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Greene ES, Tabler TW, Orlowski SK, Dridi S. Effect of heat stress on the hypothalamic expression of water channel- and noncoding RNA biogenesis-related genes in modern broilers and their ancestor red jungle fowl. Brain Res 2024; 1830:148810. [PMID: 38365130 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2024.148810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/13/2024] [Indexed: 02/18/2024]
Abstract
Genetic selection for high growth rate has resulted in spectacular progress in feed efficiency in chickens. As feed intake and water consumption (WC) are associated and both are affected by environmental conditions, we evaluated WC and its hypothalamic regulation in three broiler-based research lines and their ancestor jungle fowl (JF) under heat stress (HS) conditions. Slow growing ACRB, moderate growing 95RB, fast growing MRB, and JF were exposed to daily chronic cyclic HS (36 °C, 9 h/d) or thermoneutral temperature (24 °C). HS increased WC in the MRB only. Arginine vasopressin (AVP) mRNA levels were decreased by HS in the MRB. Within the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) system, renin expression was increased by HS in the JF, ACRB, and 95RB, while angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE), angiotensin II receptors (type 1, AT1, and type 2, AT2) were affected by line. The expression of aquaporin (AQP2, 7, 9, 10, 11, and 12) genes was upregulated by HS, whereas AQP4 and AQP5 expressions were influenced by line. miRNA processing components (Dicer1, Ago2, Drosha) were significantly different among the lines, but were unaffected by HS. In summary, this is the first report showing the effect of HS on hypothalamic water channel- and noncoding RNA biogenesis-related genes in modern chicken populations and their ancestor JF. These results provide a novel framework for future research to identify new molecular mechanisms and signatures involved in water homeostasis and adaptation to HS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth S Greene
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Travis W Tabler
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sara K Orlowski
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States
| | - Sami Dridi
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, United States.
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2
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Dandi Ε, Spandou E, Dalla C, Tata DA. Τhe neuroprotective role of environmental enrichment against behavioral, morphological, neuroendocrine and molecular changes following chronic unpredictable mild stress: A systematic review. Eur J Neurosci 2023; 58:3003-3025. [PMID: 37461295 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.16089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Environmental factors interact with biological and genetic factors influencing the development and well-being of an organism. The interest in better understanding the role of environment on behavior and physiology led to the development of animal models of environmental manipulations. Environmental enrichment (EE), an environmental condition that allows cognitive and sensory stimulation as well as social interaction, improves cognitive function, reduces anxiety and depressive-like behavior and promotes neuroplasticity. In addition, it exerts protection against neurodegenerative disorders, cognitive aging and deficits aggravated by stressful experiences. Given the beneficial effects of EE on the brain and behavior, preclinical studies have focused on its protective role as an alternative, non-invasive manipulation, to help an organism to cope better with stress. A valid, reliable and effective animal model of chronic stress that enhances anxiety and depression-like behavior is the chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). The variety of stressors and the unpredictability in the time and sequence of exposure to prevent habituation, render CUMS an ethologically relevant model. CUMS has been associated with dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis, elevation in the basal levels of stress hormones, reduction in brain volume, dendritic atrophy and alterations in markers of synaptic plasticity. Although numerous studies have underlined the compensatory role of EE against the negative effects of various chronic stress regimens (e.g. restraint and social isolation), research concerning the interaction between EE and CUMS is sparse. The purpose of the current systematic review is to present up-to-date research findings regarding the protective role of EE against the negative effects of CUMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Εvgenia Dandi
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Spandou
- Laboratory of Experimental Physiology, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Christina Dalla
- Department of Pharmacology, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Despina A Tata
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
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3
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Gomes-de-Souza L, Santana FG, Duarte JO, Barretto-de-Souza L, Crestani CC. Angiotensinergic neurotransmission in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis is involved in cardiovascular responses to acute restraint stress in rats. Pflugers Arch 2023; 475:517-526. [PMID: 36715761 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-023-02791-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/21/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The brain angiotensin II acting via AT1 receptors is a prominent mechanism involved in physiological and behavioral responses during aversive situations. The AT2 receptor has also been implicated in stress responses, but its role was less explored. Despite these pieces of evidence, the brain sites related to control of the changes during aversive threats by the brain renin-angiotensin system (RAS) are poorly understood. The bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) is a limbic structure related to the cardiovascular responses by stress, and components of the RAS system were identified in this forebrain region. Therefore, we investigated the role of angiotensinergic neurotransmission present within the BNST acting via local AT1 and AT2 receptors in cardiovascular responses evoked by an acute session of restraint stress in rats. For this, rats were subjected to bilateral microinjection of either the angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor captopril, the selective AT1 receptor antagonist losartan, or the selective AT2 receptor antagonist PD123319 before they underwent the restraint stress session. We observed that BNST treatment with captopril reduced the decrease in tail skin temperature evoked by restraint stress, without affecting the pressor and tachycardic responses. Local AT2 receptor antagonism within the BNST reduced both the tachycardia and the drop in tail skin temperature during restraint. Bilateral microinjection of losartan into the BNST did not affect the restraint-evoked cardiovascular changes. Taken together, these data indicate an involvement of BNST angiotensinergic neurotransmission acting via local AT2 receptors in cardiovascular responses during stressful situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Gomes-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Flávia G Santana
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Josiane O Duarte
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Lucas Barretto-de-Souza
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos C Crestani
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Department of Drugs and Medicines, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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4
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Miller AJ, Arnold AC. The renin-angiotensin system and cardiovascular autonomic control in aging. Peptides 2022; 150:170733. [PMID: 34973286 PMCID: PMC8923940 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2021.170733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aging is the greatest independent risk factor for developing hypertension and cardiovascular-related diseases including systolic hypertension, vascular disease, ischemic events, arrhythmias, and heart failure. Age-related cardiovascular risk is associated with dysfunction of peripheral organ systems, such as the heart and vasculature, as well as an imbalance in the autonomic nervous system characterized by increased sympathetic and decreased parasympathetic neurotransmission. Given the increasing prevalence of aged individuals worldwide, it is critical to better understand mechanisms contributing to impaired cardiovascular autonomic control in this population. In this regard, the renin-angiotensin system has emerged as an important hormonal modulator of cardiovascular function in aging, in part through modulation of autonomic pathways controlling sympathetic and parasympathetic outflow to cardiovascular end organs. This review will summarize the role of the RAS in cardiovascular autonomic control during aging, with a focus on current knowledge of angiotensin II versus angiotensin-(1-7) pathways in both rodent models and humans, pharmacological treatment strategies targeting the renin-angiotensin system, and unanswered questions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda J Miller
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Arnold
- Department of Neural and Behavioral Sciences, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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5
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Plants and Natural Products with Activity against Various Types of Coronaviruses: A Review with Focus on SARS-CoV-2. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26134099. [PMID: 34279439 PMCID: PMC8271932 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26134099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 06/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
COVID-19 is a pandemic disease caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, which is potentially fatal for vulnerable individuals. Disease management represents a challenge for many countries, given the shortage of medicines and hospital resources. The objective of this work was to review the medicinal plants, foods and natural products showing scientific evidence for host protection against various types of coronaviruses, with a focus on SARS-CoV-2. Natural products that mitigate the symptoms caused by various coronaviruses are also presented. Particular attention was placed on natural products that stabilize the Renin–Angiotensin–Aldosterone System (RAAS), which has been associated with the entry of the SARS-CoV-2 into human cells.
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Abstract
Purpose of the Review The main goal of this article is to discuss how the development of state-of-the-art technology has made it possible to address fundamental questions related to how the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) operates within the brain from the neurophysiological and molecular perspective. Recent Findings The existence of the brain RAS remains surprisingly controversial. New sensitive in situ hybridization techniques and novel transgenic animals expressing reporter genes have provided pivotal information of the expression of RAS genes within the brain. We discuss studies using genetically engineered animals combined with targeted viral microinjections to study molecular mechanisms implicated in the regulation of the brain RAS. We also discuss novel drugs targeting the brain RAS that have shown promising results in clinical studies and trials. Summary Over the last 50 years, several new physiological roles of the brain RAS have been identified. In the coming years, efforts to incorporate cutting-edge technologies such as optogenetics, chemogenetics, and single-cell RNA sequencing will lead to dramatic advances in our full understanding of how the brain RAS operates at molecular and neurophysiological levels.
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Liang B, Zhao YN, Wang X, Yu XJ, Li Y, Yang HY, Su Q, Kang YM, Yang ZM. Angiotensin-(1-7) attenuates hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy via modulation of nitric oxide and neurotransmitter levels in the paraventricular nucleus in salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. RSC Adv 2018; 8:8779-8786. [PMID: 35547241 PMCID: PMC9087825 DOI: 10.1039/c7ra09136b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a multifunctional bioactive angiotensin peptide which exerts a cardiovascular protective function mainly by opposing the effects of angiotensin II. We aimed to determine whether brain Ang-(1-7) regulates nitric oxide (NO) and neurotransmitter levels in the hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus (PVN), and influences sympathetic activity, blood pressure and cardiac hypertrophy in salt-sensitive hypertension. Dahl salt-sensitive rats receiving a high-salt (HS, 8% NaCl) or a normal-salt (NS, 0.3% NaCl) diet were treated with an intracerebroventricular (ICV) infusion of Ang-(1-7) for 6 weeks. Seven rats were measured in each group. In comparison with NS rats, HS rats exhibited significantly increased mean arterial pressure, plasma norepinephrine (NE) and cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, HS rats (compared to NS rats) had increased glutamate, NE and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression, and reduced NO levels as well as reduced expression of γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and the 67 kDa isoform of glutamate decarboxylase (GAD67) in the PVN. Treatment with ICV infusion of Ang-(1-7) reversed these changes in the salt-sensitive hypertensive rats. The results suggest that the beneficial effects of brain Ang-(1-7) on salt-sensitive hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy are partly due to an elevation in the NO level and restoration of neurotransmitter balance in the PVN. Angiotensin-(1-7) [Ang-(1-7)] is a multifunctional bioactive angiotensin peptide which exerts a cardiovascular protective function mainly by opposing the effects of angiotensin II.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Liang
- Department of Cardiology
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology of Shanxi Province
| | - Ya-Nan Zhao
- Department of Cardiology
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- Department of Respiratory
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology of Shanxi Province
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
| | - Xiao-Jing Yu
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center
- Xi'an 710061
- China
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center
- Xi'an 710061
- China
| | - Hui-Yu Yang
- Department of Cardiology
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology of Shanxi Province
| | - Qing Su
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center
- Xi'an 710061
- China
| | - Yu-Ming Kang
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology
- Xi'an Jiaotong University School of Basic Medical Sciences
- Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center
- Xi'an 710061
- China
| | - Zhi-Ming Yang
- Department of Cardiology
- The Second Hospital of Shanxi Medical University
- Taiyuan 030001
- China
- Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Medicine and Clinical Pharmacology of Shanxi Province
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8
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Sapouckey SA, Deng G, Sigmund CD, Grobe JL. Potential mechanisms of hypothalamic renin-angiotensin system activation by leptin and DOCA-salt for the control of resting metabolism. Physiol Genomics 2017; 49:722-732. [PMID: 28986397 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00087.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The renin-angiotensin system (RAS), originally described as a circulating hormone system, is an enzymatic cascade in which the final vasoactive peptide angiotensin II (ANG) regulates cardiovascular, hydromineral, and metabolic functions. The RAS is also synthesized locally in a number of tissues including the brain, where it can act in a paracrine fashion to regulate blood pressure, thirst, fluid balance, and resting energy expenditure/resting metabolic rate (RMR). Recent studies demonstrate that ANG AT1A receptors (Agtr1a) specifically in agouti-related peptide (AgRP) neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) coordinate autonomic and energy expenditure responses to various stimuli including deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt, high-fat feeding, and leptin. It remains unclear, however, how these disparate stimuli converge upon and activate this specific population of AT1A receptors in AgRP neurons. We hypothesize that these stimuli may act to stimulate local expression of the angiotensinogen (AGT) precursor for ANG, or the expression of AT1A receptors, and thereby local activity of the RAS within the (ARC). Here we review mechanisms that may control AGT and AT1A expression within the central nervous system, with a particular focus on mechanisms activated by steroids, dietary fat, and leptin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Sapouckey
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Guorui Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Curt D Sigmund
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Center for Hypertension Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Justin L Grobe
- Department of Pharmacology, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; .,Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Center for Hypertension Research, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Abboud Cardiovascular Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Fraternal Order of Eagles' Diabetes Research Center, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa.,Iowa Neuroscience Institute, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa; and.,Obesity Research & Education Initiative, Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
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9
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Affiliation(s)
- Curt D Sigmund
- From the Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (C.D.S.); and Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research, Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.I.D., M.C.C.).
| | - Debra I Diz
- From the Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (C.D.S.); and Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research, Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.I.D., M.C.C.)
| | - Mark C Chappell
- From the Department of Pharmacology, UIHC Center for Hypertension Research, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City (C.D.S.); and Department of Surgery, Hypertension and Vascular Research, Cardiovascular Sciences Center, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC (D.I.D., M.C.C.)
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10
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Hammer A, Stegbauer J, Linker RA. Macrophages in neuroinflammation: role of the renin-angiotensin-system. Pflugers Arch 2017; 469:431-444. [PMID: 28190090 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-017-1942-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Macrophages are essential players of the innate immune system which are involved in the initiation and progression of various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases including neuroinflammation. In the past few years, it has become increasingly clear that the regulation of macrophage responses by the local tissue milieu is also influenced by mediators which were first discovered as regulators in the nervous or also cardiovascular system. Here, the renin-angiotensin system (RAS) is a major focus of current research. Besides its classical role in blood pressure control, body fluid, and electrolyte homeostasis, the RAS may influence (auto)immune responses, modulate T cells, and particularly act on macrophages via different signaling pathways. Activation of classical RAS pathways including angiotensin (Ang) II and AngII type 1 (AT1R) receptors may drive pro-inflammatory macrophage responses in neuroinflammation via regulation of chemokines. More recently, alternative RAS pathways were described, such as binding of Ang-(1-7) to its receptor Mas. Signaling via Mas pathways may counteract some of the AngII/AT1R-mediated effects. In macrophages, the Ang-(1-7)/Mas exerts beneficial effects on neuroinflammation via modulating macrophage polarization, migration, and T cell activation in vitro and in vivo. These data delineate a pivotal role of the RAS in inflammation of the nervous system and identify RAS modulation as a potential new target for immunotherapy with a special focus on macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hammer
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Johannes Stegbauer
- Department of Nephrology, University Hospital Düsseldorf, Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ralf A Linker
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital, Friedrich-Alexander University Erlangen-Nuremberg, Schwabachanlage 6, 91054 Erlangen, Germany.
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11
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Mascolo A, Sessa M, Scavone C, De Angelis A, Vitale C, Berrino L, Rossi F, Rosano G, Capuano A. New and old roles of the peripheral and brain renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS): Focus on cardiovascular and neurological diseases. Int J Cardiol 2016; 227:734-742. [PMID: 27823897 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.10.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is commonly accepted that the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) is a cardiovascular circulating hormonal system that plays also an important role in the modulation of several patterns in the brain. The pathway of the RAAS can be divided into two classes: the traditional pathway of RAAS, also named classic RAAS, and the non-classic RAAS. Both pathways play a role in both cardiovascular and neurological diseases through a peripheral or central control. In this regard, renewed interest is growing in the last years for the consideration that the brain RAAS could represent a new important therapeutic target to regulate not only the blood pressure via central nervous control, but also neurological diseases. However, the development of compounds able to cross the blood-brain barrier and to act on the brain RAAS is challenging, especially if the metabolic stability and the half-life are taken into consideration. To date, two drug classes (aminopeptidase type A inhibitors and angiotensin IV analogues) acting on the brain RAAS are in development in pre-clinical or clinical stages. In this article, we will present an overview of the biological functions played by peripheral and brain classic and non-classic pathways of the RAAS in several clinical conditions, focusing on the brain RAAS and on the new pharmacological targets of the RAAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Mascolo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy.
| | - M Sessa
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Scavone
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - A De Angelis
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Vitale
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy
| | - L Berrino
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - F Rossi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - G Rosano
- IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Rome, Italy; Cardiovascular and Cell Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, UK
| | - A Capuano
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Section of Pharmacology L. Donatelli, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
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12
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Fontes MAP, Martins Lima A, Santos RASD. Brain angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis: A new target to reduce the cardiovascular risk to emotional stress. Neuropeptides 2016; 56:9-17. [PMID: 26584971 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2015.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/20/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Emotional stress is now considered a risk factor for several diseases including cardiac arrhythmias and hypertension. It is well known that the activation of neuroendocrine and autonomic mechanisms features the response to emotional stress. However, its link to cardiovascular diseases and the regulatory mechanisms involved remain to be further comprehended. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays an important role in homeostasis on all body systems. Specifically in the brain, the RAS regulates a number of physiological aspects. Recent data indicate that the activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme/angiotensin II/AT1 receptor axis facilitates the emotional stress responses. On the other hand, growing evidence indicates that its counterregulatory axis, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/(Ang)iotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis, reduces anxiety and attenuates the physiological responses to emotional stress. The present review focuses on angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis as a promising target to attenuate the physiological response to emotional stress reducing the risk of cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Antônio Peliky Fontes
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT - Nanobiofar), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil.
| | - Augusto Martins Lima
- Institute of Physiological Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Robson Augusto Souza dos Santos
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT - Nanobiofar), Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil; Institute of Cardiology, University Foundation of Cardiology, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil.
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13
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Sladek CD, Michelini LC, Stachenfeld NS, Stern JE, Urban JH. Endocrine‐Autonomic Linkages. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:1281-323. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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14
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Oscar CG, Müller-Ribeiro FCDF, de Castro LG, Martins Lima A, Campagnole-Santos MJ, Santos RAS, Xavier CH, Fontes MAP. Angiotensin-(1–7) in the basolateral amygdala attenuates the cardiovascular response evoked by acute emotional stress. Brain Res 2015; 1594:183-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2014] [Revised: 11/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Abstract
The RAS (renin-angiotensin system) is composed of two arms: the pressor arm containing AngII (angiotensin II)/ACE (angiotensin-converting enzyme)/AT1Rs (AngII type 1 receptors), and the depressor arm represented by Ang-(1-7) [angiotensin-(1-7)]/ACE2/Mas receptors. All of the components of the RAS are present in the brain. Within the brain, Ang-(1-7) contributes to the regulation of BP (blood pressure) by acting at regions that control cardiovascular function such that, when Ang-(1-7) is injected into the nucleus of the solitary tract, caudal ventrolateral medulla, paraventricular nucleus or anterior hypothalamic area, a reduction in BP occurs; however, when injected into the rostral ventrolateral medulla, Ang-(1-7) stimulates an increase in BP. In contrast with AngII, Ang-(1-7) improves baroreflex sensitivity and has an inhibitory neuromodulatory role in hypothalamic noradrenergic neurotransmission. Ang-(1-7) not only exerts effects related to BP regulation, but also acts as a cerebroprotective component of the RAS by reducing cerebral infarct size and neuronal apoptosis. In the present review, we provide an overview of effects elicited by Ang-(1-7) in the brain, which suggest a potential role for Ang-(1-7) in controlling the central development of hypertension.
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Middlekauff HR, Park J, Agrawal H, Gornbein JA. Abnormal sympathetic nerve activity in women exposed to cigarette smoke: a potential mechanism to explain increased cardiac risk. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1560-7. [PMID: 23997107 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00502.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In women, cardiac deaths attributable to tobacco exposure have reached the same high levels as men. Normally, sympathetic nerve activity (SNA) fluctuates according to the menstrual phase, but in habitual smokers, SNA levels remain constant. Our purpose is to extend these observations to other groups of women exposed to tobacco smoke and to explore potential mechanisms. We hypothesize that women exposed to secondhand smoke, but not former smokers, have nonfluctuating SNA compared with never smokers, and that impaired baroreflex suppression of SNA, and/or heightened central SNA responses, underlie this nonfluctuating SNA. We also hypothesize that female smokers have impaired nocturnal blood pressure dipping, normally mediated by modulation of SNA. In 49 females (19 never, 12 current, 9 former, 9 passive smokers), SNA was recorded (microneurography) during high- and low-hormone ovarian phases at rest, during pharmacological baroreflex testing, and during the cold pressor test (CPT). Twenty-four hour blood pressure (BP) monitoring was performed. Current and passive smokers, but not former smokers, had a nonfluctuating pattern of SNA, unlike never smokers in whom SNA varied with the menstrual phase. Baroreflex control of SNA was significantly blunted in current smokers, independent of menstrual phase. In passive smokers, SNA response to CPT was markedly increased. Nondipping was unexpectedly high in all groups. SNA does not vary during the menstrual cycle in active and passive smokers, unlike never and former smokers. Baroreflex control of SNA is blunted in current smokers, whereas SNA response to CPT is heightened in passive smokers. Smoking cessation is associated with return of the altered SNA pattern to normal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly R Middlekauff
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California
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Martins Lima A, Xavier CH, Ferreira AJ, Raizada MK, Wallukat G, Velloso EPP, dos Santos RAS, Fontes MAP. Activation of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2/angiotensin-(1-7)/Mas axis attenuates the cardiac reactivity to acute emotional stress. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2013; 305:H1057-67. [PMID: 23873801 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00433.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Recent data indicate the brain angiotensin-converting enzyme/ANG II/AT1 receptor axis enhances emotional stress responses. In this study, we investigated whether its counterregulatory axis, the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2)/ANG-(1-7)/Mas axis, attenuate the cardiovascular responses to acute emotional stress. In conscious male Wistar rats, the tachycardia induced by acute stress (air jet 10 l/min) was attenuated by intravenous injection of ANG-(1-7) [Δ heart rate (HR): saline 136 ± 22 vs. ANG-(1-7) 61 ± 25 beats/min; P < 0.05]. Peripheral injection of the ACE2 activator compound, XNT, abolished the tachycardia induced by acute stress. We found a similar effect after intracerebroventricular injections of either ANG-(1-7) or XNT. Under urethane anesthesia, the tachycardia evoked by the beta-adrenergic agonist was markedly reduced by ANG-(1-7) [ΔHR: saline 100 ± 16 vs. ANG-(1-7) 18 ± 15 beats/min; P < 0.05]. The increase in renal sympathetic nerve activity (RSNA) evoked by isoproterenol was also abolished after the treatment with ANG-(1-7) [ΔRSNA: saline 39% vs. ANG-(1-7) -23%; P < 0.05]. The tachycardia evoked by disinhibition of dorsomedial hypothalamus neurons, a key nucleus for the cardiovascular response to emotional stress, was reduced by ∼45% after intravenous injection of ANG-(1-7). In cardiomyocyte, the incubation with ANG-(1-7) (1 μM) markedly attenuated the increases in beating rate induced by isoproterenol. Our data show that activation of the ACE2/ANG-(1-7)/Mas axis attenuates stress-induced tachycardia. This effect might be either via the central nervous system reducing anxiety level and/or interfering with the positive chronotropy mediated by activation of cardiac β adrenergic receptors. Therefore, ANG-(1-7) might contribute to reduce the sympathetic load to the heart during situations of emotional stress, reducing the cardiovascular risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto Martins Lima
- National Institute of Science and Technology in Nanobiopharmaceutics (INCT-Nanobiofar Departamento de Fisiologia e Biofísica, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
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The brain Renin-Angiotensin system and mitochondrial function: influence on blood pressure and baroreflex in transgenic rat strains. Int J Hypertens 2013; 2013:136028. [PMID: 23401750 PMCID: PMC3564433 DOI: 10.1155/2013/136028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction is implicated in many cardiovascular diseases, including hypertension, and may be associated with an overactive renin-angiotensin system (RAS). Angiotensin (Ang) II, a potent vasoconstrictor hormone of the RAS, also impairs baroreflex and mitochondrial function. Most deleterious cardiovascular actions of Ang II are thought to be mediated by NADPH-oxidase- (NOX-) derived reactive oxygen species (ROS) that may also stimulate mitochondrial oxidant release and alter redox-sensitive signaling pathways in the brain. Within the RAS, the actions of Ang II are counterbalanced by Ang-(1–7), a vasodilatory peptide known to mitigate against increased oxidant stress. A balance between Ang II and Ang-(1–7) within the brain dorsal medulla contributes to maintenance of normal blood pressure and proper functioning of the arterial baroreceptor reflex for control of heart rate. We propose that Ang-(1–7) may negatively regulate the redox signaling pathways activated by Ang II to maintain normal blood pressure, baroreflex, and mitochondrial function through attenuating ROS (NOX-generated and/or mitochondrial).
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