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Smyth T, Jaspers I. Diesel exhaust particles induce polarization state-dependent functional and transcriptional changes in human monocyte-derived macrophages. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2024; 326:L83-L97. [PMID: 38084400 PMCID: PMC11279754 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00085.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 10/30/2023] [Accepted: 11/23/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Macrophage populations exist on a spectrum between the proinflammatory M1 and proresolution M2 states and have demonstrated the ability to reprogram between them after exposure to opposing polarization stimuli. Particulate matter (PM) has been repeatedly linked to worsening morbidity and mortality following respiratory infections and has been demonstrated to modify macrophage function and polarization. The purpose of this study was to determine whether diesel exhaust particles (DEP), a key component of airborne PM, would demonstrate polarization state-dependent effects on human monocyte-derived macrophages (hMDMs) and whether DEP would modify macrophage reprogramming. CD14+CD16- monocytes were isolated from the blood of healthy human volunteers and differentiated into macrophages with macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF). Resulting macrophages were left unpolarized or polarized into the proresolution M2 state before being exposed to DEP, M1-polarizing conditions (IFN-γ and LPS), or both and tested for phagocytic function, secretory profile, gene expression patterns, and bioenergetic properties. Contrary to previous reports, we observed a mixed M1/M2 phenotype in reprogrammed M2 cells when considering the broader range of functional readouts. In addition, we determined that DEP exposure dampens phagocytic function in all polarization states while modifying bioenergetic properties in M1 macrophages preferentially. Together, these data suggest that DEP exposure of reprogrammed M2 macrophages results in a highly inflammatory, highly energetic subpopulation of macrophages that may contribute to the poor health outcomes following PM exposure during respiratory infections.NEW & NOTEWORTHY We determined that reprogramming M2 macrophages in the presence of diesel exhaust particles (DEP) results in a highly inflammatory mixed M1/M2 phenotype. We also demonstrated that M1 macrophages are particularly vulnerable to particulate matter (PM) exposure as seen by dampened phagocytic function and modified bioenergetics. Our study suggests that PM causes reprogrammed M2 macrophages to become a highly energetic, highly secretory subpopulation of macrophages that may contribute to negative health outcomes observed in humans after PM exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Smyth
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
| | - Ilona Jaspers
- Curriculum in Toxicology & Environmental Medicine, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Center for Environmental Medicine, Asthma, and Lung Biology, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, United States
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2
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Tilly TB, Ward RX, Morea AF, Nelson MT, Robinson SE, Eiguren-Fernandez A, Lewis GS, Lednicky JA, Sabo-Attwood T, Hussain SM, Wu CY. Toxicity assessment of CeO₂ and CuO nanoparticles at the air-liquid interface using bioinspired condensational particle growth. HYGIENE AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH ADVANCES 2023; 7:100074. [PMID: 37711680 PMCID: PMC10500621 DOI: 10.1016/j.heha.2023.100074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/16/2023]
Abstract
CeO2 and CuO nanoparticles (NPs) are used as additives in petrodiesel to enhance engine performance leading to reduced diesel combustion emissions. Despite their benefits, the additive application poses human health concerns by releasing inhalable NPs into the ambient air. In this study, a bioinspired lung cell exposure system, Dosimetric Aerosol in Vitro Inhalation Device (DAVID), was employed for evaluating the toxicity of aerosolized CeO2 and CuO NPs with a short duration of exposure (≤10 min vs. hours in other systems) and without exerting toxicity from non-NP factors. Human epithelial A549 lung cells were cultured and maintained within DAVID at the air-liquid interface (ALI), onto which aerosolized NPs were deposited, and experiments in submerged cells were used for comparison. Exposure of the cells to the CeO2 NPs did not result in detectable IL-8 release, nor did it produce a significant reduction in cell viability based on lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) assay, with a marginal decrease (10%) at the dose of 388 μg/cm2 (273 cm2/cm2). In contrast, exposure to CuO NPs resulted in a concentration dependent reduction in LDH release based on LDH leakage, with 38% reduction in viability at the highest dose of 52 μg/cm2 (28.3 cm2/cm2). Cells exposed to CuO NPs resulted in a dose dependent cellular membrane toxicity and expressed IL-8 secretion at a global dose five times lower than cells exposed under submerged conditions. However, when comparing the ALI results at the local cellular dose of CuO NPs to the submerged results, the IL-8 secretion was similar. In this study, we demonstrated DAVID as a new exposure tool that helps evaluate aerosol toxicity in simulated lung environment. Our results also highlight the necessity in choosing the right assay endpoints for the given exposure scenario, e.g., LDH for ALI and Deep Blue for submerged conditions for cell viability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trevor B. Tilly
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
| | - Ryan X. Ward
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Alyssa F. Morea
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - M. Tyler Nelson
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
| | - Sarah E. Robinson
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | | | | | - John A. Lednicky
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Tara Sabo-Attwood
- Department of Environmental & Global Health, College of Public Health and Health Professions, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
| | - Saber M. Hussain
- 711th Human Performance Wing, Air Force Research Laboratory, Wright-Patterson AFB, Ohio, United States
| | - Chang-Yu Wu
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, Engineering School of Sustainable Infrastructure and Environment, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, United States
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3
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Vallabani NVS, Gruzieva O, Elihn K, Juárez-Facio AT, Steimer SS, Kuhn J, Silvergren S, Portugal J, Piña B, Olofsson U, Johansson C, Karlsson HL. Toxicity and health effects of ultrafine particles: Towards an understanding of the relative impacts of different transport modes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116186. [PMID: 37224945 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to particulate matter (PM) has been associated with a wide range of adverse health effects, but it is still unclear how particles from various transport modes differ in terms of toxicity and associations with different human health outcomes. This literature review aims to summarize toxicological and epidemiological studies of the effect of ultrafine particles (UFPs), also called nanoparticles (NPs, <100 nm), from different transport modes with a focus on vehicle exhaust (particularly comparing diesel and biodiesel) and non-exhaust as well as particles from shipping (harbor), aviation (airport) and rail (mainly subway/underground). The review includes both particles collected in laboratory tests and the field (intense traffic environments or collected close to harbor, airport, and in subway). In addition, epidemiological studies on UFPs are reviewed with special attention to studies aimed at distinguishing the effects of different transport modes. Results from toxicological studies indicate that both fossil and biodiesel NPs show toxic effects. Several in vivo studies show that inhalation of NPs collected in traffic environments not only impacts the lung, but also triggers cardiovascular effects as well as negative impacts on the brain, although few studies compared NPs from different sources. Few studies were found on aviation (airport) NPs, but the available results suggest similar toxic effects as traffic-related particles. There is still little data related to the toxic effects linked to several sources (shipping, road and tire wear, subway NPs), but in vitro results highlighted the role of metals in the toxicity of subway and brake wear particles. Finally, the epidemiological studies emphasized the current limited knowledge of the health impacts of source-specific UFPs related to different transport modes. This review discusses the necessity of future research for a better understanding of the relative potencies of NPs from different transport modes and their use in health risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Olena Gruzieva
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden; Centre for Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Region Stockholm, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karine Elihn
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Sarah S Steimer
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jana Kuhn
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sanna Silvergren
- Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - José Portugal
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, CSIC, 08034, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ulf Olofsson
- Department of Machine Design, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christer Johansson
- Department of Environmental Science, Stockholm University, 11418, Stockholm, Sweden; Environment and Health Administration, 104 20, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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4
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Chen K, Rice MB. Small Airway Anatomy: An Indicator of Pollution Susceptibility in Adults? Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2022; 206:2-4. [PMID: 35504004 PMCID: PMC9954322 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202203-0592ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kelly Chen
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
| | - Mary B. Rice
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep MedicineBeth Israel Deaconess Medical CenterBoston, Massachusetts
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5
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Darquenne C, Borojeni AA, Colebank MJ, Forest MG, Madas BG, Tawhai M, Jiang Y. Aerosol Transport Modeling: The Key Link Between Lung Infections of Individuals and Populations. Front Physiol 2022; 13:923945. [PMID: 35795643 PMCID: PMC9251577 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.923945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has propelled the field of aerosol science to the forefront, particularly the central role of virus-laden respiratory droplets and aerosols. The pandemic has also highlighted the critical need, and value for, an information bridge between epidemiological models (that inform policymakers to develop public health responses) and within-host models (that inform the public and health care providers how individuals develop respiratory infections). Here, we review existing data and models of generation of respiratory droplets and aerosols, their exhalation and inhalation, and the fate of infectious droplet transport and deposition throughout the respiratory tract. We then articulate how aerosol transport modeling can serve as a bridge between and guide calibration of within-host and epidemiological models, forming a comprehensive tool to formulate and test hypotheses about respiratory tract exposure and infection within and between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chantal Darquenne
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Azadeh A.T. Borojeni
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Mitchel J. Colebank
- Edwards Lifesciences Foundation Cardiovascular Innovation and Research Center and Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - M. Gregory Forest
- Departments of Mathematics, Applied Physical Sciences, and Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Balázs G. Madas
- Environmental Physics Department, Centre for Energy Research, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Merryn Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Yi Jiang
- Department of Mathematics and Statistics, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA, United States
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6
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Rahman M, Zhao M, Islam MS, Dong K, Saha SC. Numerical study of nano and micro pollutant particle transport and deposition in realistic human lung airways. POWDER TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2022.117364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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7
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McCarrick S, Karlsson HL, Carlander U. Modelled lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles in occupational scenarios: a comparison to doses used in vitro. Arch Toxicol 2022; 96:969-985. [PMID: 35188583 PMCID: PMC8921161 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-022-03247-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Translating particle dose from in vitro systems to relevant human exposure remains a major challenge for the use of in vitro studies in assessing occupational hazard and risk of particle exposure. This study aimed to model the lung deposition and retention of welding fume particles following occupational scenarios and subsequently compare the lung doses to those used in vitro. We reviewed published welding fume concentrations and size distributions to identify input values simulating real-life exposure scenarios in the multiple path particle dosimetry (MPPD) model. The majority of the particles were reported to be below 0.1 μm and mass concentrations ranged between 0.05 and 45 mg/m3. Following 6-h exposure to 5 mg/m3 with a count median diameter of 50 nm, the tracheobronchial lung dose (0.89 µg/cm2) was found to exceed the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose (0.125 µg/cm2) previously assessed by us in human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC-3kt). However, the tracheobronchial retention decreased rapidly when no exposure occurred, in contrast to the alveolar retention which builds-up over time and exceeded the in vitro cytotoxic cell dose after 1.5 working week. After 1 year, the tracheobronchial and alveolar retention was estimated to be 1.15 and 2.85 µg/cm2, respectively. Exposure to low-end aerosol concentrations resulted in alveolar retention comparable to cytotoxic in vitro dose in HBEC-3kt after 15-20 years of welding. This study demonstrates the potential of combining real-life exposure data with particle deposition modelling to improve the understanding of in vitro concentrations in the context of human occupational exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah McCarrick
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Hanna L Karlsson
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ulrika Carlander
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
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8
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Cediel-Ulloa A, Isaxon C, Eriksson A, Primetzhofer D, Sortica MA, Haag L, Derr R, Hendriks G, Löndahl J, Gudmundsson A, Broberg K, Gliga AR. Toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated from gas-metal arc welding in primary human small airway epithelial cells. Sci Rep 2021; 11:21846. [PMID: 34750422 PMCID: PMC8575907 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-01177-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Welding fumes induce lung toxicity and are carcinogenic to humans but the molecular mechanisms have yet to be clarified. The aim of this study was to evaluate the toxicity of stainless and mild steel particles generated via gas-metal arc welding using primary human small airway epithelial cells (hSAEC) and ToxTracker reporter murine stem cells, which track activation of six cancer-related pathways. Metal content (Fe, Mn, Ni, Cr) of the particles was relatively homogenous across particle size. The particles were not cytotoxic in reporter stem cells but stainless steel particles activated the Nrf2-dependent oxidative stress pathway. In hSAEC, both particle types induced time- and dose-dependent cytotoxicity, and stainless steel particles also increased generation of reactive oxygen species. The cellular metal content was higher for hSAEC compared to the reporter stem cells exposed to the same nominal dose. This was, in part, related to differences in particle agglomeration/sedimentation in the different cell media. Overall, our study showed differences in cytotoxicity and activation of cancer-related pathways between stainless and mild steel welding particles. Moreover, our data emphasizes the need for careful assessment of the cellular dose when comparing studies using different in vitro models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Cediel-Ulloa
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
- Department of Organismal Biology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Axel Eriksson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Daniel Primetzhofer
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Applied Nuclear Physics, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
- The Tandem Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | | | - Lars Haag
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | | - Jakob Löndahl
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
- NanoLund, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Karin Broberg
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anda R Gliga
- Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Box 210, 171 77, Stockholm, Sweden.
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9
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Mastalerz M, Dick E, Chakraborty AA, Hennen E, Schamberger AC, Schröppel A, Lindner M, Hatz R, Behr J, Hilgendorff A, Schmid O, Staab-Weijnitz CA. Validation of in vitro models for smoke exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2021; 322:L129-L148. [PMID: 34668416 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00091.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
RATIONALE The bronchial epithelium is constantly challenged by inhalative insults including cigarette smoke (CS), a key risk factor for lung disease. In vitro exposure of bronchial epithelial cells using CS extract (CSE) is a widespread alternative to whole CS (wCS) exposure. However, CSE exposure protocols vary considerably between studies, precluding direct comparison of applied doses. Moreover, they are rarely validated in terms of physiological response in vivo and the relevance of the findings is often unclear. METHODS We tested six different exposure settings in primary human bronchial epithelial cells (phBECs), including five CSE protocols in comparison with wCS exposure. We quantified cell-delivered dose and directly compared all exposures using expression analysis of 10 well-established smoke-induced genes in bronchial epithelial cells. CSE exposure of phBECs was varied in terms of differentiation state, exposure route, duration of exposure, and dose. Gene expression was assessed by quantitative Real-Time PCR (qPCR) and Western Blot analysis. Cell type-specific expression of smoke-induced genes was analyzed by immunofluorescent analysis. RESULTS Three surprisingly dissimilar exposure types, namely chronic CSE treatment of differentiating phBECs, acute CSE treatment of submerged basal phBECs, and wCS exposure of differentiated phBECs performed best, resulting in significant upregulation of seven (chronic CSE) and six (acute wCS, acute submerged CSE exposure) out of 10 genes. Acute apical or basolateral exposure of differentiated phBECs with CSE was much less effective despite similar doses used. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide guidance for the design of human in vitro CS exposure models in experimental and translational lung research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Mastalerz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Dick
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Ashesh Anjankumar Chakraborty
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Hennen
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Andrea C Schamberger
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Schröppel
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | | | - Rudolf Hatz
- Thoraxchirurgisches Zentrum, Klinik für Allgemeine, Viszeral-, Transplantations-, Gefäß- und Thoraxchirurgie, Klinikum Großhadern, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Behr
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik V, Klinikum der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität (LMU), Munich, Germany, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL)
| | - Anne Hilgendorff
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Otmar Schmid
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Claudia A Staab-Weijnitz
- Institute of Lung Biology and Disease and Comprehensive Pneumology Center with the CPC-M bioArchive, Helmholtz Zentrum München, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
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10
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Faber SC, McNabb NA, Ariel P, Aungst ER, McCullough SD. Exposure Effects Beyond the Epithelial Barrier: Transepithelial Induction of Oxidative Stress by Diesel Exhaust Particulates in Lung Fibroblasts in an Organotypic Human Airway Model. Toxicol Sci 2021; 177:140-155. [PMID: 32525552 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfaa085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro bronchial epithelial monoculture models have been pivotal in defining the adverse effects of inhaled toxicant exposures; however, they are only representative of one cellular compartment and may not accurately reflect the effects of exposures on other cell types. Lung fibroblasts exist immediately beneath the bronchial epithelial barrier and play a central role in lung structure and function, as well as disease development and progression. We tested the hypothesis that in vitro exposure of a human bronchial epithelial cell barrier to the model oxidant diesel exhaust particulates caused transepithelial oxidative stress in the underlying lung fibroblasts using a human bronchial epithelial cell and lung fibroblast coculture model. We observed that diesel exhaust particulates caused transepithelial oxidative stress in underlying lung fibroblasts as indicated by intracellular accumulation of the reactive oxygen species hydrogen peroxide, oxidation of the cellular antioxidant glutathione, activation of NRF2, and induction of oxidative stress-responsive genes. Further, targeted antioxidant treatment of lung fibroblasts partially mitigated the oxidative stress response gene expression in adjacent human bronchial epithelial cells during diesel exhaust particulate exposure. This indicates that exposure-induced oxidative stress in the airway extends beyond the bronchial epithelial barrier and that lung fibroblasts are both a target and a mediator of the adverse effects of inhaled chemical exposures despite being separated from the inhaled material by an epithelial barrier. These findings illustrate the value of coculture models and suggest that transepithelial exposure effects should be considered in inhalation toxicology research and testing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha C Faber
- Curriculum in Toxicology and Environmental Medicine, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Nicole A McNabb
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Pablo Ariel
- Microscopy Services Laboratory, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Emily R Aungst
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
| | - Shaun D McCullough
- Public Health and Integrated Toxicology Division, Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, US Environmental Protection Agency, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599
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11
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Abu Shqair A, Kim EH. Multi-scaled Monte Carlo calculation for radon-induced cellular damage in the bronchial airway epithelium. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10230. [PMID: 33986410 PMCID: PMC8119983 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89689-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Radon is a leading cause of lung cancer in indoor public and mining workers. Inhaled radon progeny releases alpha particles, which can damage cells in the airway epithelium. The extent and complexity of cellular damage vary depending on the alpha particle's kinetic energy and cell characteristics. We developed a framework to quantitate the cellular damage on the nanometer and micrometer scales at different intensities of exposure to radon progenies Po-218 and Po-214. Energy depositions along the tracks of alpha particles that were slowing down were simulated on a nanometer scale using the Monte Carlo code Geant4-DNA. The nano-scaled track histories in a 5 μm radius and 1 μm-thick cylindrical volume were integrated into the tracking scheme of alpha trajectories in a micron-scale bronchial epithelium segment in the user-written SNU-CDS program. Damage distribution in cellular DNA was estimated for six cell types in the epithelium. Deep-sited cell nuclei in the epithelium would have less chance of being hit, but DNA damage from a single hit would be more serious, because low-energy alpha particles of high LET would hit the nuclei. The greater damage in deep-sited nuclei was due to the 7.69 MeV alpha particles emitted from Po-214. From daily work under 1 WL of radon concentration, basal cells would respond with the highest portion of complex DSBs among the suspected progenitor cells in the most exposed regions of the lung epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Abu Shqair
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Hee Kim
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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12
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Zhou M, Zou J. A dynamical overview of droplets in the transmission of respiratory infectious diseases. PHYSICS OF FLUIDS (WOODBURY, N.Y. : 1994) 2021; 33:031301. [PMID: 33897237 PMCID: PMC8061903 DOI: 10.1063/5.0039487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of the coronavirus disease has drawn public attention to the transmission of infectious pathogens, and as major carriers of those pathogens, respiratory droplets play an important role in the process of transmission. This Review describes respiratory droplets from a physical and mechanical perspective, especially their correlation with the transmission of infectious pathogens. It covers the important aspects of (i) the generation and expulsion of droplets during respiratory activities, (ii) the transport and evolution of respiratory droplets in the ambient environment, and (iii) the inhalation and deposition of droplets in the human respiratory tract. State-of-the-art experimental, computational, and theoretical models and results are presented, and the corresponding knowledge gaps are identified. This Review stresses the multidisciplinary nature of its subject and appeals for collaboration among different fields to fight the present pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoying Zhou
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi
University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027, China
| | - Jun Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Fluid Power and Mechatronic Systems,
Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310027,
China
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13
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Lizal F, Elcner J, Jedelsky J, Maly M, Jicha M, Farkas Á, Belka M, Rehak Z, Adam J, Brinek A, Laznovsky J, Zikmund T, Kaiser J. The effect of oral and nasal breathing on the deposition of inhaled particles in upper and tracheobronchial airways. JOURNAL OF AEROSOL SCIENCE 2020; 150:105649. [PMID: 32904428 PMCID: PMC7455204 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaerosci.2020.105649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The inhalation route has a substantial influence on the fate of inhaled particles. An outbreak of infectious diseases such as COVID-19, influenza or tuberculosis depends on the site of deposition of the inhaled pathogens. But the knowledge of respiratory deposition is important also for occupational safety or targeted delivery of inhaled pharmaceuticals. Simulations utilizing computational fluid dynamics are becoming available to a wide spectrum of users and they can undoubtedly bring detailed predictions of regional deposition of particles. However, if those simulations are to be trusted, they must be validated by experimental data. This article presents simulations and experiments performed on a geometry of airways which is available to other users and thus those results can be used for intercomparison between different research groups. In particular, three hypotheses were tested. First: Oral breathing and combined breathing are equivalent in terms of particle deposition in TB airways, as the pressure resistance of the nasal cavity is so high that the inhaled aerosol flows mostly through the oral cavity in both cases. Second: The influence of the inhalation route (nasal, oral or combined) on the regional distribution of the deposited particles downstream of the trachea is negligible. Third: Simulations can accurately and credibly predict deposition hotspots. The maximum spatial resolution of predicted deposition achievable by current methods was searched for. The simulations were performed using large-eddy simulation, the flow measurements were done by laser Doppler anemometry and the deposition has been measured by positron emission tomography in a realistic replica of human airways. Limitations and sources of uncertainties of the experimental methods were identified. The results confirmed that the high-pressure resistance of the nasal cavity leads to practically identical velocity profiles, even above the glottis for the mouth, and combined mouth and nose breathing. The distribution of deposited particles downstream of the trachea was not influenced by the inhalation route. The carina of the first bifurcation was not among the main deposition hotspots regardless of the inhalation route or flow rate. On the other hand, the deposition hotspots were identified by both CFD and experiments in the second bifurcation in both lungs, and to a lesser extent also in both the third bifurcations in the left lung.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frantisek Lizal
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Institute, Technicka 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Elcner
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Institute, Technicka 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jedelsky
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Institute, Technicka 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Milan Maly
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Institute, Technicka 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Jicha
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Institute, Technicka 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Árpád Farkas
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Institute, Technicka 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
- Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós u. 29-33, 1121, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Miloslav Belka
- Brno University of Technology, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Energy Institute, Technicka 2896/2, Brno, 616 69, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Rehak
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Adam
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Zluty kopec 7, Brno, 602 00, Czech Republic
- ÚJV Řež, a.s., Hlavni 130, Husinec-Rez, Rez 250 68, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Brinek
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Laznovsky
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Tomas Zikmund
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
| | - Jozef Kaiser
- CEITEC - Central European Institute of Technology, Brno University of Technology, Purkynova 123, Brno, 612 00, Czech Republic
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14
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Cochard M, Ledoux F, Landkocz Y. Atmospheric fine particulate matter and epithelial mesenchymal transition in pulmonary cells: state of the art and critical review of the in vitro studies. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART B, CRITICAL REVIEWS 2020; 23:293-318. [PMID: 32921295 DOI: 10.1080/10937404.2020.1816238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to fine particulate matter (PM2.5) has been associated with several diseases including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer. Mechanisms such as oxidative stress and inflammation are well-documented and are considered as the starting point of some of the pathological responses. However, a number of studies also focused on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), which is a biological process involved in fibrotic diseases and cancer progression notably via metastasis induction. Up until now, EMT was widely reported in vivo and in vitro in various cell types but investigations dealing with in vitro studies of PM2.5 induced EMT in pulmonary cells are limited. Further, few investigations combined the necessary endpoints for validation of the EMT state in cells: such as expression of several surface, cytoskeleton or extracellular matrix biomarkers and activation of transcription markers and epigenetic factors. Studies explored various cell types, cultured under differing conditions and exposed for various durations to different doses. Such unharmonized protocols (1) might introduce bias, (2) make difficult comparison of results and (3) preclude reaching a definitive conclusion regarding the ability of airborne PM2.5 to induce EMT in pulmonary cells. Some questions remain, in particular the specific PM2.5 components responsible for EMT triggering. The aim of this review is to examine the available PM2.5 induced EMT in vitro studies on pulmonary cells with special emphasis on the critical parameters considered to carry out future research in this field. This clarification appears necessary for production of reliable and comparable results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaux Cochard
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS-3417, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO) , Dunkerque, France
| | - Frédéric Ledoux
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS-3417, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO) , Dunkerque, France
| | - Yann Landkocz
- Unité de Chimie Environnementale et Interactions sur le Vivant, UCEIV UR4492, SFR Condorcet FR-CNRS-3417, Univ. Littoral Côte d'Opale (ULCO) , Dunkerque, France
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15
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Abstract
Respirable talc powder (RTP) is a complex mineral mixture of talc along with accessory minerals, including tremolite, anthophyllite, quartz, magnesite, dolomite, antigorite, lizardite, and chlorite. The industrial mining, milling, and processing of talc ore is associated with elevated incidences of fibrotic and neoplastic diseases, which are also seen among workers exposed to RTP in secondary industries and individuals using processed cosmetic talc for personal use. There is controversial evidence of a link between the talc-induced lung diseases and a potential contamination with asbestos fibers. This controversy is fueled by inadequate exposure data and the complex mineralogy and terminology of the accessory minerals. Talc aerosols exhibit a wide range of mineral habits, including particulates and fibrous structures that have dimensional and compositional characteristics related to the development of asbestos-related lung disease. The inhalation toxicology of RTP is based on the analysis of occupational hygiene and animal inhalation studies conducted between the 1940s and the 1990s and more recent mechanistic studies conducted both in vivo and in vitro. The review of talc toxicity studies reveals that the occupational studies provide only equivocal links between any of the components of the aerosols and the development of pulmonary cancer; however, there is substantial evidence of an association between the aerosols and pleural and pulmonary fibrosis and the development of nonmalignant respiratory disease. The animal inhalation and implantation studies appear to be less than optimal, which also appears to be true for the in vivo and in vitro studies. The mechanistic studies have identified the key pathogenic characteristics of asbestos to be long and thin fibers that are durable in lung tissues and fluids. Talc toxicity studies show that talc particles and fibers are durable and can remain in the lung for up to 40 years after the end of exposure. This extended tissue residence is considered to constitute a continuing tissue exposure that is capable of inducing the documented inflammatory and proliferative response. There is less consensus as to whether there is a threshold fiber length effect, as long, thin fibers (>5 μm) form only a small fraction of talc aerosols and the possible role of fibers >5 μm in the translocation from the lung to the pleura and their association with pleural fibrotic and carcinogenic lesions. Long, thin fibers are preferentially deposited in hot spots in the lung, such as airway bifurcations, areas typically associated with the development of lung cancer. The platy structures typical of talc can form oblate structures behaving more as fibers in the air stream, and these have also been shown to deposit preferentially in such locations. The review of the inhalation toxicity of talc provides a plausible explanation for the carcinogenic potential of RTP.
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Kaminsky DA, Daphtary N, Estepar RS, Ashikaga T, Mikulic L, Klein J, Kinsey CM. Ventilation Heterogeneity and Its Association with Nodule Formation Among Participants in the National Lung Screening Trial-A Preliminary Investigation. Acad Radiol 2020; 27:630-635. [PMID: 31471206 DOI: 10.1016/j.acra.2019.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE AND OBJECTIVES We have developed a technique to measure ventilation heterogeneity (VH) on low dose chest CT scan that we hypothesize may be associated with the development of lung nodules, and perhaps cancer. If true, such an analysis may improve screening by identifying regional areas of higher risk. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using the National Lung Screening Trial database, we identified a small subset of those participants who were labeled as having a positive screening test at 1 year (T1) but not at baseline (T0). We isolated the region in which the nodule would form on the T0 scan ("target region") and measured VH as the standard deviation of the linear dimension of a virtual cubic airspace based on measurement of lung attenuation within the region. RESULTS We analyzed 24 cases, 9 with lung cancer and 15 with a benign nodule. We found that the VH of the target region was nearly statistically greater than that of the corresponding contralateral control region (0.168 [0.110-0.226] vs. 0.112 [0.083-0.203], p = 0.051). The % emphysema within the target region was greater than that of the corresponding contralateral control region (1.339 [0.264-4.367] vs. 1.092 [0.375-4.748], p = 0.037). There was a significant correlation between the % emphysema and the VH of the target region (rho = +0.437, p = 0.026). CONCLUSION Our study provides the first data in support of increased local VH being associated with subsequent lung nodule formation. Further work is necessary to determine whether this technique can enhance screening for lung cancer by low dose chest CT scan.
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Son Y, Mainelis G, Delnevo C, Wackowski OA, Schwander S, Meng Q. Investigating E-Cigarette Particle Emissions and Human Airway Depositions under Various E-Cigarette-Use Conditions. Chem Res Toxicol 2020; 33:343-352. [PMID: 31804072 PMCID: PMC7301609 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.9b00243] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
E-cigarette use is dramatically increasing, particularly with adolescents. While the chemical composition of e-liquids and e-vapor is well characterized, the particle size distribution and the human airways deposition patterns of e-cigarette particles are understudied and poorly understood despite their likely contribution to adverse health effects from e-cigarette usage. In this study, we examined the impacts of e-cigarette device power, e-liquid composition, and vaping topography on e-cigarette particle sizes and their deposition in human airways. In addition, we observed that particle measurement conditions (dilution ratio, temperature, and humidity) significantly affect measured e-cigarette particle sizes. E-cigarette power output significantly increased particle count median diameters (CMD) from 174 ± 13 (particles generated under 6.4 W) to 236 ± 14 nm (particles generated under 31.1 W). E-cigarette particles generated from propylene glycol-based e-liquids (CMD = 145 ± 8 nm and mass median diameter [MMD] = 3.06 ± 0.17 μm) were smaller than those generated from vegetable glycerin-based e-liquids (CMD = 182 ± 9 nm and MMD = 3.37 ± 0.21 μm). Puff volume also impacted vapor particle size: CMD and MMD were 154 ± 11 nm and 3.50 ± 0.27 μm, 163 ± 6 nm and 3.35 ± 0.24 μm, and 146 ± 12 nm and 2.95 ± 0.14 μm, respectively, for 35, 90, and 170 mL puffs. Estimated e-cigarette particle mass deposition fractions in tracheobronchial and bronchoalveolar regions were 0.504-0.541 and 0.073-0.306, respectively. Interestingly, e-cigarette particles are smaller than the particles generated from cigarette smoking but have similar human airway deposition patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeongkwon Son
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Division of Atmospheric Sciences, Desert Research Institute, Reno, Nevada 89512, United States
| | - Gediminas Mainelis
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Cristine Delnevo
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Cancer Prevention & Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Olivia A. Wackowski
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Cancer Prevention & Control Program, Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Rutgers University, New Brunswick, New Jersey 08901, United States
| | - Stephan Schwander
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Department of Urban-Global Public Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Newark, New Jersey 07102, United States
| | - Qingyu Meng
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Center for Tobacco Studies, School of Public Health, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey 08854, United States
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18
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A Review of Respiratory Anatomical Development, Air Flow Characterization and Particle Deposition. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020380. [PMID: 31935991 PMCID: PMC7014067 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 12/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The understanding of complex inhalation and transport processes of pollutant particles through the human respiratory system is important for investigations into dosimetry and respiratory health effects in various settings, such as environmental or occupational health. The studies over the last few decades for micro- and nanoparticle transport and deposition have advanced the understanding of drug-aerosol impacts in the mouth-throat and the upper airways. However, most of the Lagrangian and Eulerian studies have utilized the non-realistic symmetric anatomical model for airflow and particle deposition predictions. Recent improvements to visualization techniques using high-resolution computed tomography (CT) data and the resultant development of three dimensional (3-D) anatomical models support the realistic representation of lung geometry. Yet, the selection of different modelling approaches to analyze the transitional flow behavior and the use of different inlet and outlet conditions provide a dissimilar prediction of particle deposition in the human lung. Moreover, incorporation of relevant physical and appropriate boundary conditions are important factors to consider for the more accurate prediction of transitional flow and particle transport in human lung. This review critically appraises currently available literature on airflow and particle transport mechanism in the lungs, as well as numerical simulations with the aim to explore processes involved. Numerical studies found that both the Euler–Lagrange (E-L) and Euler–Euler methods do not influence nanoparticle (particle diameter ≤50 nm) deposition patterns at a flow rate ≤25 L/min. Furthermore, numerical studies demonstrated that turbulence dispersion does not significantly affect nanoparticle deposition patterns. This critical review aims to develop the field and increase the state-of-the-art in human lung modelling.
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19
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Xi J, Talaat M, Si X, Dong H, Donepudi R, Kabilan S, Corley R. Ventilation Modulation and Nanoparticle Deposition in Respiratory and Olfactory Regions of Rabbit Nose. Animals (Basel) 2019; 9:E1107. [PMID: 31835419 PMCID: PMC6940773 DOI: 10.3390/ani9121107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Revised: 11/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The rabbit nose's ability to filter out inhaled agents is directly related to its defense to infectious diseases. The knowledge of the rabbit nose anatomy is essential to appreciate its functions in ventilation regulation, aerosol filtration and olfaction. The objective of this study is to numerically simulate the inhalation and deposition of nanoparticles in a New Zealand white (NZW) rabbit nose model with an emphasis on the structure-function relation under normal and sniffing conditions. To simulate the sniffing scenario, the original nose model was modified to generate new models with enlarged nostrils or vestibules based on video images of a rabbit sniffing. Ventilations into the maxilloturbinate and olfactory region were quantified with varying nostril openings, and deposition rates of inhaled aerosols ranging from 0.5 nm to 1000 nm were characterized on the total, sub-regional and local basis. Results showed that particles which deposited in the olfactory region came from a specific area in the nostril. The spiral vestibule played an essential role in regulating flow resistance and flow partition into different parts of the nose. Increased olfactory doses were persistently predicted in models with expanded nostrils or vestibule. Particles in the range of 5-50 nm are more sensitive to the geometry variation than other nanoparticles. It was also observed that exhaled aerosols occupy only the central region of the nostril, which minimized the mixing with the aerosols close to the nostril wall, and potentially allowed the undisruptive sampling of odorants. The results of this study shed new light on the ventilation regulation and inhalation dosimetry in the rabbit nose, which can be further implemented to studies of infectious diseases and immunology in rabbits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Mohamed Talaat
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | - Xiuhua Si
- Department of Aerospace, Industrial, and Mechanical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA 91752, USA;
| | - Haibo Dong
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA;
| | - Ramesh Donepudi
- Sleep and Neurodiagnostic Center, Lowell General Hospital, Lowell, MA 01854, USA;
| | | | - Richard Corley
- Greek Creek Toxicokinetics Consulting, LLC, Boise, ID 83701, USA;
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20
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Talaat K, Xi J, Baldez P, Hecht A. Radiation Dosimetry of Inhaled Radioactive Aerosols: CFPD and MCNP Transport Simulations of Radionuclides in the Lung. Sci Rep 2019; 9:17450. [PMID: 31768010 PMCID: PMC6877642 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-54040-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite extensive efforts in studying radioactive aerosols, including the transmission of radionuclides in different chemical matrices throughout the body, the internal organ-specific radiation dose due to inhaled radioactive aerosols has largely relied on experimental deposition data and simplified human phantoms. Computational fluid-particle dynamics (CFPD) has proven to be a reliable tool in characterizing aerosol transport in the upper airways, while Monte Carlo based radiation codes allow accurate simulation of radiation transport. The objective of this study is to numerically assess the radiation dosimetry due to particles decaying in the respiratory tract from environmental radioactive exposures by coupling CFPD with Monte Carlo N-Particle code, version 6 (MCNP6). A physiologically realistic mouth-lung model extending to the bifurcation generation G9 was used to simulate airflow and particle transport within the respiratory tract. Polydisperse aerosols with different distributions were considered, and deposition distribution of the inhaled aerosols on the internal airway walls was quantified. The deposition mapping of radioactive aerosols was then registered to the respiratory tract of an image-based whole-body adult male model (VIP-Man) to simulate radiation transport and energy deposition. Computer codes were developed for geometry visualization, spatial normalization, and source card definition in MCNP6. Spatial distributions of internal radiation dosimetry were compared for different radionuclides (131I, 134,137Cs, 90Sr-90Y, 103Ru and 239,240Pu) in terms of the radiation fluence, energy deposition density, and dose per decay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Talaat
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Jinxiang Xi
- Department of Mechanical and Biomedical Engineering, California Baptist University, Riverside, CA, 92504, USA. .,Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Lowell, MA, 01854, USA.
| | - Phoenix Baldez
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
| | - Adam Hecht
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM, 87131, USA
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21
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Lovén K, Isaxon C, Wierzbicka A, Gudmundsson A. Characterization of airborne particles from cleaning sprays and their corresponding respiratory deposition fractions. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2019; 16:656-667. [PMID: 31361572 DOI: 10.1080/15459624.2019.1643466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cleaning workers are exposed to many risk factors, including handling of cleaning products. Epidemiological studies show that they have a high incidence of asthma and other respiratory symptoms. Some studies have indicated an even higher incidence of asthma in individuals using cleaning sprays regularly. It is known that sprays produce an aerosol that can expose the respiratory system to chemicals. Knowledge of the physical characteristics of the airborne particles, as well as the characteristics of the gas phase, is needed to determine how they affect the respiratory tract and why they cause airway symptoms. The aim of this study was to characterize the aerosols from seven different ready-to-use trigger cleaning sprays in terms of total airborne mass fraction, particle size distribution, and new particle formation from ozone reactions. An additional aim was to calculate the respiratory deposition fraction of the measured particles. The total airborne mass fraction was determined by comparing the mass deposited on the chamber wall with the mass emitted from the bottle during spraying. Particle number concentration and size distribution of the airborne particles were measured using an aerodynamic particle sizer and a fast aerosol mobility size spectrometer. The total airborne mass fraction was between 2.7% and 32.2% of the mass emitted from the bottle, depending on the product. Between 0.0001% and 0.01% of the total airborne mass fraction consisted of residual particles. However, these particles had a mass median aerodynamic diameter between 1.9 µm and 3.7 µm, constituting a total respiratory deposition of up to 77%. New particle formation in the presence of ozone was also shown to vary between 5,000 cm-3 and 35,000 cm-3 depending on the product, in the studied settings. These findings confirm that a substantial part (up to 1/3) of the mass sprayed from the bottle does not reach the intended surface. Thus, the use of cleaning sprays can result in chemical airway exposure, with particles in the relevant size range for both nasal and alveolar deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Lovén
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Christina Isaxon
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Aneta Wierzbicka
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
| | - Anders Gudmundsson
- Ergonomics and Aerosol Technology, Department of Design Sciences, Lund University , Lund , Sweden
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22
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Fröhlich E. Biological Obstacles for Identifying In Vitro- In Vivo Correlations of Orally Inhaled Formulations. Pharmaceutics 2019; 11:E316. [PMID: 31284402 PMCID: PMC6680885 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics11070316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2019] [Revised: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Oral inhalation of drugs is the classic therapy of obstructive lung diseases. In contrast to the oral route, the link between in vitro and in vivo findings is less well defined and predictive models and parameters for in vitro-in vivo correlations are missing. Frequently used in vitro models and problems in obtaining in vivo values to establish such models and to identify the action of formulations in vivo are discussed. It may be concluded that major obstacles to link in vitro parameters on in vivo action include lack of treatment adherence and incorrect use of inhalers by patients, variation in inhaler performance, changes by humidity, uncertainties about lung deposition, and difficulties to measure drug levels in epithelial lining fluid and tissue. Physiologically more relevant in vitro models, improvement in inhaler performance, and better techniques for in vivo measurements may help to better understand importance and interactions between individual in vitro parameters in pulmonary delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eleonore Fröhlich
- Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria.
- Research Center Pharmaceutical Engineering GmbH, 8010 Graz, Austria.
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23
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Deng Q, Deng L, Miao Y, Guo X, Li Y. Particle deposition in the human lung: Health implications of particulate matter from different sources. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 169:237-245. [PMID: 30476747 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Although ambient particulate matter or particles have been found to be associated with morbidity and mortality all over the world, specific health effects of particles from different sources need further elucidation. The objective of this work is to predict the deposition of particles from different sources in the human lung. The whole lung, consisting of 24 generations of branches from trachea to alveoli, was approximated using a one-dimensional lumped "trumpet" model with a variable cross-sectional area. The aerosol dynamics equation was numerically solved using a finite difference method to investigate the transport and deposition of particles in the lung model. Particles from various sources were assumed to be different in both size and density. We found that in general, coarse particles (> 2.5 µm) were mainly deposited in the tracheobronchial (TB) region by impaction, and fine particles (< 2.5 µm) were mainly deposited in the pulmonary (P) region by sedimentation and diffusion. However, the coarse particles with low density can be deposited in P region by sedimentation. As a comparison, our results found that soil particles, which are coarse with low density, were deposited in the deep lung more than traffic particles, which are fine with high density. Modeling of particle deposition in the human lung indicated that coarse particles generated by crustal sources may have adverse health effects as strong as those resulting from fine particles generated from combustion sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China; XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha 410078, China.
| | - Linjing Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yufeng Miao
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Xilong Guo
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China
| | - Yuguo Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
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Quintana-Belmares R, Hernández-Pérez G, Montiel-Dávalos A, Gustafsson Å, Miranda J, Rosas-Pérez I, López-Marure R, Alfaro-Moreno E. Urban particulate matter induces the expression of receptors for early and late adhesion molecules on human monocytes. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2018; 167:283-291. [PMID: 30077136 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2018.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/25/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to urban particulate matter (PM) is correlated with increases in the emergence of health services due to adverse events and deaths and is mainly related to cardiorespiratory complications. The translocation of particles from the lung into circulation has been proposed as a factor that may trigger systemic effects. Monocytes may be exposed to PM, and if the monocytes are activated, then they are likely to adhere to endothelial cells in a distant organ due to the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules. In the present study, we evaluated the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules (sLex, PSGL-1, LFA-1, VLA-4 and αVβ3) in monocytes (U937 cells) exposed for 3 or 18 h to PM10 (0.001, 0.003, 0.010, 0.030, 0.300, 3 or 30 µg/mL). Exposed cells were co-cultured with human endothelial cells that were naive or previously exposed to the same particles. When U937 cells were exposed to PM10, similar levels of expression for early and late receptors for adhesion molecules were observed from 30 ng/mL as those induced by TNF-α. Cells exposed to particles at concentrations above 30 ng/mL were more adhesive to naive or exposed human endothelial cells. Taken together, our results suggest that it is plausible that activated monocytes may play a role in systemic effects induced by PM10 due to the size distribution of the particles and the concentrations required to trigger the expression of receptors for adhesion molecules in monocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raúl Quintana-Belmares
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Guillermina Hernández-Pérez
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Angélica Montiel-Dávalos
- Environmental Health Laboratory, Subdirección de Investigación Básica, Instituto Nacional de Cancerología, Mexico
| | - Åsa Gustafsson
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden
| | - Javier Miranda
- Experimental Physics Department, Institute of Physics, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Irma Rosas-Pérez
- Aerobiology Laboratory, Centro de Ciencias de la Atmósfera, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Rebeca López-Marure
- Departamento de Fisiología, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología "Ignacio Chávez", Mexico
| | - Ernesto Alfaro-Moreno
- Swetox, Karolinska Institutet, Unit of Toxicology Sciences, Forskargatan 20, SE-151 36 Södertälje, Sweden.
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Madas BG, Drozsdik EJ. Effects of mucus thickness and goblet cell hyperplasia on microdosimetric quantities characterizing the bronchial epithelium upon radon exposure. Int J Radiat Biol 2018; 94:967-974. [PMID: 30265181 DOI: 10.1080/09553002.2018.1511931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The most exposed tissue upon radon exposure is the bronchial epithelium where goblet cells serve as responsive and adaptable front-line defenders. They can rapidly produce a vast amount of mucus, and can change in number, in response to airway insults. The objective of the present study is to quantify the effects of mucus discharge and goblet cell hyperplasia on the microscopic dose consequences of macroscopic radon exposures. METHODS For this purpose, computational models of the bronchial epithelium and alpha-particle transport have been prepared and applied to quantify the hits received and doses absorbed by cell nuclei in case of different mucus thicknesses and goblet cell number. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Both mucus discharge and induction of goblet cell hyperplasia reduce radiation burden at the cellular level, and as such they both can be considered as radioadaptive responses to radon exposure. As compared to basal cell hyperplasia, goblet cell hyperplasia is more effective in reducing the microscopic dose consequences of a given macroscopic exposure. Such changes in exposure geometry highlight the need for improvements in the application of biokinetic and dosimetry models for incorporated radionuclides as well as the dose and dose rate effectiveness factor.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Emese J Drozsdik
- a MTA Centre for Energy Research , Budapest , Hungary.,b Doctoral School of Physics , ELTE Eötvös Loránd University , Budapest , Hungary
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Kwon HB, Kim HL, Hong US, Yoo SJ, Kim K, Han J, Kim MK, Hwang J, Kim YJ. Particle size spectrometer using inertial classification and electrical measurement techniques for real-time monitoring of particle size distribution. LAB ON A CHIP 2018; 18:2642-2652. [PMID: 30069567 DOI: 10.1039/c8lc00429c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To achieve real-time monitoring of aerodynamic submicron particle size distributions at a point-of-interest, we developed a high-performance particle size spectrometer that is compact, low-cost, and portable. The present system consists of four key components: a unipolar mini-discharger for electrically charging particles, an inertial size-separator for classifying charged particles into five size fractions in terms of their aerodynamic sizes, a portable multi-channel electrometer for detecting femto-ampere currents carried by charged particles at each stage, and a retrieval algorithm for converting the current data into a smooth particle size distribution. The unipolar mini-discharger and inertial size separator were quantitatively characterised by using standard polystyrene latex (PSL) particles. The experimentally determined cut-off diameters at each stage in the inertial size separator were 1.17, 0.94, 0.71, 0.54, and 0.23 μm, respectively. Then, the system was compared with a commercial reference aerodynamic particle sizer (APS) in the environment where the number concentration and the average size of TiO2 particles were changing. The present system resolved peak size and geometric standard deviation of particles to within 11.2%, and 6.3%, respectively, indicating that the system can be used to accurately monitor submicron particle size distributions in real time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong-Beom Kwon
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Yonsei University, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Sosnowski TR, Odziomek M. Particle Size Dynamics: Toward a Better Understanding of Electronic Cigarette Aerosol Interactions With the Respiratory System. Front Physiol 2018; 9:853. [PMID: 30038580 PMCID: PMC6046408 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The knowledge of possible acute and long-term health effects of aerosols inhaled from electronic cigarettes (ECs) is still limited partially due to incomplete awareness of physical phenomena related to EC-aerosol dynamics. This short review discusses the basic processes of aerosol transformation (dynamics) upon inhalation, indicating also the need for the accurate determination of the size of droplets in the inhaled EC-mist. The significance of differences in the aerosol particle size distribution for the prediction of regional deposition of inhaled mist in the respiratory system is highlighted as a decisive factor in the interactions of inhaled EC-aerosols with the organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz R Sosnowski
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marcin Odziomek
- Faculty of Chemical and Process Engineering, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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28
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Chen IH, Yang MY, Juang SH, Lee CL, Thang TD, El-Shazly M, Lan YH. Bioactive Components of Fissistigma cupreonitens. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Phytochemical investigation of Fissistigma cupreonitens (Annonaceae) led to the isolation of 34 compounds. The chemical structures of all compounds were determined by spectroscopic methods. Among the isolates, compounds 20–27 and 31–34 were reported from this genus for the first time. From the results of the cytotoxicity assay against three human cancer cell lines (NCI-H226, NPC-TW01, and Jurkat E6–1), oxoaporphine compounds oxoxylopine (1), oxocrebanine (3), kuafumine (4) and lysicamine (5), and the flavonoid adunctin E (26) displayed significant cytotoxicity against NCI-H226 cell line, with IC50 values of 8.45, 8.10, 8.54, 12.83 and 12.00 μM, respectively, in comparison with the standard drug, cisplatin with IC50 of 13.37 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsiao Chen
- Department of Medical Laboratory Science, I Shou University, Kaohsiung 82445, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Yi Yang
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Hun Juang
- Department of Pharmacy and Master Program, Tajen University, Pingtung 90741, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lin Lee
- Department of Cosmeceutics, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
- Chinese Medicine Research and Development Center, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan
| | - Tran-Dinh Thang
- Department of Chemistry, Vinh University, Vinh City, Vietnam
| | - Mohamed El-Shazly
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Natural Products Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain-Shams University, Organization of African Unity Street, Abassia, Cairo 11566, Egypt
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, German University in Cairo, Cairo 11432, Egypt
| | - Yu-Hsuan Lan
- School of Pharmacy, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
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29
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RNA-sequencing reveals long-term effects of silver nanoparticles on human lung cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:6668. [PMID: 29703973 PMCID: PMC5923294 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-25085-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite a considerable focus on the adverse effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) in recent years, studies on the potential long-term effects of AgNPs are scarce. The aim of this study was to explore the effects of AgNPs following repeated low-dose, long-term exposure of human bronchial epithelial cells. To this end, the human BEAS-2B cell line was exposed to 1 µg/mL AgNPs (10 nm) for 6 weeks followed by RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) as well as genome-wide DNA methylation analysis. The transcriptomics analysis showed that a substantial number of genes (1717) were differentially expressed following AgNP exposure whereas only marginal effects on DNA methylation were observed. Downstream analysis of the transcriptomics data identified several affected pathways including the ‘fibrosis’ and ‘epithelial-mesenchymal transition’ (EMT) pathway. Subsequently, functional validation studies were performed using AgNPs of two different sizes (10 nm and 75 nm). Both NPs increased collagen deposition, indicative of fibrosis, and induced EMT, as evidenced by an increased invasion index, anchorage independent cell growth, as well as cadherin switching. In conclusion, using a combination of RNA-Seq and functional assays, our study revealed that repeated low-dose, long-term exposure of human BEAS-2B cells to AgNPs is pro-fibrotic, induces EMT and cell transformation.
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30
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Insulation fiber deposition in the airways of men and rats. A review of experimental and computational studies. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2018; 94:252-270. [PMID: 29444452 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2018.01.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The typical insulation rock, slag and glass wool fibers are high volume materials. Current exposure levels in industry (generally ≤ 1 fiber/cm3 with a median diameter ∼1 μm and length ≥10 μm) are not considered carcinogenic or causing other types of severe lung effects. However, epidemiological studies are not informative on effects in humans at fiber levels >1 fiber/cm3. Effects may be inferred from valid rat studies, conducted with rat respirable fibers (diameter ≤ 1.5 μm). Therefore, we estimate delivery and deposition in human and rat airways of the industrial fibers. The deposition fractions in humans head regions by nasal (∼0.20) and by mouth breathing (≤0.08) are lower than in rats (0.50). The delivered dose into the lungs per unit lung surface area during a 1-day exposure at a similar air concentration is estimated to be about two times higher in humans than in rats. The deposition fractions in human lungs by nasal (∼0.20) and by mouth breathing (∼0.40) are higher than in rats (∼0.04). The human lung deposition may be up to three times by nasal breathing and up to six times higher by oral breathing than in rats, qualifying assessment factor setting for deposition.
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31
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Deng Q, Ou C, Chen J, Xiang Y. Particle deposition in tracheobronchial airways of an infant, child and adult. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 612:339-346. [PMID: 28854390 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.08.240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 08/22/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Particle deposition in human airways is important for assessing both health effects of inhaled particles and therapeutic efficacy of inhaled drug aerosols, but is not well understood for infants and children. OBJECTIVE We investigate particle deposition in infants and children by using computational fluid dynamics (CFD), and compare this with particle deposition in adults. METHODS We chose three population age groups: 7-month infant, 4-year old child, and 20-year old adult. Both airway structures and breathing conditions are considered to vary as a human grows from infancy to adulthood. We investigated deposition of micron-size particles (1-10μm) in both the upper (G3-G6) and lower (G9-G12) tracheobronchial (TB) airways under sedentary conditions. RESULTS We found that particle deposition in both upper and lower airways is the highest in an infant, next in a child, and lowest in an adult. As age increases, particle deposition decreases in the upper airways but increases in the lower. For infants, inertial impaction is the dominant deposition mechanism, thus particles are deposited more in the upper airways than in the lower. However, particles are deposited more in the lower airways than in the upper in adults, as gravitational sedimentation is the dominant deposition mechanism. CONCLUSION Given the differences in the airway structure and particle deposition mechanisms, particle deposition in infants and children differs from that in adults, not only in the efficiency of deposition but also in the site. Our findings provide evidence that "children are not small adults".
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihong Deng
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China; XiangYa School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China.
| | - Cuiyun Ou
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jiao Chen
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yuguang Xiang
- School of Energy Science and Engineering, Central South University, Changsha, China
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32
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You S, Yao Z, Dai Y, Wang CH. A comparison of PM exposure related to emission hotspots in a hot and humid urban environment: Concentrations, compositions, respiratory deposition, and potential health risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 599-600:464-473. [PMID: 28482304 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.04.217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Particle number concentration, particle size distribution, and size-dependent chemical compositions were measured at a bus stop, alongside a high way, and at an industrial site in a tropical city. It was found that the industry case had 4.93×107-7.23×107 and 3.44×104-3.69×104#/m3 higher concentration of particles than the bus stop and highway cases in the range of 0.25-0.65μm and 2.5-32μm, respectively, while the highway case had 6.01×105 and 1.86×103#/m3 higher concentration of particles than the bus stop case in the range of 0.5-1.0μm and 5.0-32μm, respectively. Al, Fe, Na, and Zn were the most abundant particulate inorganic elements for the traffic-related cases, while Zn, Mn, Fe, and Pb were abundant for the industry case. Existing respiratory deposition models were employed to analyze particle and element deposition distributions in the human respiratory system with respect to some potential exposure scenarios related to bus stop, highway, and industry, respectively. It was shown that particles of 0-0.25μm and 2.5-10.0μm accounted for around 74%, 74%, and 70% of the particles penetrating into the lung region, respectively. The respiratory deposition rates of Cr and Ni were 170 and 220 ng/day, and 55 and 140ng/day for the highway and industry scenarios, respectively. Health risk assessment was conducted following the US EPA supplemented guidance to estimate the risk of inhalation exposure to the selected elements (i.e. Cr, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se, and Zn) for the three scenarios. It was suggested that Cr poses a potential carcinogenic risk with the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) of 2.1-98×10-5 for the scenarios. Mn poses a potential non-carcinogenic risk in the industry scenario with the hazard quotient (HQ) of 0.98. Both Ni and Mn may pose potential non-carcinogenic risk for people who are involved with all the three exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siming You
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore
| | - Zhiyi Yao
- NUS Environmental Research Institute, National University of Singapore, 1 Create Way, Create Tower, #15-02, 138602, Singapore; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore
| | - Yanjun Dai
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, 800 Dong Chuan Road, Shanghai, 200240, People's Republic of China
| | - Chi-Hwa Wang
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, 117585, Singapore.
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Yang B, Li X, Chen D, Xiao C. Effects of fine air particulates on gene expression in non-small-cell lung cancer. Adv Med Sci 2017; 62:295-301. [PMID: 28501728 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2016.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Airborne particulate matter smaller than 2.5μm (PM2.5) has been shown to induce adverse health effects through various mechanisms. However, its effects on gene expression in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain undefined. The aim of this study was to analyze the expression profile of PM2.5-induced adverse health effects on human. MATERIALS AND METHODS We performed RNA sequencing to elucidate key molecular effects of PM2.5 collected from Shenyang China, to identify potential diagnostic markers or therapeutic targets, and further validated these differences in gene expression by using quantitative PCR in A549 and H1299 human non-small-cell lung cancer cell lines. To investigate the functional changes on PM2.5 exposed cells, we carried out the viability assay for the cell counting, and the Boyden chamber assay for invasion. RESULTS We found 143 genes that were expressed at least twice as much, or no more than half as much, in NSCLC cells exposed to PM2.5 than in unexposed cells. Results showed deregulated genes confronted PM2.5 exposure were significantly expressed, but commonly expressed in NSCLC cells. In addition, according to the viability assay and the Boyden chamber assay, PM2.5 exposed cells which have more competent on proliferation and invasion can keep the line with the results in RNA-Seq. CONCLUSION Our data may provide a more specific understanding of the signaling patterns associated with pathogenesis, and lead to novel markers and therapeutic targets for NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, Liaoning 110032, PR China
| | - Xinming Li
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, PR China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, PR China
| | - Chunling Xiao
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, Shenyang, Liaoning 110034, PR China.
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Schmid O, Jud C, Umehara Y, Mueller D, Bucholski A, Gruber F, Denk O, Egle R, Petri-Fink A, Rothen-Rutishauser B. Biokinetics of Aerosolized Liposomal Ciclosporin A in Human Lung Cells In Vitro Using an Air-Liquid Cell Interface Exposure System. J Aerosol Med Pulm Drug Deliv 2017; 30:411-424. [PMID: 28683218 DOI: 10.1089/jamp.2016.1361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Inhalation of aerosolized drugs is a promising route for noninvasive targeted drug delivery to the lung. Nanocarrier systems such as liposomes have been explored for inhalation therapy opening new avenues, including stabilization of nonsoluble drugs (e.g., Ciclosporin A [CsA]) and controlled release. METHODS The biokinetic behavior of the immunosuppressive drug CsA encapsulated in liposomes (L-CsA) at the lung epithelial barrier was studied in vitro. Human lung epithelial cells (alveolar A549 and bronchial 16HBE14o- epithelial cells) were exposed to aerosolized L-CsA at the air-liquid interface (ALI) using a dose-controlled air-liquid interface cell exposure (ALICE) system and the temporal profile of the L-CsA dose in the apical, basal, and cell compartment was monitored up to 24 hours. RESULTS Aerosolization of different volumes of L-CsA solution with the ALICE resulted in dose-controlled, spatially uniform, and reproducible L-CsA delivery. Cell viability at 24 hours postexposure was not impaired and immunofluorescence staining revealed the typical epithelial cell morphology in control as well as in L-CsA-exposed cells. The (pro-)inflammatory interleukin-8 levels were not elevated under any condition. The biokinetic analysis revealed that both cell types formed a tight, but imperfect, barrier for L-CsA resulting in initially high transbarrier L-CsA transport rates, which ceased after about 4 hours. Although substantial transbarrier L-CsA transport was observed for both cell types, respectively, a 150-fold higher L-CsA concentration was established in the apical and cell compared to the basal compartment. Most importantly, for pulmonary drug targeting, a high cellular L-CsA dose level (20%-25% of the delivered dose) was obtained rapidly (<1 hour) and maintained for at least 24 hours. CONCLUSIONS The ALICE system combined with lung epithelial cells cultured at the ALI offers a reliable and relevant in vitro platform technology to study the effects of inhalable substances such as L-CsA under biomimetic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otmar Schmid
- 1 Comprehensive Pneumology Center (CPC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL) , Munich, Germany .,2 Institute of Lung Biology and Disease, Helmholtz Zentrum München-German Research Center for Environmental Health , Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Corinne Jud
- 3 BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Yuki Umehara
- 3 BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Alke Petri-Fink
- 3 BioNanomaterials, Adolphe Merkle Institute, University of Fribourg , Fribourg, Switzerland
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Naseri A, Shaghaghian S, Abouali O, Ahmadi G. Numerical investigation of transient transport and deposition of microparticles under unsteady inspiratory flow in human upper airways. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2017; 244:56-72. [PMID: 28673875 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2017.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the present study, unsteady airflow patterns and particle deposition in healthy human upper airways were simulated. A realistic 3-D computational model of the upper airways including the vestibule to the end of the trachea was developed using a series of CT scan images of a healthy human. Unsteady simulations of the inhaled and exhaled airflow fields in the upper airway passages were performed by solving the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations for low breathing rates corresponding to low and moderate activities. The Lagrangian trajectory analysis approach was utilized to investigate the transient particle transport and deposition under cyclic breathing condition. Particles were released uniformly at the nostrils' entrance during the inhalation phase, and the total and regional depositions for various micro-particle sizes were evaluated. The transient particle deposition fractions for various regions of the human upper airways were compared with those obtained from the equivalent steady flow condition. The presented results revealed that the equivalent constant airflow simulation can approximately predict the total particle deposition during cyclic breathing in human upper airways. While the trends of steady and unsteady model predictions for local deposition were similar, there were noticeable differences in the predicted amount of deposition. In addition, it was shown that a steady simulation cannot properly predict some critical parameters, such as the penetration fraction. Finally, the presented results showed that using a detached nasal cavity (commonly used in earlier studies) for evaluation of total deposition fraction of particles in the nasal cavity was reasonably accurate for the steady flow simulations. However, in transient simulation for predicting the deposition fraction in a specific region, such as the nasal cavity, using the full airway system geometry becomes necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Naseri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Sana Shaghaghian
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Abouali
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | - Goodarz Ahmadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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36
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Habte MA, Wu C. Particle sedimentation using hybrid Lattice Boltzmann-immersed boundary method scheme. POWDER TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.powtec.2017.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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37
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Nordlund M, Belka M, Kuczaj AK, Lizal F, Jedelsky J, Elcner J, Jicha M, Sauser Y, Le Bouhellec S, Cosandey S, Majeed S, Vuillaume G, Peitsch MC, Hoeng J. Multicomponent aerosol particle deposition in a realistic cast of the human upper respiratory tract. Inhal Toxicol 2017; 29:113-125. [DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2017.1315196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Markus Nordlund
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Miloslav Belka
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Arkadiusz K. Kuczaj
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
- Department of Applied Mathematics, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Frantisek Lizal
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Jedelsky
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jakub Elcner
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Jicha
- Energy Institute, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Youri Sauser
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Soazig Le Bouhellec
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Stephane Cosandey
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Shoaib Majeed
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Grégory Vuillaume
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Manuel C. Peitsch
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
| | - Julia Hoeng
- Philip Morris International Research & Development, Philip Morris Products S.A., Neuchâtel, Switzerland
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Yang B, Chen D, Zhao H, Xiao C. The effects for PM2.5 exposure on non-small-cell lung cancer induced motility and proliferation. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:2059. [PMID: 27995036 PMCID: PMC5133205 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3734-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Background Increasing urbanization and associated air pollution, including elevated levels of particulate matter (PM), are strongly correlated with the development of various respiratory diseases. In particular, PM2.5 has been implicated in promoting lung cancer initiation, growth and progression. Cell migration and proliferation are crucial for the progression of cancer. However, the molecular signatures and biological networks representing the distinct and shared features of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) after PM2.5 exposure are unknown. Results Functional assays demonstrated higher proliferation, migration and invasion of cancer cells stimulated with PM2.5. To investigate the complicated mechanisms, we performed global transcriptome profiling of the A549 cell line. Particularly, transcriptome sequencing revealed invasive characteristics reminiscent of cancer cells. By comparing the transcriptomes, we identified distinct molecular signatures and cellular processes defining the invasive and proliferative properties of PM2.5-exposed cells, respectively. Interestingly, under the PM2.5-stimulated condition, the A549 and H1299 cells strengthened obviously properties in motility and proliferation. Based on the network model reconstructing the shared protein–protein interactions, we selected the two most up-regulated genes, interleukin-1β (IL1β) and matrix metalloprotease 1 (MMP1), as key regulators responsible for the effects of PM2.5 exposure. Notably, IL1β and MMP1 expression was elevated in independent assays, which was further enhanced by PM2.5. Conclusion Taken together, our systems approach to investigating PM2.5 exposure provides a basis to identify key regulators responsible for the pathological features of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Basic Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang, 110032 Liaoning People's Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110034 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Zhao
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110034 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China
| | - Chunling Xiao
- Key Lab of Environmental Pollution and Microecology, Shenyang Medical College, No. 146, Huanghe North Street, Shenyang, 110034 Liaoning Province People's Republic of China
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Manolidis M, Isabey D, Louis B, Grotberg JB, Filoche M. A Macroscopic Model for Simulating the Mucociliary Clearance in a Bronchial Bifurcation: The Role of Surface Tension. J Biomech Eng 2016; 138:2546609. [DOI: 10.1115/1.4034507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The mucociliary clearance in the bronchial tree is the main mechanism by which the lungs clear themselves of deposited particulate matter. In this work, a macroscopic model of the clearance mechanism is proposed. Lubrication theory is applied for thin films with both surface tension effects and a moving wall boundary. The flow field is computed by the use of a finite-volume scheme on an unstructured grid that replicates a bronchial bifurcation. The carina in bronchial bifurcations is of special interest because it is a location of increased deposition of inhaled particles. In this study, the mucus flow is computed for different values of the surface tension. It is found that a minimal surface tension is necessary for efficiently removing the mucus while maintaining the mucus film thickness at physiological levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michail Manolidis
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109
- Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau Cedex 91128, France e-mail:
| | - Daniel Isabey
- Professor Inserm, U955 (Equipe13) and CNRS ERL 7240, Cell and Respiratory Biomechanics, Université Paris Est, Créteil 94010, France e-mail:
| | - Bruno Louis
- Inserm, U955 (Equipe13) and CNRS ERL 7240, Cell and Respiratory Biomechanics, Université Paris Est, Créteil 94010, France e-mail:
| | - James B. Grotberg
- Professor Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109 e-mail:
| | - Marcel Filoche
- Professor Laboratoire de Physique de la Matière Condensée, Ecole Polytechnique, CNRS, Université Paris-Saclay, Palaiseau Cedex 91128, France; Inserm, U955 (Equipe13) and CNRS ERL 7240, Cell and Respiratory Biomechanics, Université Paris Est, Créteil 94010, France e-ail:
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Madas BG. Radon Exposure and the Definition of Low Doses-The Problem of Spatial Dose Distribution. HEALTH PHYSICS 2016; 111:47-51. [PMID: 27218294 DOI: 10.1097/hp.0000000000000516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Investigating the health effects of low doses of ionizing radiation is considered to be one of the most important fields in radiological protection research. Although the definition of low dose given by a dose range seems to be clear, it leaves some open questions. For example, the time frame and the target volume in which absorbed dose is measured have to be defined. While dose rate is considered in the current system of radiological protection, the same cancer risk is associated with all exposures, resulting in a given amount of energy absorbed by a single target cell or distributed among all the target cells of a given organ. However, the biological effects and so the health consequences of these extreme exposure scenarios are unlikely to be the same. Due to the heterogeneous deposition of radon progeny within the lungs, heterogeneous radiation exposure becomes a practical issue in radiological protection. While the macroscopic dose is still within the low dose range, local tissue doses on the order of Grays can be reached in the most exposed parts of the bronchial airways. It can be concluded that progress in low dose research needs not only low dose but also high dose experiments where small parts of a biological sample receive doses on the order of Grays, while the average dose over the whole sample remains low. A narrow interpretation of low dose research might exclude investigations with high relevance to radiological protection. Therefore, studies important to radiological protection should be performed in the frame of low dose research even if the applied doses do not fit in the dose range used for the definition of low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Balázs G Madas
- *Environmental Physics Department, Centre for Energy Research, Hungarian Academy of Sciences
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Kannan R, Guo P, Przekwas A. Particle transport in the human respiratory tract: formulation of a nodal inverse distance weighted Eulerian-Lagrangian transport and implementation of the Wind-Kessel algorithm for an oral delivery. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL FOR NUMERICAL METHODS IN BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING 2016; 32. [PMID: 26317686 DOI: 10.1002/cnm.2746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
This paper is the first in a series wherein efficient computational methods are developed and implemented to accurately quantify the transport, deposition, and clearance of the microsized particles (range of interest: 2 to 10 µm) in the human respiratory tract. In particular, this paper (part I) deals with (i) development of a detailed 3D computational finite volume mesh comprising of the NOPL (nasal, oral, pharyngeal and larynx), trachea and several airway generations; (ii) use of CFD Research Corporation's finite volume Computational Biology (CoBi) flow solver to obtain the flow physics for an oral inhalation simulation; (iii) implement a novel and accurate nodal inverse distance weighted Eulerian-Lagrangian formulation to accurately obtain the deposition, and (iv) development of Wind-Kessel boundary condition algorithm. This new Wind-Kessel boundary condition algorithm allows the 'escaped' particles to reenter the airway through the outlets, thereby to an extent accounting for the drawbacks of having a finite number of lung generations in the computational mesh. The deposition rates in the NOPL, trachea, the first and second bifurcation were computed, and they were in reasonable accord with the Typical Path Length model. The quantitatively validated results indicate that these developments will be useful for (i) obtaining depositions in diseased lungs (because of asthma and COPD), for which there are no empirical models, and (ii) obtaining the secondary clearance (mucociliary clearance) of the deposited particles. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravishekar Kannan
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Peng Guo
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
| | - Andrzej Przekwas
- CFD Research Corporation, 701 McMillian Way NW, Suite D, Huntsville, AL, 35806, USA
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Park SU, Lee IH, Joo SJ. Spatial and temporal distributions of aerosol concentrations and depositions in Asia during the year 2010. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 542:210-222. [PMID: 26520259 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.10.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerosol Modeling System (AMS) that is consisted of the Asian Dust Aerosol Model2 (ADAM2) and the Community Multi-scale Air Quality (CMAQ) modeling system has been employed to document the spatial distributions of the monthly and the annual averaged concentration of both the Asian dust (AD) aerosol and the anthropogenic aerosol (AA), and their total depositions in the Asian region for the year 2010. It is found that the annual mean surface aerosol (PM10) concentrations in the Asian region affect in a wide region as a complex mixture of AA and AD aerosols; they are predominated by the AD aerosol in the AD source region of northern China and Mongolia with a maximum concentration exceeding 300 μg m(-3); AAs are predominated in the high pollutant emission regions of southern and eastern China and northern India with a maximum concentration exceeding 110 μg m(-3); while the mixture of AA and AD aerosols is dominated in the downwind regions extending from the Yellow Sea to the Northwest Pacific Ocean. It is also found that the annual total deposition of aerosols in the model domain is found to be 485 Tg (372 Tg by AD aerosol and 113 Tg by AA), of which 66% (319 Tg) is contributed by the dry deposition (305 Tg by AD aerosol and 14 Tg by AA) and 34% (166 Tg) by the wet deposition (66 Tg by AD aerosol and 100 Tg by AA), suggesting about 77% of the annual total deposition being contributed by the AD aerosol mainly through the dry deposition process and 24% of it by AA through the wet deposition process. The monthly mean aerosol concentration and the monthly total deposition show a significant seasonal variation with high in winter and spring, and low in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Ung Park
- Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling, Byuksan 1-cha Digital Valley Rm. 1011-2, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-775, Korea.
| | - In-Hye Lee
- Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling, Byuksan 1-cha Digital Valley Rm. 1011-2, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-775, Korea.
| | - Seung Jin Joo
- Center for Atmospheric and Environmental Modeling, Byuksan 1-cha Digital Valley Rm. 1011-2, Guro-dong, Guro-gu, Seoul 152-775, Korea.
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A Novel High-Throughput Approach to Measure Hydroxyl Radicals Induced by Airborne Particulate Matter. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:13678-95. [PMID: 26516887 PMCID: PMC4661607 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph121113678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Revised: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress is one of the key mechanisms linking ambient particulate matter (PM) exposure with various adverse health effects. The oxidative potential of PM has been used to characterize the ability of PM induced oxidative stress. Hydroxyl radical (•OH) is the most destructive radical produced by PM. However, there is currently no high-throughput approach which can rapidly measure PM-induced •OH for a large number of samples with an automated system. This study evaluated four existing molecular probes (disodium terephthalate, 3′-p-(aminophenyl)fluorescein, coumarin-3-carboxylic acid, and sodium benzoate) for their applicability to measure •OH induced by PM in a high-throughput cell-free system using fluorescence techniques, based on both our experiments and on an assessment of the physicochemical properties of the probes reported in the literature. Disodium terephthalate (TPT) was the most applicable molecular probe to measure •OH induced by PM, due to its high solubility, high stability of the corresponding fluorescent product (i.e., 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid), high yield compared with the other molecular probes, and stable fluorescence intensity in a wide range of pH environments. TPT was applied in a high-throughput format to measure PM (NIST 1648a)-induced •OH, in phosphate buffered saline. The formed fluorescent product was measured at designated time points up to 2 h. The fluorescent product of TPT had a detection limit of 17.59 nM. The soluble fraction of PM contributed approximately 76.9% of the •OH induced by total PM, and the soluble metal ions of PM contributed 57.4% of the overall •OH formation. This study provides a promising cost-effective high-throughput method to measure •OH induced by PM on a routine basis.
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Wang H, Sebrié C, Ruaud J, Guillot G, Bouazizi K, Willoquet G, Maître X, Darrasse L, de Rochefort L. Aerosol deposition in the lungs of spontaneously breathing rats using Gd‐DOTA‐based contrast agents and ultra‐short echo time MRI at 1.5 Tesla. Magn Reson Med 2015; 75:594-605. [DOI: 10.1002/mrm.25617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hongchen Wang
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Catherine Sebrié
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Jean‐Pierre Ruaud
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Geneviève Guillot
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Khaoula Bouazizi
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Georges Willoquet
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Xavier Maître
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Luc Darrasse
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
| | - Ludovic de Rochefort
- Imagerie par Résonance Magnétique Médicale et Multi‐Modalités (UMR8081)IR4M, Univ. Paris‐Sud, CNRSOrsay France
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Teeguarden JG, Mikheev VB, Minard KR, Forsythe WC, Wang W, Sharma G, Karin N, Tilton SC, Waters KM, Asgharian B, Price OR, Pounds JG, Thrall BD. Comparative iron oxide nanoparticle cellular dosimetry and response in mice by the inhalation and liquid cell culture exposure routes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2014; 11:46. [PMID: 25266609 PMCID: PMC4200214 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-014-0046-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 08/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxicity testing the rapidly growing number of nanomaterials requires large scale use of in vitro systems under the presumption that these systems are sufficiently predictive or descriptive of responses in in vivo systems for effective use in hazard ranking. We hypothesized that improved relationships between in vitro and in vivo models of experimental toxicology for nanomaterials would result from placing response data in vitro and in vivo on the same dose scale, the amount of material associated with cells. Methods Balb/c mice were exposed nose-only to an aerosol (68.6 nm CMD, 19.9 mg/m3, 4 hours) generated from of 12.8 nm superparamagnetic iron oxide particles (SPIO). Target cell doses were calculated, histological evaluations conducted, and biomarkers of response were identified by global transcriptomics. Representative murine epithelial and macrophage cell types were exposed in vitro to the same material in liquid suspension for four hours and levels of nanoparticle regulated cytokine transcripts identified in vivo were quantified as a function of measured nanoparticle cellular dose. Results Target tissue doses of 0.009-0.4 μg SPIO/cm2 in lung led to an inflammatory response in the alveolar region characterized by interstitial inflammation and macrophage infiltration. In vitro, higher target tissue doses of ~1.2-4 μg SPIO/ cm2 of cells were required to induce transcriptional regulation of markers of inflammation, CXCL2 & CCL3, in C10 lung epithelial cells. Estimated in vivo macrophage SPIO nanoparticle doses ranged from 1-100 pg/cell, and induction of inflammatory markers was observed in vitro in macrophages at doses of 8-35 pg/cell. Conclusions Application of target tissue dosimetry revealed good correspondence between target cell doses triggering inflammatory processes in vitro and in vivo in the alveolar macrophage population, but not in the epithelial cells of the alveolar region. These findings demonstrate the potential for target tissue dosimetry to enable the more quantitative comparison of in vitro and in vivo systems and advance their use for hazard assessment and extrapolation to humans. The mildly inflammogentic cellular doses experienced by mice were similar to those calculated for humans exposed to the same material at the existing permissible exposure limit of 10 mg/m3 iron oxide (as Fe). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-014-0046-4) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Winkler-Heil R, Ferron G, Hofmann W. Calculation of hygroscopic particle deposition in the human lung. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:193-206. [PMID: 24517842 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.876468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Inhaled hygroscopic aerosols will absorb water vapor from the warm and humid air of the human lung, thus growing in size and consequently changing their deposition properties. OBJECTIVE The objectives of the present study are to study the effect of a stochastic lung structure on individual particle growth and related deposition patterns and to predict local deposition patterns for different hygroscopic aerosols. MATERIALS AND METHODS The hygroscopic particle growth model proposed by Ferron et al. has been implemented into the stochastic asymmetric lung deposition model IDEAL. Deposition patterns were calculated for sodium chloride (NaCl), cobalt chloride (CoCl2 · 6H2O), and zinc sulfate (ZnSO4 · 7H2O) aerosols, representing high, medium and low hygroscopic growth factors. RESULTS Hygroscopic growth decreases deposition of submicron particles compared to hydrophobic particles with equivalent diameters due to a less efficient diffusion mechanism, while the more efficient impaction and sedimentation mechanisms increase total deposition for micron-sized particles. Due to the variability and asymmetry of the human airway system, individual trajectories of inhaled particles are associated with individual growth factors, thereby enhancing the variability of the resulting deposition patterns. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS Comparisons of model predictions with several experimental data for ultrafine and micrometer-sized particles indicate good agreement, considering intersubject variations of morphometric parameters as well as differences between experimental conditions and modeling assumptions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate Winkler-Heil
- Division of Physics and Biophysics, Department of Materials Research and Physics, University of Salzburg , Salzburg , Austria and
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Naseri A, Abouali O, Ghalati PF, Ahmadi G. Numerical investigation of regional particle deposition in the upper airway of a standing male mannequin in calm air surroundings. Comput Biol Med 2014; 52:73-81. [PMID: 25016291 DOI: 10.1016/j.compbiomed.2014.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
A 3-D realistic computational model of the airway system integrated into a standing male mannequin was developed. The computational domain includes the regions around the mannequin and the inside of the airway passages. The simulation was performed for low activity breathing rates with calm air around the mannequin. The flowfield of the inhaled air was first obtained from solving the Navier-Stokes and continuity equations. Then the particles were released in the domain around the mannequin and their trajectories were evaluated by using the Lagrangian approach for solving the particle equation of motion. The regional aerosols deposition was evaluated for different parts of the human airway system and the results were compared with those obtained from the separate modeling of the airway system without the interaction of the airflow with the mannequin external face. The results showed when the upper airway is integrated into the mannequin, the regional deposition of inhaled particles mainly changes in the airway system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Naseri
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Omid Abouali
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran.
| | | | - Goodarz Ahmadi
- Department of Mechanical and Aeronautical Engineering, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, USA
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Abstract
Local characteristics of airflow and its global distribution in the lung are determined by interaction between resistance to flow through the airways and the compliance of the tissue, with tissue compliance dominating flow distribution in the healthy lung. Current understanding is that conceptualizing the airways of the lung as a system of smooth adjoined cylinders through which air traverses laminarly is insufficient for understanding flow and energy dissipation and is particularly poor for predicting physiologically realistic transport of particles by the airflow. With rapid advances in medical imaging, computer technologies, and computational techniques, computational fluid dynamics is now becoming a viable tool for providing detailed information on the mechanics of airflow in the human respiratory tract. Studies using such techniques have shown that the upper airway (specifically its development of a turbulent laryngeal jet in the trachea), airway geometry, branching and rotation angle, and the pattern of joining of successive bifurcations are important in determining airflow structures. It is now possible to compute airflow in physical domains that are anatomically accurate and subject specific, enabling comparisons among intersubjects, that among subjects of different ages, and that among different species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Merryn H Tawhai
- Auckland Bioengineering Institute, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.
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