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Dalton RL, Sowinski RJ, Grubic TJ, Collins PB, Coletta AM, Reyes AG, Sanchez B, Koozehchian M, Jung YP, Rasmussen C, Greenwood M, Murano PS, Earnest CP, Kreider RB. Hematological and Hemodynamic Responses to Acute and Short-Term Creatine Nitrate Supplementation. Nutrients 2017; 9:nu9121359. [PMID: 29244743 PMCID: PMC5748809 DOI: 10.3390/nu9121359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In a double-blind, crossover, randomized and placebo-controlled trial; 28 men and women ingested a placebo (PLA), 3 g of creatine nitrate (CNL), and 6 g of creatine nitrate (CNH) for 6 days. Participants repeated the experiment with the alternate supplements after a 7-day washout. Hemodynamic responses to a postural challenge, fasting blood samples, and bench press, leg press, and cycling time trial performance and recovery were assessed. Data were analyzed by univariate, multivariate, and repeated measures general linear models (GLM). No significant differences were found among treatments for hemodynamic responses, clinical blood markers or self-reported side effects. After 5 days of supplementation, one repetition maximum (1RM) bench press improved significantly for CNH (mean change, 95% CI; 6.1 [3.5, 8.7] kg) but not PLA (0.7 [-1.6, 3.0] kg or CNL (2.0 [-0.9, 4.9] kg, CNH, p = 0.01). CNH participants also tended to experience an attenuated loss in 1RM strength during the recovery performance tests following supplementation on day 5 (PLA: -9.3 [-13.5, -5.0], CNL: -9.3 [-13.5, -5.1], CNH: -3.9 [-6.6, -1.2] kg, p = 0.07). After 5 days, pre-supplementation 1RM leg press values increased significantly, only with CNH (24.7 [8.8, 40.6] kg, but not PLA (13.9 [-15.7, 43.5] or CNL (14.6 [-0.5, 29.7]). Further, post-supplementation 1RM leg press recovery did not decrease significantly for CNH (-13.3 [-31.9, 5.3], but did for PLA (-30.5 [-53.4, -7.7] and CNL (-29.0 [-49.5, -8.4]). CNL treatment promoted an increase in bench press repetitions at 70% of 1RM during recovery on day 5 (PLA: 0.4 [-0.8, 1.6], CNL: 0.9 [0.35, 1.5], CNH: 0.5 [-0.2, 0.3], p = 0.56), greater leg press endurance prior to supplementation on day 5 (PLA: -0.2 [-1.6, 1.2], CNL: 0.9 [0.2, 1.6], CNH: 0.2 [-0.5, 0.9], p = 0.25) and greater leg press endurance during recovery on day 5 (PLA: -0.03 [-1.2, 1.1], CNL: 1.1 [0.3, 1.9], CNH: 0.4 [-0.4, 1.2], p = 0.23). Cycling time trial performance (4 km) was not affected. Results indicate that creatine nitrate supplementation, up to a 6 g dose, for 6 days, appears to be safe and provide some ergogenic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L Dalton
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Ryan J Sowinski
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Tyler J Grubic
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Patrick B Collins
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Adriana M Coletta
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Aimee G Reyes
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Brittany Sanchez
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Majid Koozehchian
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Yanghoon P Jung
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Christopher Rasmussen
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Mike Greenwood
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
| | - Peter S Murano
- Institute for Obesity and Program Evaluation, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA.
| | - Conrad P Earnest
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
- Clinical Science Division, Nutrabolt, 3891 S. Traditions Drive, Bryan, TX 77807, USA.
| | - Richard B Kreider
- Exercise and Sport Nutrition Lab, Human Clinical Research Facility, Texas A & M University, College Station, TX 77843-4253, USA.
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Ahluwalia A, Gladwin M, Coleman GD, Hord N, Howard G, Kim-Shapiro DB, Lajous M, Larsen FJ, Lefer DJ, McClure LA, Nolan BT, Pluta R, Schechter A, Wang CY, Ward MH, Harman JL. Dietary Nitrate and the Epidemiology of Cardiovascular Disease: Report From a National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Workshop. J Am Heart Assoc 2016; 5:e003402. [PMID: 27385425 PMCID: PMC5015377 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.003402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Amrita Ahluwalia
- The William Harvey Research Institute, Barts & The London Medical School, Queen Mary University of London, UK
| | - Mark Gladwin
- Vascular Medicine Institute, Pittsburgh University, Pittsburgh, PA
| | | | | | | | | | - Martin Lajous
- Nacional de Salud Pública de Mexico, Mexico, Albania
| | | | - David J Lefer
- Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA
| | - Leslie A McClure
- Dornsife School of Public Health at Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA
| | | | - Ryszard Pluta
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan Schechter
- National Institute for Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
| | - Chia-Yih Wang
- National Center for Health Statistics, CDC, Hyattsville, MD
| | | | - Jane L Harman
- Division of Cardiovascular Sciences, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, Bethesda, MD
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Poortmans JR, Gualano B, Carpentier A. Nitrate supplementation and human exercise performance: too much of a good thing? Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2015; 18:599-604. [PMID: 26447563 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0000000000000222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Ergogenic supplements in sport events are widely used by popular and competitive athletes to enhance performance and reduce oxygen cost. Beetroot juice and nitrate salts have been increasingly used for the past 5-6 years. The present review discusses the scientific background, the efficiency and potential adverse effects of excessive nitrate supplementation. RECENT FINDINGS There is clear evidence that nitrate from different food ingredients (such as beetroot juice and other vegetables) is converted into nitrite and possibly into nitric oxide, which may promote vasodilation, angiogenesis and mitochondrial biogenesis. The high affinity of nitric oxide towards different enzyme pathways inhibits excessive mitochondrial respiration and, therefore, tissue oxygen consumption. In addition, L-arginine supplements are proposed to stimulate nitric oxide synthesis in the endothelium. On the basis of these biochemical properties, nitrate supplementation has been suggested to athletes to enhance exercise performance. SUMMARY The recent publications in human individuals based on L-arginine, beetroot juice or nitrate supplementation revealed either a minor positive effect or no systematic effect on exercise performance, especially in trained athletes. Of note, the sugar content of whole beetroot juice might induce a slightly more pronounced effect. Although reasonable intake of nitrate salts (up to 1 g/day) has no detrimental effect on kidney function, the risk and benefit of higher nitrate intake needs to be evaluated to define the optimal range of supplementation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacques R Poortmans
- aUnité de Recherche en Biométrie et Nutrition Appliquée à l'Exercice, Faculté des Sciences de la Motricité, Université libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium bSchool of Physical Education and Sport, School of Medicine, University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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CARPENTIER ALAIN, STRAGIER SÉVERINE, BRÉJEON CAMILLE, POORTMANS JACQUESR. Nitrate Supplementation, Exercise, and Kidney Function. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:1519-22. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Joy JM, Lowery RP, Falcone PH, Vogel RM, Mosman MM, Tai CY, Carson LR, Kimber D, Choate D, Kim MP, Wilson JM, Moon JR. A multi-ingredient, pre-workout supplement is apparently safe in healthy males and females. Food Nutr Res 2015; 59:27470. [PMID: 26085481 PMCID: PMC4471216 DOI: 10.3402/fnr.v59.27470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pre-workout supplements (PWS) have become increasingly popular with recreational and competitive athletes. While many ingredients used in PWS have had their safety assessed, the interactions when combined are less understood. Objective The purpose of this study was to examine the safety of 1 and 2 servings of a PWS. Design Forty-four males and females (24.4±4.6 years; 174.7±9.3 cm; 78.9±18.6 kg) from two laboratories participated in this study. Subjects were randomly assigned to consume either one serving (G1; n=14) or two servings (G2; n=18) of PWS or serve as an unsupplemented control (CRL; n=12). Blood draws for safety panels were conducted by a trained phlebotomist before and after the supplementation period. Results Pooled data from both laboratories revealed significant group×time interactions (p<0.05) for mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH; CRL: 30.9±0.8–31.0±0.9 pg; G1: 30.7±1.1–30.2±0.7 pg; G2: 30.9±1.2–30.9±1.1 pg), MCH concentration (CRL: 34.0±0.9–34.4±0.7 g/dL; G1: 34.1±0.9–33.8±0.6 g/dL; G2: 34.0±1.0–33.8±0.8 g/dL), platelets (CRL: 261.9±45.7–255.2±41.2×103/µL; G1: 223.8±47.7–238.7±49.6×103/µL; G2: 239.1±28.3–230.8±34.5×103/µL), serum glucose (CRL: 84.1±5.2–83.3±5.8 mg/dL; G1: 86.5±7.9–89.7±5.6 mg/dL; G2: 87.4±7.2–89.9±6.6 mg/dL), sodium (CRL: 137.0±2.7–136.4±2.4 mmol/L; 139.6±1.4–140.0±2.2 mmol/L; G2: 139.0±2.2–138.7±1.7 mmol/L), albumin (CRL: 4.4±0.15–4.4±0.22 g/dL; G1: 4.5±0.19–4.5±0.13 g/dL; G2: 4.6±0.28–4.3±0.13 g/dL), and albumin:globulin (CRL: 1.8±0.30–1.8±0.28; G1: 1.9±0.30–2.0±0.31; G2: 1.8±0.34–1.8±0.34). Each of these variables remained within the clinical reference ranges. Conclusions The PWS appears to be safe for heart, liver, and kidney function in both one-serving and two-serving doses when consumed daily for 28 days. Despite the changes observed for select variables, no variable reached clinical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan M Joy
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Ryan P Lowery
- Health Science and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Paul H Falcone
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Roxanne M Vogel
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Matt M Mosman
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Chih-Yin Tai
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Laura R Carson
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Dylan Kimber
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA.,Human Performance and Sport, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - David Choate
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA.,Human Performance and Sport, Metropolitan State University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Michael P Kim
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA
| | - Jacob M Wilson
- Health Science and Human Performance Department, University of Tampa, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Jordan R Moon
- MusclePharm Sports Science Institute, MusclePharm Corp., Denver, CO, USA.,Department of Sports Exercise Science, United States Sports Academy, Daphne, AL, USA;
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28 days of creatine nitrate supplementation is apparently safe in healthy individuals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2014; 11:60. [PMID: 25589898 PMCID: PMC4293808 DOI: 10.1186/s12970-014-0060-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 12/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Creatine monohydrate has become a very popular nutritional supplement for its ergogenic effects. The safety of creatine monohydrate has previously been confirmed. However with each novel form of creatine that emerges, its safety must be verified. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the safety of a novel form of creatine, creatine nitrate (CN), over a 28 day period. METHODS 58 young males and females (Pooled: 24.3 ± 3.9 years, 144.9 ± 8.0 cm, 74.2 ± 13.0 kg) participated in this study across two laboratories. Subjects were equally and randomly assigned to consume either 1 g (n = 18) or 2 g (n = 20) of CN or remained unsupplemented (n = 20). Blood draws for full safety panels were conducted by a trained phlebotomist prior to and at the conclusion of the supplementation period. RESULTS Pooled data from both laboratories revealed significant group x time interactions for absolute lymphocytes and absolute monocytes (p < 0.05). Analysis of the 1 g treatment revealed lab x time differences for red blood cell distribution width, platelets, absolute monocytes, creatinine, blood urea nitrogen (BUN):creatinine, sodium, protein, and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (p < 0.05). Analysis of the 2 g treatment revealed lab x time differences for BUN:creatinine and ALT (p < 0.05). BUN and BUN:creatinine increased beyond the clinical reference range for the 2 g treatment of Lab 2, but BUN did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSION Overall, CN appears to be safe in both 1 g and 2 g servings daily for up to a 28 day period. While those with previously elevated BUN levels may see additional increases resulting in post-supplementation values slightly beyond normal physiological range, these results have minor clinical significance and are not cause for concern. Otherwise, all hematological safety markers remained within normal range, suggesting that CN supplementation has no adverse effects in daily doses up to 2 g over 28 days and may be an alternative to creatine monohydrate supplementation.
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Maughan RJ, Greenhaff PL, Hespel P. Dietary supplements for athletes: Emerging trends and recurring themes. J Sports Sci 2011; 29 Suppl 1:S57-66. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.587446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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