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Miyahara S, Maeda K, Matsui Y, Satake S, Arai H. Association of body mass index-adjusted calf circumference with appendicular skeletal muscle mass and fall risk in older adults. Eur Geriatr Med 2024:10.1007/s41999-024-01034-6. [PMID: 39143418 DOI: 10.1007/s41999-024-01034-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 07/31/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aims to evaluate the utility of body mass index (BMI)-adjusted calf circumference (CC) in estimating skeletal muscle mass and diagnosing sarcopenia, as well as its association with falls, a common adverse event in sarcopenia. METHODS This study used cross-sectional and longitudinal designs. The CC cut-off values and the diagnosis of sarcopenia were based on valid diagnostic criteria. BMI-adjusted CC was based on previous studies, with muscle mass measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. To evaluate the diagnostic performance of BMI-adjusted CC for low muscle mass and sarcopenia, receiver operating characteristic curves were generated, and the area under the curve (AUC) values were compared using DeLong's test. Over a 1 year follow-up period, factors associated with falls were examined using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS In the study of 901 older adults (77.6 ± 6.1 years, 63.6% women), 38.1% of men and 42.1% of women had a BMI outside the 18.5-24.9 kg/m2 range. BMI-adjusted CC significantly lowered the AUC values for diagnosing low skeletal muscle mass and sarcopenia in both sexes (P < 0.001). Longitudinal univariate logistic regression analysis in women revealed that unadjusted CC was not significantly associated with fall risk, whereas BMI-adjusted CC significantly reduced fall risk at higher values. However, this association was no longer present in the multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION The utility of BMI-adjusted CC in assessing skeletal muscle mass was not confirmed. The potential value of BMI-adjusted CC has been suggested regarding falls. Further research is warranted to better elucidate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuzo Miyahara
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Department of Community Healthcare and Geriatrics, Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya University, 65 Tsurumai-cho, Showa-ku, Nagoya, Aichi, 466-8550, Japan
| | - Keisuke Maeda
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan.
- Nutrition Therapy Support Center, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Yasumoto Matsui
- Center for Frailty and Locomotive Syndrome, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Shosuke Satake
- Department of Geriatric Medicine, Hospital, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
- Department of Frailty Research, Institute, National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
| | - Hidenori Arai
- National Center for Geriatrics and Gerontology, 7-430, Morioka-cho, Obu, Aichi, 474-8511, Japan
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Kim HJ, Kim JY, Kim SH. Performance of calf circumference in identifying sarcopenia in older patients with chronic low back pain: a retrospective cross-sectional study. BMC Geriatr 2024; 24:674. [PMID: 39127641 DOI: 10.1186/s12877-024-05263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 07/30/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calf circumference is currently recommended as a case-finding marker for sarcopenia, but its usefulness has not been determined in chronic pain conditions. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the predictive performance of calf circumference in diagnosing sarcopenia in older patients with chronic low back pain. METHODS Ambulatory adult patients aged ≥ 65 years with chronic low back pain were enrolled. A diagnosis of sarcopenia was established based on the criteria outlined by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in 2019. Patient demographics, pain-related factors, clinical factors, and sarcopenia-related measurements were compared between non-sarcopenic and sarcopenic patients. Linear regression analysis was used to evaluate the correlation of calf circumference with muscle mass, strength, and physical performance. Also, a receiver operating characteristic curve analysis for calf circumference in predicting sarcopenia was conducted; and area under the curve (AUC) values, along with their corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI), were calculated. RESULTS Data from 592 patients were included in the analysis. Eighty-five patients were diagnosed with sarcopenia (14.3%), 71 of whom had severe sarcopenia (11.9%). A higher prevalence of sarcopenia was observed in female patients (9.0% vs. 16.7%, p = 0.016). After adjusting for age, BMI, and comorbidities, calf circumference correlated positively with muscle mass but not with muscle strength and physical performance. The AUC values for sarcopenia were 0.754 (95% CI = 0.636-0.871, p = 0.001) in males and 0.721 (95% CI = 0.657-0.786, p < 0.001) in females. The cut-offs for calf circumference in predicting sarcopenia were 34 cm (sensitivity 67.1%, specificity 70.6%) in males, and 31 cm (sensitivity 82.5%, specificity 51.5%) in females. CONCLUSIONS Even though sex differences in its predictive value for sarcopenia should be considered, our findings suggest that calf circumference can be used as an indicator for predicting muscle mass and may serve as a potential marker for identifying sarcopenia in older patients with chronic low back pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Shin Hyung Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Anesthesia and Pain Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, 50 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea.
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Xu X, Liu D, Wu M, Luo L, Feng J, Ou Y, Kang Y, Panayi AC, Long Y, Cui Y. The Effect of Calf Subcutaneous Fat Thickness on Patient Satisfaction after Calf Contouring with Botulinum Toxin A. Plast Reconstr Surg 2024; 154:63e-69e. [PMID: 37220391 DOI: 10.1097/prs.0000000000010721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a minimally invasive therapy, botulinum toxin A (BTXA) treatment effectively reduces the hypertrophy of the gastrocnemius muscle (GM). Patient satisfaction is, however, reported to be low after treatment, with a possible correlation between high satisfaction and thinner subcutaneous fat. The goal of this study was to classify the subcutaneous fat of calves to understand the relation between fat thickness and patient satisfaction after BTXA treatment. METHODS The maximal leg circumference was measured, and B-mode ultrasound was used to measure the thickness of the medial head of the GM and of the subcutaneous fat. Patients were followed up at 1 and 6 months after BTXA treatment. RESULTS A total of 50 cases were classified into the following levels of fat thickness: slim (<0.55 cm), moderate (0.55 to 0.85 cm), and bulge (>0.85 cm). All patients were treated with 300 units of BTXA. Patients in the slim and bulge groups reported higher satisfaction rate than patients in the moderate group, with patients in the slim and bulge groups reporting complete satisfaction (100%) with calf contour at the 6-month follow-up. The satisfaction rate with the improvement in total leg circumference was low in all 3 groups. No severe complications were encountered in this study. CONCLUSIONS This study identified a U-shaped correlation between calf subcutaneous fat thickness and patient satisfaction rate after treatment. The authors' results provide a theoretical basis for BTXA treatment and suggest the importance of preprocedure conversations in GM hypertrophy treatment. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Risk, II.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangwen Xu
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Dandan Liu
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Mengfan Wu
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Lin Luo
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Jun Feng
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Yanting Ou
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Yixing Kang
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Adriana C Panayi
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School
| | - Yun Long
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
| | - Yongyan Cui
- From the Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Peking University Shenzhen Hospital
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Roberts BM, Staab JS, Caldwell AR, Sczuroski CE, Staab JE, Lutz LJ, Reynoso M, Geddis AV, Taylor KM, Guerriere KI, Walker LA, Hughes JM, Foulis SA. Sex Does Not Affect Changes in Body Composition and Insulin-Like Growth Factor-I During US Army Basic Combat Training. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e304-e309. [PMID: 38320231 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Roberts, BM, Staab, JS, Caldwell, AR, Sczuroski, CE, Staab, JE, Lutz, LJ, Reynoso, M, Geddis, AV, Taylor, KM, Guerriere, KI, Walker, LA, Hughes, JM, and Foulis, SA. Sex does not affect changes in body composition and insulin-like growth factor-I during US Army basic combat training. J Strength Cond Res 38(6): e304-e309, 2024-Insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I) has been implicated as a biomarker of health and body composition. However, whether changes in body composition are associated with changes in IGF-I is unclear. Therefore, we examined the relationship between body composition changes (i.e., fat mass and lean mass) and total serum IGF-I levels in a large cohort of young men ( n = 809) and women ( n = 397) attending US Army basic combat training (BCT). We measured body composition using dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and total serum IGF-I levels during week 1 and week 9 of BCT. We found that pre-BCT lean mass ( r = 0.0504, p = 0.082) and fat mass ( r = 0.0458, p = 0.082) were not associated with pre-BCT IGF-I. Body mass, body mass index, body fat percentage, and fat mass decreased, and lean mass increased during BCT (all p < 0.001). Mean (± SD ) IGF-I increased from pre-BCT (176 ± 50 ng·ml -1 ) to post-BCT (200 ± 50 ng·ml -1 , p < 0.001). Inspection of the partial correlations indicated that even when considering the unique contributions of other variables, increases in IGF-I during BCT were associated with both increased lean mass ( r = 0.0769, p = 0.023) and increased fat mass ( r = 0.1055, p < 0.001) with no sex differences. Taken together, our data suggest that although changes in IGF-I weakly correlated with changes in body composition, IGF-I, in isolation, is not an adequate biomarker for predicting changes in body composition during BCT in US Army trainees.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brandon M Roberts
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffery S Staab
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Aaron R Caldwell
- Thermal & Mountain Medicine Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Cara E Sczuroski
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Janet E Staab
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Laura J Lutz
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Marinaliz Reynoso
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Alyssa V Geddis
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Kathryn M Taylor
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Katelyn I Guerriere
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Leila A Walker
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Julie M Hughes
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Stephen A Foulis
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
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Magraner JMPDS, Talarico Neto T, Hahns Júnior HC, Tourinho Filho H, Martinelli Júnior CE. Serum Hormone Concentrations and Body Composition in Brazilian Air Force Cadets During Rainforest Survival Training. Mil Med 2023; 188:3302-3308. [PMID: 35803739 DOI: 10.1093/milmed/usac201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Physiological adaptations in military jungle survival training have not yet been studied. Knowledge about the relationship between the insulin-like growth factor type I (IGF-I)/insulin-like growth factor binding protein type 3 (IGFBP-3) system and survival activities in a jungle environment can improve readiness and prepare Brazilian Air Force cadets for this kind of battlefield. Our goal was to assess changes in body composition and serum concentrations of the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system in Brazilian Air Force cadets during five-day Amazon rainforest survival training and whether differences in sex influence these variations. METHODS In the five-day survival training, variations in body composition and serum levels of IGF-I and IGFBP-3 were observed. The sample consisted of 14 male cadets (21.71 ± 1.64 years) and 6 female cadets (22.00 ± 1.41 years). Changes were assessed before and immediately after the survival training. RESULTS The male cadets' body mass (pre: 73.89 ± 8.79 kg; post: 69.57 ± 8.44 kg), body fat (pre: 11.43 ± 4.15%; post: 10.16 ± 4.19%), IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 252 ± 72 ng/mL; post: 140 ± 42 ng/mL), and IGFBP-3 serum concentrations (pre: 4.90 ± 0.67 ng/mL; post: 4.22 ± 0.73 ng/mL) were significantly reduced (P < .01). In the female cadets, the mean body mass values (pre: 60.98 ± 8.82 kg; post: 57.91 ± 9.01 kg), body fat (pre: 19.20 ± 5.03%; post: 17.19 ± 4.77%), and IGF-I serum concentrations (pre: 202 ± 50 ng/mL; post: 108 ± 29 ng/mL) also decreased significantly (P < .01) after survival training. Finally, the cadet's sex does not affect the variations of IGF-I (P = .46) and IGFBP-3 (P = .205) serum concentrations. CONCLUSIONS These findings all suggest that changes in body mass and body fat, as well as variations in the IGF-I/IGFBP-3 system, corroborate the need for military readiness preparation. Equivalent changes in both sexes indicate probable equal recovery intervals after survival training.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Maurício Paixão Dos Santos Magraner
- Physical Education Faculty, State University of Campinas-UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz-Barão Geraldo, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
- State University of Campinas-FEF/UNICAMP, Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz-Barão Geraldo, Campinas-SP 13083-970, Brazil
| | - Thomaz Talarico Neto
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto-EEFERP/USP, University of Sao Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Higino Carlos Hahns Júnior
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto-EEFERP/USP, University of Sao Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Hugo Tourinho Filho
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto-EEFERP/USP, University of Sao Paulo-USP, Ribeirão Preto-SP 14049-900, Brazil
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Hishikawa N, Sawada K, Shono S, Sakurai M, Yokozeki M, Maeda H, Ohashi S, Ueshima K, Mikami Y. Accurate diagnosis of sarcopenia without using a body composition analyzer in a convalescent rehabilitation ward. JAPANESE JOURNAL OF COMPREHENSIVE REHABILITATION SCIENCE 2023; 14:26-32. [PMID: 37859793 PMCID: PMC10585011 DOI: 10.11336/jjcrs.14.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/21/2023]
Abstract
Hishikawa N, Sawada K, Shono S, Sakurai M, Yokozeki M, Maeda H, Ohashi S, Ueshima K, Mikami Y. Accurate diagnosis of sarcopenia without using a body composition analyzer in a convalescent rehabilitation ward. Jpn J Compr Rehabil Sci 2023; 14: 26-32. Objective The Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia 2019 recommends diagnosing sarcopenia without using a body composition analyzer and initiating treatment early. The present study aimed to investigate the accuracy of diagnosing sarcopenia without a body composition analyzer in a convalescent rehabilitation ward. Methods Eighty-five patients admitted to a convalescent rehabilitation ward were included, and sarcopenia diagnoses were performed with and without a body composition analyzer. To assess the accuracy of diagnosing sarcopenia without using a body composition analyzer, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, and negative predictive value were calculated relative to sarcopenia diagnoses made using a body composition analyzer. Results The sensitivity of the technique for diagnosing sarcopenia was 0.94, specificity was 0.77, positive predictive value was 0.86, and negative predictive value was 0.90. Conclusion The accuracy of diagnosing sarcopenia without using a body composition analyzer was high. However, this technique may miss sarcopenia cases in patients with increased calf circumference due to adipose tissue and/or edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norikazu Hishikawa
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Koshiro Sawada
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Development of Multidisciplinary Promote for Physical Activity, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Sawa Shono
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gakusai Hospital, Kyoto Interdisciplinary Institute of Community Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Momoko Sakurai
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gakusai Hospital, Kyoto Interdisciplinary Institute of Community Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Megumi Yokozeki
- Department of Neurology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Maeda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gakusai Hospital, Kyoto Interdisciplinary Institute of Community Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Suzuyo Ohashi
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Ueshima
- Department of Rehabilitation, Gakusai Hospital, Kyoto Interdisciplinary Institute of Community Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yasuo Mikami
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Rehabilitation Unit, University Hospital Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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Ogawa M, Matsumoto T, Harada R, Yoshikawa R, Ueda Y, Takamiya D, Sakai Y. Reliability and Validity of Quadriceps Muscle Thickness Measurements in Ultrasonography: A Comparison with Muscle Mass and Strength. Prog Rehabil Med 2023; 8:20230008. [PMID: 36909302 PMCID: PMC9998244 DOI: 10.2490/prm.20230008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Measurement of skeletal muscle using ultrasonography (US) has received considerable attention as an alternative method of muscle assessment. However, intra- and inter-rater reliability remains controversial. Furthermore, there is no consensus regarding the relationship between muscle assessment using US and muscle mass or physical assessment. We aimed to verify the validity and reliability of muscle measurements using US and its relationships with muscle strength and physical assessment. Methods The 22 participants were all healthy men. Quadriceps muscle thickness was measured by US by three different raters. Intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) was used to assess inter- and intra-rater reliability. The maximum isokinetic strength of the quadriceps and handgrip strength were used as measures of lower and upper muscle strength, respectively. Leg muscle mass was assessed using the leg skeletal muscle index (SMI), measured by body impedance analysis, and calf circumference. Results The intra-rater reliability was excellent which the ICC(1,1) ranges 0.957-0.993, and ICC(1,3) ranges 0.985-0.998. For inter-rater reliability, the values of 0.904 for ICC(2,1) and 0.966 for ICC(2,3) indicated excellent reliability. Leg SMI was significantly correlated with quadriceps thickness (r=0.36). Maximum isokinetic strength and handgrip strength showed weak but statistically significant correlations with quadriceps thickness (r=0.20, r=0.30, respectively). The correlation between quadriceps thickness and calf circumference was not statistically significant. Conclusions Quadriceps muscle assessment using US is a valid and reliable technique for healthy individuals. Quadriceps muscle thickness was significantly positively correlated with upper and lower muscle strength and leg SMI. Muscle thickness assessment could replace full body muscle assessment in clinical settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masato Ogawa
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan.,Department of Public Health, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Matsumoto
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Risa Harada
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ryo Yoshikawa
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yuya Ueda
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Health Sciences, Kobe, Japan
| | - Daiki Takamiya
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
| | - Yoshitada Sakai
- Division of Rehabilitation Medicine, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan
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Harty PS, Friedl KE, Nindl BC, Harry JR, Vellers HL, Tinsley GM. Military Body Composition Standards and Physical Performance: Historical Perspectives and Future Directions. J Strength Cond Res 2022; 36:3551-3561. [PMID: 34593729 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Harty, PS, Friedl, KE, Nindl, BC, Harry, JR, Vellers, HL, and Tinsley, GM. Military body composition standards and physical performance: historical perspectives and future directions. J Strength Cond Res 36(12): 3551-3561, 2022-US military physique and body composition standards have been formally used for more than 100 years. These metrics promote appropriate physical fitness, trim appearance, and long-term health habits in soldiers, although many specific aspects of these standards have evolved as evidence-based changes have emerged. Body composition variables have been shown to be related to many physical performance outcomes including aerobic capacity, muscular endurance, strength and power production, and specialized occupational tasks involving heavy lifting and load carriage. Although all these attributes are relevant, individuals seeking to improve military performance should consider emphasizing strength, hypertrophy, and power production as primary training goals, as these traits appear vital to success in the new Army Combat Fitness Test introduced in 2020. This fundamental change in physical training may require an adjustment in body composition standards and methods of measurement as physique changes in modern male and female soldiers. Current research in the field of digital anthropometry (i.e., 3-D body scanning) has the potential to dramatically improve performance prediction algorithms and potentially could be used to inform training interventions. Similarly, height-adjusted body composition metrics such as fat-free mass index might serve to identify normal weight personnel with inadequate muscle mass, allowing for effective targeted nutritional and training interventions. This review provides an overview of the origin and evolution of current US military body composition standards in relation to military physical readiness, summarizes current evidence relating body composition parameters to aspects of physical performance, and discusses issues relevant to the emerging modern male and female warrior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick S Harty
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Karl E Friedl
- U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts; and
| | - Bradley C Nindl
- Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, Warrior Human Performance Research Center, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John R Harry
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Heather L Vellers
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
| | - Grant M Tinsley
- Department of Kinesiology & Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas
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Ko CH, Chuang HY, Wu SJ, Yu SC, Chang YF, Chang CS, Wu CH. Changes of sarcopenia case finding by different Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia in community indwelling middle-aged and old people. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1041186. [PMID: 36425107 PMCID: PMC9680091 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1041186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/24/2022] [Indexed: 07/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is an emerging issue, but there is no universal consensus regarding its screening and diagnosis, especially regarding the influence of the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) 2019 new definition on the prevalence of community-dwelling adults. To compare the prevalence of sarcopenia between the 2019 and 2014 definitions, a cross-sectional study including 606 normal nutritional status subjects (203 men/403 women; mean age 63.3 ± 10.0 years) was performed. Sarcopenic parameters, including calf circumference, grip strength, 6-m gait speed, and bioelectrical-impedance-analysis-derived skeletal mass index (SMI), were evaluated. According to the 2019 AWGS definition, the prevalence of possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia among community-dwelling adults was 7.4 and 2.8%, respectively. There were highly consistent findings regarding sarcopenia between the 2019 and 2014 AWGS definitions according to Cohen's kappa coefficient (0.668). However, the prevalence of possible sarcopenia according to 2014 and 2019 AWGS in males increased 7.9%; in contrast, sarcopenia decreased from 7.4 to 3.7% in females (p < 0.001). In conclusion, the AWGS 2019 definition is more convenient for sarcopenia case screening and remains considerably consistent in sarcopenia identification in community-dwelling adults in Taiwan. The discordance of possible sarcopenia and sarcopenia by sex is a concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Hung Ko
- Department of Family Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hua-Ying Chuang
- Department of Nursing, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shin-Jiuan Wu
- Department of Food and Nutrition, Chung Hwa University of Medical Technology, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shou-Chun Yu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-sen University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Chi Mei Medical Center, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Fan Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Sung Chang
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsing Wu
- Department of Family Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Family Medicine, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Institute of Gerontology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
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10
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Rose GL, Farley MJ, Ward LC, Slater GJ, Skinner TL, Keating SE, Schaumberg MA. Accuracy of body composition measurement techniques across the age span. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2022; 47:482-494. [PMID: 35041556 DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2021-0587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the acceptable accuracy of common body composition techniques compared with the reference 4-compartment (4C-R) model, which has not been investigated in a sample with diverse characteristics, including age and sex. Techniques included components of the 4C-R model [dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, air displacement plethysmography, deuterium dilution (DD)] and surrogate compartment models, which utilised bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy (BIS) rather than DD. Men and women (sex = 1:1, 18-85 years, n = 90) completed body composition testing under best-practice guidance. For measurement of individuals, only the reference 3-compartment (3C-R) equation met acceptable error limits (<5% error among individuals) within the a priori cut-point (80%) for fat-free mass (FFM; CV = 0.52%) and fat mass (FM; CV = 1.61%). However, all investigated techniques reached equivalency to the 4C-R model for FFM on average (CV = 0.52-4.31%), but for FM only the 3C and 4C equations that included quantification of total body water (TBW) by DD or BIS reached equivalency overall (CV = 1.61-6.68%). Sex and age minimally influenced accuracy. Only the 3C-R or 4C-R equations are supported for acceptable individual accuracy for both FFM and FM. For group estimates any investigated technique could be used with acceptable accuracy for FFM; however, for FM, inclusion of TBW measurement within a compartment model is necessary. Novelty: Only the referent 3C and 4C models (including deuterium dilution) provide accurate body composition results that are acceptable for measurement of individuals in the general population. For group estimates of lean mass in the general population, compartments models that include TBW must be used for accurate measurement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace L Rose
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Nursing Midwifery and Social Work, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Morgan J Farley
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Leigh C Ward
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Gary J Slater
- School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | - Tina L Skinner
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Shelley E Keating
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Mia A Schaumberg
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.,School of Health and Behavioural Sciences, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia.,Sunshine Coast Health Institute, Birtinya, Australia
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11
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Agreement between muscle mass assessments by computed tomography and calf circumference in patients with cancer: A cross-sectional study. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2022; 47:183-188. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2021.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 10/30/2021] [Accepted: 12/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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12
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Ren S, Huang S, Chen M, Zhu T, Li Q, Chen X. Association between the mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) screening indicators of sarcopenia with the risk of pneumonia in stable patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:931933. [PMID: 36090356 PMCID: PMC9458877 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.931933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM Here, we investigate the relationship between mid-upper arm circumference (MUAC) and calf circumference (CC) screening indicators of sarcopenia and the risk of pneumonia in stable patients diagnosed with schizophrenia. METHOD The study is prospective and includes inpatients with schizophrenia from two mental health centers in Western China. The studied screening indicators, MUAC and CC were assessed in standing patients. The relationship between MUAC and CC as sarcopenia screening indicators with the risk of pneumonia in patients with schizophrenia was analyzed by performing a statistical logistic regression analysis. RESULT For this study, 339 patients with schizophrenia, aged 50 years and over were recruited. Moreover, four patients with pneumonia that occurred within 1 week of the relapse of schizophrenia were excluded. As a result, only 335 patients were included in the analysis. Pneumonia has been reported in 82 (24.5%) of all included patients with schizophrenia. Our data analysis confirmed that in the male patients, the higher CC was associated with a lower risk of pneumonia (odds ratio [OR] = 0.751, 95% CI: 0.635-0.889). We have divided men into two cohorts following the values of CC. Our analysis further showed that the patients with CC ≥ 34 cm had a lower risk of pneumonia in men (OR = 0.36, 95% CI: 0.163-0.795). CONCLUSION We demonstrate that CC is associated with pneumonia risk in stable men with schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silan Ren
- Department of Nursing, Sichuan Vocational College of Health and Rehabilitation, Zigong, China
| | - Sha Huang
- Zigong Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Zigong Psychiatric Research Center, Zigong, China
| | - Ming Chen
- Psychiatric Hospital of Ziyang, Ziyang, China
| | - Tian Zhu
- Psychiatric Hospital of Ziyang, Ziyang, China
| | - Qiuxia Li
- Psychiatric Hospital of Ziyang, Ziyang, China
| | - Xiaoyan Chen
- Zigong Affiliated Hospital of Southwest Medical University, Zigong Psychiatric Research Center, Zigong, China
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13
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Kawakami R, Miyachi M, Tanisawa K, Ito T, Usui C, Midorikawa T, Torii S, Ishii K, Suzuki K, Sakamoto S, Higuchi M, Muraoka I, Oka K. Development and validation of a simple anthropometric equation to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass. Clin Nutr 2021; 40:5523-5530. [PMID: 34656948 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.09.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS A limited number of studies have developed simple anthropometric equations that can be implemented for predicting muscle mass in the local community. Several studies have suggested calf circumference as a simple and accurate surrogate maker for muscle mass. We aimed to develop and cross-validate a simple anthropometric equation, which incorporates calf circumference, to predict appendicular skeletal muscle mass (ASM) using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). Furthermore, we conducted a comparative validity assessment of our equation with bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) and two previously reported equations using similar variables. METHODS ASM measurements were recorded for 1262 participants (837 men, 425 women) aged 40 years or older. Participants were randomly divided into the development or validation group. Stepwise multiple linear regression was applied to develop the DXA-measured ASM prediction equation. Parameters including age, sex, height, weight, waist circumference, and calf circumference were incorporated as predictor variables. Total error was calculated as the square root of the sum of the square of the difference between DXA-measured and predicted ASMs divided by the total number of individuals. RESULTS The most optimal ASM prediction equation developed was: ASM (kg) = 2.955 × sex (men = 1, women = 0) + 0.255 × weight (kg) - 0.130 × waist circumference (cm) + 0.308 × calf circumference (cm) + 0.081 × height (cm) - 11.897 (adjusted R2 = 0.94, standard error of the estimate = 1.2 kg). Our equation had smaller total error and higher intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) values than those for BIA and two previously reported equations, for both men and women (men, total error = 1.2 kg, ICC = 0.91; women, total error = 1.1 kg, ICC = 0.80). The correlation between DXA-measured ASM and predicted ASM by the present equation was not significantly different from the correlation between DXA-measured ASM and BIA-measured ASM. CONCLUSIONS The equation developed in this study can predict ASM more accurately as compared to equations where calf circumference is used as the sole variable and previously reported equations; it holds potential as a reliable and an effective substitute for estimating ASM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Kawakami
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan.
| | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan; Department of Physical Activity Research, National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, 1-23-1 Toyama, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 162-8636, Japan
| | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Tomoko Ito
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Chiyoko Usui
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Taishi Midorikawa
- College of Health and Welfare, J. F. Oberlin University, 3758 Tokiwa-machi, Machida-shi, Tokyo, 194-0294, Japan
| | - Suguru Torii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Kaori Ishii
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Shizuo Sakamoto
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Higuchi
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Isao Muraoka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
| | - Koichiro Oka
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa, Saitama, 359-1192, Japan
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14
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Bahat G. Measuring calf circumference: a practical tool to predict skeletal muscle mass via adjustment with BMI. Am J Clin Nutr 2021; 113:1398-1399. [PMID: 33876186 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqab107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Gülistan Bahat
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, Istanbul Medical School, Istanbul University, Capa, Istanbul, Turkey
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15
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Yun Y, Kim D, Lee ES. Effect of Cross-Sex Hormones on Body Composition, Bone Mineral Density, and Muscle Strength in Trans Women. J Bone Metab 2021; 28:59-66. [PMID: 33730784 PMCID: PMC7973405 DOI: 10.11005/jbm.2021.28.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cross-sex hormone therapy (CHT) changes the physical characteristics of transgender women to match their gender identity and expression. This study aimed to determine the effects of feminizing cross-sex hormones on body composition, bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle strength in transgender women. METHODS A prospective observational study assessed 11 participants who underwent feminizing CHT. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), and handgrip strength were measured before CHT and after 6-months of CHT. Fat mass, lean body mass (LBM), and BMD were measured by DXA and handgrip strength was measured by hand-dynamometer. RESULTS Regional body fat in the trunk, legs, and gynoid region increased by 18%, 27.4%, and 27.2%, respectively after 6 months of CHT. Total body fat increased by 16.2%, while the fat mass ratio decreased by 7.2%. Although body fat increased, the android/gynoid fat ratio decreased; BMD in the lumbar spine significantly increased by 3.9% (P=0.0051), but changes in the femoral neck (P=0.1969) and total femur (P=0.4769) were not significant. Changes in LBM ranged from -3% (trunk) to -8% (arm region). Right-hand grip strength also significantly decreased by 7.7% (P=0.0467). CONCLUSIONS After 6 months of CHT, transgender women showed a general increase in fat mass and a decreased in overall LBM and handgrip strength. Increase in fat mass percentage were more remarkable in gynoid region, leading to a more "female" body fat distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeoul Yun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dongyoung Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sil Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Soonchunhyang University Seoul Hospital, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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16
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Endo K, Sato T, Kakisaka K, Takikawa Y. Calf and arm circumference as simple markers for screening sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease. Hepatol Res 2021; 51:176-189. [PMID: 33141991 DOI: 10.1111/hepr.13589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
AIM To prevent the progression of sarcopenia, early identification is important. We investigated the usefulness of sarcopenia screening tests using the arm and calf circumferences in patients with chronic liver disease. METHODS This was a single-center cross-sectional study based on data collected from a university hospital. We analyzed simple anthropometric data and sarcopenia-related chemical data or imaging data between April and December 2019. Sarcopenia was defined according to the Japan Society of Hepatology guidelines. RESULTS In total, 661 patients participated. Low muscle mass and low muscle strength were found in 245 (37.1%) and 153 (23.1%) patients, respectively. Ultimately, 90 (13.6%) patients were diagnosed with sarcopenia. The sarcopenia group was significantly older and had a higher cirrhosis ratio and poorer liver function than the non-sarcopenia group. The sarcopenia group had a significantly lower body mass index, arm circumferences and calf circumferences than the non-sarcopenia group. A receiver operating characteristics analysis for diagnosing sarcopenia by arm and calf circumferences showed respective areas under the curve of 0.89 and 0.91 for men and 0.84 and 0.89 for women. The optimal cut-off values of arm and calf circumferences were respectively determined to be 25.0 and 32.6 cm for men (sensitivity 88.4% and 83.7%; specificity 74.0% and 84.7%) and 22.7 and 32.1 cm for women (sensitivity 66.0% and 85.1%; specificity 90.0% and 81.3%). CONCLUSIONS The arm and calf circumferences seem useful as simple surrogate markers for screening sarcopenia in patients with chronic liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei Endo
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Takuro Sato
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kakisaka
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Takikawa
- Division of Hepatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate, Japan
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17
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Cooper AN, Cunningham CB, Morris JS, Ruff JS, Potts WK, Carrier DR. Musculoskeletal mass and shape are correlated with competitive ability in male house mice ( Mus musculus). J Exp Biol 2020; 223:jeb213389. [PMID: 31915200 PMCID: PMC7033737 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.213389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Intense physical competition between males for mating opportunities is widespread among mammals. In such agonistic encounters, males with combinations of morphological, physiological and behavioral characters that allow them to dominate an opponent have greater fitness. However, the specific physical traits associated with competitive ability are poorly understood. Larger body size is often correlated with fitness in mammals. Interestingly, fitness is maximized at intermediate body masses in male house mice (Mus musculus), a species with a polygynous mating system in which males compete physically for access to reproductive resources. Here, we used competition trials in semi-natural, mixed-sex population enclosures to directly measure competitive ability in male house mice based on control of a preferred nesting site. We tested the hypothesis that the musculoskeletal systems of male mice demonstrating high competitive ability are more specialized for competition by comparing the masses of 10 major muscle groups and eight bones as well as a set of 12 skeletal shape indices associated with anatomical specialization for fighting performance in a set of nine winners and 20 losers. Winning males possessed several traits hypothesized to enhance performance in male-male contests: relatively greater mass in several muscle groups and bones of the forelimb and hindlimb and larger scapular surface area. Unexpectedly, no measurements of the head and neck differed significantly between winners and losers. These results identify musculoskeletal traits associated with competitive ability in male house mice and suggest that our current understanding of mammalian fighting performance is incomplete and more nuanced than previously considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda N Cooper
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | | | - Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, SC 29303, USA
| | - James S Ruff
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Wayne K Potts
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David R Carrier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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18
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Morris JS, Link J, Martin JC, Carrier DR. Sexual dimorphism in human arm power and force: implications for sexual selection on fighting ability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 223:jeb.212365. [PMID: 31862852 DOI: 10.1242/jeb.212365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism often arises from selection on specific musculoskeletal traits that improve male fighting performance. In humans, one common form of fighting includes using the fists as weapons. Here, we tested the hypothesis that selection on male fighting performance has led to the evolution of sexual dimorphism in the musculoskeletal system that powers striking with a fist. We compared male and female arm cranking power output, using it as a proxy for the power production component of striking with a fist. Using backward arm cranking as an unselected control, our results indicate the presence of pronounced male-biased sexual dimorphism in muscle performance for protracting the arm to propel the fist forward. We also compared overhead pulling force between males and females, to test the alternative hypothesis that sexual dimorphism in the upper body of humans is a result of selection on male overhead throwing ability. We found weaker support for this hypothesis, with less pronounced sexual dimorphism in overhead arm pulling force. The results of this study add to a set of recently identified characters indicating that sexual selection on male aggressive performance has played a role in the evolution of the human musculoskeletal system and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in hominins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, 429 N Church Street, Spartanburg, SC 29303, USA
| | - Jenna Link
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - James C Martin
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, 250 S 1850 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - David R Carrier
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Utah, 257 S 1400 E, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
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19
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Chao YP, Kao TW, Chang YW, Peng TC, Chen WL, Wu LW. Utilization of anthropometric parameters as a novel tool for detection of insulin resistance. Clin Nutr 2019; 39:2571-2579. [PMID: 31812468 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnu.2019.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Revised: 11/02/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anthropometric parameters have been widely applied in evaluating muscle mass, insulin resistance (IR), and cardiometabolic diseases. Arm circumference (AC) and calf circumference (CC) are used as informative markers for sarcopenia. However, few studies concern the correlation between AC, CC and IR. The aim of the present survey is to investigate the relationship between AC, CC and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR). METHODS This cross-sectional observational study included 11,527 participants aged 40-85 years from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), 1999 to 2006. We divided the participants into male and female groups. Each group was then divided into four subgroups depending on their AC and CC levels. RESULTS After adjustment for multiple covariates, we observed a significant negative correlation between the CC and HOMA-IR. This study showed a significant positive correlation between the AC and HOMA-IR after multiple adjustments. Subjects in the highest CC quartiles tended to have the lowest HOMA-IR in both male and female group (P for trend <0.001 in all models). CONCLUSIONS CC may be a novel tool to guide public health policy and clinical predictor of IR in middle-aged and older people.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan-Ping Chao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tung-Wei Kao
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Yaw-Wen Chang
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Tao-Chun Peng
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wei-Liang Chen
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Li-Wei Wu
- Division of Family Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Division of Geriatric Medicine, Department of Family and Community Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China; Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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20
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Lumish HS, O'Reilly M, Reilly MP. Sex Differences in Genomic Drivers of Adipose Distribution and Related Cardiometabolic Disorders: Opportunities for Precision Medicine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 40:45-60. [PMID: 31747800 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.119.313154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the human genetics, epidemiology, and molecular pathophysiology of sex differences in central obesity, adipose distribution, and related cardiometabolic disorders. Distribution of fat is important for cardiometabolic health, with peripheral fat depots having a protective effect and central visceral fat depots conferring a detrimental effect on health. There are important sex differences in fat distribution that are masked when studying body mass index as a measure of obesity. From epidemiological, murine, and in vitro studies, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the sex differences in adipose distribution, including sex hormonal effects, cell-intrinsic properties, and the microenvironment in fat depots. More recently, human genetics have revealed hundreds of loci for central obesity providing disruptive opportunities for mechanistic discoveries and clinical translation. A striking feature is that over one-third of these loci have reproducible but poorly understood sexual dimorphic associations with central obesity, most having stronger effects in women. Understanding the genetic and molecular mechanisms of adipose distribution and its sexual dimorphism in humans provides a unique opportunity to promote the use of precision medicine for early identification of at-risk individuals, and the development of novel therapeutic strategies for central obesity and related cardiometabolic disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi S Lumish
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (H.S.L., M.O., M.P.R.)
| | - Marcella O'Reilly
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (H.S.L., M.O., M.P.R.)
| | - Muredach P Reilly
- From the Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY (H.S.L., M.O., M.P.R.).,Irving Institute for Clinical and Translational Research, Columbia University, New York, NY (M.P.R.)
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21
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Morris JS, Cunningham CB, Carrier DR. Sexual dimorphism in postcranial skeletal shape suggests male-biased specialization for physical competition in anthropoid primates. J Morphol 2019; 280:731-738. [PMID: 30892726 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.20980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2018] [Revised: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Sexual dimorphism often arises as a response to selection on traits that improve a male's ability to physically compete for access to mates. In primates, sexual dimorphism in body mass and canine size is more common in species with intense male-male competition. However, in addition to these traits, other musculoskeletal adaptations may improve male fighting performance. Postcranial traits that increase strength, agility, and maneuverability may also be under selection. To test the hypothesis that males, as compared to females, are more specialized for physical competition in their postcranial anatomy, we compared sex-specific skeletal shape using a set of functional indices predicted to improve fighting performance. Across species, we found significant sexual dimorphism in a subset of these indices, indicating the presence of skeletal shape sexual dimorphism in our sample of anthropoid primates. Mean skeletal shape sexual dimorphism was positively correlated with sexual dimorphism in body size, an indicator of the intensity of male-male competition, even when controlling for both body mass and phylogenetic relatedness. These results suggest that selection on male fighting ability has played a role in the evolution of postcranial sexual dimorphism in primates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S Morris
- Department of Biology, Wofford College, Spartanburg, South Carolina
| | | | - David R Carrier
- Department of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
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22
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Ukegbu PO, Kruger HS, Meyer JD, Nienaber-Rousseau C, Botha-Ravyse C, Moss SJ, Kruger MI. The association between calf circumference and appendicular skeletal muscle mass index of black urban women in Tlokwe City. JOURNAL OF ENDOCRINOLOGY METABOLISM AND DIABETES OF SOUTH AFRICA 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/16089677.2018.1518825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PO Ukegbu
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Department of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture, Umudike, Nigeria
| | - HS Kruger
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
- Medical Research Council Hypertension and Cardiovascular Disease Research Unit, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - JD Meyer
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C Nienaber-Rousseau
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - C Botha-Ravyse
- Centre of Excellence for Nutrition, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - SJ Moss
- Physical Activity, Sport and Recreation Sciences, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
| | - MI Kruger
- Africa Unit for Transdisciplinary Health Research, North-West University, Potchefstroom, South Africa
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Shirley MK, Cole TJ, Charoensiriwath S, Treleaven P, Wells JC. Differential investment in body girths by sex: Evidence from 3D photonic scanning in a Thai cohort. AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY 2017; 163:696-706. [DOI: 10.1002/ajpa.23238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2017] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meghan K. Shirley
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; London WC1N 1EH United Kingdom
| | - Tim J. Cole
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; London WC1N 1EH United Kingdom
| | | | - Philip Treleaven
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; London WC1N 1EH United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan C.K. Wells
- UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health; London WC1N 1EH United Kingdom
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Chang JS, Kim TH, Nguyen TT, Park KS, Kim N, Kong ID. Circulating irisin levels as a predictive biomarker for sarcopenia: A cross-sectional community-based study. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17:2266-2273. [PMID: 28394089 DOI: 10.1111/ggi.13030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 12/26/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
AIM Myokines are peptides released by the skeletal muscle, and have gained popularity as potential biomarkers for sarcopenia. Irisin is a recently identified myokine, but its role in pathological sarcopenia remains unclear. We investigated the validity and accuracy of circulating irisin levels as a potential biomarker for sarcopenia. METHODS We evaluated the anthropometrics, body composition, sarcopenia-related parameters and serum irisin levels of 715 community-dwelling Koreans. Sarcopenia was determined on the basis of the clinical diagnostic criteria of muscle atrophy and weakness, which were proposed by the Asian Working Group for Sarcopenia. RESULTS Circulating irisin levels were correlated with appendicular lean mass/height2 (rmen = 0.275; rwomen = 0.321) and handgrip strength (rmen = 0.219; rwomen = 0.312) in both sexes (all P < 0.01). Furthermore, the mean circulating irisin levels were lower in the sarcopenia group than in the normal group (all P < 0.05). In the logistic regression models, the association between serum irisin concentration and incident sarcopenia persisted even after adjusting for potential confounders, such as sex, age and fat indices (odds ratio 0.20, 95% CI 0.07-0.60; P for trend <0.01). The predictive values of serum irisin for sarcopenia were <1.0 μg/mL in men and <1.16 μg/mL in women, with the area under the receiver operating characteristic curves of 0.87 (95% CI 0.77-0.99) and 0.68 (95% CI 0.55-0.81), respectively (all P < 0.01). CONCLUSIONS A low level of circulating irisin is a sensitive marker for muscle weakness and atrophy. Irisin is a potential biomarker for muscle dysfunction that could help predict the onset of sarcopenia and provide new avenues for monitoring age-related muscle changes. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2266-2273.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Seung Chang
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Korea
| | - Tae Ho Kim
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Korea
| | - Tuyet Thi Nguyen
- Department of Physiology, Tan Tao University College of Medicine, Long An, Vietnam
| | - Kyu-Sang Park
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea
| | - Nahyun Kim
- Keimyung University College of Nursing, Daegu, Korea
| | - In Deok Kong
- Department of Physiology, Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine, Wonju, Korea.,Yonsei Institute of Sports Science and Exercise Medicine, Korea
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Hunsicker O, Heinig S, Dathe JJ, Krannich A, Spies C, Feldheiser A. Comparison of bedside assessed arm and leg fluid filtration determined by venous congestion plethysmography in perioperative cancer patients: An observational study investigating agreement. Medicine (Baltimore) 2017; 96:e6066. [PMID: 28248863 PMCID: PMC5340436 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000006066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, pathophysiology and clinical impact of microvascular fluid filtration has regained interest. As the latest data in surgical patients have been published almost 20 years ago, there is need for further research to better understand fluid filtration during the perioperative period. Venous congestion plethysmography (VCP) provides a rapid and noninvasive method, which has been shown suitable for the assessment of fluid filtration in limbs. Fluid filtration assessed by VCP can be obtained from forearm and calf measurement sites, while in many clinical situations a reduced access to the patient often restricts the measurements to patient's forearm. We aimed to investigate if fluid filtration obtained from forearm and calf measurement site is interchangeable in nonsedated perioperative patients.Fluid filtration by VCP was obtained simultaneously from forearm and calf in patients with ovarian cancer at 4 time points during the perioperative course and assessed by the difference of volume changes of the limb between third and sixth minutes (VC6-3min) during venous congestion. VC6-3min obtained from forearm and calf measurement sites was compared with respect to agreement and evaluated regarding the association with the presence of leg edema.A total of 74 paired measurements were analyzed in 29 patients. Forearm VC6-3min was significantly higher than calf VC6-3min (median [25th; 75th quartile], 0.6 (0.4; 0.9) vs 0.4 [0.3; 0.6] %, P = 0.008). Bland-Altman and Polar analysis revealed a poor agreement between forearm and calf VC6-3min at predefined time points and changes of VC6-3min during the perioperative course (bias +0.23%, limits of agreement [LOA] -1.1% to 1.6%; angular bias -2.5°, radial LOA -82° to +77°). Forearm VC6-3min was significantly increased in patients with presence of leg edema (0.7 (0.5; 1.0) vs 0.5 (0.4; 0.6) %, P < 0.001) while calf VC6-3min did not differ in patients with and without edema.This study indicates that forearm and calf measurement sites are not interchangeable when bedside assessing fluid filtration by VCP in nonsedated perioperative patients. Considering that only forearm fluid filtration was related to the presence of edema, forearm measurement site should be chosen as a primary site for assessing fluid filtration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Hunsicker
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Sandra Heinig
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Jana-Jennifer Dathe
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Alexander Krannich
- Department of Biostatistics, Coordination Center for Clinical Trials, Charité—University Medicine Berlin
- Berlin Institute of Health, Clinical Research Unit—Biostatistics Unit, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Spies
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum
| | - Aarne Feldheiser
- Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Campus Charité Mitte and Campus Virchow-Klinikum
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Morris JS, Carrier DR. Sexual selection on skeletal shape in Carnivora. Evolution 2016; 70:767-80. [DOI: 10.1111/evo.12904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy S. Morris
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112
| | - David R. Carrier
- Department of Biology; University of Utah; Salt Lake City UT 84112
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Reinders I, Murphy RA, Martin KR, Brouwer IA, Visser M, White DK, Newman AB, Houston DK, Kanaya AM, Nagin DS, Harris TB. Body Mass Index Trajectories in Relation to Change in Lean Mass and Physical Function: The Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. J Am Geriatr Soc 2015; 63:1615-21. [PMID: 26289686 PMCID: PMC4785850 DOI: 10.1111/jgs.13524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To examine body mass index (BMI) trajectories with change in lean mass and physical function in old age. DESIGN Prospective cohort study. SETTING Health, Aging and Body Composition Study. PARTICIPANTS Black and white men (n = 482) and women (n = 516) aged 73.1 ± 2.7 and initially free of disability. MEASUREMENTS A group-based trajectory model was used to determine BMI trajectories, the path a person's BMI followed over 9 years. Lean mass, gait speed, grip strength, and knee extension strength were assessed at baseline and after 9 years, and relative changes were calculated. Multivariable linear regression was used to determine associations between trajectories and relative change in lean mass and physical function. RESULTS Four BMI trajectories were identified for men and four for women. Although all demonstrated a decline in BMI, the rate of decline differed according to trajectory for women only. Men in Trajectory 4 (mean BMI at baseline 33.9 ± 2.3 kg/m(2) ) declined more than those in Trajectory 1 (mean BMI at baseline 22.9 ± 1.6 kg/m(2) ) in gait speed (-9.91%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -15.15% to -4.67%) and leg strength (-8.63%, 95% CI = -15.62% to -1.64%). Women in Trajectory 4 (mean BMI at baseline 34.9 ± 3.0 kg/m(2) ) had greater losses than those in Trajectory 1 (mean BMI at baseline 20.5 ± 1.6 kg/m(2) ) in lean mass in the arms (-3.19%, 95% CI = -6.16% to -0.23%). No other associations were observed. CONCLUSION Obese men had the highest risk of decline in physical function despite similar weight loss between trajectories, whereas overweight and obese women who lost the most weight had the greatest risk of lean mass loss. The weight at which a person enters old age is informative for predicting loss in lean mass and physical function, illustrating the importance of monitoring weight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Reinders
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rachel A. Murphy
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kathryn R. Martin
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Epidemiology Group, School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Ingeborg A. Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute, VU University Amsterdam, the Netherlands
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Daniel K. White
- Department of Physical Therapy and Athletic Training, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Anne B. Newman
- Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA
| | - Denise K. Houston
- Sticht Center on Aging, Section on Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Medical Center Blvd, NC, USA
| | - Alka M. Kanaya
- Division of General Internal Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Daniel S. Nagin
- Heinz College, Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Tamara B. Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Science, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD, USA
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Reinders I, Murphy RA, Koster A, Brouwer IA, Visser M, Garcia ME, Launer LJ, Siggeirsdottir K, Eiriksdottir G, Jonsson PV, Gudnason V, Harris TB. Muscle Quality and Muscle Fat Infiltration in Relation to Incident Mobility Disability and Gait Speed Decline: the Age, Gene/Environment Susceptibility-Reykjavik Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2015; 70:1030-6. [PMID: 25748031 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glv016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with increased risk of reduced mobility. However, data on muscle components in relation to subjective and objective indicators of disability is limited. METHODS Data were from 2,725 participants (43% men) aged 74.8±4.7 years from the AGES-Reykjavik Study. At baseline, maximal isometric thigh strength (dynamometer chair), and midthigh muscle area and muscle fat infiltration were assessed with computed tomography. Usual 6 m gait speed and mobility disability were assessed at baseline and after 5.2±0.3 years. Incident mobility disability was defined as having much difficulty or unable to walk 500 m or climb-up 10 steps. A decrease of ≥0.1 m/s in gait speed was considered clinically relevant. RESULTS Greater strength and area were protective for mobility disability risk and gait speed decline. After adjustment for other muscle components, greater strength was independently associated with lower mobility disability risk in women odds ratios (OR) 0.78 (95% CI 0.62, 0.99), and lower decline in gait speed risk among both men OR 0.64 (0.54, 0.76), and women OR 0.72 (0.62, 0.82). Larger muscle area was independently associated with lower mobility disability risk in women OR 0.67 (0.52, 0.87) and lower decline in gait speed risk in men OR 0.74 (0.61, 0.91). CONCLUSIONS Greater muscle strength and area were independently associated with 15-30% decreased risk of mobility disability in women and gait speed decline in men. Among women, greater muscle strength was also associated with lower risk of gait speed decline. Interventions aimed at maintaining muscle strength and area in old age might delay functional decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilse Reinders
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland. Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Rachel A Murphy
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Annemarie Koster
- Department of Social Medicine, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ingeborg A Brouwer
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marjolein Visser
- Department of Health Sciences and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, Faculty of Earth and Life Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics and the EMGO Institute for Health and Care Research, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Melissa E Garcia
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Lenore J Launer
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | | | - Palmi V Jonsson
- Department of Geriatrics, Landspitali National University Hospital and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Vilmundur Gudnason
- Icelandic Heart Association Research Institute, Kopavogur, Iceland. Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Reykjavik, Iceland
| | - Tamara B Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Kawakami R, Murakami H, Sanada K, Tanaka N, Sawada SS, Tabata I, Higuchi M, Miyachi M. Calf circumference as a surrogate marker of muscle mass for diagnosing sarcopenia in Japanese men and women. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2014; 15:969-76. [DOI: 10.1111/ggi.12377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ryoko Kawakami
- Graduate School of Sport Sciences; Waseda University; Saitama Japan
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise; National Institute of Health and Nutrition; Tokyo Japan
- Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; Tokyo Japan
| | - Haruka Murakami
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise; National Institute of Health and Nutrition; Tokyo Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Sanada
- College of Sport and Health Science; Ritsumeikan University; Shiga Japan
| | - Noriko Tanaka
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise; National Institute of Health and Nutrition; Tokyo Japan
| | - Susumu S Sawada
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise; National Institute of Health and Nutrition; Tokyo Japan
| | - Izumi Tabata
- College of Sport and Health Science; Ritsumeikan University; Shiga Japan
| | | | - Motohiko Miyachi
- Department of Health Promotion and Exercise; National Institute of Health and Nutrition; Tokyo Japan
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Ribeiro AS, Avelar A, Schoenfeld BJ, Fleck SJ, Souza MF, Padilha CS, Cyrino ES. Analysis of the training load during a hypertrophy-type resistance training programme in men and women. Eur J Sport Sci 2014; 15:256-64. [PMID: 25068761 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2014.940559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze the specific training load during a resistance training (RT) programme designed to increase muscular hypertrophy in men and women. Thirty-four women (22.7 ± 4.1 years, 58.8 ± 11.9 kg, 162.6 ± 6.2 cm and 22.1 ± 3.6 kg.m(-2)) and 30 men (22.7 ± 4.4 years, 68.4 ± 9.0 kg, 174.5 ± 6.6 cm and 22.5 ± 2.4 kg.m(-2)) underwent a supervised RT programme that was divided into two phases of 8 weeks each. Training consisted of 10-12 exercises performed with three sets of 8-12 repetitions at repetition maximum resistances performed 3 times per week on nonconsecutive days. There was a significant (P < 0.05) main effect for gender by time interaction for average training load of all the exercises performed in the first 8 weeks of RT with women showing a higher relative increase than men (+43.6% vs. +32.5%, respectively). This result was not observed during the second 8-week phase of the RT programme during which no significant gender by time interaction (P > 0.05) was shown with both genders having a similar relative increase (+28.7% vs. +24.3%, respectively). Women had a higher increase than men in specific average training load of the upper limb exercises during both the first 8 weeks of training (+30.2% vs. +26.6%, respectively) and the second 8 weeks of training (+31.1% vs. +25.3%, respectively). We conclude that the adaptation in specific training load is influenced by gender.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex S Ribeiro
- a Group of Study and Research in Metabolism, Nutrition, and Exercise , Londrina State University , Londrina , Brazil
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Murphy RA, Reinders I, Register TC, Ayonayon HN, Newman AB, Satterfield S, Goodpaster BH, Simonsick EM, Kritchevsky SB, Harris TB. Associations of BMI and adipose tissue area and density with incident mobility limitation and poor performance in older adults. Am J Clin Nutr 2014; 99:1059-65. [PMID: 24522448 PMCID: PMC3985211 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.113.080796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity is a risk factor for disability, but risk of specific adipose depots is not completely understood. OBJECTIVE We investigated associations between mobility limitation, performance, and the following adipose measures: body mass index (BMI) and areas and densities of visceral adipose tissue (VAT), subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT), and intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT) in older adults. DESIGN This was a prospective population-based study of men (n = 1459) and women (n = 1552) initially aged 70-79 y and free from mobility limitation. BMI was determined from measured height and weight. Adipose tissue area and density in Hounsfield units were measured in the thigh and abdomen by using computed tomography. Mobility limitation was defined as 2 consecutive reports of difficulty walking one-quarter mile or climbing 10 steps during semiannual assessments over 13 y. Poor performance was defined as a gait speed <1 m/s after 9 y of follow-up (n = 1542). RESULTS In models adjusted for disability risk factors, BMI, and areas of VAT, abdominal SAT, and IMAT were positively associated with mobility limitation in men and women. In women, thigh SAT area was positively associated with mobility limitation risk, whereas VAT density was inversely associated. Associations were similar for poor performance. BMI and thigh IMAT area (independent of BMI) were particularly strong indicators of incident mobility limitation and poor performance. For example, in women, the HR (95% CI) and OR (95% CI) associated with an SD increment in BMI for mobility limitation and poor performance were 1.31 (1.21, 1.42) and 1.41 (1.13, 1.76), respectively. In men, the HR (95% CI) and OR (95% CI) associated with an SD increment in thigh IMAT for mobility limitation and poor performance were 1.37 (1.27, 1.47) and 1.54 (1.18, 2.02), respectively. CONCLUSIONS Even into old age, higher BMI is associated with mobility limitation and poor performance. The amount of adipose tissue in abdominal and thigh depots may also convey risk beyond BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel A Murphy
- Laboratory of Epidemiology, and Population Sciences, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, MD (RAM, IR, and TBH); the Sections on Comparative Medicine Pathology, Radiology (TCR), and Gerontology and Geriatrics (SBK), Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC; the Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA (HNA); the Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (ABN); the Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN (SS); the Center for Aging and Population Health, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA (BHG); and the Translational Gerontology Branch, Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD (EMS)
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Henning PC, Scofield DE, Spiering BA, Staab JS, Matheny RW, Smith MA, Bhasin S, Nindl BC. Recovery of endocrine and inflammatory mediators following an extended energy deficit. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2014; 99:956-64. [PMID: 24423293 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2013-3046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Due to current operational requirements, elite soldiers deploy quickly after completing arduous training courses. Therefore, it is imperative that endocrine and inflammatory mediators have fully recovered. OBJECTIVE Our objective was to determine whether a short-term (2-6 wk) recovery period was sufficient to restore endocrine and inflammatory homeostasis after sustained energy deficit. DESIGN Before and immediately after the course, serum concentrations of inflammatory and endocrine markers were taken along with anthropometric measures prior to and immediately after the Army Ranger course. In addition, nine soldiers were assessed between 2 and 6 weeks after the course. SETTING This research occurred in a field setting during an intensive 8-week military training course characterized by high-energy expenditure, energy restriction, and sleep deprivation (U.S. Army Ranger School). PARTICIPANTS Twenty-three male soldiers (23.0 ± 2.8 y; 177.6 ± 7.9 cm; 81.0 ± 9.6 kg, 16.8 ± 3.9% body fat) participated in this study. INTERVENTIONS There were no interventions used in this research. OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS Significant changes occurred in circulating total testosterone (-70%), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (-33%), total IGF-1 (-38.7%), free IGF-1 (-41%), IGF binding protein (IGFBP-6; -23.4%), sex-hormone binding globulin (+46%), thyroid stimulating hormone (+85%), IGFBP-1 (+534.4%), IGFBP-2 (+98.3%), IGFBP-3 (+14.7%), IL-4 (+135%), IL-6 (+217%), and IL-8 (+101%). Significant changes in body mass (-8%), bicep (-14%), forearm (-5%), thigh (-7%), and calf (-2%) circumferences, sum of skinfolds (-52%), and percentage body fat (-54%). All anthropometric, inflammatory, and hormonal values, except T3, were restored to baseline levels within 2-6 weeks after the course. CONCLUSIONS Endocrine markers and anthropometric measures were degraded, and inflammatory mediators increased after an extended energy deficit. A short-term recovery of 2-6 weeks was sufficient to restore these mediators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Henning
- Military Performance Division (P.C.H., D.E.S., B.A.S., J.S.S., R.W.M., B.C.N.), U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts 01760; Madigan Healthcare System (M.A.S.), Joint Base Lewis-McChord, Washington 98431; and Sections of Endocrinology (S.B.), Diabetes, and Nutrition, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts 02118; and Army Institute of Public Health Army Public Health Command (B.C.N.), Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland 21010
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Haupenthal A, Fontana HDB, Ruschel C, dos Santos DP, Roesler H. Ground reaction forces in shallow water running are affected by immersion level, running speed and gender. J Sci Med Sport 2013; 16:348-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jsams.2012.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2012] [Revised: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lopes A, Lloret-linares C, Simoneau G, Levy B, Bergmann JF, Mouly S. Impact of physiological aging on lower limb venous compliance. Eur Geriatr Med 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurger.2012.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Montgomery MM, Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ, Wideman L, Henson RA. Influence of lean body mass and strength on landing energetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 44:2376-83. [PMID: 22811034 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318268fb2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Less lean body mass may limit one's ability to produce adequate muscle forces to safely control landing from a jump, thus increasing the risk for injury. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of lower extremity lean mass (LELM) and eccentric muscle strength on lower extremity energy absorption (EA) during a drop jump landing. METHODS Seventy athletic subjects (35 men and 35 women) were measured for LELM with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, maximal eccentric strength of the quadriceps (QuadECC) and hamstrings (HamECC), and lower extremity joint energetics during the initial landing of a drop jump. A mediation analysis examined the extent to which LELM predicted EA at each lower extremity joint (EAHIP, EAKNEE, and EAANK) and subsequently whether these relationships were mediated by each subject's maximal eccentric strength capabilities. RESULTS LELM was a significant predictor of EAKNEE (R = 0.22, P < 0.01) in females but not in males (R = 0.03, P = 0.16). In females, QuadECC was a significant mediator of the effect of LELM on EA at the knee (ab = 179.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.43-423.42) and ankle (ab = 1.71, 95% CI = [0.16, 3.94]), whereas HamECC was a significant mediator of the relationship between LELM and EAHIP (ab = 4.89, 95% CI = 2.05-8.40). No significant relationships were observed in males. CONCLUSIONS LELM was a significant factor in energetic capabilities for females but not males. For females, this relationship was evident secondary to the stronger underlying relationship between maximal strength and EA. Thus, the maximal eccentric strength capabilities may be a more important determinant of energetic behaviors compared with the available quantity of lean mass alone. More work is needed to investigate these relationships and to reveal the underlying sex-specific mechanisms that determine EA capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Montgomery
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge; Northridge, CA 91330-8287, USA.
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Henning PC, Scofield DE, Rarick KR, Pierce JR, Staab JS, Lieberman HR, Nindl BC. Effects of acute caloric restriction compared to caloric balance on the temporal response of the IGF-I system. Metabolism 2013; 62:179-87. [PMID: 22906764 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2012.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Revised: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 07/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is a key regulator of metabolism during altered energy states. The IGF-I system components respond to prolonged caloric restriction but it is not clear if this system responds similarly to acute caloric restriction. The purpose of this study was to characterize the IGF-I system response to acute caloric restriction with a secondary purpose of determining if two isocaloric diets with different ratios of carbohydrate to fat alter the IGF-I system under conditions of caloric balance. MATERIALS/METHODS A double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover design was used in which 27 subjects underwent three, 48-h experimental treatments: 1) caloric restriction 2) carbohydrate and 3) carbohydrate/fat. Blood was sampled periodically (6 time points total) for IGF-I (total and free), IGFBPs1-4, insulin and glucose. ANOVAs were used with significance set at P<0.05. RESULTS Total IGF-I decreased 7% during CR (P=0.051) and remained stable during CHO and CHO/F. Free IGF-I decreased 43% during CR (P<0.05) and remained stable during CHO and CHO/F. IGFBP-1 increased by 445% during CR (P<0.05) compared to CHO and CHO/F with no changes for IGFBP-2, IGFBP-3 and IGFBP-4. There was no change in glucose or insulin during CR over the course of the study. Insulin and glucose increased (P<0.05) after a meal in both the CHO and CHO/F groups with no difference between these two groups. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that free IGF-I decreases and IGFBP-1 increases during caloric restriction, but they are not altered with diets differing in carbohydrate and fat content. Changes in free IGF-I and IGFBP-1 are sensitive to caloric restriction, and their measurement may be valuable in monitoring the physiological response to refeeding in those consuming suboptimal calories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Henning
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
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Strohbach CA, Scofield DE, Nindl BC, Centi AJ, Yanovich R, Evans RK, Moran DS. Female recruits sustaining stress fractures during military basic training demonstrate differential concentrations of circulating IGF-I system components: a preliminary study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:151-157. [PMID: 22704365 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2011] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 04/25/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Stress fracture injuries sustained during military basic combat training (BT) are a significant problem and occur at a higher rate in female recruits than male recruits. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is an easily measured biomarker that is involved in bone formation and positively correlated with bone mineral density, especially in women. This study examined the response of the IGF-I system between female soldiers that sustained a stress fracture (SFX, n=13) during BT and female soldiers who did not (NSFX, n=49). DESIGN Female soldiers (n=62, 18.8 ± 0.6 yr) from 2 companies of a gender-integrated combat battalion in the Israeli Defense Forces participated in this study. Height, weight and blood draws were taken upon entry to BT (preBT) and after a four-month BT program (postBT). Stress fractures were diagnosed by bone scan. Serum was analyzed for total IGF-I, free IGF-I, IGF binding proteins (IGFBP)1-6, BAP, calcium, CTx, IL1β, IL6, PINP, PTH, TNFα, TRAP, and 25(OH)D. Statistical differences between SFX and NSFX groups and time points were assessed by RM ANOVA with Fisher post-hoc (p≤0.05). RESULTS The SFX group was significantly taller and had lower BMI than NSFX (p≤0.05). Serum concentrations of total IGF-I, bioavailable IGF-I, other bone biomarkers, and cytokines were not significantly different between SFX and NSFX preBT. Serum IGFBP-2 and IGFBP-5 were significantly higher in the SFX compared to the NSFX preBT (p≤0.05). In both groups, total IGF-I increased pre to postBT (p≤0.05). Additionally, a significant difference was observed in the bioavailable IGF-I response pre to postBT for both groups. The SFX group demonstrated a significant decrease in bioavailable IGF-I pre to postBT (preBT: 0.58 ± 0.58 ng/mL; postBT 0.39 ± 0.48; p≤0.05) whereas the NSFX group demonstrated a significant increase in bioavailable IGF-I pre to postBT (preBT: 0.53 ± 0.37 ng/mL; postBT: 0.63 ± 0.45; p≤0.05). CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrated that serum IGF-I changes during basic training and that women sustaining stress fractures during BT significantly decreased bioavailable IGF-I, whereas their uninjured counter parts increased bioavailable IGF-I. These results suggest that stress fracture susceptibility may be related to differential IGF-I system concentrations and response to physical training.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Strohbach
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, USA.
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Katzmarzyk PT, Shen W, Baxter-Jones A, Bell JD, Butte NF, Demerath EW, Gilsanz V, Goran MI, Hirschler V, Hu HH, Maffeis C, Malina RM, Müller MJ, Pietrobelli A, Wells JCK. Adiposity in children and adolescents: correlates and clinical consequences of fat stored in specific body depots. Pediatr Obes 2012; 7:e42-61. [PMID: 22911903 DOI: 10.1111/j.2047-6310.2012.00073.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The 2011 Pennington Biomedical Research Center's Scientific Symposium focused on adiposity in children and adolescents. The symposium was attended by 15 speakers and other invited experts. The specific objectives of the symposium were to (i) integrate the latest published and unpublished findings on the laboratory and clinical assessment of depot-specific adiposity in children and adolescents, (ii) understand the variation in depot-specific adiposity and related health outcomes associated with age, sex, maturation, ethnicity and other factors and (iii) identify opportunities for incorporating new markers of abdominal obesity into clinical practice guidelines for obesity in children and adolescents. This symposium provided an overview of important new advances in the field and identified directions for future research. The long-term goal of the symposium is to aid in the early identification of children and adolescents who are at increased health risk because of obesity and obesity-related conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- P T Katzmarzyk
- Pennington Biomedical Research Center, Baton Rouge, LA 70808-4124, USA.
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Nindl BC, Scofield DE, Strohbach CA, Centi AJ, Evans RK, Yanovich R, Moran DS. IGF-I, IGFBPs, and Inflammatory Cytokine Responses During Gender-Integrated Israeli Army Basic Combat Training. J Strength Cond Res 2012; 26 Suppl 2:S73-81. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825d81ba] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Mastaglia SR, Solis F, Bagur A, Mautalen C, Oliveri B. Increase in android fat mass with age in healthy women with normal body mass index. J Clin Densitom 2012; 15:159-64. [PMID: 22402116 DOI: 10.1016/j.jocd.2011.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 12/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/21/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Body fat distribution is gender specific: men tend to accumulate adipose tissue in the android region, whereas women tend to do so in the gynoid region. The aim of the study was to assess total fat mass (TFM), android fat (AF), and gynoid fat (GF) mass in a selected group of healthy adult women with normal body mass index (BMI) to evaluate variations in fat distribution. Seventy-seven women (20--69yr of age) with BMI values between ≥18.5 and ≤24.9kg/m(2) were included. TMF, AF, GF, and the AF to GF ratio (A:G) were assessed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Results showed an increase in AF after the fifth decade of life (D), which reached statistical significance in the sixth and seventh decades (p<0.05--0.008), a 33% increase in kg of AF between the fourth and seventh and a 20% increase in A:G between the third and the seventh, with no significant changes in TFM and GF. In normal BMI women, age appears to be associated with changes in fat mass distribution with an increase in AF, which might have potential deleterious health consequences, after the fifth D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvina R Mastaglia
- Sección Osteopatías Médicas, Hospital de Clínicas, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Alasagheirin MH, Clark MK, Ramey SL, Grueskin EF. Body Mass Index Misclassification of Obesity among Community Police Officers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1177/216507991105901102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Occupational health nurses are at the forefront of obesity assessment and intervention and must be aware of potential inaccuracies of obesity measurement. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity among a sample of 84 male police officers 22 to 63 years old and determine the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) in estimating obesity compared to body fat percent (BF %). BMI identified 39.3% of the participants as obese, compared to 70.2% by BF %. BMI misclassified normal-weight officers as obese or overweight and obese officers as normal 48.8% ( n = 41) of the time. The two misclassified groups had similar average BMIs but significantly different BF %. BMI was not an accurate measure of obesity among adult males. BMI underestimated the true prevalence of obesity and could represent a missed opportunity for early intervention and disease prevention.
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Alasagheirin MH, Clark MK, Ramey SL, Grueskin EF. Body mass index misclassification of obesity among community police officers. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 59:469-75. [PMID: 22017190 DOI: 10.3928/08910162-20111017-01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Accepted: 07/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Occupational health nurses are at the forefront of obesity assessment and intervention and must be aware of potential inaccuracies of obesity measurement. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of obesity among a sample of 84 male police officers 22 to 63 years old and determine the accuracy of body mass index (BMI) in estimating obesity compared to body fat percent (BF %). BMI identified 39.3% of the participants as obese, compared to 70.2% by BF %. BMI misclassified normal-weight officers as obese or overweight and obese officers as normal 48.8% (n = 41) of the time. The two misclassified groups had similar average BMIs but significantly different BF %. BMI was not an accurate measure of obesity among adult males. BMI underestimated the true prevalence of obesity and could represent a missed opportunity for early intervention and disease prevention.
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Nindl BC, Santtila M, Vaara J, Hakkinen K, Kyrolainen H. Circulating IGF-I is associated with fitness and health outcomes in a population of 846 young healthy men. Growth Horm IGF Res 2011; 21:124-128. [PMID: 21459641 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2011.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is thought to mediate many of the beneficial outcomes of physical activity. While IGF-I has previously been shown to be positively related with aerobic fitness, few studies have examined IGF-I relationships with other fitness and health parameters. The robustness of IGF-I as a biomarker of fitness and health has yet to be fully determined. OBJECTIVE To determine the association of circulating IGF-I with fitness, body composition and health parameters in young, healthy men. DESIGN AND SUBJECTS A cross-section of 846 young, healthy Finnish men (25±5 yr, 180±6 cm, 81±13 kg). Subjects were divided into quintiles of IGF-I concentrations (Q1: lowest; Q5: highest) for statistical evaluation. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Circulating IGF-I, physical fitness: peak aerobic capacity (VO(2) peak), maximal strength of leg and arm extensors, muscle endurance (sit-ups, push-ups, and repetitive squats) and health outcome parameters (total blood cholesterol, triglyceride, high-density lipoproteins (HDL), low-density lipoproteins (LDL), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, waist circumference, % body fat, and drinking, smoking and physical activity behavior). RESULTS Higher IGF-I was associated with higher VO(2) peak (Q1: 39±7 vs. Q5: 44±9 mL/kg/min), sit-ups (Q1: 35±10 vs. Q5: 41±10 repetitions), push-ups (Q1: 27±13 vs. Q5: 31±14 repetitions), repetitive squats (Q2: 42±10 vs. Q5: 45±8 repetitions), HDL (Q1: 1.5±0.4 vs. Q5: 1.53±0.3 mmol/L), and lower age (Q1: 28±6 vs. Q5: 23±2 yr), %BF (Q1: 20±7 vs. Q5: 16±6%BF), waist circumference (Q1: 89±11 vs. Q5: 84±9 cm), BMI (Q1: 25.6±4 vs. Q5: 24.3m(2)/kg), diastolic blood pressure (Q1: 78.5±9 vs. Q5: 75.4±8 mm Hg), cholesterol (Q1: 4.72±0.9 vs. Q5: 4.44±0.8 mmol/L) and smoking (Q1: 44% vs. Q5: 32%). No association was observed for IGF-I and maximal leg extension (Q1: 2982±927 vs. Q5: 2932±853 N) and bench press (Q1: 895±197 vs. Q5: 919±203 N) strength, fat-free mass (Q1: 64.6±8 vs. Q5: 66.6±7 KG), LDL (2.54±0.7 vs. Q5: 2.35±0.6 mmol/L), or triglycerides (Q1: 1.05±0.6 vs. Q5: 0.99±0.5 mmol/L). CONCLUSION IGF-I is positively associated with aerobic fitness and muscular endurance, but not with measures of muscle strength or FFM. IGF-I is positively associated with improved health and fitness outcomes in young, healthy men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C Nindl
- The Military Performance Division, The Unites States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA 01760, United States.
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NINDL BRADLEYC, MCCLUNG JAMESP, MILLER JEREMYK, KARL JPHILIP, PIERCE JOSEPHR, SCOFIELD DENNISE, YOUNG ANDREWJ, LIEBERMAN HARRISR. Bioavailable IGF-I Is Associated with Fat-Free Mass Gains after Physical Training in Women. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2011; 43:793-9. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e31820065ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Ridgway CL, Sharp SJ, Derom C, Beunen G, Fagard R, Vlietinck R, Ekelund U, Loos RJF. The contribution of prenatal environment and genetic factors to the association between birth weight and adult grip strength. PLoS One 2011; 6:e17955. [PMID: 21423582 PMCID: PMC3058058 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0017955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2010] [Accepted: 02/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Low birth weight has been associated with reduced hand grip strength, which is a marker of future physical function and disease risk. The aim of this study was to apply a twin pair approach, using both ‘individual’ data and ‘within-pair’ differences, to investigate the influence of birth weight on hand grip strength and whether this association may be mediated through fat free mass (FFM). Participants from the East Flanders Prospective Twin Survey were included if born without congenital abnormalities, birth weight >500 g and ≥22 weeks of gestation. Follow up in adulthood (age: 18–34 year), included anthropometric measures and hand grip (n = 783 individuals, n = 326 same-sex twin pairs). Birth weight was positively associated with hand grip strength (β = 2.60 kg, 95% CI 1.52, 3.67, p<0.001) and FFM (β = 4.2, 95% CI 3.16, 5.24, p<0.001), adjusted for gestational age, sex and adult age. Using ‘within-pair’ analyses, the birth weight hand grip association was significant in DZ men only (β = 5.82, 95% CI 0.67, 10.97, p = 0.028), which was attenuated following adjustment for FFM. Within-pair birth weight FFM associations were most pronounced in DZ men (β = 11.20, 95% CI 7.18, 15.22, p<0.001). Our ‘individual’ analyses show that higher birth weight is associated with greater adult hand grip strength, which is mediated through greater adult FFM. The ‘within-pair’ analyses confirm this observation and furthermore show that, particularly in men, genetic factors may in part explain this association, as birth weight differences in DZ men result in greater differences in adult strength and FFM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte L Ridgway
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, Cambridge, United Kingdom.
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Utter AC, McAnulty SR, Sarvazyan A, Query MC, Landram MJ. Evaluation of ultrasound velocity to assess the hydration status of wrestlers. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:1451-7. [PMID: 20508445 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181d82d26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the utility of ultrasound velocity (UV) to detect changes in the hydration status of wrestlers after undergoing acute dehydration and a 2-hour rehydration period. Forty-seven NCAA wrestlers (mean+/-SEM); age 19.1+/-0.2 years, height 1.73+/-0.1 m, body mass (BM) 79.4+/-2.4 kg were tested in euhydrated, dehydrated, and a 2-hours rehydrated conditions. Hydration status was quantified by measuring changes in plasma osmolarity (Posm), urine osmolarity (Uosm), urine specific gravity (Usg), and BM. Ultrasound velocity was measured at 1 MHz using 1.5-microsecond duration tone burst in the soleus muscle. Significant changes (p<0.001) in UV during periods of dehydration (BM change=-3.6+/-0.14%) (UV=+2.18 m.s) and rehydration (BM change=+2.8+/-0.12%) (UV=-2.89 m.s) were found. Significant main effects (p<0.001) were also found for Usg, Uosm, and Posm during dehydration. The change in Posm from the 1 to 2-hour rehydration time period significantly correlated to the change in UV during the same time period (r=0.27, p<0.001). This study demonstrates that changes in UV correspond to the changes of Posm, Usg, Uosm, and BM during acute dehydration and rehydration in collegiate wrestlers. The use of ultrasound measures may have potential application as an alternative field-based method to assess the hydration status of collegiate wrestlers although future research is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan C Utter
- Department of Health, Leisure, and Exercise Science, Appalachian State University, Boone, North Carolina, USA.
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Yoo HJ, Park MS, Lee CH, Yang SJ, Kim TN, Lim KI, Kang HJ, Song W, Yeon JE, Baik SH, Choi DS, Choi KM. Cutoff points of abdominal obesity indices in screening for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in Asians. Liver Int 2010; 30:1189-96. [PMID: 20602679 DOI: 10.1111/j.1478-3231.2010.02300.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Abdominal obesity is associated with metabolic syndrome and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Although there have been many studies to determine the optimal cutoff points of waist circumference or visceral fat area in screening for metabolic syndrome, there have been no reports to establish adequate cutoff points of abdominal obesity indices in screening for NAFLD. Therefore, we examined the appropriate cutoff points of abdominal obesity indices associated with NAFLD in Korean men and women using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Furthermore, we compared the usefulness of various abdominal obesity indices measured using computed tomography (CT), dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and anthropometric parameters for detecting NAFLD. METHODS We analysed the baseline data of an ongoing prospective, observational cohort study, including a total of 456 healthy subjects 20-88 years of age. NAFLD was diagnosed by unenhanced CT using the liver attenuation index. RESULTS All ROC curves of waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, DXA-measured trunk fat mass and CT-measured visceral fat area were significantly above the diagonal line. There were no significant differences in the area under the curve values among these abdominal obesity indices in each gender. The appropriate cutoff point of waist circumference in screening for NAFLD was 89 cm for men and 84 cm for women and the optimal cutoff point of waist-to-height ratio was 0.52 for men and 0.53 for women with very high negative predictive values. CONCLUSIONS The simple anthropometric parameters, such as waist circumference and waist-to-height ratio, are as useful as DXA and CT for predicting NAFLD in Korean adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Jin Yoo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Nindl BC, Alemany JA, Tuckow AP, Rarick KR, Staab JS, Kraemer WJ, Maresh CM, Spiering BA, Hatfield DL, Flyvbjerg A, Frystyk J. Circulating bioactive and immunoreactive IGF-I remain stable in women, despite physical fitness improvements after 8 weeks of resistance, aerobic, and combined exercise training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:112-20. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00025.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) is regulated by a number of IGF-binding proteins (IGFBPs) and proteases that influence IGF-I bioactivity. A specific IGF-I kinase receptor activation assay (KIRA) has been developed that determines the ability of IGF-I to activate the IGF-I receptor by quantification of intracellular receptor autophosphorylation on IGF-I binding. KIRA-assessed IGF-I bioactivity has not been utilized within the context of chronic exercise training paradigms. This study measured total and free immunoreactive IGF-I, bioactive IGF-I, and IGFBP-1, -2, and -3 before (Pre), during (Mid), and after (Post) 8 wk of exercise training in young, healthy women, who were randomized into one of four groups: control ( n = 10), resistance ( n = 18), aerobic ( n = 13), and combined ( n = 15) exercise training. The training programs were effective in improving physical fitness specific to the exercise mode engaged in: increases were observed for lean mass (∼2%), aerobic fitness (6–7%), and upper (20–24%) and lower (15–48%) body strength (all P values < 0.05). By contrast, no time, group, or interaction effects were observed for the circulating IGF-I system, as immunoreactive total (Pre = 264 ± 16 μg/l; Mid = 268 ± 17 μg/l; Post = 271 ± 17 μg/l), free (Pre = 0.70 ± 0.1 μg/l; Mid = 0.63 ± 0.1 μg/l; Post = 0.63 ± 0.2 μg/l) and bioactive (Pre = 2.35 ± 0.3 μg/l; Mid = 2.25 ± 0.3 μg/l; Post = 2.33 ± 0.3 μg/l) IGF-I were unchanged throughout the study. All IGFBP measures were also unchanged. We conclude that increased lean mass, aerobic fitness, and upper and lower body strength resulting from an 8-wk exercise training programs can occur without concomitant increases in either circulating bioactive or immunoreactive IGF-I, as well as associated IGFBPs. In terms of reflecting positive anabolic neuromuscular outcomes, these data do not support a role for endocrine-derived IGF-I.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bradley C. Nindl
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Joseph A. Alemany
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Alexander P. Tuckow
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Kevin R. Rarick
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - Jeffery S. Staab
- Military Performance Division, US Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, Massachusetts
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Carl M. Maresh
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Barry A. Spiering
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Disa L. Hatfield
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut; and
| | - Allan Flyvbjerg
- Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jan Frystyk
- Medical Research Laboratories, Clinical Institute of Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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