Hatta
- Department of Sports Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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Ginkgolide C Suppresses Adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 Adipocytes via the AMPK Signaling Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2015; 2015:298635. [PMID: 26413119 PMCID: PMC4568043 DOI: 10.1155/2015/298635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ginkgolide C, isolated from Ginkgo biloba leaves, is a diterpene lactone derivative [corrected] reported to have multiple biological functions, from decreased platelet aggregation to ameliorating Alzheimer disease. The study aim was to evaluate the antiadipogenic effect of ginkgolide C in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Ginkgolide C was used to treat differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. Cell supernatant was collected to assay glycerol release, and cells were lysed to measure protein and gene expression related to adipogenesis and lipolysis by western blot and real-time PCR, respectively. Ginkgolide C significantly suppressed lipid accumulation in differentiated adipocytes. It also decreased adipogenesis-related transcription factor expression, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor and CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein. Furthermore, ginkgolide C enhanced adipose triglyceride lipase and hormone-sensitive lipase production for lipolysis and increased phosphorylation of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), resulting in decreased activity of acetyl-CoA carboxylase for fatty acid synthesis. In coculture with an AMPK inhibitor (compound C), ginkgolide C also improved activation of sirtuin 1 and phosphorylation of AMPK in differentiated 3T3-L1 cells. The results suggest that ginkgolide C is an effective flavone for increasing lipolysis and inhibiting adipogenesis in adipocytes through the activated AMPK pathway.
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Ogasawara J, Izawa T, Sakurai T, Shirato K, Ishibashi Y, Ohira Y, Ishida H, Ohno H, Kizaki T. Habitual exercise training acts as a physiological stimulator for constant activation of lipolytic enzymes in rat primary white adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 464:348-53. [PMID: 26141235 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.06.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
It is widely accepted that lipolysis in adipocytes are regulated through the enzymatic activation of both hormone-sensitive lipase (HSL) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) via their phosphorylation events. Accumulated evidence shows that habitual exercise training (HE) enhances the lipolytic response in primary white adipocytes with changes in the subcellular localization of lipolytic molecules. However, no study has focused on the effect that HE exerts on the phosphorylation of both HSL and ATGL in primary white adipocytes. It has been shown that the translocation of HSL from the cytosol to lipid droplet surfaces requires its phosphorylation at Ser-563. In primary white adipocytes obtained from HE rats, the level of HSL and ATGL proteins was higher than that in primary white adipocytes obtained from sedentary control (SC) rats. In HE rats, the level of phosphorylated ATGL and HSL was also significantly elevated compared with that in SC rats. These differences were confirmed by Phos-tag SDS-PAGE, a technique used to measure the amount of total phosphorylated proteins. Our results suggest that HE can consistently increase the activity of both lipases, thereby enhancing the lipolysis in white fat cells. Thus, HE helps in the prevention and treatment of obesity-related diseases by enhancing the lipolytic capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Izawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Ken Shirato
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshinobu Ohira
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Sciences, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- Department of Third Internal Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohno
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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21
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Brenmoehl J, Ohde D, Walz C, Schultz J, Tuchscherer A, Rieder F, Renne U, Hoeflich A. Dynamics of Fat Mass in DUhTP Mice Selected for Running Performance - Fat Mobilization in a Walk. Obes Facts 2015; 8:373-85. [PMID: 26630291 PMCID: PMC5644887 DOI: 10.1159/000442399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Reduction of body fat can be achieved by dietary programs and/or aerobic exercise training. More convenient methods to rid the body of excess fat are needed. However, it is unclear whether it is possible to more easily lose body weight at all. METHODS DUhTP mice bred through phenotype selection for high treadmill performance and unselected controls were voluntarily physically active in a running wheel over a period of 3 weeks. Phenotypical data were collected, and subcutaneous fat was analyzed for expression of mitochondria-relevant proteins. RESULTS Voluntary physical activity over 3 weeks exclusively in DUhTP mice severely reduced subcutaneous (-38%; p < 0.05) and epididymal (-32%; p < 0.05) fat. Following mild physical activity, subcutaneous fat derived from DUhTP mice showed increased levels of long chain acyl dehydrogenase (LCAD; +230%; p < 0.05) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha (PGC1-α; p < 0.01). Mitochondrial transcription factor A (Tfam) expression was similar in both sedentary genotypes but physical activity increased Tfam levels exclusively in DUhTP (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the mitochondrial mass is highly active in DUhTP mice and responsive even to mild physical activity. While genetic predisposition could not prevent fat accretion in DUhTP mice, voluntary activity was sufficient to reduce excess body fat almost completely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Brenmoehl
- Cell Signaling Unit from the Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, Institute for Genetics & Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Daniela Ohde
- Cell Signaling Unit from the Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christina Walz
- Cell Signaling Unit from the Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, Institute for Genetics & Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Julia Schultz
- Institute of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Armin Tuchscherer
- Livestock Genetics and Breeding Unit, Institute for Genetics & Biometry, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Florian Rieder
- Department of Pathobiology, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Ulla Renne
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, Institute for Genetics & Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Andreas Hoeflich
- Cell Signaling Unit from the Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- Laboratory for Mouse Genetics, Institute for Genetics & Biometry, Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Dummerstorf, Germany
- *Dr. Andreas Hoeflich, Cell Signaling Unit from the Institute for Genome Biology, Leibniz-Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196 Dummerstorf, Germany
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Ogasawara J, Izawa T, Sakurai T, Sakurai T, Shirato K, Ishibashi Y, Ishida H, Ohno H, Kizaki T. The Molecular Mechanism Underlying Continuous Exercise Training-Induced Adaptive Changes of Lipolysis in White Adipose Cells. J Obes 2015; 2015:473430. [PMID: 26075089 PMCID: PMC4444571 DOI: 10.1155/2015/473430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Physical exercise accelerates the mobilization of free fatty acids from white adipocytes to provide fuel for energy. This happens in several tissues and helps to regulate a whole-body state of metabolism. Under these conditions, the hydrolysis of triacylglycerol (TG) that is found in white adipocytes is known to be augmented via the activation of these lipolytic events, which is referred to as the "lipolytic cascade." Indeed, evidence has shown that the lipolytic responses in white adipocytes are upregulated by continuous exercise training (ET) through the adaptive changes in molecules that constitute the lipolytic cascade. During the past few decades, many lipolysis-related molecules have been identified. Of note, the discovery of a new lipase, known as adipose triglyceride lipase, has redefined the existing concepts of the hormone-sensitive lipase-dependent hydrolysis of TG in white adipocytes. This review outlines the alterations in the lipolytic molecules of white adipocytes that result from ET, which includes the molecular regulation of TG lipases through the lipolytic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junetsu Ogasawara
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
- *Junetsu Ogasawara:
| | - Tetsuya Izawa
- Graduate School of Health and Sports Science, Doshisha University, Kyotanabe, Kyoto 610-0394, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Sakurai
- Faculty of Culture and Sport Policy, Toin University of Yokohama, Yokohama, Kanagawa 225-8503, Japan
| | - Takuya Sakurai
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Ken Shirato
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Yoshinaga Ishibashi
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ishida
- Department of Third Internal Medicine, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Hideki Ohno
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
| | - Takako Kizaki
- Department of Molecular Predictive Medicine and Sport Science, Kyorin University, School of Medicine, Mitaka, Tokyo 181-8611, Japan
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Tuazon MA, McConnell TR, Wilson GJ, Anthony TG, Henderson GC. Intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations in hepatic triglyceride metabolism in mice following acute exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:61-70. [PMID: 25257878 PMCID: PMC6195669 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00440.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Precise regulation of hepatic triglyceride (TG) metabolism and secretion is critical for health, and exercise could play a significant role. We compared one session of high-intensity interval exercise (HIIE) vs. continuous exercise (CE) on hepatic TG metabolism. Female and male mice were assigned to CE, HIIE, or sedentary control (CON). HIIE was a 30-min session of 30-s running intervals (30 m/min) interspersed with 60-s walking periods (5 m/min). CE was a distance- and duration-matched run at 13.8 m/min. Hepatic content of TG and TG secretion rates, as well as expression of relevant genes/proteins, were measured at 3 h (day 1) and 28 h (day 2) postexercise. On day 1, hepatic [TG] in CE and HIIE were both elevated vs. CON in both sexes with an approximately twofold greater elevation in HIIE vs. CE in females. In both sexes, hepatic perilipin 2 (PLIN2) protein on day 1 was increased significantly by both exercise types with a significantly greater increase with HIIE than CE, whereas the increase in mRNA reached significance only after HIIE. On day 2 in both sexes the increases in hepatic TG and PLIN2 with exercise declined toward CON levels. Only HIIE on day 2 resulted in reduced hepatic TG secretion by ∼20% in females with no effect in males. Neither exercise modality altered AMPK signaling or microsomal triglyceride transfer protein expression. Females exhibited higher hepatic TG secretion than males in association with different expression levels of related metabolic enzymes. These intensity-dependent and sex-specific alterations following exercise may have implications for sex-based exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc A Tuazon
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Taylor R McConnell
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gabriel J Wilson
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Tracy G Anthony
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; and Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
| | - Gregory C Henderson
- Department of Exercise Science, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey; Center for Lipid Research, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey
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24
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Bosma M. Lipid homeostasis in exercise. Drug Discov Today 2014; 19:1019-23. [PMID: 24632001 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2014.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 03/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Fatty acids (FA) are essential energy substrates during endurance exercise. In addition to systemic supply, intramyocellular neutral lipids form an important source of FA for the working muscle. Endurance exercise training is associated with an increased reliance on lipids as a fuel source, has systemic lipid-lowering effects and results in a remodeling of skeletal muscle lipid metabolism toward increased oxidation, neutral lipid storage and turnover. Interestingly, recent studies have indicated common exercise-induced regulatory pathways for genes involved in skeletal muscle mitochondrial oxidative metabolism and lipid droplet (LD) dynamics. In this review, I discuss lipid homeostasis during acute exercise and adaptations in lipid metabolism upon exercise training in the light of recent advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madeleen Bosma
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institutet, PO Box 285, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Lee SR, Schriefer JM, Gunnels TA, Harvey IC, Bloomer RJ. Acute oral intake of a higenamine-based dietary supplement increases circulating free fatty acids and energy expenditure in human subjects. Lipids Health Dis 2013; 12:148. [PMID: 24139127 PMCID: PMC4016229 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-12-148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Higenamine, also known as norcoclaurine, is an herbal constituent thought to act as a beta-2 adrenergic receptor agonist—possibly stimulating lipolysis. It was the purpose of this study to determine the impact of a higenamine-based dietary supplement on plasma free fatty acids and energy expenditure following acute oral ingestion. Methods Sixteen healthy subjects (8 men; 26.1 ± 2.5 yrs; 8 women 22.4 ± 3.1 yrs) ingested a dietary supplement containing a combination of higenamine, caffeine (270 mg), and yohimbe bark extract or a placebo, on two separate occasions in a double-blind, randomized, cross-over design, separated by 6–8 days. Blood samples were collected immediately before ingestion, and at 30, 60, 120, and 180 minutes post ingestion, and analyzed for plasma free fatty acids (FFA) and glycerol. Breath samples were collected at the same times for a measure of kilocalorie expenditure and respiratory exchange ratio (RER) using indirect calorimetry. Heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at all times. Data collection occurred in the morning following a 10 hour overnight fast. Results A condition effect was noted for both FFA (p < 0.0001) and kilocalorie expenditure (p = 0.001), with values higher for supplement compared to placebo at 60, 120, and 180 minutes post ingestion. No statistically significant effects were noted for glycerol or RER (p > 0.05). A condition effect was noted for heart rate (p = 0.03) and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.0001), with values higher for supplement compared to placebo. Conclusion Ingestion of a higenamine-based dietary supplement stimulates lipolysis and energy expenditure, as evidenced by a significant increase in circulating FFA and kilocalorie expenditure. The same supplement results in a moderate increase in heart rate (~3 bpm) and systolic blood pressure (~12 mmHg), which is consistent with previous studies evaluating moderate doses of caffeine and yohimbine, suggesting that higenamine contributes little to the increase in these hemodynamic variables. These findings are in reference to young, healthy and active men and women.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Richard J Bloomer
- Department of Health and Sport Sciences, Cardiorespiratory/Metabolic Laboratory, University of Memphis, 106 Roane Field House, Memphis, TN 38152, USA.
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Hashimoto T, Yokokawa T, Endo Y, Iwanaka N, Higashida K, Taguchi S. Modest hypoxia significantly reduces triglyceride content and lipid droplet size in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2013; 440:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2013.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Accepted: 09/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Wright DC. Exercise- and resveratrol-mediated alterations in adipose tissue metabolism. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2013; 39:109-16. [PMID: 24476464 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2013-0316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Owing to its obligatory role in locomotion and the fact that it accounts for the vast majority of whole-body glucose and lipid oxidation, much work has focused on studying the biochemical adaptations that occur in skeletal muscle in response to exercise. However, over the past several years there has been a growing appreciation that adipose tissue is an important player in regulating systemic carbohydrate and lipid homeostasis. Despite this, the examination of how exercise alters adipose tissue function and metabolism is, when compared with skeletal muscle, in its infancy. The purpose of the current review is to highlight some of the recent findings from our laboratory and others that focus on the emerging area of adipose tissue exercise biochemistry. Specifically, the role of exercise on the induction of mitochondrial and glyceroneogenic enzymes will be examined and will be compared with the well-characterized effects of thiazolidinediones, which are insulin-sensitizing drugs. A particular emphasis will be placed on the role of interleukin-6 in mediating the effects of exercise. Finally, we will discuss recent data from our laboratory demonstrating beneficial effects of resveratrol supplementation on adipose tissue metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Wright
- Department of Human Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph ON N1G 2W1, Canada
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