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Lukasiewicz CJ, Vandiver KJ, Albert ED, Kirby BS, Jacobs RA. Assessing exogenous carbohydrate intake needed to optimize human endurance performance across sex: insights from modeling runners pursuing a sub-2-h marathon. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2024; 136:158-176. [PMID: 38059288 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00521.2023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 11/29/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate (CHO) availability sustains high metabolic demands during prolonged exercise. The adequacy of current CHO intake recommendations, 30-90 g·h-1 dependent on CHO mixture and tolerability, to support elite marathon performance is unclear. We sought to scrutinize the current upper limit recommendation for exogenous CHO intake to support modeled sub-2-h marathon (S2M) attempts across elite male and female runners. Male and female runners (n = 120 each) were modeled from published literature with reference characteristics necessary to complete a S2M (e.g., body mass and running economy). Completion of a S2M was considered across a range of respiratory exchange rates, with maximal starting skeletal muscle and liver glycogen content predicted for elite male and female runners. Modeled exogenous CHO bioavailability needed for male and female runners were 93 ± 26 and 108 ± 22 g·h-1, respectively (P < 0.0001, d = 0.61). Without exogenous CHO, males were modeled to deplete glycogen in 84 ± 7 min, females in 71 ± 5 min (P < 0.0001, d = 2.21) despite higher estimated CHO oxidation rates in males (5.1 ± 0.5 g·h-1) than females (4.4 ± 0.5 g·h-1; P < 0.0001, d = 1.47). Exogenous CHO intakes ≤ 90 g·h-1 are insufficient for 65% of modeled runners attempting a S2M. Current recommendations to support marathon performance appear inadequate for elite marathon runners but may be more suitable for male runners in pursuit of a S2M (56 of 120) than female runners (28 of 120).NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study scrutinizes the upper limit of exogenous carbohydrate (CHO) recommendations for elite male and female marathoners by modeling sex-specific needs across an extreme metabolic challenge lasting ∼2 h, a sub-2-h marathon. Contemporary nutritional guidelines to optimize marathon performance appear inadequate for most elite marathon runners but appear more appropriate for males over their female counterparts. Future research examining possible benefits of exogenous CHO intakes > 90 g·h-1 should prioritize female athlete study inclusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cole J Lukasiewicz
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Kayla J Vandiver
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Elizabeth D Albert
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
| | - Brett S Kirby
- Nike Sport Research Lab, Nike, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon, United States
| | - Robert A Jacobs
- Department of Human Physiology & Nutrition, College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs (UCCS), Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
- William J. Hybl Sports Medicine and Performance Center, Colorado Springs, Colorado, United States
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Muanjai P, Namsawang J, Satkunskienė D, Kamandulis S. Associations between Muscle-Tendon Morphology and Functional Movements Capacity, Flexibility, and Balance in Older Women. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:16099. [PMID: 36498173 PMCID: PMC9738910 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192316099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 11/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Loss of functional movement capacity in older adults is related to adverse changes in musculotendinous morphology, but this relationship is poorly understood. This study examined the associations between musculotendinous morphology and functional movements, flexibility, and balance ability. Ninety-nine older women (66.6 ± 4.6 years, body mass index 23.5 ± 3.3 kg∙m−2) were recruited from Chonburi Province, Thailand. During one 90-min visit, muscle ultrasound imaging of vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and medial gastrocnemius muscles, and tendon ultrasonography of the Achilles tendon and patellar tendon were performed. Measures were also obtained for the straight leg raise, passive dorsiflexion, balance, and functional tests (Five Times Sit to Stand (5TSTS), Timed Up and Go (TUG), 10-Meter Fast Walk Test (10-MFWT), and 6-Minute Walk Test (6-MWT)). The results specify that functional movement performance correlates most strongly with medial gastrocnemius muscle thickness (5TSTS (r = −0.26), TUG (r = −0.44), 10-MFWT (r = 0.41), and 6-MWT (r = 0.48) all p < 0.05) and that vastus lateralis muscle thickness and medial gastrocnemius muscle thickness correlate positively with balance ability (r = 0.24, 0.34; p < 0.05) and negatively with fear of falling. It appears that muscle mass, rather than other morphological parameters, such as muscle quality or fascicle length, is the main factor affecting the susceptibility of older women to frailty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pornpimol Muanjai
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Juntip Namsawang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Allied Health Sciences Faculty, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
- Exercise and Nutrition Innovation and Sciences Research Unit, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
| | - Danguole Satkunskienė
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Sigitas Kamandulis
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, 44221 Kaunas, Lithuania
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Venturini E, Giallauria F. Factors Influencing Running Performance During a Marathon: Breaking the 2-h Barrier. Front Cardiovasc Med 2022; 9:856875. [PMID: 35310973 PMCID: PMC8924290 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2022.856875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Elio Venturini
- Cardiac Rehabilitation Unit, Department of Cardiology, Azienda USL Toscana Nord-Ovest, Cecina Civil Hospital, Livorno, Italy
- *Correspondence: Elio Venturini
| | - Francesco Giallauria
- Division of Internal Medicine and Cardiac Rehabilitation, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, Federico II University of Naples, Naples, Italy
- Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of New England, Armidale, NSW, Australia
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Molinari CA, Bresson P, Palacin F, Billat V. Pace Controlled by a Steady-State Physiological Variable Is Associated with Better Performance in a 3000 M Run. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:7886. [PMID: 34360178 PMCID: PMC8345513 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18157886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2021] [Revised: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
This paper aims to test the hypothesis whereby freely chosen running pace is less effective than pace controlled by a steady-state physiological variable. Methods Eight runners performed four maximum-effort 3000 m time trials on a running track. The first time trial (TT1) was freely paced. In the following 3000 m time trials, the pace was controlled so that the average speed (TT2), average V˙O2 (TT3) or average HR (TT4) recorded in TT1 was maintained throughout the time trial. Results: Physiologically controlled pace was associated with a faster time (mean ± standard deviation: 740 ± 34 s for TT3 and 748 ± 33 s for TT4, vs. 854 ± 53 s for TT1; p < 0.01), a lower oxygen cost of running (200 ± 5 and 220 ± 3 vs. 310 ± 5 mLO2·kg-1·km-1, respectively; p < 0.02), a lower cardiac cost (0.69 ± 0.08 and 0.69 ± 0.04 vs. 0.86 ± 0.09 beat·m-1, respectively; p < 0.01), and a more positively skewed speed distribution (skewness: 1.7 ± 0.9 and 1.3 ± 0.6 vs. 0.2 ± 0.4, p < 0.05). Conclusion: Physiologically controlled pace (at the average V˙O2 or HR recorded in a freely paced run) was associated with a faster time, a more favorable speed distribution and lower levels of physiological strain, relative to freely chosen pace. This finding suggests that non-elite runners do not spontaneously choose the best pace strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire A. Molinari
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l’Exercice, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France;
- BillaTraining SAS, 32 Rue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94140 Alforville, France; (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Pierre Bresson
- BillaTraining SAS, 32 Rue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94140 Alforville, France; (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Florent Palacin
- BillaTraining SAS, 32 Rue Paul Vaillant-Couturier, 94140 Alforville, France; (P.B.); (F.P.)
| | - Véronique Billat
- Unité de Biologie Intégrative des Adaptations à l’Exercice, Université Paris-Saclay, Univ Evry, 91000 Evry-Courcouronnes, France;
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Zoladz JA, Nieckarz Z. Marathon race performance increases the amount of particulate matter deposited in the respiratory system of runners: an incentive for " clean air marathon runs". PeerJ 2021; 9:e11562. [PMID: 34178455 PMCID: PMC8214849 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.11562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In the last decades, marathon running has become a popular form of physical activity among people around the world. It should be noticed that the main marathon races are performed in large cities, where air quality varies considerably. It is well established that breathing polluted air results in a number of harmful effects to the human body. However, there have been no studies to show the impact of marathon run performance on the amount of the deposition of varied fractions of airborne particulate matter (PM) in the respiratory tract of runners. This is why the present study sought to determine the impact of marathon run performance in the air of varying quality on the deposition of the PM1, PM2.5, PM10 in the respiratory tract in humans. Methods The PM1, PM2.5 and PM10 deposition was determined in an “average runner” (with marathon performance time 4 h: 30 min) and in an “elite marathon runner” (with marathon performance time 2 h: 00 min) at rest, and during a marathon race, based on own measurements of the PM content in the air and the size-resolved DF(d) profile concept. Results We have shown that breathing air containing 50 µg m−3 PM10 (a borderline value according to the 2006 WHO standard - still valid) at minute ventilation (VE) equal to 8 L min−1 when at rest, resulted in PM10deposition rate of approximately 9 µg h−1, but a marathon run of an average marathon runner with the VE = 62 L min−1 increased the deposition rate up to 45 µg h−1. In the elite runner, marathon run with the VE= 115 L min−1 increased PM10 deposition rate to 83 µg h−1. Interestingly, breathing the air containing 50 µg m−3of PM10 at the VE = 115 L min−1by the elite marathon runner during the race resulted in the same PM10deposition rate as the breathing highly polluted air containing as much as 466 µg m−3 of PM10 when at rest. Furthermore, the total PM10 deposition in the respiratory tract during a marathon race in average runners is about 22% greater (203 / 166 = 1.22) than in elite runners. According to our calculations, the concentration of PM10in the air during a marathon race that would allow one not to exceed the PM10 deposition rate of 9 µg h−1should be lower than 10 µg m−3 in the case of an average runner, and it should be lower than 5.5 µg m−3 in the case of an elite runner. Conclusions We conclude that a marathon run drastically increases the rate of deposition of the airborne PM in the respiratory tract of the runners, as a consequence of the huge VE generated during the race. A decrease of the PM content in the air attenuates this rate. Based on our calculations, we postulate that the PM10 content in the air during a “clean air marathon run”, involving elite marathon runners, should be below 5.5 µg m−3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerzy A Zoladz
- Department of Muscle Physiology, Institute of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Rehabilitation, University School of Physical Education, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zenon Nieckarz
- Experimental Computer Physics Department, Marian Smoluchowski Institute of Physics, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
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Nikolaidis PT, Clemente-Suárez VJ, Chlíbková D, Knechtle B. Training, Anthropometric, and Physiological Characteristics in Men Recreational Marathon Runners: The Role of Sport Experience. Front Physiol 2021; 12:666201. [PMID: 33912075 PMCID: PMC8075001 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.666201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to examine the physiological and training characteristics in marathon runners with different sport experiences (defined as the number of finishes in marathon races). The anthropometry and physiological characteristics of men recreational endurance runners with three or less finishes in marathon races (novice group, NOV; n = 69, age 43.5 ± 8.0 years) and four or more finishes (experienced group, EXP; n = 66, 45.2 ± 9.4 years) were compared. EXP had faster personal best marathon time (3:44 ± 0:36 vs. 4:20 ± 0:44 h:min, p < 0.001, respectively); lower flexibility (15.9 ± 9.3 vs. 19.3 ± 15.9 cm, p = 0.022), abdominal (20.6 ± 7.9 vs. 23.8 ± 9.0 mm, p = 0.030) and iliac crest skinfold thickness (16.7 ± 6.7 vs. 19.9 ± 7.9 mm, p = 0.013), and body fat assessed by bioimpedance analysis (13.0 ± 4.4 vs. 14.6 ± 4.7%, p = 0.047); more weekly training days (4.6 ± 1.4 vs. 4.1 ± 1.0 days, p = 0.038); and longer weekly running distance (58.8 ± 24.0 vs. 47.2 ± 16.1 km, p = 0.001) than NOV. The findings indicated that long-term marathon training might induce adaptations in endurance performance, body composition, and flexibility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis T Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece.,School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Vicente Javier Clemente-Suárez
- Faculty of Sports Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Grupo de Investigación en Cultura, Educación y Sociedad, Universidad de la Costa, Barranquilla, Colombia
| | - Daniela Chlíbková
- Centre of Sports Activities, Brno University of Technology, Brno, Czechia
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Shi R, Zhang J, Fang B, Tian X, Feng Y, Cheng Z, Fu Z, Zhang J, Wu J. Runners' metabolomic changes following marathon. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2020; 17:19. [PMID: 32190096 PMCID: PMC7071712 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-020-00436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Introduction Marathon, as a long-distance aerobic exercise, has become a fashionable or popular sport. However, little is known about the holistic metabolic changes occurring within the serum metabolome of athletes after the completion of a marathon. Objectives The goal of current study was to have an in-depth understanding of the impact of marathon on human metabolomics as well as the relationships among a variety of metabolites. Methods The 20 studied subjects were all adult males who participated in a marathon. The serum samples of these participants were collected before and after the marathon and the biochemical metabolites in the serum were identified by an untargeted two-dimensional gas chromatography time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Results All participants completed the marathon within 3 h. Compared to those before exercise, serum urea and creatine kinase, as well as cortisol, elevated significantly (p < 0.05), whereas testosterone decreased significantly (p < 0.01). Metabolomic analysis showed that, compared to those before the competition, metabolites pyruvic acid, glyceric acid, malic acid, cis-aconitic acid, galacturonic acid, methyl fumaric acid, maltotriose, and others increased significantly after the competition (p < 0.05), but glucosamine and O-succinyl-L-homoserine decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Amino acid indexes, such as alanine, L-tyrosine and phenylalanine, increased significantly after exercise compared with those before exercise (p < 0.05), whereas serine, valine and asparagine decreased significantly (p < 0.05). Lipid metabolism indexes, glycerol, glyceric acid, octanoic acid, and quinic acid increased significantly (p < 0.05). Theophylline, xanthine and other indicators of caffeine metabolism increased significantly (p < 0.05). Furthermore, marathon performance, fat percentage, VO2max, and hemoglobin were correlated with the serum metabonomic indicators, so were serum testosterone and cortisol. Conclusion These results illustrate that the metabolism of glucose and lipid of the athletes was enhanced following the marathon match. In addition, the metabolism of glucosamine was decreased and the metabolism of caffeine was increased. Our data provide new insights for marathon performance and nutritional status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rengfei Shi
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jin Zhang
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Biqing Fang
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Xiangyang Tian
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Yu Feng
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Zepeng Cheng
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Zhongyu Fu
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- 1School of Kinesiology, Shanghai University of Sport, 188 Hengren Road, Yangpu District, Shanghai, 200438 China
| | - Jiaxi Wu
- 2Central Laboratories, Xuhui Central Hospital, Shanghai Clinical Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 966 Huaihai Middle Road, Shanghai, 200031 China
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Díaz JJ, Renfree A, Fernández-Ozcorta EJ, Torres M, Santos-Concejero J. Pacing and Performance in the 6 World Marathon Majors. Front Sports Act Living 2019; 1:54. [PMID: 33344977 PMCID: PMC7739628 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The main goal of this study was to analyse the pacing strategies displayed by the winners of the six World Marathon Majors in order to determine which race offers the greatest potential for future world record attempts. For data analysis, the total distance of the marathon was divided into eight sections of 5 km and a final section of 2.195 km, and time needed to complete each section was calculated in seconds. When we analyzed the mean winning time in the last 13 editions of each of the World Marathon Majors, we observed differences between New York and London (ES = 1.46, moderate effect, p = 0.0030), New York and Berlin (ES = 0.95, small effect, p = 0.0001), London and Boston (ES = 0.08, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Berlin (ES = 0.10, small effect, p = 0.0001), Boston and Chicago (ES = 0.16, small effect, p = 0.0361), Berlin and Tokyo (ES = 0.20, small effect, p = 0.0034), Berlin and Chicago (ES = 0.27, small effect, p = 0.0162). This study shows that Berlin and London are likely candidates for future world record attempts, whilst such a performance is unlikely in New York or Boston.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Joaquín Díaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Andrew Renfree
- School of Sport and Exercise Science, University of Worcester, Worcester, United Kingdom
| | | | - Miguel Torres
- Department of Energy Engineering, University of Seville, Seville, Spain
| | - Jordan Santos-Concejero
- Department of Physical Education and Sport, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
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Nikolaidis PT, Del Coso J, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Muscle Strength and Flexibility in Male Marathon Runners: The Role of Age, Running Speed and Anthropometry. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1301. [PMID: 31681011 PMCID: PMC6805725 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Most studies on marathon runners have focused on physiological parameters determining performance, whereas neuromuscular aspects, such as muscle strength and flexibility, have received less attention. Thus, the aim of the present study was to examine the relationship of age, body composition, and running speed with muscle strength and flexibility of recreational marathon runners. Male marathon runners (n = 130, age 44.1 ± 8.6 years, height 176 ± 6 cm, body mass 77 ± 9 body mass index 24.7 ± 2.6 kg.m-2, and race speed 10.29 ± 1.87 km/h) were separated into eight age groups (<30, 30-35, 55-60, >60 years). Four weeks before competing in a marathon, participants performed the sit-and-reach test (SAR), squat jumps (SJ), and countermovement jumps (CMJ), and four isometric muscle strength tests (right and left handgrip, lifting with knees extended and flexed), providing an index of overall isometric muscle strength in absolute (kg) relative to body mass values (kg.kg-1 body mass). Afterward, participants competed and finished the Athens Classic Marathon (2017), and race speed was used as an index of running performance. As an average for the whole sample, SAR was 17.6 ± 8.5 cm, SJ was 24.3 ± 4.2 cm, CMJ was 25.8 ± 4.8 cm, overall isometric muscle strength was 386 ± 59 kg in absolute values and 5.06 ± 0.78 kg/kg of body mass in relative terms. The older age groups had the lowest scores in SJ (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.298) and CMJ (p < 0.001, ηp 2 = 0.304), whereas no age-related difference in SAR (p = 0.908, ηp 2 = 0.022), absolute (p = 0.622, ηp 2 = 0.042) and relative isometric muscle strength (p = 0.435, ηp 2 = 0.055) was shown. Race speed correlated moderately with relative isometric strength (r = 0.42, p < 0.001), but not with the other neuromuscular measures (r < 0.13,p > 0.130). In summary, age-related differences were shown in jumping ability, but not in flexibility and isometric muscle strength. Although these parameters - except relative strength - did not relate to running speed, they were components of health-related physical fitness. Consequently, coaches and runners should consider exercises that include stretching and strengthening in their weekly program to ensure adequate levels for all components of health-related physical fitness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece.,School of Health and Caring Sciences, University of West Attica, Athens, Greece
| | - Juan Del Coso
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Camilo José Cela University, Madrid, Spain
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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10
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Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. Force-Velocity Characteristics, Muscle Strength, and Flexibility in Female Recreational Marathon Runners. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1563. [PMID: 30450057 PMCID: PMC6224357 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Physical fitness components that relate with performance in marathon running, e.g., aerobic capacity and body composition, have been studied extensively. On the other hand, data on components of the health-related physical fitness, such as flexibility and muscle strength, were missing in this sport. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to profile force-velocity (F-v) characteristics, muscle strength and flexibility in female recreational marathon runners and to examine their relationship with age, race time and anthropometric characteristics (body fat percentage, fat-free mass - FFM, and total thigh muscle cross-sectional area - CSA). Thirty three female marathon runners (age 40.0 ± 8.9 years, body fat percentage 19.5 ± 4.6% and personal record 4:34 ± 0:39 h:min), separated into three age groups (<35, 35-45 and >45 years) and three performance groups (race time <4:15 h:min, 4:15-4:45 h:min and >4:45 h:min), performed sit-and-reach test (SAR), isometric muscle strength tests, squat jump, countermovement jump and F-v test on a cycle ergometer. The main findings of the present study were that (i) participants had moderate scores of body composition and physical fitness considering norms of the general population, (ii) the <35 age group had better jumping ability than 35-45 and >45 age group, and the older age group had lower F0, Pmax and rPmax than their younger counterparts, (iii) the slowest performance group scored the highest in SAR, and (iv) isometric strength, F0 and Pmax correlated largely with body mass and FFM. Considering the lack of existing data on anaerobic power and neuromuscular fitness of female marathon runners, the findings reported in this study would be useful for strength and conditioning trainers to monitor the training of their athletes. Even if these parameters were not related to race time, they should be monitored regularly as they were either component of health-related physical fitness (muscle strength and flexibility) or could help runners (anaerobic power) under specific circumstances such as ascends during a race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantelis Theodoros Nikolaidis
- Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Nikaia, Greece.,Laboratory of Exercise Testing, Hellenic Air Force Academy, Acharnes, Greece
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland
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11
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Fletcher JR, MacIntosh BR. Changes in Achilles tendon stiffness and energy cost following a prolonged run in trained distance runners. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0202026. [PMID: 30089154 PMCID: PMC6082569 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0202026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
During prolonged running, the magnitude of Achilles tendon (AT) length change may increase, resulting in increased tendon strain energy return with each step. AT elongation might also affect the magnitude of triceps surae (TS) muscle shortening and shortening velocity, requiring greater activation and increased muscle energy cost. Therefore, we aimed to quantify the tendon strain energy return and muscle energy cost necessary to allow energy storage to occur prior to and following prolonged running. 14 trained male (n = 10) and female (n = 4) distance runners (24±4 years, 1.72±0.09 m, 61±10 kg, [Formula: see text] 64.6±5.8 ml•kg-1•min-1) ran 90 minutes (RUN) at approximately 85% of lactate threshold speed (sLT). Prior to and following RUN, AT stiffness and running energy cost (Erun) at 85% sLT were determined. AT energy return was calculated from AT stiffness, measured with dynamometry and ultrasound and estimated TS force during stance. TS energy cost was estimated on the basis of AT force and assumed crossbridge mechanics and energetics. Following RUN, AT stiffness was reduced from 328±172 N•mm-1 to 299±148 N•mm-1 (p = 0.022). Erun increased from 4.56±0.32 J•kg-1•m-1 to 4.62±0.32 J•kg-1•m-1 (p = 0.049). Estimated AT energy return was not different following RUN (p = 0.99). Estimated TS muscle energy cost increased significantly by 11.8±12.3 J•stride-1, (p = 0.0034), accounting for much of the post-RUN increase in Erun (8.6±14.5 J•stride-1,r2 = 0.31). These results demonstrate that a prolonged, submaximal run can reduce AT stiffness and increase Erun in trained runners, and that the elevated TS energy cost contributes substantially to the elevated Erun.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared R. Fletcher
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
- Department of Health and Physical Education, Mount Royal University, Calgary, Canada
| | - Brian R. MacIntosh
- Human Performance Laboratory, Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada
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12
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Sousa CV, Sales MM, Nikolaidis PT, Rosemann T, Knechtle B. How much further for the sub-2-hour marathon? Open Access J Sports Med 2018; 9:139-145. [PMID: 30104909 PMCID: PMC6074803 DOI: 10.2147/oajsm.s169758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The sub-2-hour marathon is a new barrier in endurance running performance, and it has been widely debated in the scientific community. In this review we present a mathematical model to estimate the possible year when a male could break through the sub-2-hour barrier, and also an estimation of when a female could break Paula Radcliffe’s marathon running record. Further, we present several aspects (ie, physiology, nationality, age, biomechanics, pacing, and drafting) that are associated with marathon running performance in elite runners and, finally, the possible characteristics of the male to break the sub-2-hour barrier. In summary, with the results of the developed equations, it is possible that a male athlete can break through the sub-2-hour barrier in the next decade (with Nike® Breaking2 performance 1920–2018 [NBP]: y =0.0417x2–14.18x +3,128; year of 2026; without NBP 1920–2018: y =0.045x2–15.12x +3,194; year of 2027). This marathoner will possibly have a maximal oxygen uptake >85 mL∙kg−1∙min−1 and should perform the race at a pacing higher than 85% of maximal oxygen uptake. In addition, this runner should pay more attention to strength training, endurance strength, speed training, and focus on running training at an intensity above the anaerobic threshold. Most likely, this runner originates from East Africa (especially from Ethiopia) and will have an age of ~27 years. For the females, there is poor evidence regarding the physiological profile of the female marathoner who will break Radcliffe’s record, but the available literature suggests that it will not happen any time soon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Victor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Universidade Católica de Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | | | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland,
| | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland, .,Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, St. Gallen, Switzerland,
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13
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Elmer SJ, Joyner MJ, Carter JR. The 2-hour marathon: what do students think? ADVANCES IN PHYSIOLOGY EDUCATION 2017; 41:522-525. [PMID: 28978521 DOI: 10.1152/advan.00073.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2017] [Revised: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Elmer
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan; and
| | | | - Jason R Carter
- Department of Kinesiology and Integrative Physiology, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan; and
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14
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Poole DC, Burnley M, Vanhatalo A, Rossiter HB, Jones AM. Critical Power: An Important Fatigue Threshold in Exercise Physiology. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:2320-2334. [PMID: 27031742 PMCID: PMC5070974 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 299] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
: The hyperbolic form of the power-duration relationship is rigorous and highly conserved across species, forms of exercise, and individual muscles/muscle groups. For modalities such as cycling, the relationship resolves to two parameters, the asymptote for power (critical power [CP]) and the so-called W' (work doable above CP), which together predict the tolerable duration of exercise above CP. Crucially, the CP concept integrates sentinel physiological profiles-respiratory, metabolic, and contractile-within a coherent framework that has great scientific and practical utility. Rather than calibrating equivalent exercise intensities relative to metabolically distant parameters such as the lactate threshold or V˙O2max, setting the exercise intensity relative to CP unifies the profile of systemic and intramuscular responses and, if greater than CP, predicts the tolerable duration of exercise until W' is expended, V˙O2max is attained, and intolerance is manifested. CP may be regarded as a "fatigue threshold" in the sense that it separates exercise intensity domains within which the physiological responses to exercise can (CP) be stabilized. The CP concept therefore enables important insights into 1) the principal loci of fatigue development (central vs. peripheral) at different intensities of exercise and 2) mechanisms of cardiovascular and metabolic control and their modulation by factors such as O2 delivery. Practically, the CP concept has great potential application in optimizing athletic training programs and performance as well as improving the life quality for individuals enduring chronic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C. Poole
- Departments of Kinesiology and Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, Kansas, U.S.A
| | - Mark Burnley
- School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent, Chatham, U.K
| | - Anni Vanhatalo
- Sport and Health Sciences, St. Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
| | - Harry B. Rossiter
- Faculty of Biological Sciences University of Leeds, Leeds, U.K
- Rehabilitaion Clinical Trials Center, Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute at Harbor-UCLA Medical Center, Torrance, California, U.S.A
| | - Andrew M. Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, St. Luke’s Campus, University of Exeter, Exeter, U.K
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15
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Bishop D, Christiansen D, Bartlett J, Gardner D, Craigon J, Goodall S, Thomas K, Temesi J, Millet GY, Cattagni T, Lepers R, Deaner RO, Guenette JA, Pageaux B, Lepers R, Lepers R, Stapley PJ, Cattagni T, Sparling PB, Santos-Lozano A, Garatachea N, Sanchis-Gomar F, Pareja-Galeano H, Fiuza-Luces C, Lucia A, Ward SA. Commentaries on Viewpoint: The two-hour marathon: what's the equivalent for women? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 118:1324-8. [PMID: 25979937 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00158.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Danny Christiansen
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Bartlett
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - David Gardner
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Jim Craigon
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Goodall
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - Kevin Thomas
- Faculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United Kingdom
| | - John Temesi
- Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, Canada
| | - Guillaume Y Millet
- Human Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, Canada
| | - Thomas Cattagni
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Robert O Deaner
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Jordan A Guenette
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Benjamin Pageaux
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Romuald Lepers
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | - Romuald Lepers
- INSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, France
| | - Paul J Stapley
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia
| | - Thomas Cattagni
- Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, France
| | - Phillip B Sparling
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
| | | | - Nuria Garatachea
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, Spain Faculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain
| | | | - Helios Pareja-Galeano
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, Spain European University Madrid, Spain
| | - Carmen Fiuza-Luces
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, Spain European University Madrid, Spain
| | - Alejandro Lucia
- Research Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, Spain European University Madrid, Spain
| | - Susan A Ward
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living (ISEAL) Victoria University, AustraliaSchool of Veterinary Medicine and Science The University of NottinghamFaculty of Health and Life Sciences Northumbria University Newcastle, United KingdomHuman Performance Laboratory Faculty of Kinesiology University of Calgary Calgary, CanadaLaboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceDepartment of Psychology Grand Valley State University Allendale, MichiganCentre for Heart Lung Innovation and Department of Physical Therapy University of British Columbia and St. Paul's Hospital Vancouver, BC, CanadaINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceINSERM U1093, Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Burgundy Dijon, FranceNeural Control of Movement Laboratory School of Medicine, University of Wollongong, Australia Laboratoire Motricité, Interactions, Performance EA 4234 Faculty of Sport Sciences University of Nantes, FranceSchool of Applied Physiology Georgia Institute of Technology Atlanta, GeorgiaResearch Institute of Hospital 12 de Octubre ("i+12") Madrid, SpainFaculty of Health and Sport Sciences University of Zaragoza Huesca, Spain European University Madrid, SpainHuman Bio-Energetics Research Centre Crickhowell, Powys, United Kingdom
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16
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Flouris AD, Piantoni C. Links between thermoregulation and aging in endotherms and ectotherms. Temperature (Austin) 2014; 2:73-85. [PMID: 27226994 PMCID: PMC4843886 DOI: 10.4161/23328940.2014.989793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 11/13/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
While the link between thermoregulation and aging is generally accepted, much further research, reflection, and debate is required to elucidate the physiological and molecular pathways that generate the observed thermal-induced changes in lifespan. Our aim in this review is to present, discuss, and scrutinize the thermoregulatory mechanisms that are implicated in the aging process in endotherms and ectotherms. Our analysis demonstrates that low body temperature benefits lifespan in both endothermic and ectothermic organisms. Research in endotherms has delved deeper into the physiological and molecular mechanisms linking body temperature and longevity. While research in ectotherms has been steadily increasing during the past decades, further mechanistic work is required in order to fully elucidate the underlying phenomena. What is abundantly clear is that both endotherms and ectotherms have a specific temperature zone at which they function optimally. This zone is defended through both physiological and behavioral means and plays a major role on organismal senescence. That low body temperature may be beneficial for lifespan is contrary to conventional medical theory where reduced body temperature is usually considered as a sign of underlying pathology. Regardless, this phenomenon has been targeted by scientists with the expectation that advancements may compress morbidity, as well as lower disease and mortality risk. The available evidence suggests that lowered body temperature may prolong life span, yet finding the key to temperature regulation remains the problem. While we are still far from a complete understanding of the mechanisms linking body temperature and longevity, we are getting closer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas D Flouris
- FAME Laboratory; Department of Exercise Science; University of Thessaly ; Trikala, Greece
| | - Carla Piantoni
- University of Sao Paulo; Department of Physiology ; Sao Paulo, Brazil
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17
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Hunter SK, Joyner MJ, Jones AM. The two-hour marathon: What's the equivalent for women? J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 118:1321-3. [PMID: 25525211 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00852.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Sandra K Hunter
- Exercise Science Program, Department of Physical Therapy, Marquette University, Milwaukee, Wisconsin;
| | - Michael J Joyner
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota; and
| | - Andrew M Jones
- Sport and Health Sciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kindgom
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Abstract
There have been significant changes in the understanding of the role of carbohydrates during endurance exercise in recent years, which allows for more specific and more personalized advice with regard to carbohydrate ingestion during exercise. The new proposed guidelines take into account the duration (and intensity) of exercise and advice is not restricted to the amount of carbohydrate; it also gives direction with respect to the type of carbohydrate. Studies have shown that during exercise lasting approximately 1 h in duration, a mouth rinse or small amounts of carbohydrate can result in a performance benefit. A single carbohydrate source can be oxidized at rates up to approximately 60 g/h and this is the recommendation for exercise that is more prolonged (2-3 h). For ultra-endurance events, the recommendation is higher at approximately 90 g/h. Carbohydrate ingested at such high ingestion rates must be a multiple transportable carbohydrates to allow high oxidation rates and prevent the accumulation of carbohydrate in the intestine. The source of the carbohydrate may be a liquid, semisolid, or solid, and the recommendations may need to be adjusted downward when the absolute exercise intensity is low and thus carbohydrate oxidation rates are also low. Carbohydrate intake advice is independent of body weight as well as training status. Therefore, although these guidelines apply to most athletes, they are highly dependent on the type and duration of activity. These new guidelines may replace the generic existing guidelines for carbohydrate intake during endurance exercise.
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19
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Tam E, Rossi H, Moia C, Berardelli C, Rosa G, Capelli C, Ferretti G. Energetics of running in top-level marathon runners from Kenya. Eur J Appl Physiol 2012; 112:3797-806. [PMID: 22382667 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-012-2357-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
On ten top-level Kenyan marathon runners (KA) plus nine European controls (EC, equivalent to KA), we measured maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max) and the energy cost of running (Cr) on track during training camps at moderate altitude, to better understand the KA dominance in the marathon. At each incremental running speed, steady-state oxygen consumption (VO2) was measured by telemetric metabolic cart, and lactate by electro-enzymatic method. The speed requiring VO2 = VO2max provided the maximal aerobic velocity (νmax). The energy cost of running was calculated by dividing net VO2 by the corresponding speed. The speed at lactate threshold (ν(ΘAN)) was computed from individual Lâ(b) versus speed curves. The sustainable VO2max fraction (Fd) at ν(ΘAN) (F(ΘAN)) was computed dividing nu(ΘAN) by νmax. The Fd for the marathon (Fmar) was determined as Fmar = 0.92 F(ΘAN). Overall, VO2max (64.9 ± 5.8 vs. 63.9 ± 3.7 ml kg(-1) min(-1)), νmax (5.55 ± 0.30 vs. 5.41 ± 0.29 m s(-1)) and Cr (3.64 ± 0.28 vs. 3.63 ± 0.31 J kg(-1) m(-1)) resulted the same in KA as in EC. In both groups, Cr increased linearly with the square of speed. F(ΘAN) was 0.896 ± 0.054 in KA and 0.909 ± 0.068 in EC; Fmar was 0.825 ± 0.050 in KA and 0.836 ± 0.062 in EC (NS). Accounting for altitude, running speed predictions from present data are close to actual running performances, if F(ΘAN) instead of Fmar is taken as index of Fd. In conclusion, both KA and EC did not have a very high VO2max, but had extremely high Fd, and low Cr, equal between them. The dominance of KA over EC cannot be explained on energetic grounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Tam
- Département de Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Genève, Geneva, Switzerland
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Jeukendrup AE. Nutrition for endurance sports: Marathon, triathlon, and road cycling. J Sports Sci 2011; 29 Suppl 1:S91-9. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2011.610348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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