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Lu J, Li H, Zhang Z, Xu R, Wang J, Jin H. Platelet-rich plasma in the pathologic processes of tendinopathy: a review of basic science studies. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1187974. [PMID: 37545895 PMCID: PMC10401606 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1187974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tendinopathy is a medical condition that includes a spectrum of inflammatory and degenerative tendon changes caused by traumatic or overuse injuries. The pathological mechanism of tendinopathy has not been well defined, and no ideal treatment is currently available. Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is an autologous whole blood derivative containing a variety of cytokines and other protein components. Various basic studies have found that PRP has the therapeutic potential to promote cell proliferation and differentiation, regulate angiogenesis, increase extracellular matrix synthesis, and modulate inflammation in degenerative tendons. Therefore, PRP has been widely used as a promising therapeutic agent for tendinopathy. However, controversies exist over the optimal treatment regimen and efficacy of PRP for tendinopathy. This review focuses on the specific molecular and cellular mechanisms by which PRP manipulates tendon healing to better understand how PRP affects tendinopathy and explore the reason for the differences in clinical trial outcomes. This article has also pointed out the future direction of basic research and clinical application of PRP in the treatment of tendinopathy, which will play a guiding role in the design of PRP treatment protocols for tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jialin Lu
- Department of Pain, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Han Li
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ziyu Zhang
- Norman Bethune Health Science Center of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jincheng Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hui Jin
- Department of Pain, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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2
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Vila-Dieguez O, Heindel MD, Awokuse D, Kulig K, Michener LA. Exercise for rotator cuff tendinopathy: Proposed mechanisms of recovery. Shoulder Elbow 2023; 15:233-249. [PMID: 37325389 PMCID: PMC10268139 DOI: 10.1177/17585732231172166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rotator cuff (RC) tendinopathy is a common recurrent cause of shoulder pain, and resistance exercise is the first-line recommended intervention. Proposed causal mechanisms of resistance exercise for patients with RC tendinopathy consist of four domains: tendon structure, neuromuscular factors, pain and sensorimotor processing, and psychosocial factors. Tendon structure plays a role in RC tendinopathy, with decreased stiffness, increased thickness, and collagen disorganization. Neuromuscular performance deficits of altered kinematics, muscle activation, and force are present in RC tendinopathy, but advanced methods of assessing muscle performance are needed to fully assess these factors. Psychological factors of depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, treatment expectations, and self-efficacy are present and predict patient-reported outcomes. Central nervous system dysfunctions also exist, specifically altered pain and sensorimotor processing. Resisted exercise may normalize these factors, but limited evidence exists to explain the relationship of the four proposed domains to trajectory of recovery and defining persistent deficits limiting outcomes. Clinicians and researchers can use this model to understand how exercise mediates change in patient outcomes, develop subgroups to deliver patient-specific approach for treatment and define metrics to track recovery over time. Supporting evidence is limited, indicating the need for future studies characterizing mechanisms of recovery with exercise for RC tendinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oscar Vila-Dieguez
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Matthew D. Heindel
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Daniel Awokuse
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kornelia Kulig
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lori A. Michener
- Division of Biokinesiology & Physical Therapy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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3
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Wang H, Yu R, Wang M, Wang S, Ouyang X, Yan Z, Chen S, Wang W, Wu F, Fan C. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 loaded electrospun membrane ameliorating tendon injury by promoting retention of IGF-1. J Control Release 2023; 356:162-174. [PMID: 36868516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2023.02.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Tendon injury is one of the most common musculoskeletal disorders that impair joint mobility and lower quality of life. The limited regenerative capacity of tendon remains a clinical challenge. Local delivery of bioactive protein is a viable therapeutic approach for tendon healing. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 4 (IGFBP-4) is a secreted protein capable of binding and stabilizing insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1). Here, we applied an aqueous-aqueous freezing-induced phase separation technology to obtain the IGFBP4-encapsulated dextran particles. Then, we added the particles into poly (L-lactic acid) (PLLA) solution to fabricate IGFBP4-PLLA electrospun membrane for efficient IGFBP-4 delivery. The scaffold showed excellent cytocompatibility and a sustained release of IGFBP-4 for nearly 30 days. In cellular experiments, IGFBP-4 promoted tendon-related and proliferative markers expression. In a rat Achilles tendon injury model, immunohistochemistry and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction confirmed better outcomes by using the IGFBP4-PLLA electrospun membrane at the molecular level. Furthermore, the scaffold effectively promoted tendon healing in functional performance, ultrastructure and biomechanical properties. We found addition of IGFBP-4 promoted IGF-1 retention in tendon postoperatively and then facilitated protein synthesis via IGF-1/AKT signaling pathway. Overall, our IGFBP4-PLLA electrospun membrane provides a promising therapeutic strategy for tendon injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Ruyue Yu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Meng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China
| | - Shikun Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Xingyu Ouyang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Zhiwen Yan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, PR China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
| | - Fei Wu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, PR China.
| | - Cunyi Fan
- Department of Orthopedics, Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200233, PR China; Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Orthopaedic Material Innovation and Tissue Regeneration, Shanghai 200233, PR China.
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4
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Age-related differences in hamstring tendon used as autograft in reconstructive anterior cruciate ligament surgery. INTERNATIONAL ORTHOPAEDICS 2022; 46:845-853. [DOI: 10.1007/s00264-021-05285-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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5
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Pentidis N, Mersmann F, Bohm S, Schroll A, Giannakou E, Aggelousis N, Arampatzis A. Development of Muscle-Tendon Adaptation in Preadolescent Gymnasts and Untrained Peers: A 12-Month Longitudinal Study. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2021; 53:2565-2576. [PMID: 34649260 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000002742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The current study investigated the effects of long-term athletic training on the development of the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in preadolescence. METHODS Eleven preadolescent untrained children and a group of 21 artistic gymnastics athletes of similar age (9 ± 1.7 yr) and maturity (Tanner stages I and II) participated in the study. The measurements were conducted every 3 months for 1 yr, and training volume and duration of the athletes were documented. Plantar flexor muscle strength, Achilles tendon stiffness, maximum tendon strain, and gastrocnemius medialis morphometrics were measured by integrating kinematics, ultrasonography, and dynamometry. A linear mixed-effects model was used to analyze the investigated parameters. RESULTS We found greater muscle strength (P < 0.001) in athletes compared with nonathletes but no differences in Achilles tendon stiffness (P = 0.252), indicating a training-induced imbalanced adaptation of muscle strength and tendon stiffness in preadolescent athletes. Although pennation angle (P = 0.490), thickness (P = 0.917), and fascicle length (P = 0.667) did not differ between groups, we found higher fluctuations in pennation angle and muscle strength over 1 yr in athletes. The imbalanced adaptation of muscle strength and tendon stiffness together with greater fluctuations of muscle strength resulted in greater tendon strain fluctuations over 1 yr (P = 0.017) and a higher frequency of athletes with high-level tendon strain (≥9%) compared with nonathletes. CONCLUSIONS The findings indicate an increased mechanical demand for the tendon in preadolescent athletes that could have implications for the risk of tendon overuse injury. Therefore, we recommend the implementation of individual training approaches to preserve a balanced adaptation within the triceps surae muscle-tendon unit in preadolescent athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Erasmia Giannakou
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, GREECE
| | - Nickos Aggelousis
- Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Democritus University of Thrace, Komotini, GREECE
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6
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Quinlan JI, Franchi MV, Gharahdaghi N, Badiali F, Francis S, Hale A, Phillips BE, Szewczyk N, Greenhaff PL, Smith K, Maganaris C, Atherton PJ, Narici MV. Muscle and tendon adaptations to moderate load eccentric vs. concentric resistance exercise in young and older males. GeroScience 2021; 43:1567-1584. [PMID: 34196903 PMCID: PMC8492846 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-021-00396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Resistance exercise training (RET) is well-known to counteract negative age-related changes in both muscle and tendon tissue. Traditional RET consists of both concentric (CON) and eccentric (ECC) contractions; nevertheless, isolated ECC contractions are metabolically less demanding and, thus, may be more suitable for older populations. However, whether submaximal (60% 1RM) CON or ECC contractions differ in their effectiveness is relatively unknown. Further, whether the time course of muscle and tendon adaptations differs to the above is also unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to establish the time course of muscle and tendon adaptations to submaximal CON and ECC RET. Twenty healthy young (24.5 ± 5.1 years) and 17 older males (68.1 ± 2.4 years) were randomly allocated to either isolated CON or ECC RET which took place 3/week for 8 weeks. Tendon biomechanical properties, muscle architecture and maximal voluntary contraction were assessed every 2 weeks and quadriceps muscle volume every 4 weeks. Positive changes in tendon Young's modulus were observed after 4 weeks in all groups after which adaptations in young males plateaued but continued to increase in older males, suggesting a dampened rate of adaptation with age. However, both CON and ECC resulted in similar overall changes in tendon Young's modulus, in all groups. Muscle hypertrophy and strength increases were similar between CON and ECC in all groups. However, pennation angle increases were greater in CON, and fascicle length changes were greater in ECC. Notably, muscle and tendon adaptations appeared to occur in synergy, presumably to maintain the efficacy of the muscle-tendon unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Iain Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK.,National Institute for Health Research, Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre At University Hospitals Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust, Birmingham, UK.,MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martino Vladimiro Franchi
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Nima Gharahdaghi
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Francesca Badiali
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Susan Francis
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Andrew Hale
- Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Bethan Eileen Phillips
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Nathaniel Szewczyk
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK.,Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute (OMNI) and Department of Biomedical Sciences, Ohio University, Athens, OH, 43147, USA
| | - Paul Leonard Greenhaff
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Kenneth Smith
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Phillip James Atherton
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK
| | - Marco Vincenzo Narici
- MRC Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research and NIHR Nottingham Biomedical Research Centre, University of Nottingham's Royal Derby Hospital Centre, Nottingham, UK. .,Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy. .,CIR-MYO Myology Center, University of Padova, Padova, Italy.
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7
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Olesen JL, Hansen M, Turtumoygard IF, Hoffner R, Schjerling P, Christensen J, Mendias CL, Magnusson PS, Kjaer M. No Treatment Benefits of Local Administration of Insulin-like Growth Factor-1 in Addition to Heavy Slow Resistance Training in Tendinopathic Human Patellar Tendons: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial With 1-Year Follow-up. Am J Sports Med 2021; 49:2361-2370. [PMID: 34138667 DOI: 10.1177/03635465211021056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heavy slow resistance (HSR) training is currently recommended as part of the treatment of patellar tendon tendinopathy. However, treatment success is not reached in all patients, and combinations of different treatments could be beneficial. Local administration of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) in humans has been shown to quickly stimulate tendon collagen synthesis. PURPOSE To study whether IGF-1 injections combined with HSR training enhance tendon synthesis, tissue structure, and patient satisfaction versus saline injection combined with HSR training in patients with patellar tendinopathy. STUDY DESIGN Randomized controlled trial; Level of evidence, 1. METHODS Forty patients (age 18-50 years) with unilateral patellar tendinopathy undertook HSR training (3 times a week for 12 weeks) and received intratendinous IGF-1 injections (1 mg IGF-1 per dose) or isotonic saline injections (sham injections) at baseline and after 1 and 2 weeks of training. The primary outcome was collagen synthesis parameters after 12 weeks (primary endpoint). The secondary outcomes were patient-reported outcomes (scores on the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment-Patella [VISA-P] and visual analog scale [VAS] for pain) and structural changes before the initiation of treatment and at week 3, week 12, and 1 year after the initiation of treatment. RESULTS Analysis of the patellar tendon biopsy specimens at 12 weeks showed that collagen mRNA and total RNA were increased in the tendinopathic tendons compared with the contralateral healthy tendons regardless of treatment with IGF-1 or saline. Similarly, no difference between the groups was seen in tendon thickness and Doppler activity at week 12 or at 1-year follow-up. The combination of HSR training and IGF-1 injections significantly improved VISA-P and VAS pain scores after 3 weeks, whereas the overall responses after 12 weeks and at 1-year follow-up were identical in the 2 groups. CONCLUSION Although a small, immediate clinical response to IGF-1 injections was seen when combined with training, no additional long-term effect of intratendinous IGF-1 was observed on structural and clinical outcomes in patients with patellar tendinopathy. REGISTRATION NCT01834989 (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens L Olesen
- Center for General Practice at Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mette Hansen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Sport Science, Department of Public Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Ida F Turtumoygard
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Rikke Hoffner
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Christensen
- Department of Occupational Therapy and Physiotherapy, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Denmark
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
| | - Peter S Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy, Bispebjerg and Frederiksberg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M81, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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8
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Chen XT, Fang WH, Vangsness CT. Efficacy of Biologics for Ligamentous and Tendon Healing. OPER TECHN SPORT MED 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.otsm.2020.150755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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9
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Smeets JSJ, Horstman AMH, Vles GF, Emans PJ, Goessens JPB, Gijsen AP, van Kranenburg JMX, van Loon LJC. Protein synthesis rates of muscle, tendon, ligament, cartilage, and bone tissue in vivo in humans. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0224745. [PMID: 31697717 PMCID: PMC6837426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0224745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle plasticity is reflected by a dynamic balance between protein synthesis and breakdown, with basal muscle tissue protein synthesis rates ranging between 0.02 and 0.09%/h. Though it is evident that other musculoskeletal tissues should also express some level of plasticity, data on protein synthesis rates of most of these tissues in vivo in humans is limited. Six otherwise healthy patients (62±3 y), scheduled to undergo unilateral total knee arthroplasty, were subjected to primed continuous intravenous infusions with L-[ring-13C6]-Phenylalanine throughout the surgical procedure. Tissue samples obtained during surgery included muscle, tendon, cruciate ligaments, cartilage, bone, menisci, fat, and synovium. Tissue-specific fractional protein synthesis rates (%/h) were assessed by measuring the incorporation of L-[ring-13C6]-Phenylalanine in tissue protein and were compared with muscle tissue protein synthesis rates using a paired t test. Tendon, bone, cartilage, Hoffa’s fat pad, anterior and posterior cruciate ligament, and menisci tissue protein synthesis rates averaged 0.06±0.01, 0.03±0.01, 0.04±0.01, 0.11±0.03, 0.07±0.02, 0.04±0.01, and 0.04±0.01%/h, respectively, and did not significantly differ from skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (0.04±0.01%/h; P>0.05). Synovium derived protein (0.13±0.03%/h) and intercondylar notch bone tissue protein synthesis rates (0.03±0.01%/h) were respectively higher and lower compared to skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates (P<0.05 and P<0.01, respectively). Basal protein synthesis rates in various musculoskeletal tissues are within the same range of skeletal muscle protein synthesis rates, with fractional muscle, tendon, bone, cartilage, ligament, menisci, fat, and synovium protein synthesis rates ranging between 0.02 and 0.13% per hour in vivo in humans. Clinical trial registration: NTR5147
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Affiliation(s)
- Joey S J Smeets
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Astrid M H Horstman
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Georges F Vles
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Pieter J Emans
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Joy P B Goessens
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Annemie P Gijsen
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Janneau M X van Kranenburg
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luc J C van Loon
- Department of Human Biology, NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Maastricht University Medical Centre+, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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10
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Disser NP, Sugg KB, Talarek JR, Sarver DC, Rourke BJ, Mendias CL. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in tenocytes is required for adult tendon growth. FASEB J 2019; 33:12680-12695. [PMID: 31536390 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201901503r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Tenocytes serve to synthesize and maintain collagen fibrils and other extracellular matrix proteins in tendon. Despite the high prevalence of tendon injury, the underlying biologic mechanisms of postnatal tendon growth and repair are not well understood. IGF1 plays an important role in the growth and remodeling of numerous tissues but less is known about IGF1 in tendon. We hypothesized that IGF1 signaling is required for proper tendon growth in response to mechanical loading through regulation of collagen synthesis and cell proliferation. To test this hypothesis, we conditionally deleted the IGF1 receptor (IGF1R) in scleraxis (Scx)-expressing tenocytes using a tamoxifen-inducible Cre-recombinase system and caused tendon growth in adult mice via mechanical overload of the plantaris tendon. Compared with control Scx-expressing IGF1R-positive (Scx:IGF1R+) mice, in which IGF1R is present in tenocytes, mice that lacked IGF1R in their tenocytes [Scx-expressing IGF1R-negative (Scx:IGF1RΔ) mice] demonstrated reduced cell proliferation and smaller tendons in response to mechanical loading. Additionally, we identified that both the PI3K/protein kinase B and ERK pathways are activated downstream of IGF1 and interact in a coordinated manner to regulate cell proliferation and protein synthesis. These studies indicate that IGF1 signaling is required for proper postnatal tendon growth and support the potential use of IGF1 in the treatment of tendon disorders.-Disser, N. P., Sugg, K. B., Talarek, J. R., Sarver, D. C., Rourke, B. J., Mendias, C. L. Insulin-like growth factor 1 signaling in tenocytes is required for adult tendon growth.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kristoffer B Sugg
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Section of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Talarek
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Dylan C Sarver
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Brennan J Rourke
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Christopher L Mendias
- Hospital for Special Surgery, New York, New York, USA.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA.,Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York, USA
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11
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Quinlan JI, Narici MV, Reeves ND, Franchi MV. Tendon Adaptations to Eccentric Exercise and the Implications for Older Adults. J Funct Morphol Kinesiol 2019; 4:E60. [PMID: 33467375 PMCID: PMC7739434 DOI: 10.3390/jfmk4030060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Revised: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this short review is to discuss the effects of eccentric exercise in modifying the properties of tendon tissue in healthy individuals. The tendon provides a mechanical link between muscle and bone, allowing force transmission to the skeleton, and thus, its properties have significant functional implications. Chronic resistance training has long been shown to increase the stiffness and Young's modulus of the tendon and even tendon cross-sectional area. However, as the tendon responds to the amount and/or frequency of strain, it has been previously suggested that eccentric training may result in greater adaptations due to the potential for greater training loads. Thus, this review discusses the effects of eccentric training upon healthy tendon tissue and compares these to other training modalities. Furthermore, it has been reported that the tendon may undergo adverse age-related changes. Thus, this review also discusses the potential application of eccentric resistance training as a preferential modality for counteracting these age-related changes. We conclude that while there may be no difference between contraction types for overall tendon adaptation, the lower demands of eccentric contractions may make it more appealing for the elderly population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan I Quinlan
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
- NIHR Birmingham Biomedical Research Centre, University Hospitals Birmingham, NHS Foundation Trust and University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2GW, UK
| | - Marco V Narici
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Neil D Reeves
- Department of Life Sciences, Research Centre for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK
| | - Martino V Franchi
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, 35131 Padua, Italy
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12
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Ramos DM, Abdulmalik S, Arul MR, Rudraiah S, Laurencin CT, Mazzocca AD, Kumbar SG. Insulin immobilized PCL-cellulose acetate micro-nanostructured fibrous scaffolds for tendon tissue engineering. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2019; 30:1205-1215. [PMID: 30956516 PMCID: PMC6448803 DOI: 10.1002/pat.4553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Use of growth factors as biochemical molecules to elicit cellular differentiation is a common strategy in tissue engineering. However, limitations associated with growth factors, such as short half-life, high effective physiological doses, and high costs, have prompted the search for growth factor alternatives, such as growth factor mimics and other proteins. This work explores the use of insulin protein as a biochemical factor to aid in tendon healing and differentiation of cells on a biomimetic electrospun micro-nanostructured scaffold. Dose response studies were conducted using human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in basal media supplemented with varied insulin concentrations. A dose of 100-ng/mL insulin showed increased expression of tendon markers. Synthetic-natural blends of various ratios of polycaprolactone (PCL) and cellulose acetate (CA) were used to fabricate micro-nanofibers to balance physicochemical properties of the scaffolds in terms of mechanical strength, hydrophilicity, and insulin delivery. A 75:25 ratio of PCL:CA was found to be optimal in promoting cellular attachment and insulin immobilization. Insulin insulin deliveryimmobilized fiber matrices also showed increased expression of tendon phenotypic markers by MSCs similar to findings with insulin supplemented media, indicating preservation of insulin bioactivity. Insulin functionalized scaffolds may have potential applications in tendon healing and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisy M. Ramos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sama Abdulmalik
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Michael R. Arul
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Swetha Rudraiah
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Saint Joseph, Hartford, Connecticut
| | - Cato T. Laurencin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
| | - Augustus D. Mazzocca
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
| | - Sangamesh G. Kumbar
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, University of Connecticut Health, Farmington, Connecticut
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut
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13
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Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. The impact of loading, unloading, ageing and injury on the human tendon. J Physiol 2018; 597:1283-1298. [PMID: 29920664 DOI: 10.1113/jp275450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A tendon transfers force from the contracting muscle to the skeletal system to produce movement and is therefore a crucial component of the entire muscle-tendon complex and its function. However, tendon research has for some time focused on mechanical properties without any major appreciation of potential cellular and molecular changes. At the same time, methodological developments have permitted determination of the mechanical properties of human tendons in vivo, which was previously not possible. Here we review the current understanding of how tendons respond to loading, unloading, ageing and injury from cellular, molecular and mechanical points of view. A mechanistic understanding of tendon tissue adaptation will be vital for development of adequate guidelines in physical training and rehabilitation, as well as for optimal injury treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, NV.,Department of Physical and Occupational Therapy Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, NV.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Copenhagen, NV.,Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen N, Denmark
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14
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Gender associated muscle-tendon adaptations to resistance training. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197852. [PMID: 29787583 PMCID: PMC5963774 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose To compare the relative changes in muscle-tendon complex (MTC) properties following high load resistance training (RT) in young males and females, and determine any link with circulating TGFβ-1 and IGF-I levels. Methods Twenty-eight participants were assigned to a training group and subdivided by sex (T males [TM] aged 20±1 year, n = 8, T females [TF] aged 19±3 year, n = 8), whilst age-matched 6 males and 6 females were assigned to control groups (ConM/F). The training groups completed 8 weeks of resistance training (RT). MTC properties (Vastus Lateralis, VL) physiological cross-sectional area (pCSA), quadriceps torque, patella tendon stiffness [K], Young’s modulus, volume, cross-sectional area, and length, circulating levels of TGFβ-1 and IGF-I were assessed at baseline and post RT. Results Post RT, there was a significant increase in the mechanical and morphological properties of the MTC in both training groups, compared to ConM/F (p<0.001). However, there were no significant sex-specific changes in most MTC variables. There were however significant sex differences in changes in K, with females exhibiting greater changes than males at lower MVC (Maximal Voluntary Contraction) force levels (10% p = 0.030 & 20% MVC p = 0.032) and the opposite effect seen at higher force levels (90% p = 0.040 & 100% MVC p = 0.044). There were significant increases (p<0.05) in IGF-I in both TF and TM following training, with no change in TGFβ-1. There were no gender differences (p>0.05) in IGF-I or TGFβ-1. Interestingly, pooled population data showed that TGFβ-1 correlated with K at baseline, with no correlations identified between IGF-I and MTC properties. Conclusions Greater resting TGFβ-1 levels are associated with superior tendon mechanical properties. RT can impact opposite ends of the patella tendon force-elongation relationship in each sex. Thus, different loading patterns may be needed to maximize resistance training adaptations in each sex.
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15
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Wang ML, Beredjiklian PK, Steplewski A, Fertala J, Fertala A. Engineering the Second Generation of Therapeutic Cells with Enhanced Targeting of Injured Tissues. Tissue Eng Part A 2018; 24:1293-1300. [PMID: 29478375 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2017.0515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental approaches to improving tissue repair utilize cells and growth factors needed to restore the architecture and function of damaged tissues and organs. Key limitations of these approaches include poor delivery of therapeutic cells and growth factors into injury sites, as well as their short-term retention in target areas. In our earlier studies, we demonstrated that artificial collagen-specific anchor (ACSA) expressed on the surface of therapeutic cells directs them into collagen-rich sites of injury. Moreover, we demonstrated that the ACSA improves the retention of these cells in target sites, thereby promoting tissue repair. To advance the ACSA-based technology, we engineered the second generation of the ACSA-expressing cells able to deliver growth factors to target sites. In this study, we specifically focused on insulin growth factor 1 (IGF1), which enhances the repair of a number of collagen-rich connective tissues, including ligament and tendon. Utilizing gene engineering, we produced IGF1 in the ACSA-expressing cells. Using relevant experimental models, we demonstrated that recombinant IGF1 secreted by these cells maintains its specificity and biological activity. Moreover, our studies show that IGF1 produced by the ACSA-expressing cells cultured in three-dimensional environment promotes the formation of the collagen-rich fibrillar matrix. Furthermore, the engineered cells integrated well with the native collagen-rich tendon tissue. Our study provides strong evidence for the great potential of cells with rationally engineered target-specific receptors to restore damaged connective tissues. Future studies in relevant animal models will determine the utility of these cells in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark L Wang
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Hand Surgery Division, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Pedro K Beredjiklian
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.,2 Hand Surgery Division, The Rothman Institute, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Steplewski
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Jolanta Fertala
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Andrzej Fertala
- 1 Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Division of Orthopaedic Research, Sidney Kimmel Medical School, Thomas Jefferson University , Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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16
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Mytilinaiou M, Nikitovic D, Berdiaki A, Papoutsidakis A, Papachristou DJ, Tsatsakis A, Tzanakakis GN. IGF-I regulates HT1080 fibrosarcoma cell migration through a syndecan-2/Erk/ezrin signaling axis. Exp Cell Res 2017; 361:9-18. [PMID: 28962916 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.09.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Fibrosarcoma is a tumor of mesenchymal origin, originating from fibroblasts. IGF-I is an anabolic growth factor which exhibits significant involvement in cancer progression. In this study, we investigated the possible participation of syndecan-2 (SDC-2), a cell membrane heparan sulfate (HS) proteoglycan on IGF-I dependent fibrosarcoma cell motility. Our results demonstrate that SDC-2-deficient HT1080 cells exhibit attenuated IGF-I-dependent chemotactic migration (p < 0.001). SDC-2 was found to co-localize to IGF-I receptor (IGF-IR) in a manner dependent on IGF-I activity (P ≤ 0.01). In parallel, the downregulation of SDC-2 significantly inhibited both basal and due to IGF-I action ERK1/2 activation, (p < 0.001). The phosphorylation levels of ezrin (Thr567), which is suggested to act as a signaling bridge between the cellular membrane receptors and actin cytoskeleton, were strongly enhanced by IGF-I at both 1h and 24h (p < 0.05; p < 0.01). The formation of an immunoprecipitative complex revealed an association between SDC2 and ezrin which was enhanced through IGF-I action (p < 0.05). Immunoflourescence demonstrated a co-localization of IGF-IR, SDC2 and ezrin upregulated by IGF-I action. IGF-I enhanced actin polymerization and ezrin/actin specific localization to cell membranes. Finally, treatment with IGF-I strongly increased SDC2 expression at both the mRNA and protein level (p < 0.001). Therefore, we propose a novel SDC2-dependent mechanism, where SDC2 is co-localized with IGF-IR and enhances its' IGFI-dependent downstream signaling. SDC2 mediates directly IGFI-induced ERK1/2 activation, it recruits ezrin, contributes to actin polymerization and ezrin/actin specific localization to cell membranes, ultimately facilitating the progression of IGFI-dependent fibrosarcoma cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mytilinaiou
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Dragana Nikitovic
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Aikaterini Berdiaki
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | - Antonis Papoutsidakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece
| | | | - Aristidis Tsatsakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, Unit of Bone and Soft Tissue Studies, School of Medicine, University of Patras, Patras, Greece
| | - George N Tzanakakis
- Laboratory of Anatomy-Histology-Embryology, School of Medicine, University of Crete, 71003 Heraklion, Greece.
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17
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Bechshøft CL, Schjerling P, Bornø A, Holm L. Existence of life-time stable proteins in mature rats-Dating of proteins' age by repeated short-term exposure to labeled amino acids throughout age. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0185605. [PMID: 28957442 PMCID: PMC5619800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In vivo turnover rates of proteins covering the processes of protein synthesis and breakdown rates have been measured in many tissues and protein pools using various techniques. Connective tissue and collagen protein turnover is of specific interest since existing results are rather diverging. The aim of this study is to investigate whether we can verify the presence of protein pools within the same tissue with very distinct turnover rates over the life-span of rats with special focus on connective tissue. Male and female Lewis rats (n = 35) were injected with five different isotopically labeled amino acids tracers. The tracers were injected during fetal development (Day -10 to -2), after birth (Day 5-9), at weaning (Day 25-32) at puberty (Day 54-58) and at adulthood (Day 447-445). Subgroups of rats were euthanized three days after every injection period, at different time point between injection periods and lastly at day 472. Tissue (liver, muscle, eye lens and patellar tendon) and blood samples were collected after euthanization. The enrichment of the labeled amino acids in the tissue or blood samples was measured using GC-MS-MS. In muscle and liver we demonstrated a rapid decrease of tracer enrichments throughout the rat's life, indicating that myofibrillar and cytoskeleton proteins have a high turnover. In contrast, the connective tissue protein in the eye lens and patellar tendon of the mature rat showed detainment of tracer enrichment injected during fetal development and first living days, indicating very slow turnover. The data support the hypothesis that some proteins synthesized during the early development and growth still exist much later in life of animals and hence has a very slow turnover rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilie Leidesdorff Bechshøft
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Andreas Bornø
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center of Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Clinical Metabolomics Core Facility, Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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18
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Dideriksen K, Boesen AP, Reitelseder S, Couppé C, Svensson R, Schjerling P, Magnusson SP, Holm L, Kjaer M. Tendon collagen synthesis declines with immobilization in elderly humans: no effect of anti-inflammatory medication. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 122:273-282. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00809.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used as pain killers during periods of unloading caused by traumatic occurrences or diseases. However, it is unknown how tendon protein turnover and mechanical properties respond to unloading and subsequent reloading in elderly humans, and whether NSAID treatment would affect the tendon adaptations during such periods. Thus we studied human patellar tendon protein synthesis and mechanical properties during immobilization and subsequent rehabilitating resistance training and the influence of NSAIDs upon these parameters. Nineteen men (range 60–80 yr) were randomly assigned to NSAIDs (ibuprofen 1,200 mg/day; Ibu) or placebo (Plc). One lower limb was immobilized in a cast for 2 wk and retrained for 6 wk. Tendon collagen protein synthesis, mechanical properties, size, expression of genes related to collagen turnover and remodeling, and signal intensity (from magnetic resonance imaging) were investigated. Tendon collagen synthesis decreased ( P < 0.001), whereas tendon mechanical properties and size were generally unchanged with immobilization, and NSAIDs did not influence this. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA tended to increase ( P < 0.1) after immobilization in both groups, whereas scleraxis mRNA decreased with inactivity in the Plc group only ( P < 0.05). In elderly human tendons, collagen protein synthesis decreased after 2 wk of immobilization, whereas tendon stiffness and modulus were only marginally reduced, and NSAIDs had no influence upon this. This indicates an importance of mechanical loading for maintenance of tendon collagen turnover. However, reduced collagen production induced by short-term unloading may only marginally affect tendon mechanical properties in elderly individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In elderly humans, 2 wk of inactivity reduces tendon collagen protein synthesis, while tendon stiffness and modulus are only marginally reduced, and NSAID treatment does not affect this. This indicates that mechanical loading is important for maintenance of tendon collagen turnover and that changes in collagen turnover induced by short-term immobilization may only have minor impact on the internal structures that are essential for mechanical properties in elderly tendons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasper Dideriksen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Anders P. Boesen
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Søren Reitelseder
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Christian Couppé
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Rene Svensson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Peter Schjerling
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S. Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Physical Therapy, Musculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Unit, Bispebjerg Hospital, Denmark
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Department of Orthopedic Surgery M, Bispebjerg Hospital and Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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19
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Biologic and Tissue Engineering Strategies for Tendon Repair. REGENERATIVE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s40883-016-0019-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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20
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Thorpe CT, McDermott BT, Goodship AE, Clegg PD, Birch HL. Ageing does not result in a decline in cell synthetic activity in an injury prone tendon. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2016; 26:684-93. [PMID: 26058332 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Advancing age is a well-known risk factor for tendon disease. Energy-storing tendons [e.g., human Achilles, equine superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT)] are particularly vulnerable and it is thought that injury occurs following an accumulation of micro-damage in the extracellular matrix (ECM). Several authors suggest that age-related micro-damage accumulates due to a failure of the aging cell population to maintain the ECM or an imbalance between anabolic and catabolic pathways. We hypothesized that ageing results in a decreased ability of tendon cells to synthesize matrix components and matrix-degrading enzymes, resulting in a reduced turnover of the ECM and a decreased ability to repair micro-damage. The SDFT was collected from horses aged 3-30 years with no signs of tendon injury. Cell synthetic and degradative ability was assessed at the mRNA and protein levels. Telomere length was measured as an additional marker of cell ageing. There was no decrease in cellularity or relative telomere length with increasing age, and no decline in mRNA or protein levels for matrix proteins or degradative enzymes. The results suggest that the mechanism for age-related tendon deterioration is not due to reduced cellularity or a loss of synthetic functionality and that alternative mechanisms should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- C T Thorpe
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - B T McDermott
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - A E Goodship
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, UK
| | - P D Clegg
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Cheshire, UK
| | - H L Birch
- Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Science, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, University College London, Stanmore, UK
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21
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Yang TH, Thoreson AR, An KN, Zhao C, Conover CA, Amadio PC. PAPP-A affects tendon structure and mechanical properties. J Struct Biol 2015; 192:59-66. [PMID: 26306763 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) serves to increase local insulin-like growth factor (IGF) stimulation of proliferation and differentiation in many tissues through proteolysis of inhibitory IGF-binding proteins. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PAPP-A on tendon structure and mechanical properties. A total of 30 tails from 6-month-old mice were tested with 10 tails in each of following groups: PAPP-A knockout (KO), skeletal-specific PAPP-A overexpressing transgenic (Tg) and wild type (WT). Morphologically, the total tail cross-sectional area (CSA), individual tissue CSAs of bone, muscle and tendon, and fascicle diameter were measured. A fascicle pullout test was performed to assess stiffness and strength of interfascicular structures. Fascicles were mechanically characterized through low and high displacement rate uniaxial tension tests providing modulus at each rate, hysteresis area and stress relaxation ratio. The KO mice had a smaller total tail CSA (p<0.05), fascicle diameter (p<0.05), absolute tendon CSA (p<0.05), fast and slow stiffness (p<0.05 for both) and larger hysteresis area (p<0.05) compared to WT and Tg mice. On the other hand, the Tg mice had a larger fascicle diameter (p<0.05), absolute tendon CSA (p<0.05), higher interfascicular strength and stiffness (p<0.05) and lower fascicular modulus at low displacement rates (p<0.05) compared to WT and KO mice. Tg mice also had larger total tail CSA area (p<0.05) and smaller hysteresis area (p<0.05) than KO mice, and larger normalized tendon CSA (p<0.05) than WT mice. Based on these data, we conclude that PAPP-A affects fascicle structure, thereby affecting tendon phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai-Hua Yang
- Biomechanics Laboratory and Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Andrew R Thoreson
- Biomechanics Laboratory and Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Kai-Nan An
- Biomechanics Laboratory and Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Chunfeng Zhao
- Biomechanics Laboratory and Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Cheryl A Conover
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
| | - Peter C Amadio
- Biomechanics Laboratory and Tendon and Soft Tissue Biology Laboratory, Division of Orthopedic Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905, USA.
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22
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Gaspar D, Spanoudes K, Holladay C, Pandit A, Zeugolis D. Progress in cell-based therapies for tendon repair. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2015; 84:240-56. [PMID: 25543005 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2014.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen significant developments in cell therapies, based on permanently differentiated, reprogrammed or engineered stem cells, for tendon injuries and degenerative conditions. In vitro studies assess the influence of biophysical, biochemical and biological signals on tenogenic phenotype maintenance and/or differentiation towards tenogenic lineage. However, the ideal culture environment has yet to be identified due to the lack of standardised experimental setup and readout system. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and tenocytes/dermal fibroblasts appear to be the cell populations of choice for clinical translation in equine and human patients respectively based on circumstantial, rather than on hard evidence. Collaborative, inter- and multi-disciplinary efforts are expected to provide clinically relevant and commercially viable cell-based therapies for tendon repair and regeneration in the years to come.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Gaspar
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Kyriakos Spanoudes
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Carolyn Holladay
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Abhay Pandit
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland
| | - Dimitrios Zeugolis
- Network of Excellence for Functional Biomaterials (NFB), National University of Ireland, Galway (NUI Galway), Galway, Ireland.
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23
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Herchenhan A, Bayer ML, Eliasson P, Magnusson SP, Kjaer M. Insulin-like growth factor I enhances collagen synthesis in engineered human tendon tissue. Growth Horm IGF Res 2015; 25:13-19. [PMID: 25281191 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2014.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2014] [Revised: 08/06/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Isolated human tendon cells form 3D tendon constructs that demonstrate collagen fibrillogenesis and feature structural similarities to tendon when cultured under tensile load. The exact role of circulating growth factors for collagen formation in tendon is sparsely examined. We investigated the influence of insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) on tendon construct formation in 3D cell culture. DESIGN Tendon constructs were grown in 0.5 or 10% FBS with or without IGF-I (250 mg/ml) supplementation. Collagen content (fluorometric), mRNA levels (PCR) and fibril diameter (transmission electron microscopy) were determined at 7, 10, 14, 21 and 28 days. RESULTS IGF-I revealed a stimulating effect on fibril diameter (up to day 21), mRNA for collagen (to day 28), tenomodulin (to day 28) and scleraxis (at days 10 and 14), and on overall collagen content. 10% FBS diminished the development of fibril diameter (day 14), collagen content (at days 21 and 28) and mRNA expression for collagen, tenomodulin and scleraxis. CONCLUSION IGF-I supplementation promotes early onset of tensile load induced collagen formation and tendon structural arrangement, whereas the FBS concentration routinely used in cultures diminishes collagen expression, collagen content and fibril formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Herchenhan
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Monika L Bayer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Pernilla Eliasson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - S Peter Magnusson
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine Copenhagen, Bispebjerg Hospital, Bispebjerg Bakke 23, Building 8, 2nd floor, 2400 Copenhagen, Denmark; Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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Nielsen RH, Holm L, Jensen JK, Heinemeier KM, Remvig L, Kjaer M. Tendon protein synthesis rate in classic Ehlers-Danlos patients can be stimulated with insulin-like growth factor-I. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 117:694-8. [PMID: 25103963 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00157.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The classic form of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (cEDS) is an inherited connective tissue disorder, where mutations in type V collagen-encoding genes result in abnormal collagen fibrils. Thus the cEDS patients have pathological connective tissue morphology and low stiffness, but the rate of connective tissue protein turnover is unknown. We investigated whether cEDS affected the protein synthesis rate in skin and tendon, and whether this could be stimulated in tendon tissue with insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I). Five patients with cEDS and 10 healthy, matched controls (CTRL) were included. One patellar tendon of each participant was injected with 0.1 ml IGF-I (Increlex, Ipsen, 10 mg/ml) and the contralateral tendon with 0.1 ml isotonic saline as control. The injections were performed at both 24 and 6 h prior to tissue sampling. The fractional synthesis rate (FSR) of proteins in skin and tendon was measured with the stable isotope technique using a flood-primed continuous infusion over 6 h. After the infusion one skin biopsy and two tendon biopsies (one from each patellar tendon) were obtained. We found similar baseline FSR values in skin and tendon in the cEDS patients and controls [skin: 0.005 ± 0.002 (cEDS) and 0.007 ± 0.002 (CTRL); tendon: 0.008 ± 0.001 (cEDS) and 0.009 ± 0.002 (CTRL) %/h, mean ± SE]. IGF-I injections significantly increased FSR values in cEDS patients but not in controls (delta values: cEDS 0.007 ± 0.002, CTRL 0.001 ± 0.001%/h). In conclusion, baseline protein synthesis rates in connective tissue appeared normal in cEDS patients, and the patients responded with an increased tendon protein synthesis rate to IGF-I injections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Harboe Nielsen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark;
| | - Lars Holm
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; and
| | - Jacob Kildevang Jensen
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Katja Maria Heinemeier
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Lars Remvig
- Department of Infectious Medicine and Rheumatology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Bispebjerg Hospital, and Centre for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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