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von Rechenberg B, Gehrke RS, Klein K, Kronen P, Darwiche S, Zbinden J, Wieser K, Lädermann A. Studying Edema Formation After Release of the Infraspinatus Muscle as an Experimental Model of Rotator Cuff Lesions in Sheep: A Histological Analysis. Am J Sports Med 2024; 52:1319-1327. [PMID: 38459680 DOI: 10.1177/03635465241226961] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/10/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Muscle edema formation and inflammatory processes are early manifestations of acute rotator cuff lesions in sheep. Histological analysis of affected muscles revealed edema formation, inflammatory changes, and muscle tissue disruption in MRs. HYPOTHESIS Edema contributes to inflammatory reactions and early muscle fiber degeneration before the onset of fatty infiltration. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Osteotomy of the greater tuberosity, including the insertion of the infraspinatus tendon, was performed on 14 sheep. These experimental animal models were divided into 2 groups: a nontrauma group with surgical muscle release alone (7 sheep) and a trauma group with standardized application of additional trauma to the musculotendinous unit (7 sheep). Excisional biopsy specimens of the infraspinatus muscle were taken at 0, 3, and 4 weeks. RESULTS Edema formation was histologically demonstrated in both groups and peaked at 3 weeks. At 3 weeks, signs of muscle fiber degeneration were observed. At 4 weeks, ingrowth of loose alveolar and fibrotic tissue between fibers was detected. Fatty tissue was absent. The diameter of muscle fibers increased in both groups, albeit to a lesser degree in the trauma group, and practically normalized at 4 weeks. Immunohistology revealed an increase in macrophage types 1 and 2, as well as inflammatory mediators such as prostaglandin E2 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells. CONCLUSION Early muscle edema and concomitant inflammation precede muscle fiber degeneration and fibrosis. Edema formation results from tendon release alone and is only slightly intensified by additional trauma. CLINICAL RELEVANCE This study illustrates that early edema formation and inflammation elicit muscle fiber degeneration that precedes fatty infiltration. Should this phenomenon be applicable to human traumatic rotator cuff tears, then surgery should be performed as soon as possible, ideally within the first 21 days after injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Rieke S Gehrke
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karina Klein
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Peter Kronen
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Salim Darwiche
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Competence Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Department of Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Vetsuisse Faculty ZH, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jeanni Zbinden
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Karl Wieser
- Universitatsklinik Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Lädermann
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, La Tour Hospital, Meyrin, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
- Division of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Department of Surgery, Hopitaux Universitaires de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Rosahl SC, Rauschendorfer P, Arndt L, Voigtmann T, Mittag U, Rittweger J. Ex-vivo validation of spatial gain sonography for the quantification of echo intensity in fascicle-aligned ultrasound images in ten anatomical muscles in Bos taurus. Sci Rep 2024; 14:3808. [PMID: 38360989 PMCID: PMC10869723 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-53852-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/17/2024] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to validate the concept of spatial gain sonography for quantifying texture-related echo intensity in B-mode ultrasound of skeletal muscle. Fifty-one bovine muscles were scanned postmortem using B-mode ultrasonography at varying fascicle probe angles (FPA). The relationship between mean gray values (MGV) and FPA was fitted with a sinusoidal and a linear function, the slope of which was defined as tilt echo gain (TEG). Macroscopic muscle cross sections were optically analyzed for intramuscular connective tissue (IMCT) content which was plotted against MGV at 0° FPA (MGV_00). MGV peaked at FPA 0°. Sine fits were superior to linear fits (adjusted r2-values 0.647 vs. 0.613), especially for larger FPAs. In mixed models, the pennation angle was related to TEG (P < 0.001) and MGV_00 (P = 0.035). Age was relevant for MGV_00 (P < 0.001), but not TEG (P > 0.10). The correlation between the IMCT percentage and MGV_00 was significant but weak (P = 0.026; adjusted r2 = 0.103). The relationship between fascicle probe angle and echo intensity in B-mode ultrasound can be modeled more accurately with a sinusoidal but more practically for clinical use with a linear fit. The peak mean gray value MGV_00 can be used to compare echo intensity across muscles without the bias of pennation angle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sophie C Rosahl
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany.
| | | | - Lukas Arndt
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Thomas Voigtmann
- Institute of Material Physics in Space, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Institute of Theoretical Physics, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Uwe Mittag
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center (DLR), Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University Hospital Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Ishido M. Cyclin D3 Colocalizes with Myogenin and p21 in Skeletal Muscle Satellite Cells during Early-Stage Functional Overload. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2023; 56:111-119. [PMID: 38318102 PMCID: PMC10838632 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.23-00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Myogenic cell differentiation is modulated by multiple regulatory factors, such as myogenin, p21, and cyclin D3 during myogenesis in vitro. It is also recognized that myogenin and p21 play important roles in regulating muscle satellite cell (SC) differentiation during overload-induced muscle hypertrophy in vivo. However, the expression patterns and functional role of cyclin D3 in the progress of muscle hypertrophy remain unclear. Thus, the present study investigated cyclin D3 expression in skeletal muscles during early-stage functional overload. Plantaris muscles were exposed to functional overload due to ablation of the gastrocnemius and soleus muscles. As a result, cyclin D3 expression was detected in the nuclei of SCs but not in myonuclei on day 1 after surgery. Cyclin D3 expression, after functional overload, gradually increased, reaching a maximum on day 7 along with myogenin expression. Moreover, in response to the functional overload, cyclin D3 was expressed simultaneously with myogenin and p21 in SC nuclei. Therefore, the present study suggests that cyclin D3 with myogenin and p21 may interactively regulate SC differentiation during early-stage functional overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minenori Ishido
- Section for Health-related Physical Education, Division of Human Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, Osaka Institute of Technology, Osaka 535–8585, Japan
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Wohlgemuth RP, Brashear SE, Smith LR. Alignment, cross linking, and beyond: a collagen architect's guide to the skeletal muscle extracellular matrix. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C1017-C1030. [PMID: 37661921 PMCID: PMC10635663 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00287.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
The muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) forms a complex network of collagens, proteoglycans, and other proteins that produce a favorable environment for muscle regeneration, protect the sarcolemma from contraction-induced damage, and provide a pathway for the lateral transmission of contractile force. In each of these functions, the structure and organization of the muscle ECM play an important role. Many aspects of collagen architecture, including collagen alignment, cross linking, and packing density affect the regenerative capacity, passive mechanical properties, and contractile force transmission pathways of skeletal muscle. The balance between fortifying the muscle ECM and maintaining ECM turnover and compliance is highly dependent on the integrated organization, or architecture, of the muscle matrix, especially related to collagen. While muscle ECM remodeling patterns in response to exercise and disease are similar, in that collagen synthesis can increase in both cases, one outcome leads to a stronger muscle and the other leads to fibrosis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive analysis of the architectural features of each layer of muscle ECM: epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium. Further, we detail the importance of muscle ECM architecture to biomechanical function in the context of exercise or fibrosis, including disease, injury, and aging. We describe how collagen architecture is linked to active and passive muscle biomechanics and which architectural features are acutely dynamic and adapt over time. Future studies should investigate the significance of collagen architecture in muscle stiffness, ECM turnover, and lateral force transmission in the context of health and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross P Wohlgemuth
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Sarah E Brashear
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
| | - Lucas R Smith
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology, and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of California, Davis, California, United States
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Roberts MD, McCarthy JJ, Hornberger TA, Phillips SM, Mackey AL, Nader GA, Boppart MD, Kavazis AN, Reidy PT, Ogasawara R, Libardi CA, Ugrinowitsch C, Booth FW, Esser KA. Mechanisms of mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy: current understanding and future directions. Physiol Rev 2023; 103:2679-2757. [PMID: 37382939 PMCID: PMC10625844 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00039.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms underlying mechanical overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy have been extensively researched since the landmark report by Morpurgo (1897) of "work-induced hypertrophy" in dogs that were treadmill trained. Much of the preclinical rodent and human resistance training research to date supports that involved mechanisms include enhanced mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling, an expansion in translational capacity through ribosome biogenesis, increased satellite cell abundance and myonuclear accretion, and postexercise elevations in muscle protein synthesis rates. However, several lines of past and emerging evidence suggest that additional mechanisms that feed into or are independent of these processes are also involved. This review first provides a historical account of how mechanistic research into skeletal muscle hypertrophy has progressed. A comprehensive list of mechanisms associated with skeletal muscle hypertrophy is then outlined, and areas of disagreement involving these mechanisms are presented. Finally, future research directions involving many of the discussed mechanisms are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - John J McCarthy
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States
| | - Troy A Hornberger
- Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States
| | - Stuart M Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Abigail L Mackey
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Copenhagen University Hospital-Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg, and Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gustavo A Nader
- Department of Kinesiology and Huck Institutes of the Life Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Andreas N Kavazis
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Paul T Reidy
- Department of Kinesiology, Nutrition and Health, Miami University, Oxford, Ohio, United States
| | - Riki Ogasawara
- Healthy Food Science Research Group, Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Cleiton A Libardi
- MUSCULAB-Laboratory of Neuromuscular Adaptations to Resistance Training, Department of Physical Education, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos, Brazil
| | - Carlos Ugrinowitsch
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri, United States
| | - Karyn A Esser
- Department of Physiology and Aging, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida, United States
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Tokuda N, Watanabe D, Naito A, Yamauchi N, Ashida Y, Cheng AJ, Yamada T. Intrinsic contractile dysfunction due to impaired sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca 2+ release in compensatory hypertrophied muscle fibers following synergist ablation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2023; 325:C599-C612. [PMID: 37486068 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00127.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
Synergist ablation (SA) is an experimental procedure for the induction of hypertrophy. However, SA causes a decrease in specific force (i.e., force per cross-sectional area), likely due to excessive muscle use. Here, we investigated the mechanisms behind the SA-induced intrinsic contractile dysfunction, especially focusing on the excitation-contraction (EC) coupling. Male Wistar rats had unilateral surgical ablation of gastrocnemius and soleus muscles to induce compensatory hypertrophy in the plantaris muscles. Two weeks after SA, plantaris muscle was dissected from each animal and used for later analyses. SA significantly increased the mean fiber cross-sectional area (+18%). On the other hand, the ratio of depolarization-induced force to the maximum Ca2+-activated specific force, an indicator of sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release, was markedly reduced in mechanically skinned fibers from the SA group (-51%). These functional defects were accompanied by an extensive fragmentation of the SR Ca2+ release channel, the ryanodine receptor 1 (RyR1), and a decrease in the amount of other triad proteins (i.e., DHPR, STAC3, and junctophilin1). SA treatment also caused activation of calpain-1 and increased the amount of NADPH oxidase 2, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress proteins (i.e., Grp78, Grp94, PDI, and Ero1), and lipid peroxidation [i.e., 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)] in SA-treated muscles. Our findings show that SA causes skeletal muscle weakness due to impaired EC coupling. This is likely to be induced by Ca2+-dependent degradation of triad proteins, which may result from Ca2+ leak from fragmented RyR1 triggered by increased oxidative stress.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Synergist ablation (SA) has widely been used to understand the mechanisms behind skeletal muscle hypertrophy. However, compensatory hypertrophied muscles display intrinsic contractile dysfunction, i.e., a hallmark of overuse. Here, we demonstrate that SA-induced compensatory hypertrophy is accompanied by muscle weakness due to impaired sarcoplasmic reticulum Ca2+ release. This dysfunction may be caused by the degradation of triad proteins due to the reciprocal amplification of reactive oxygen species and Ca2+ signaling at the junctional space microdomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nao Tokuda
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daiki Watanabe
- Graduate School of Sport and Health Sciences, Osaka University of Health and Sport Sciences, Osaka, Japan
| | - Azuma Naito
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Nao Yamauchi
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuki Ashida
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
- The Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS), Tokyo, Japan
| | - Arthur J Cheng
- School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Takashi Yamada
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Sapporo Medical University, Sapporo, Japan
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Bloom ET, Lin LM, Locke RC, Giordani A, Krassan E, Peloquin JM, Silbernagel KG, Parreno J, Santare MH, Killian ML, Elliott DM. Overload in a Rat In Vivo Model of Synergist Ablation Induces Tendon Multiscale Structural and Functional Degeneration. J Biomech Eng 2023; 145:081003. [PMID: 37184932 PMCID: PMC10782872 DOI: 10.1115/1.4062523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/04/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Tendon degeneration is typically described as an overuse injury with little distinction made between magnitude of load (overload) and number of cycles (overuse). Further, in vivo, animal models of tendon degeneration are mostly overuse models, where tendon damage is caused by a high number of load cycles. As a result, there is a lack of knowledge of how isolated overload leads to degeneration in tendons. A surgical model of synergist ablation (SynAb) overloads the target tendon, plantaris, by ablating its synergist tendon, Achilles. The objective of this study was to evaluate the structural and functional changes that occur following overload of plantaris tendon in a rat SynAb model. Tendon cross-sectional area (CSA) and shape changes were evaluated by longitudinal MR imaging up to 8 weeks postsurgery. Tissue-scale structural changes were evaluated by semiquantified histology and second harmonic generation microscopy. Fibril level changes were evaluated with serial block face scanning electron microscopy (SBF-SEM). Functional changes were evaluated using tension tests at the tissue and microscale using a custom testing system allowing both video and microscopy imaging. At 8 weeks, overloaded plantaris tendons exhibited degenerative changes including increases in CSA, cell density, collagen damage area fraction (DAF), and fibril diameter, and decreases in collagen alignment, modulus, and yield stress. To interpret the differences between overload and overuse in tendon, we introduce a new framework for tendon remodeling and degeneration that differentiates between the inputs of overload and overuse. In summary, isolated overload induces multiscale degenerative structural and functional changes in plantaris tendon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen T Bloom
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Lily M Lin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Ryan C Locke
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; Translational Musculoskeletal Research Center, CMCVAMC, Philadelphia, PA 19104
| | - Alyssa Giordani
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Erin Krassan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - John M Peloquin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | | | - Justin Parreno
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Michael H Santare
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
| | - Megan L Killian
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48104
| | - Dawn M Elliott
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19716
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Godwin JS, Sexton CL, Kontos NJ, Ruple BA, Willoughby DS, Young KC, Mobley CB, Roberts MD. Extracellular matrix content and remodeling markers do not differ in college-aged men classified as higher and lower responders to resistance training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2023; 134:731-741. [PMID: 36759158 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00596.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
We determined if skeletal muscle extracellular matrix (ECM) content and remodeling markers adapted with resistance training or were associated with hypertrophic outcomes. Thirty-eight untrained males (21 ± 3 yr) participated in whole body resistance training (10 wk, 2 × weekly). Participants completed testing [ultrasound, peripheral quantitative computed tomography (pQCT)] and donated a vastus lateralis (VL) biopsy 1 wk before training and 72 h following the last training bout. Higher responders (HR, n = 10) and lower responders (LR, n = 10) were stratified based on a composite score considering changes in pQCT-derived mid-thigh cross-sectional area (mCSA), ultrasound-derived VL thickness, and mean fiber cross-sectional area (fCSA). In all participants, training reduced matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-14 protein (P < 0.001) and increased satellite cell abundance (P < 0.001); however, VL fascial thickness, ECM protein content per myofiber, MMP-2/-9 protein content, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1/-2 protein content, collagen-1/-4 protein content, macrophage abundance, or fibroadipogenic progenitor cell abundance were not altered. Regarding responder analysis, MMP-14 exhibited an interaction (P = 0.007), and post hoc analysis revealed higher protein content in HR versus LR before training (P = 0.026) and a significant decrease from pre to posttraining in HR only (P = 0.002). In summary, basal skeletal muscle ECM markers are minimally affected with 10 wk of resistance training, and these findings could be related to not capturing more dynamic alterations in the assayed markers earlier in training. However, the downregulation in MMP-14 in college-aged men classified as HR is a novel finding and warrants continued investigation, and further research is needed to delineate muscle connective tissue strength attributes between HR and LR.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although past studies have examined aspects of extracellular matrix remodeling in relation to mechanical overload or resistance training, this study serves to expand our knowledge on a multitude of extracellular matrix markers and whether these markers adapt to resistance training or are associated with differential hypertrophic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua S Godwin
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Casey L Sexton
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Nicholas J Kontos
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Bradley A Ruple
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Darryn S Willoughby
- School of Exercise and Sport Science, University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, Belton, Texas, United States
| | - Kaelin C Young
- Biomedical Sciences, Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences, Yakima, Washington, United States
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama, United States.,Edward Via College of Osteopathic Medicine, Auburn, Alabama, United States
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Muraduzzaman AKM, Islam NM, Tabassum S, Munshi SU. Intrinsic Apoptotic Pathway Genes of Circulating Blood Neutrophils Triggered during HIV Infection and Remained Stimulated in ART Patients. Curr HIV Res 2023; 21:122-127. [PMID: 37211847 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x21666230519164239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/31/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The intrinsic apoptotic pathway of neutrophils in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection results in spontaneous neutrophil death. There is a scarcity of data regarding the gene expression of an intrinsic apoptotic pathway of neutrophils in HIV patients. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to observe the differential expression of some important genes involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway of HIV patients, including those who were receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). METHODS Blood samples were collected from asymptomatic, symptomatic, ART receiver HIV patients, and healthy individuals. Total RNA was extracted from neutrophils and subjected to quantitative real-time PCR assay. CD4+T cells and an automated complete blood count were performed. RESULTS Among the asymptomatic, symptomatic, and ART receiver HIV patients (n=20 in each group), median CD4+T counts were 633, 98, and 565 cells/ml, and the length of HIV infection in months (± SD) was 24.06 ± 21.36, 62.05 ± 25.51, and 69.2 ± 39.67, respectively. Compared with healthy controls, intrinsic apoptotic pathway genes, i.e., BAX, BIM, Caspase-3, Caspase-9, MCL-1, and Calpain-1, were upregulated to 1.21 ± 0.33, 1.8 ± 0.25, 1.24 ± 0.46, 1.54 ± 0.21, 1.88 ± 0.30, and 5.85 ± 1.34 fold in the asymptomatic group, and even more significantly, i.e., 1.51 ± 0.43, 2.09 ± 1.13, 1.85 ± 1.22, 1.72 ± 0.85, 2.26 ± 1.34, and 7.88 ± 3.31 fold in symptomatic patients, respectively. Despite CD4+ T-cell levels increased in the ART receiver group, these genes did not approach the level of healthy or asymptomatic and remained significantly upregulated. CONCLUSION The genes involved in the intrinsic apoptotic pathway in circulating neutrophils during HIV infection were stimulated in vivo, and ART reduced the expression of those upregulated genes but did not return to the level of asymptomatic or healthy individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K M Muraduzzaman
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Nabeela Mahboob Islam
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Shahina Tabassum
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Saif Ullah Munshi
- Department of Virology, Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University (BSMMU), Dhaka, Bangladesh
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10
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Brightwell CR, Latham CM, Thomas NT, Keeble AR, Murach KA, Fry CS. A glitch in the matrix: the pivotal role for extracellular matrix remodeling during muscle hypertrophy. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2022; 323:C763-C771. [PMID: 35876284 PMCID: PMC9448331 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00200.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Multinuclear muscle fibers are the most voluminous cells in skeletal muscle and the primary drivers of growth in response to loading. Outside the muscle fiber, however, is a diversity of mononuclear cell types that reside in the extracellular matrix (ECM). These muscle-resident cells are exercise-responsive and produce the scaffolding for successful myofibrillar growth. Without proper remodeling and maintenance of this ECM scaffolding, the ability to mount an appropriate response to resistance training in adult muscles is severely hindered. Complex cellular choreography takes place in muscles following a loading stimulus. These interactions have been recently revealed by single-cell explorations into muscle adaptation with loading. The intricate ballet of ECM remodeling involves collagen production from fibrogenic cells and ECM modifying signals initiated by satellite cells, immune cells, and the muscle fibers themselves. The acellular collagen-rich ECM is also a mechanical signal-transducer and rich repository of growth factors that may directly influence muscle fiber hypertrophy once liberated. Collectively, high levels of collagen expression, deposition, and turnover characterize a well-trained muscle phenotype. The purpose of this review is to highlight the most recent evidence for how the ECM and its cellular components affect loading-induced muscle hypertrophy. We also address how the muscle fiber may directly take part in ECM remodeling, and whether ECM dynamics are rate limiting for muscle fiber growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camille R Brightwell
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christine M Latham
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Nicholas T Thomas
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Alexander R Keeble
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, Molecular Muscle Mass Regulation Laboratory, Exercise Science Research Center, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
- Cell and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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11
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Dungan CM, Figueiredo VC, Wen Y, VonLehmden GL, Zdunek CJ, Thomas NT, Mobley CB, Murach KA, Brightwell CR, Long DE, Fry CS, Kern PA, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Senolytic treatment rescues blunted muscle hypertrophy in old mice. GeroScience 2022; 44:1925-1940. [PMID: 35325353 PMCID: PMC9616988 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-022-00542-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
With aging, skeletal muscle plasticity is attenuated in response to exercise. Here, we report that senescent cells, identified using senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA β-Gal) activity and p21 immunohistochemistry, are very infrequent in resting muscle, but emerge approximately 2 weeks after a bout of resistance exercise in humans. We hypothesized that these cells contribute to blunted hypertrophic potential in old age. Using synergist ablation-induced mechanical overload (MOV) of the plantaris muscle to model resistance training in adult (5-6-month) and old (23-24-month) male C57BL/6 J mice, we found increased senescent cells in both age groups during hypertrophy. Consistent with the human data, there were negligible senescent cells in plantaris muscle from adult and old sham controls, but old mice had significantly more senescent cells 7 and 14 days following MOV relative to young. Old mice had blunted whole-muscle hypertrophy when compared to adult mice, along with smaller muscle fibers, specifically glycolytic type 2x + 2b fibers. To ablate senescent cells using a hit-and-run approach, old mice were treated with vehicle or a senolytic cocktail consisting of 5 mg/kg dasatinib and 50 mg/kg quercetin (D + Q) on days 7 and 10 during 14 days of MOV; control mice underwent sham surgery with or without senolytic treatment. Old mice given D + Q had larger muscles and muscle fibers after 14 days of MOV, fewer senescent cells when compared to vehicle-treated old mice, and changes in the expression of genes (i.e., Igf1, Ddit4, Mmp14) that are associated with hypertrophic growth. Our data collectively show that senescent cells emerge in human and mouse skeletal muscle following a hypertrophic stimulus and that D + Q improves muscle growth in old mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cory M Dungan
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA.
- College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, 900 S. Limestone, CTW 445, Lexington, KY, 40536, USA.
| | | | - Yuan Wen
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | | | | | - Nicholas T Thomas
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Health, Human Performance, and Recreation, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Camille R Brightwell
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Douglas E Long
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Philip A Kern
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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12
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Rodrigues NB, Pitol DL, Tocchini de Figueiredo FA, Tenfen das Chagas Lima AC, Burdick Henry T, Mardegan Issa JP, de Aragão Umbuzeiro G, Pereira BF. Microcystin-LR at sublethal concentrations induce rapid morphology of liver and muscle tissues in the fish species Astyanax altiparanae (Lambari). Toxicon 2022; 211:70-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2022.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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13
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Yu JS, Dare DM, Edon D, Sinatro AL, Sarver DC, Rodeo S, Dines JS, Mendias CL. Shoulder Lesions Do Not Increase Inflammatory Biomarkers in Patients Undergoing Surgery for Glenohumeral Instability: An Exploratory Study. TRANSLATIONAL SPORTS MEDICINE 2022; 2022:4220356. [PMID: 38655158 PMCID: PMC11022782 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4220356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Circulating protein biomarkers have demonstrated utility as a diagnostic tool in predicting musculoskeletal disease severity, but their utility in the evaluation of shoulder lesions associated with shoulder instability is unknown. Thus, the purpose of this exploratory study was to determine whether preoperative biomarkers of cartilage turnover and inflammation are associated with specific shoulder lesions in shoulder instability. Thirty-three patients (29.9 ± 9.4 years of age, 4.5 ± 4.7 dislocations) undergoing surgical treatment for shoulder instability were assessed for the presence or absence of associated shoulder lesions. Biomarkers including cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP), C-reactive protein (HS-CRP), interleukin-8 (IL-8), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1β (MIP-1b) were collected at the time of surgery. Patients with Hill-Sachs lesions had a 31% increase in COMP plasma levels (p=0.046). No other significant differences were observed for COMP, HS-CRP, IL-8, and MIP-1b with any shoulder lesion including Hill-Sachs lesions, capsular injuries, bony Bankart lesions, and SLAP lesions. In conclusion, inflammatory biomarkers including HS-CRP, IL-8, and MIP-1b were not associated with specific shoulder lesions, while biomarkers of cartilage turnover (COMP) were only elevated in Hill-Sachs lesions. These findings suggest that these biomarkers may have limited utility as prognostic indicators in patients with shoulder instability, though large-scale and longitudinal studies are still necessary.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan S. Yu
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - David M. Dare
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Raleigh Orthopedic Clinic, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Daniel Edon
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alec L. Sinatro
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Dylan C. Sarver
- Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Scott Rodeo
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Joshua S. Dines
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Christopher L. Mendias
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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14
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Myotendinous Junction: Exercise Protocols Can Positively Influence Their Development in Rats. Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10020480. [PMID: 35203688 PMCID: PMC8962292 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10020480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The myotendinous junction (MTJ) is an interface that different stimuli alter their morphology. One of the main stimuli to promote alterations in the MTJ morphology is physical exercise. The present study aimed to investigate the morphology and molecular MTJ adaptations of biceps brachii muscle in adult Wistar rats submitted to different ladder-based protocols. Forty Wistar rats (90 days old) were divided into four groups: Sedentary (S), Climbing (C), Overload Climbing (OC), Climbing, and Overload Climbing (COC). The results of light microscopy demonstrated the cell and collagen tissue reorganization in the experimental groups. The sarcomeres lengths of different regions showed a particular development according to the specific protocols. The sarcoplasmic invaginations and evaginations demonstrated positive increases that promoted the myotendinous interface development. In the extracellular matrix, the structures presented an increase principally in the COC group. Finally, the immunofluorescence analysis showed the telocytes disposition adjacent to the MTJ region in all experimental groups, revealing their network organization. Thus, we concluded that the different protocols contributed to the morphological adaptations with beneficial effects in distinct ways of tissue and cellular development and can be used as a model for MTJ remodeling to future proteomic and genetic analysis.
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15
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Petrosino JM, Longenecker JZ, Angell CD, Hinger SA, Martens CR, Accornero F. CCN2 participates in overload-induced skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Matrix Biol 2022; 106:1-11. [PMID: 35045313 PMCID: PMC8854352 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2022.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 01/02/2022] [Accepted: 01/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of skeletal muscle growth following pro-hypertrophic stimuli requires a coordinated response by different cell types that leads to extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling and increases in muscle cross-sectional area. Indeed, matricellular proteins serve a key role as communication vehicles that facilitate the propagation of signaling stimuli required for muscle adaptation to environmental challenges. We found that the matricellular protein cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2), also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), is induced during a time course of overload-driven skeletal muscle hypertrophy in mice. To elucidate the role of CCN2 in mediating the hypertrophic response, we utilized genetically engineered mouse models for myofiber-specific CCN2 gain- and loss-of-function and then examined their response to mechanical stimuli through muscle overload. Interestingly, myofiber-specific deletion of CCN2 blunted muscle's hypertrophic response to overload without interfering with ECM deposition. On the other hand, when in excess through transgenic CCN2 overexpression, CCN2 was efficient in promoting overload-induced aberrant ECM accumulation without affecting myofiber growth. Altogether, our genetic approaches highlighted independent ECM and myofiber stress adaptation responses, and positioned CCN2 as a central mediator of both. Mechanistically, CCN2 acts by regulating focal adhesion kinase (FAK) mediated transduction of overload-induced extracellular signals, including interleukin 6 (IL6), and their regulatory impact on global protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Overall, our study highlights the contribution of muscle-derived extracellular matrix factor CCN2 for proper hypertrophic muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Petrosino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Jacob Z Longenecker
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Colin D Angell
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Scott A Hinger
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Colton R Martens
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, 473 W 12th Ave, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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16
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Differences in Knee Extensors’ Muscle–Tendon Unit Passive Stiffness, Architecture, and Force Production in Competitive Cyclists Versus Runners. J Appl Biomech 2022; 38:412-423. [DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
To describe the possible effects of chronic specific exercise training, the present study compared the anthropometric variables, muscle–tendon unit (MTU) architecture, passive stiffness, and force production capacity between a group of competitive cyclists and runners. Twenty-seven competitive male cyclists (n = 16) and runners (n = 11) participated. B-mode ultrasound evaluation of the vastus lateralis muscle and patellar tendon as well as passive stiffness of the knee extensors MTU were assessed. The athletes then performed a test of knee extensor maximal voluntary isometric contractions. Cyclists displayed greater thigh girths, vastus lateralis pennation angle and muscle thickness, patellar tendon cross-sectional area, and MTU passive stiffness than runners (P < .05). Knee extensor force production capacity also differed significantly, with cyclists showing greater values compared with runners (P < .05). Overall, the direct comparison of these 2 populations revealed specific differences in the MTU, conceivably related to the chronic requirements imposed through the training for the different disciplines.
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17
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Sheng H, Guo Y, Zhang L, Zhang J, Miao M, Tan H, Hu D, Li X, Ding X, Li G, Guo H. Proteomic Studies on the Mechanism of Myostatin Regulating Cattle Skeletal Muscle Development. Front Genet 2021; 12:752129. [PMID: 34868225 PMCID: PMC8635237 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.752129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Myostatin (MSTN) is an important negative regulator of muscle growth and development. In this study, we performed comparatively the proteomics analyses of gluteus tissues from MSTN+/− Mongolian cattle (MG.MSTN+/−) and wild type Mongolian cattle (MG.WT) using a shotgun-based tandem mass tag (TMT) 6-plex labeling method to investigate the regulation mechanism of MSTN on the growth and development of bovine skeletal muscle. A total of 1,950 proteins were identified in MG.MSTN+/− and MG.WT. Compared with MG.WT cattle, a total of 320 differentially expressed proteins were identified in MG.MSTN cattle, including 245 up-regulated differentially expressed proteins and 75 down-regulated differentially expressed proteins. Bioinformatics analysis showed that knockdown of the MSTN gene increased the expression of extracellular matrix and ribosome-related proteins, induced activation of focal adhesion, PI3K-AKT, and Ribosomal pathways. The results of proteomic analysis were verified by muscle tissue Western blot test and in vitro MSTN gene knockdown test, and it was found that knockdown MSTN gene expression could promote the proliferation and myogenic differentiation of bovine skeletal muscle satellite cells (BSMSCs). At the same time, Co-Immunoprecipitation (CO-IP) assay showed that MSTN gene interacted with extracellular matrix related protein type I collagen α 1 (COL1A1), and knocking down the expression of COL1A1 could inhibit the activity of adhesion, PI3K-AKT and ribosome pathway, thus inhibit BSMSCs proliferation. These results suggest that the MSTN gene regulates focal adhesion, PI3K-AKT, and Ribosomal pathway through the COL1A1 gene. In general, this study provides new insights into the regulatory mechanism of MSTN involved in muscle growth and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Sheng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yiwen Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Junxing Zhang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Manning Miao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Haoyun Tan
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Debao Hu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiangbin Ding
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guangpeng Li
- The Key Laboratory of Mammalian Reproductive Biology and Biotechnology of the Ministry of Education, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot, China
| | - Hong Guo
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Breeding and Healthy Husbandry, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, China
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18
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Valentino T, Figueiredo VC, Mobley CB, McCarthy JJ, Vechetti IJ. Evidence of myomiR regulation of the pentose phosphate pathway during mechanical load-induced hypertrophy. Physiol Rep 2021; 9:e15137. [PMID: 34889054 PMCID: PMC8661100 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Many of the molecular and cellular mechanisms discovered to regulate skeletal muscle hypertrophy were first identified using the rodent synergist ablation model. This model reveals the intrinsic capability and necessary pathways of skeletal muscle growth in response to mechanical overload (MOV). Reminiscent of the rapid cellular growth observed with cancer, we hypothesized that in response to MOV, skeletal muscle would undergo metabolic programming to sustain increased demands to support hypertrophy. To test this hypothesis, we analyzed the gene expression of specific metabolic pathways taken from transcriptomic microarray data of a MOV time course. We found an upregulation of genes involved in the oxidative branch of the pentose phosphate pathways (PPP) and mitochondrial branch of the folate cycle suggesting an increase in the production of NADPH. In addition, we sought to determine the potential role of skeletal muscle-enriched microRNA (myomiRs) and satellite cells in the regulation of the metabolic pathways that changed during MOV. We observed an inverse pattern in gene expression between muscle-enriched myomiR-1 and its known target gene glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase, G6pdx, suggesting myomiR regulation of PPP activation in response to MOV. Satellite cell fusion had a significant but modest impact on PPP gene expression. These transcriptomic findings suggest the robust muscle hypertrophy induced by MOV requires enhanced redox metabolism via PPP production of NADPH which is potentially regulated by a myomiR network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor Valentino
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Vandre C. Figueiredo
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Department of Physical TherapyCollege of Health SciencesUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | | | - John J. McCarthy
- Department of PhysiologyCollege of MedicineLexingtonKentuckyUSA
- Center for Muscle BiologyUniversity of KentuckyLexingtonKentuckyUSA
| | - Ivan J. Vechetti
- Department of Nutrition and Health SciencesCollege of Education and Human SciencesUniversity of Nebraska‐LincolnLincolnNebraskaUSA
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19
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Wen Y, Dungan CM, Mobley CB, Valentino T, von Walden F, Murach KA. Nucleus Type-Specific DNA Methylomics Reveals Epigenetic "Memory" of Prior Adaptation in Skeletal Muscle. FUNCTION (OXFORD, ENGLAND) 2021; 2:zqab038. [PMID: 34870208 PMCID: PMC8636928 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqab038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Revised: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Using a mouse model of conditional and inducible in vivo fluorescent myonuclear labeling (HSA-GFP), sorting purification of nuclei, low-input reduced representation bisulfite sequencing (RRBS), and a translatable and reversible model of exercise (progressive weighted wheel running, PoWeR), we provide the first nucleus type-specific epigenetic information on skeletal muscle adaptation and detraining. Adult (>4 mo) HSA-GFP mice performed PoWeR for 8 wk then detrained for 12 wk; age-matched untrained mice were used to control for the long duration of the study. Myonuclei and interstitial nuclei from plantaris muscles were isolated for RRBS. Relative to untrained, PoWeR caused similar myonuclear CpG hypo- and hyper-methylation of promoter regions and substantial hypomethylation in interstitial nuclear promoters. Over-representation analysis of promoters revealed a larger number of hyper- versus hypo-methylated pathways in both nuclear populations after training and evidence for reciprocal regulation of methylation between nucleus types, with hypomethylation of promoter regions in Wnt signaling-related genes in myonuclei and hypermethylation in interstitial nuclei. After 12 wk of detraining, promoter CpGs in documented muscle remodeling-associated genes and pathways that were differentially methylated immediately after PoWeR were persistently differentially methylated in myonuclei, along with long-term promoter hypomethylation in interstitial nuclei. No enduring gene expression changes in muscle tissue were observed using RNA-sequencing. Upon 4 wk of retraining, mice that trained previously grew more at the whole muscle and fiber type-specific cellular level than training naïve mice, with no difference in myonuclear number. Muscle nuclei have a methylation epi-memory of prior training that may augment muscle adaptability to retraining.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Wen
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Cory M Dungan
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA,College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - C Brooks Mobley
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Taylor Valentino
- Department of Physiology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40508, USA,The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA
| | - Ferdinand von Walden
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm 171 77, Sweden
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20
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Behmer Hansen RA, Wang X, Kaw G, Pierre V, Senyo SE. Accounting for Material Changes in Decellularized Tissue with Underutilized Methodologies. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 2021:6696295. [PMID: 34159202 PMCID: PMC8187050 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6696295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tissue decellularization has rapidly developed to be a practical approach in tissue engineering research; biological tissue is cleared of cells resulting in a protein-rich husk as a natural scaffold for growing transplanted cells as a donor organ therapy. Minimally processed, acellular extracellular matrix reproduces natural interactions with cells in vitro and for tissue engineering applications in animal models. There are many decellularization techniques that achieve preservation of molecular profile (proteins and sugars), microstructure features such as organization of ECM layers (interstitial matrix and basement membrane) and organ level macrofeatures (vasculature and tissue compartments). While structural and molecular cues receive attention, mechanical and material properties of decellularized tissues are not often discussed. The effects of decellularization on an organ depend on the tissue properties, clearing mechanism, chemical interactions, solubility, temperature, and treatment duration. Physical characterization by a few labs including work from the authors provides evidence that decellularization protocols should be tailored to specific research questions. Physical characterization beyond histology and immunohistochemistry of the decellularized matrix (dECM) extends evaluation of retained functional features of the original tissue. We direct our attention to current technologies that can be employed for structure function analysis of dECM using underutilized tools such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), mass spectrometry, and rheometry. Structural imaging and mechanical functional testing combined with high-throughput molecular analyses opens a new approach for a deeper appreciation of how cellular behavior is influenced by the isolated microenvironment (specifically dECM). Additionally, the impact of these features with different decellularization techniques and generation of synthetic material scaffolds with desired attributes are informed. Ultimately, this mechanical profiling provides a new dimension to our understanding of decellularized matrix and its role in new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan A. Behmer Hansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Xinming Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Gitanjali Kaw
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Valinteshley Pierre
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
| | - Samuel E. Senyo
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH, USA
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21
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Yegorova S, Yegorov O, Ferreira LF. RNA-sequencing reveals transcriptional signature of pathological remodeling in the diaphragm of rats after myocardial infarction. Gene 2020; 770:145356. [PMID: 33333219 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2020.145356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The diaphragm is the main inspiratory muscle, and the chronic phase post-myocardial infarction (MI) is characterized by diaphragm morphological, contractile, and metabolic abnormalities. However, the mechanisms of diaphragm weakness are not fully understood. In the current study, we aimed to identify the transcriptome changes associated with diaphragm abnormalities in the chronic stage MI. We ligated the left coronary artery to cause MI in rats and performed RNA-sequencing (RNA-Seq) in diaphragm samples 16 weeks post-surgery. The sham group underwent thoracotomy and pericardiotomy but no artery ligation. We identified 112 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) out of a total of 9664 genes. Myocardial infarction upregulated and downregulated 42 and 70 genes, respectively. Analysis of DEGs in the framework of skeletal muscle-specific biological networks suggest remodeling in the neuromuscular junction, extracellular matrix, sarcomere, cytoskeleton, and changes in metabolism and iron homeostasis. Overall, the data are consistent with pathological remodeling of the diaphragm and reveal potential biological targets to prevent diaphragm weakness in the chronic stage MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana Yegorova
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Oleg Yegorov
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
| | - Leonardo F Ferreira
- Department of Applied Physiology and Kinesiology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA.
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22
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Bass JJ, Nakhuda A, Deane CS, Brook MS, Wilkinson DJ, Phillips BE, Philp A, Tarum J, Kadi F, Andersen D, Garcia AM, Smith K, Gallagher IJ, Szewczyk NJ, Cleasby ME, Atherton PJ. Overexpression of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) induces skeletal muscle hypertrophy. Mol Metab 2020; 42:101059. [PMID: 32771696 PMCID: PMC7475200 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2020.101059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The Vitamin D receptor (VDR) has been positively associated with skeletal muscle mass, function and regeneration. Mechanistic studies have focused on the loss of the receptor, with in vivo whole-body knockout models demonstrating reduced myofibre size and function and impaired muscle development. To understand the mechanistic role upregulation of the VDR elicits in muscle mass/health, we studied the impact of VDR over-expression (OE) in vivo before exploring the importance of VDR expression upon muscle hypertrophy in humans. METHODS Wistar rats underwent in vivo electrotransfer (IVE) to overexpress the VDR in the Tibialis anterior (TA) muscle for 10 days, before comprehensive physiological and metabolic profiling to characterise the influence of VDR-OE on muscle protein synthesis (MPS), anabolic signalling and satellite cell activity. Stable isotope tracer (D2O) techniques were used to assess sub-fraction protein synthesis, alongside RNA-Seq analysis. Finally, human participants underwent 20 wks of resistance exercise training, with body composition and transcriptomic analysis. RESULTS Muscle VDR-OE yielded total protein and RNA accretion, manifesting in increased myofibre area, i.e., hypertrophy. The observed increases in MPS were associated with enhanced anabolic signalling, reflecting translational efficiency (e.g., mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR-signalling), with no effects upon protein breakdown markers being observed. Additionally, RNA-Seq illustrated marked extracellular matrix (ECM) remodelling, while satellite cell content, markers of proliferation and associated cell-cycled related gene-sets were upregulated. Finally, induction of VDR mRNA correlated with muscle hypertrophy in humans following long-term resistance exercise type training. CONCLUSION VDR-OE stimulates muscle hypertrophy ostensibly via heightened protein synthesis, translational efficiency, ribosomal expansion and upregulation of ECM remodelling-related gene-sets. Furthermore, VDR expression is a robust marker of the hypertrophic response to resistance exercise in humans. The VDR is a viable target of muscle maintenance through testable Vitamin D molecules, as active molecules and analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph J Bass
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Asif Nakhuda
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Colleen S Deane
- Department of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, EX1 2LU, UK
| | - Matthew S Brook
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Daniel J Wilkinson
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Bethan E Phillips
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- Mitochondrial Metabolism and Ageing Laboratory, Diabetes and Metabolism Division, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, NSW, 2010, Australia; School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Janelle Tarum
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Sweden
| | - Fawzi Kadi
- School of Health Sciences, Örebro University, 70182, Sweden
| | - Ditte Andersen
- Molecular Physiology of Diabetes Laboratory, Dept. of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Amadeo Muñoz Garcia
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research, The University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK; Department of Bioinformatics - BiGCaT, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Metabolism in Translational Research, Maastricht University, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Ken Smith
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Iain J Gallagher
- Physiology, Exercise and Nutrition Research Group, Faculty of Health Sciences and Sport, University of Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Nathaniel J Szewczyk
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK
| | - Mark E Cleasby
- Molecular Physiology of Diabetes Laboratory, Dept. of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Philip J Atherton
- MRC/ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre (BRC), School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, DE22 3DT, UK.
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Englund DA, Figueiredo VC, Dungan CM, Murach KA, Peck BD, Petrosino JM, Brightwell CR, Dupont AM, Neal AC, Fry CS, Accornero F, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Satellite Cell Depletion Disrupts Transcriptional Coordination and Muscle Adaptation to Exercise. FUNCTION 2020; 2:zqaa033. [PMID: 34109314 PMCID: PMC8179974 DOI: 10.1093/function/zqaa033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Satellite cells are required for postnatal development, skeletal muscle regeneration across the lifespan, and skeletal muscle hypertrophy prior to maturity. Our group has aimed to address whether satellite cells are required for hypertrophic growth in mature skeletal muscle. Here, we generated a comprehensive characterization and transcriptome-wide profiling of skeletal muscle during adaptation to exercise in the presence or absence of satellite cells in order to identify distinct phenotypes and gene networks influenced by satellite cell content. We administered vehicle or tamoxifen to adult Pax7-DTA mice and subjected them to progressive weighted wheel running (PoWeR). We then performed immunohistochemical analysis and whole-muscle RNA-seq of vehicle (SC+) and tamoxifen-treated (SC-) mice. Further, we performed single myonuclear RNA-seq to provide detailed information on how satellite cell fusion affects myonuclear transcription. We show that while skeletal muscle can mount a robust hypertrophic response to PoWeR in the absence of satellite cells, growth, and adaptation are ultimately blunted. Transcriptional profiling reveals several gene networks key to muscle adaptation are altered in the absence of satellite cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A Englund
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Vandré C Figueiredo
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Cory M Dungan
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Bailey D Peck
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Jennifer M Petrosino
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Camille R Brightwell
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Alec M Dupont
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Ally C Neal
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Athletic Training and Clinical Nutrition, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Federica Accornero
- Department of Physiology and Cell Biology, Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - John J McCarthy
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
- Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, USA
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24
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Reggiani C, Schiaffino S. Muscle hypertrophy and muscle strength: dependent or independent variables? A provocative review. Eur J Transl Myol 2020; 30:9311. [PMID: 33117512 PMCID: PMC7582410 DOI: 10.4081/ejtm.2020.9311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The question whether the muscle hypertrophy induced by resistance training, hormone administration or genetic manipulation is accompanied by a proportional increase in muscle strength is still open. This review summarizes and analyses data obtained in human and rodent muscles in studies that have monitored in parallel changes in muscle size and changes in muscle force, measured in isometric contractions in vivo, in isolated muscles ex vivo (in rodents) and in single muscle fibers. Although a general positive relation exists among the two variables, a number of studies show a clear dissociation with increase of muscle size with no change or even decrease in strength and, vice versa, increase in strength without increase in size. The possible mechanisms of such dissociation, which involves neural motor control and/or cellular and molecular adaptations of muscle fibers, are briefly discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences of the University of Padova, Padova, Italy.,Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Koper, Slovenia
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25
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Myotendinous junction adaptations to ladder-based resistance training: identification of a new telocyte niche. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14124. [PMID: 32839490 PMCID: PMC7445244 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70971-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study shows chronic adjustments in the myotendinous junction (MTJ) in response to different ladder-based resistance training (LRT) protocols. Thirty adult male Wistar rats were divided into groups: sedentary (S), calisthenics (LRT without additional load [C]), and resistance-trained (LRT with extra weight [R]). We demonstrated longer lengths of sarcoplasmatic invaginations in the trained groups; however, evaginations were seen mainly in group R. We showed a greater thickness of sarcoplasmatic invaginations in groups C and R, in addition to greater evaginations in R. We also observed thinner basal lamina in trained groups. The support collagen layer (SCL) adjacent to the MTJ and the diameters of the transverse fibrils were larger in R. We also discovered a niche of telocytes in the MTJ with electron micrographs of the plantar muscle and with immunostaining with CD34+ in the gastrocnemius muscle near the blood vessels and pericytes. We concluded that the continuous adjustments in the MTJ ultrastructure were the result of tissue plasticity induced by LRT, which is causally related to muscle hypertrophy and, consequently, to the remodeling of the contact interface. Also, we reveal the existence of a collagen layer adjacent to MTJ and discover a new micro anatomic location of telocytes.
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26
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Jorgenson KW, Phillips SM, Hornberger TA. Identifying the Structural Adaptations that Drive the Mechanical Load-Induced Growth of Skeletal Muscle: A Scoping Review. Cells 2020; 9:cells9071658. [PMID: 32660165 PMCID: PMC7408414 DOI: 10.3390/cells9071658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The maintenance of skeletal muscle mass plays a critical role in health and quality of life. One of the most potent regulators of skeletal muscle mass is mechanical loading, and numerous studies have led to a reasonably clear understanding of the macroscopic and microscopic changes that occur when the mechanical environment is altered. For instance, an increase in mechanical loading induces a growth response that is mediated, at least in part, by an increase in the cross-sectional area of the myofibers (i.e., myofiber hypertrophy). However, very little is known about the ultrastructural adaptations that drive this response. Even the most basic questions, such as whether mechanical load-induced myofiber hypertrophy is mediated by an increase in the size of the pre-existing myofibrils and/or an increase in the number myofibrils, have not been resolved. In this review, we thoroughly summarize what is currently known about the macroscopic, microscopic and ultrastructural changes that drive mechanical load-induced growth and highlight the critical gaps in knowledge that need to be filled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kent W. Jorgenson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
| | - Stuart M. Phillips
- Department of Kinesiology, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada;
| | - Troy A. Hornberger
- School of Veterinary Medicine and the Department of Comparative Biosciences, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA;
- Correspondence:
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27
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Gumucio JP, Schonk MM, Kharaz YA, Comerford E, Mendias CL. Scleraxis is required for the growth of adult tendons in response to mechanical loading. JCI Insight 2020; 5:138295. [PMID: 32463804 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.138295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Scleraxis is a basic helix-loop-helix transcription factor that plays a central role in promoting tenocyte proliferation and matrix synthesis during embryonic tendon development. However, the role of scleraxis in the growth and adaptation of adult tendons is not known. We hypothesized that scleraxis is required for tendon growth in response to mechanical loading and that scleraxis promotes the specification of progenitor cells into tenocytes. We conditionally deleted scleraxis in adult mice using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase expressed from the Rosa26 locus (ScxΔ) and then induced tendon growth in Scx+ and ScxΔ adult mice via plantaris tendon mechanical overload. Compared with the WT Scx+ group, ScxΔ mice demonstrated blunted tendon growth. Transcriptional and proteomic analyses revealed significant reductions in cell proliferation, protein synthesis, and extracellular matrix genes and proteins. Our results indicate that scleraxis is required for mechanically stimulated adult tendon growth by causing the commitment of CD146+ pericytes into the tenogenic lineage and by promoting the initial expansion of newly committed tenocytes and the production of extracellular matrix proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Gumucio
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | | | - Yalda A Kharaz
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, and Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Eithne Comerford
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, Institute of Ageing and Chronic Disease, and Medical Research Council Versus Arthritis Centre for Integrated Research into Musculoskeletal Ageing, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology and.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology & Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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28
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Fukada SI, Akimoto T, Sotiropoulos A. Role of damage and management in muscle hypertrophy: Different behaviors of muscle stem cells in regeneration and hypertrophy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118742. [PMID: 32417255 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a dynamic tissue with two unique abilities; one is its excellent regenerative ability, due to the activity of skeletal muscle-resident stem cells named muscle satellite cells (MuSCs); and the other is the adaptation of myofiber size in response to external stimulation, intrinsic factors, or physical activity, which is known as plasticity. Low physical activity and some disease conditions lead to the reduction of myofiber size, called atrophy, whereas hypertrophy refers to the increase in myofiber size induced by high physical activity or anabolic hormones/drugs. MuSCs are essential for generating new myofibers during regeneration and the increase in new myonuclei during hypertrophy; however, there has been little investigation of the molecular mechanisms underlying MuSC activation, proliferation, and differentiation during hypertrophy compared to those of regeneration. One reason is that 'degenerative damage' to myofibers during muscle injury or upon hypertrophy (especially overloaded muscle) is believed to trigger similar activation/proliferation of MuSCs. However, evidence suggests that degenerative damage of myofibers is not necessary for MuSC activation/proliferation during hypertrophy. When considering MuSC-based therapy for atrophy, including sarcopenia, it will be indispensable to elucidate MuSC behaviors in muscles that exhibit non-degenerative damage, because degenerated myofibers are not present in the atrophied muscles. In this review, we summarize recent findings concerning the relationship between MuSCs and hypertrophy, and discuss what remains to be discovered to inform the development and application of relevant treatments for muscle atrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- So-Ichiro Fukada
- Project for Muscle Stem Cell Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan.
| | | | - Athanassia Sotiropoulos
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1016, Institut Cochin, Paris, France
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29
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Csapo R, Gumpenberger M, Wessner B. Skeletal Muscle Extracellular Matrix - What Do We Know About Its Composition, Regulation, and Physiological Roles? A Narrative Review. Front Physiol 2020; 11:253. [PMID: 32265741 PMCID: PMC7096581 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.00253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle represents the largest body-composition component in humans. In addition to its primary function in the maintenance of upright posture and the production of movement, it also plays important roles in many other physiological processes, including thermogenesis, metabolism and the secretion of peptides for communication with other tissues. Research attempting to unveil these processes has traditionally focused on muscle fibers, i.e., the contractile muscle cells. However, it is a frequently overlooked fact that muscle fibers reside in a three-dimensional scaffolding that consists of various collagens, glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and elastin, and is commonly referred to as extracellular matrix (ECM). While initially believed to be relatively inert, current research reveals the involvement of ECM cells in numerous important physiological processes. In interaction with other cells, such as fibroblasts or cells of the immune system, the ECM regulates muscle development, growth and repair and is essential for effective muscle contraction and force transmission. Since muscle ECM is highly malleable, its texture and, consequently, physiological roles may be affected by physical training and disuse, aging or various diseases, such as diabetes. With the aim to stimulate increased efforts to study this still poorly understood tissue, this narrative review summarizes the current body of knowledge on (i) the composition and structure of the ECM, (ii) molecular pathways involved in ECM remodeling, (iii) the physiological roles of muscle ECM, (iv) dysregulations of ECM with aging and disease as well as (v) the adaptations of muscle ECM to training and disuse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Csapo
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria
| | - Matthias Gumpenberger
- Research Unit for Orthopaedic Sports Medicine and Injury Prevention, Institute for Sports Medicine, Alpine Medicine & Health Tourism, UMIT - Private University for Health Sciences, Medical Informatics and Technology, Hall, Austria
| | - Barbara Wessner
- Department of Sports Medicine, Exercise Physiology and Prevention, Centre for Sport Science and University Sports, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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30
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Dvoretskiy S, Garg K, Munroe M, Pincu Y, Mahmassani ZS, Coombs C, Blackwell B, Garcia G, Waterstradt G, Lee I, Drnevich J, Rhodes JS, Boppart MD. The impact of skeletal muscle contraction on CD146 +Lin - pericytes. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2019; 317:C1011-C1024. [PMID: 31433691 PMCID: PMC6879875 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00156.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Unaccustomed resistance exercise can initiate skeletal muscle remodeling and adaptive mechanisms that can confer protection from damage and enhanced strength with subsequent stimulation. The myofiber may provide the primary origin for adaptation, yet multiple mononuclear cell types within the surrounding connective tissue may also contribute. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the acute response of muscle-resident interstitial cells to contraction initiated by electrical stimulation (e-stim) and subsequently determine the contribution of pericytes to remodeling as a result of training. Mice were subjected to bilateral e-stim or sham treatment. Following a single session of e-stim, NG2+CD45-CD31- (NG2+Lin-) pericyte, CD146+Lin- pericyte, and PDGFRα+ fibroadipogenic progenitor cell quantity and function were evaluated via multiplex flow cytometry and targeted quantitative PCR. Relative quantity was not significantly altered 24 h postcontraction, yet unique gene signatures were observed for each cell population at 3 h postcontraction. CD146+Lin- pericytes appeared to be most responsive to contraction, and upregulation of genes related to immunomodulation and extracellular matrix remodeling was observed via RNA sequencing. Intramuscular injection of CD146+Lin- pericytes did not significantly increase myofiber size yet enhanced ECM remodeling and angiogenesis in response to repeated bouts of e-stim for 4 wk. The results from this study provide the first evidence that CD146+Lin- pericytes are responsive to skeletal muscle contraction and may contribute to the beneficial outcomes associated with exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svyatoslav Dvoretskiy
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Koyal Garg
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Michael Munroe
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Yair Pincu
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Ziad S Mahmassani
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Charlotte Coombs
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Brent Blackwell
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Gabriela Garcia
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Garret Waterstradt
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Isaac Lee
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Jenny Drnevich
- Roy J. Carver Biotechnology Center, High Performance Biological Computing, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Justin S Rhodes
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience Program, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
| | - Marni D Boppart
- Department of Kinesiology and Community Health, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois
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Gumucio JP, Qasawa AH, Ferrara PJ, Malik AN, Funai K, McDonagh B, Mendias CL. Reduced mitochondrial lipid oxidation leads to fat accumulation in myosteatosis. FASEB J 2019; 33:7863-7881. [PMID: 30939247 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802457rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Myosteatosis is the pathologic accumulation of lipid that can occur in conjunction with atrophy and fibrosis following skeletal muscle injury. Little is known about the mechanisms by which lipid accumulates in myosteatosis, but many clinical studies have demonstrated that the degree of lipid infiltration negatively correlates with muscle function and regeneration. Our objective was to determine the pathologic changes that result in lipid accumulation in injured muscle fibers. We used a rat model of rotator cuff injury in this study because the rotator cuff muscle group is particularly prone to the development of myosteatosis after injury. Muscles were collected from uninjured controls or 10, 30, or 60 d after injury and analyzed using a combination of muscle fiber contractility assessments, RNA sequencing, and undirected metabolomics, lipidomics, and proteomics, along with bioinformatics techniques to identify potential pathways and cellular processes that are dysregulated after rotator cuff tear. Bioinformatics analyses indicated that mitochondrial function was likely disrupted after injury. Based on these findings and given the role that mitochondria play in lipid metabolism, we then performed targeted biochemical and imaging studies and determined that mitochondrial dysfunction and reduced fatty acid oxidation likely leads to the accumulation of lipid in myosteatosis.-Gumucio, J. P., Qasawa, A. H., Ferrara, P. J., Malik, A. N., Funai, K., McDonagh, B., Mendias, C. L. Reduced mitochondrial lipid oxidation leads to fat accumulation in myosteatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan P Gumucio
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Austin H Qasawa
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Patrick J Ferrara
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Afshan N Malik
- Department of Diabetes, School of Life Course Sciences, Faculty of Life Sciences and Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Katsuhiko Funai
- Diabetes and Metabolism Research Center, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Brian McDonagh
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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Lima TRD, Martins PC, Moraes MS, Silva DAS. ASSOCIATION OF FLEXIBILITY WITH SOCIODEMOGRAPHIC FACTORS, PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, MUSCLE STRENGTH, AND AEROBIC FITNESS IN ADOLESCENTS FROM SOUTHERN BRAZIL. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 37:202-208. [PMID: 30624538 PMCID: PMC6651317 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2019;37;2;00005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To identify sociodemographic, physical activity, and physical fitness factors associated with flexibility. Methods: Cross-sectional study with 909 adolescents (486 girls) aged 14 to 19 years from the city of São José, Santa Catarina, Brazil. To evaluate flexibility, we used the sit and reach test. Sociodemographic and physical activity data were collected by a self-administered questionnaire. We analyzed muscle strength with manual dynamometry. Aerobic fitness was assessed with the modified Canadian aerobic fitness test, and physical activity with a questionnaire. We used multiple linear regression to identify the variables associated with flexibility, with a significance level of 5%. Results: For each additional centimeter in the girls’ levels of flexibility, the boys were 2.94 cm less flexible. In addition, the increment of 0.12 kg/force in muscle strength levels increased the levels of flexibility in 1 cm. Conclusions: Lower levels of flexibility were associated with male adolescents and with reduced strength levels.
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Murach KA, Fry CS, Kirby TJ, Jackson JR, Lee JD, White SH, Dupont-Versteegden EE, McCarthy JJ, Peterson CA. Starring or Supporting Role? Satellite Cells and Skeletal Muscle Fiber Size Regulation. Physiology (Bethesda) 2018; 33:26-38. [PMID: 29212890 PMCID: PMC5866409 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00019.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Revised: 09/18/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent loss-of-function studies show that satellite cell depletion does not promote sarcopenia or unloading-induced atrophy, and does not prevent regrowth. Although overload-induced muscle fiber hypertrophy is normally associated with satellite cell-mediated myonuclear accretion, hypertrophic adaptation proceeds in the absence of satellite cells in fully grown adult mice, but not in young growing mice. Emerging evidence also indicates that satellite cells play an important role in remodeling the extracellular matrix during hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin A Murach
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Christopher S Fry
- Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Health Professions, University of Texas Medical Branch at Galveston, Galveston, Texas
| | - Tyler J Kirby
- The Weill Institute for Cell and Molecular Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Janna R Jackson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Jonah D Lee
- Environment, Health, and Safety, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Sarah H White
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas; and
| | - Esther E Dupont-Versteegden
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - John J McCarthy
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
| | - Charlotte A Peterson
- The Center for Muscle Biology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky;
- Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky
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Pingel J, Suhr F. Are mechanically sensitive regulators involved in the function and (patho)physiology of cerebral palsy-related contractures? J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2017; 38:317-330. [PMID: 29190010 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-017-9489-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle tissue is mechanosensitive, as it is able to sense mechanical impacts and to translate these into biochemical signals making the tissue adapt. Among its mechanosensitive nature, skeletal muscle tissue is the largest metabolic organ of the human body. Disturbances in skeletal muscle mechanosensing and metabolism cause and contribute to many diseases, i.e. muscular dystrophies/myopathies, cardiovascular diseases, COPD or diabetes mellitus type 2. A less commonly focused muscle-related disorder is clinically known as muscle contractures that derive from cerebral palsy (CP) conditions in young and adults. Muscle contractures are characterized by gradually increasing passive muscle stiffness resulting in complete fixation of joints. Different mechanisms have been identified in CP-related contractures, i.e. altered calcium handling, altered metabolism or altered titin regulation. The muscle-related extracellular matrix (ECM), specifically collagens, plays a role in CP-related contractures. Herein, we focus on mechanically sensitive complexes, known as costameres (Cstms), and discuss their potential role in CP-related contractures. We extend our discussion to the ECM due to the limited knowledge of its role in CP-related contractures. The aims of this review are (1) to summarize CP-related contracture mechanisms, (2) to raise novel hypotheses on the genesis of contractures with a focus on Cstms, and (3) to stimulate novel approaches to study CP-related contractures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Pingel
- Motor Control Lab, Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3b, 2200, Copenhagen N, Denmark.
| | - Frank Suhr
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Group, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, box 1500, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.
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Sugg KB, Korn MA, Sarver DC, Markworth JF, Mendias CL. Inhibition of platelet-derived growth factor signaling prevents muscle fiber growth during skeletal muscle hypertrophy. FEBS Lett 2017; 591:801-809. [PMID: 28129672 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The platelet-derived growth factor receptors alpha and beta (PDGFRα and PDGFRβ) mark fibroadipogenic progenitor cells/fibroblasts and pericytes in skeletal muscle, respectively. While the role that these cells play in muscle growth and development has been evaluated, it was not known whether the PDGF receptors activate signaling pathways that control transcriptional and functional changes during skeletal muscle hypertrophy. To evaluate this, we inhibited PDGFR signaling in mice subjected to a synergist ablation muscle growth procedure, and performed analyses 3 and 10 days after induction of hypertrophy. The results from this study indicate that PDGF signaling is required for fiber hypertrophy, extracellular matrix production, and angiogenesis that occur during muscle growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristoffer B Sugg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Section of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Michael A Korn
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Dylan C Sarver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - James F Markworth
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular & Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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