1
|
Blackmore DG, Waters MJ. The multiple roles of GH in neural ageing and injury. Front Neurosci 2023; 17:1082449. [PMID: 36960169 PMCID: PMC10027725 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2023.1082449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Advanced age is typically associated with a decrease in cognitive function including impairment in the formation and retention of new memories. The hippocampus is critical for learning and memory, especially spatial learning, and is particularly affected by ageing. With advanced age, multiple neural components can be detrimentally affected including a reduction in the number of neural stem and precursor cells, a decrease in the formation of adult born neurons (neurogenesis), and deficits in neural circuitry, all of which ultimately contribute to impaired cognitive function. Importantly, physical exercise has been shown to ameliorate many of these impairments and is able to improve learning and memory. Relevantly, growth hormone (GH) is an important protein hormone that decreases with ageing and increases following physical exercise. Originally described due to its role in longitudinal growth, GH has now been identified to play several additional key roles, especially in relation to the brain. Indeed, the regular decrease in GH levels following puberty is one of the most well documented components of neuroendocrine ageing. Growth hormone deficiency (GHD) has been described to have adverse effects on brain function, which can be ameliorated via GH replacement therapy. Physical exercise has been shown to increase circulating GH levels. Furthermore, we recently demonstrated the increase in exercise-mediated GH is critical for improved cognitive function in the aged mouse. Here we examine the multiple roles that GH plays, particularly in the aged brain and following trauma, irradiation and stroke, and how increasing GH levels can ameliorate deficits in cognition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G. Blackmore
- Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Clem Jones Centre for Ageing Dementia Research, Queensland Brain Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Michael J. Waters
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- *Correspondence: Michael J. Waters,
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Pataky MW, Young WF, Nair KS. Hormonal and Metabolic Changes of Aging and the Influence of Lifestyle Modifications. Mayo Clin Proc 2021; 96:788-814. [PMID: 33673927 PMCID: PMC8020896 DOI: 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.07.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increased life expectancy combined with the aging baby boomer generation has resulted in an unprecedented global expansion of the elderly population. The growing population of older adults and increased rate of age-related chronic illness has caused a substantial socioeconomic burden. The gradual and progressive age-related decline in hormone production and action has a detrimental impact on human health by increasing risk for chronic disease and reducing life span. This article reviews the age-related decline in hormone production, as well as age-related biochemical and body composition changes that reduce the bioavailability and actions of some hormones. The impact of hormonal changes on various chronic conditions including frailty, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and dementia are also discussed. Hormone replacement therapy has been attempted in many clinical trials to reverse and/or prevent the hormonal decline in aging to combat the progression of age-related diseases. Unfortunately, hormone replacement therapy is not a panacea, as it often results in various adverse events that outweigh its potential health benefits. Therefore, except in some specific individual cases, hormone replacement is not recommended. Rather, positive lifestyle modifications such as regular aerobic and resistance exercise programs and/or healthy calorically restricted diet can favorably affect endocrine and metabolic functions and act as countermeasures to various age-related diseases. We provide a critical review of the available data and offer recommendations that hopefully will form the groundwork for physicians/scientists to develop and optimize new endocrine-targeted therapies and lifestyle modifications that can better address age-related decline in heath.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark W Pataky
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - William F Young
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - K Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, Metabolism, and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Pierce JR, Martin BJ, Rarick KR, Alemany JA, Staab JS, Kraemer WJ, Hymer WC, Nindl BC. Growth Hormone and Insulin-like Growth Factor-I Molecular Weight Isoform Responses to Resistance Exercise Are Sex-Dependent. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:571. [PMID: 32973684 PMCID: PMC7472848 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: To determine if acute resistance exercise-induced increases in growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) were differentially responsive for one or more molecular weight (MW) isoforms and if these responses were sex-dependent. Methods: College-aged men (n = 10) and women (n = 10) performed an acute resistance exercise test (ARET; 6 sets, 10 repetition maximum (10-RM) squat, 2-min inter-set rest). Serum aliquots from blood drawn Pre-, Mid-, and Post-ARET (0, +15, and +30-min post) were processed using High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) fractionation and pooled into 3 MW fractions (Fr.A: >60; Fr.B: 30-60; Fr.C: <30 kDa). Results: We observed a hierarchy of serum protein collected among GH fractions across all time points independent of sex (Fr.C > Fr.A > Fr.B, p ≤ 0.03). Sex × time interactions indicated that women experienced earlier and augmented increases in all serum GH MW isoform fraction pools (p < 0.05); however, men demonstrated delayed and sustained GH elevations (p < 0.01) in all fractions through +30-min of recovery. Similarly, we observed a sex-independent hierarchy among IGF-I MW fraction pools (Fr.A > Fr.B > Fr.C, p ≤ 0.01). Furthermore, we observed increases in IGF-I Fr. A (ternary complexes) in men only (p ≤ 0.05), and increases in Fr.C (free/unbound IGF-I) in women only (p ≤ 0.05) vs. baseline, respectively. Conclusions: These data indicate that the processing of GH and IGF-I isoforms from the somatotrophs and hepatocytes are differential in their response to strenuous resistance exercise and reflect both temporal and sex-related differences.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Pierce
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
- *Correspondence: Joseph R. Pierce
| | - Brian J. Martin
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| | - Kevin R. Rarick
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Joseph A. Alemany
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Jeffery S. Staab
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - William J. Kraemer
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Connecticut, Mansfield, CT, United States
| | - Wesley C. Hymer
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States
| | - Bradley C. Nindl
- Military Performance Division, U.S. Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory/Warrior Human Performance Research Center, Department of Sports Medicine and Nutrition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Deemer SE, Castleberry TJ, Irvine C, Newmire DE, Oldham M, King GA, Ben-Ezra V, Irving BA, Biggerstaff KD. Pilot study: an acute bout of high intensity interval exercise increases 12.5 h GH secretion. Physiol Rep 2019; 6. [PMID: 29380957 PMCID: PMC5789720 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that high‐intensity interval exercise (HIE) significantly increases growth hormone (GH) secretion to a greater extent than moderate‐intensity continuous exercise (MOD) in young women. Five young, sedentary women (mean ± SD; age: 22.6±1.3 years; BMI: 27.4±3.1 kg/m2) were tested during the early follicular phase of their menstrual cycle on three occasions. For each visit, participants reported to the laboratory at 1700 h, exercised from 1730–1800 h, and remained in the laboratory until 0700 h the following morning. The exercise component consisted of either 30‐min of moderate‐intensity continuous cycling at 50% of measured peak power (MOD), four 30‐s “all‐out” sprints with 4.5 min of active recovery (HIE), or a time‐matched sedentary control using a randomized, cross‐over design. The overnight GH secretory profile of each trial was determined from 10‐min sampling of venous blood from 1730–0600 h, using deconvolution analysis. Deconvolution GH parameters were log transformed prior to statistical analyses. Calculated GH AUC (0–120 min) was significantly greater in HIE than CON (P = 0.04), but HIE was not different from MOD. Total GH secretory rate (ng/mL/12.5 h) was significantly greater in the HIE than the CON (P = 0.05), but MOD was not different from CON or HIE. Nocturnal GH secretion (ng/mL/7.5 h) was not different between the three trials. For these women, in this pilot study, a single bout of HIE was sufficient to increase 12.5 h pulsatile GH secretion. It remains to be determined if regular HIE may contribute to increased daily GH secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah E Deemer
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas
| | | | - Chris Irvine
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas
| | - Daniel E Newmire
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas
| | - Michael Oldham
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas
| | - George A King
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, Texas
| | - Vic Ben-Ezra
- Department of Kinesiology, Texas Woman's University, Denton, Texas
| | - Brian A Irving
- School of Kinesiology, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Montero D, Lundby C. Regulation of Red Blood Cell Volume with Exercise Training. Compr Physiol 2018; 9:149-164. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c180004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
6
|
Roelfsema F, Yang RJ, Takahashi PY, Erickson D, Bowers CY, Veldhuis JD. Aromatized Estrogens Amplify Nocturnal Growth Hormone Secretion in Testosterone-Replaced Older Hypogonadal Men. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:4419-4427. [PMID: 30032193 PMCID: PMC6212797 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-00755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Testosterone (T) increases GH secretion in older men with a relative lack of T, in hypogonadal men of all ages, and in patients undergoing sex reassignment. The role of estradiol (E2) in men is less well defined. OBJECTIVE To assess the contribution of aromatization of T to spontaneous nocturnal and stimulated GH secretion. PARTICIPANTS Four groups of healthy older men (N = 74, age range 57 to 77 years) were studied. The gonadotropic axis was clamped with the gonadotropin-releasing hormone antagonist degarelix. Three groups received T and one group placebo addback. Two T-replaced groups were treated with anastrozole (an aromatase inhibitor) and either placebo or E2 addback. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Ten-minute GH concentration profiles were quantified by deconvolution analysis, after overnight (2200 to 0800 hours) sampling, and after combined IV injection of GHRH (0.3 µg/kg) and GHRH-2 (0.3 µg/kg) and withdrawal of a 2-hour somatostatin infusion (1 µg/kg/h). RESULTS E2 addback during aromatase inhibition increased basal (P = 0.046), pulsatile (P = 0.020), and total (P = 0.018) GH secretion by 60% to 70%. E2 did not potentiate GH secretory stimuli. Logarithmically transformed pulsatile GH secretion correlated strongly and positively with concurrent E2 concentrations overall (P = 0.028) and under anastrozole treatment (P = 0.005). CONCLUSION E2 administration in older men transdermally stimulates overnight pulsatile GH secretion. The exact site of E2 action cannot be ascertained from these experiments but may include hypothalamic loci involved in GH regulation, especially because GH secretagogue effects on somatotrope pituitary cells were not affected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ferdinand Roelfsema
- Department of Internal Medicine, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Rebecca J Yang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Paul Y Takahashi
- Department of Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Dana Erickson
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Cyril Y Bowers
- Department of Internal Medicine, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo School of Graduate Medical Education, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota
- Correspondence and Reprint Requests: Johannes D. Veldhuis, MD, Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, Minnesota 55905. E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Malin SK, Rynders CA, Weltman JY, Barrett EJ, Weltman A. Exercise Intensity Modulates Glucose-Stimulated Insulin Secretion when Adjusted for Adipose, Liver and Skeletal Muscle Insulin Resistance. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154063. [PMID: 27111219 PMCID: PMC4844153 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Little is known about the effects of exercise intensity on compensatory changes in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) when adjusted for adipose, liver and skeletal muscle insulin resistance (IR). Fifteen participants (8F, Age: 49.9±3.6yr; BMI: 31.0±1.5kg/m2; VO2peak: 23.2±1.2mg/kg/min) with prediabetes (ADA criteria, 75g OGTT and/or HbA1c) underwent a time-course matched Control, and isocaloric (200kcal) exercise at moderate (MIE; at lactate threshold (LT)), and high-intensity (HIE; 75% of difference between LT and VO2peak). A 75g OGTT was conducted 1 hour post-exercise/Control, and plasma glucose, insulin, C-peptide and free fatty acids were determined for calculations of skeletal muscle (1/Oral Minimal Model; SMIR), hepatic (HOMAIR), and adipose (ADIPOSEIR) IR. Insulin secretion rates were determined by deconvolution modeling for GSIS, and disposition index (DI; GSIS/IR; DISMIR, DIHOMAIR, DIADIPOSEIR) calculations. Compared to Control, exercise lowered SMIR independent of intensity (P<0.05), with HIE raising HOMAIR and ADIPOSEIR compared with Control (P<0.05). GSIS was not reduced following exercise, but DIHOMAIR and DIADIPOSEIR were lowered more following HIE compared with Control (P<0.05). However, DISMIR increased in an intensity based manner relative to Control (P<0.05), which corresponded with lower post-prandial blood glucose levels. Taken together, pancreatic insulin secretion adjusts in an exercise intensity dependent manner to match the level of insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, liver and adipose tissue. Further work is warranted to understand the mechanism by which exercise influences the cross-talk between tissues that regulate blood glucose in people with prediabetes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven K Malin
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Corey A Rynders
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Judy Y Weltman
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Eugene J Barrett
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| | - Arthur Weltman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
- Exercise Physiology Core Laboratory, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Eliakim A, Nemet D, Most G, Rakover N, Pantanowitz M, Meckel Y. Effect of gender on the GH-IGF-I response to anaerobic exercise in young adults. J Strength Cond Res 2015; 28:3411-5. [PMID: 24983853 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Exercise-associated effects on the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-I (GH-IGF-I) axis were studied, mainly after aerobic exercise. We determined the gender effect on the GH-IGF-I axis response to a standard all-out Wingate anaerobic test (WAnT) in healthy active young adult men and women (men = 12 and women = 16; age range: 24-34 years). Blood samples for GH and IGF-I, key elements of the GH-IGF-I axis, were collected before and 20, 30, 40, and 60 minutes after the beginning of exercise. In addition, we collected postexercise blood lactate levels. Postexercise lactate levels were higher among men; however, this difference did not reach statistical significance (13.8 ± 1.3 vs. 11.1 ± 1.0 mmol·L, respectively; p = 0.1). The WAnT was associated with a significant increase in GH in both genders. However, GH peak was greater among women (10.8 ± 1.8 vs. 5.6 ± 1.4 ng·ml, in women and men, respectively; p < 0.01). In addition, postexercise GH peak occurred significantly earlier in female (20 minutes) compared with male participants (40 minutes). Exercise was associated with a significant increase in IGF only among men (from 166.8 ± 8.4 to 186.9 ± 9.3; p < 0.02); however, no significant between-gender effect was found. In summary, supramaximal anaerobic exercise was associated with a greater and earlier postexercise GH peak in women compared with men. All together, the results suggest anaerobic exercise-related anabolic-type hormonal response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alon Eliakim
- 1Child Health and Sports Center, Pediatric Department, Meir Medical Center, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel-Aviv University, Israel; and 2The Zinman College of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, Wingate Institute, Netanya, Israel
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Veldhuis JD, Olson TP, Takahashi PY, Miles JM, Joyner MJ, Yang RJ, Wigham J. Multipathway modulation of exercise and glucose stress effects upon GH secretion in healthy men. Metabolism 2015; 64:1022-30. [PMID: 26028283 PMCID: PMC4546548 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 01/21/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Exercise evokes pulsatile GH release followed by autonegative feedback, whereas glucose suppresses GH release followed by rebound-like GH release (feedforward escape). Here we test the hypothesis that age, sex steroids, insulin, body composition and physical power jointly determine these dynamic GH responses. METHODS This was a prospectively randomized glucose-blinded study conducted in the Mayo Center for Advancing Translational Sciences in healthy men ages 19-77 years (N=23). Three conditions, fasting/rest/saline, fasting/exercise/saline and fasting/rest/iv glucose infusions, were used to drive GH dynamics during 10-min blood sampling for 6h. Linear correlation analysis was applied to relate peak/nadir GH dynamics to age, sex steroids, insulin, CT-estimated abdominal fat and physical power (work per unit time). RESULTS Compared with the fasting/rest/saline (control) day, fasting/exercise/saline infusion evoked peak GH within 1h, followed by negative feedback 3-5h later. The dynamic GH excursion was strongly (R(2)=0.634) influenced by (i) insulin negatively (P=0.011), (ii) power positively (P=0.0008), and (iii) E2 positively (P=0.001). Dynamic glucose-modulated GH release was determined by insulin negatively (P=0.0039) and power positively (P=0.0034) (R(2)=0.454). Under rest/saline, power (P=0.031) and total abdominal fat (P=0.012) (R(2)=0.267) were the dominant correlates of GH excursions. CONCLUSION In healthy men, dynamic GH perturbations induced by exercise and glucose are strongly related to physical power, insulin, estradiol, and body composition, thus suggesting a network of regulatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities.
| | - Thomas P Olson
- Cardiovascular Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - Paul Y Takahashi
- Primary Care Internal Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55905
| | - John M Miles
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities
| | | | - Rebecca J Yang
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities
| | - Jean Wigham
- Endocrine Research Unit, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Center for Translational Science Activities
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ritsche K, Nindl BC, Wideman L. Exercise-Induced growth hormone during acute sleep deprivation. Physiol Rep 2014; 2:2/10/e12166. [PMID: 25281616 PMCID: PMC4254093 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.12166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The effect of acute (24‐h) sleep deprivation on exercise‐induced growth hormone (GH) and insulin‐like growth factor‐1 (IGF‐1) was examined. Ten men (20.6 ± 1.4 years) completed two randomized 24‐h sessions including a brief, high‐intensity exercise bout following either a night of sleep (SLEEP) or (24‐h) sleep deprivation (SLD). Anaerobic performance (mean power [MP], peak power [PP], minimum power [MinP], time to peak power [TTPP], fatigue index, [FI]) and total work per sprint [TWPS]) was determined from four maximal 30‐sec Wingate sprints on a cycle ergometer. Self‐reported sleep 7 days prior to each session was similar between SLEEP and SLD sessions (7.92 ± 0.33 vs. 7.98 ± 0.39 h, P =0.656, respectively) and during the actual SLEEP session in the lab, the total amount of sleep was similar to the 7 days leading up to the lab session (7.72 ± 0.14 h vs. 7.92 ± 0.33 h, respectively) (P =0.166). No differences existed in MP, PP, MinP, TTPP, FI, TWPS, resting GH concentrations, time to reach exercise‐induced peak GH concentration (TTP), or free IGF‐1 between sessions. GH area under the curve (AUC) (825.0 ± 199.8 vs. 2212.9 ± 441.9 μg/L*min, P <0.01), exercise‐induced peak GH concentration (17.8 ± 3.7 vs. 39.6 ± 7.1 μg/L, P <0.01) and ΔGH (peak GH – resting GH) (17.2 ± 3.7 vs. 38.2 ± 7.3 μg/L, P <0.01) were significantly lower during the SLEEP versus SLD session. Our results indicate that the exercise‐induced GH response was significantly augmented in sleep‐deprived individuals. Human growth hormone release is heavily influenced by sleep and exercise. Our study shows that sleep deprivation dramatically augments the exercise‐induced human growth hormone response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Ritsche
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA Department of Exercise Physiology, Winston-Salem State University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Bradly C Nindl
- US Army Institute of Public Health, US Army Public Health Command, Aberdeen, Proving Ground, Aberdeen, Maryland, USA
| | - Laurie Wideman
- Department of Kinesiology, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bartke A, Sun LY, Longo V. Somatotropic signaling: trade-offs between growth, reproductive development, and longevity. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:571-98. [PMID: 23589828 PMCID: PMC3768106 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00006.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a key determinant of postnatal growth and plays an important role in the control of metabolism and body composition. Surprisingly, deficiency in GH signaling delays aging and remarkably extends longevity in laboratory mice. In GH-deficient and GH-resistant animals, the "healthspan" is also extended with delays in cognitive decline and in the onset of age-related disease. The role of hormones homologous to insulin-like growth factor (IGF, an important mediator of GH actions) in the control of aging and lifespan is evolutionarily conserved from worms to mammals with some homologies extending to unicellular yeast. The combination of reduced GH, IGF-I, and insulin signaling likely contributes to extended longevity in GH or GH receptor-deficient organisms. Diminutive body size and reduced fecundity of GH-deficient and GH-resistant mice can be viewed as trade-offs for extended longevity. Mechanisms responsible for delayed aging of GH-related mutants include enhanced stress resistance and xenobiotic metabolism, reduced inflammation, improved insulin signaling, and various metabolic adjustments. Pathological excess of GH reduces life expectancy in men as well as in mice, and GH resistance or deficiency provides protection from major age-related diseases, including diabetes and cancer, in both species. However, there is yet no evidence of increased longevity in GH-resistant or GH-deficient humans, possibly due to non-age-related deaths. Results obtained in GH-related mutant mice provide striking examples of mutations of a single gene delaying aging, reducing age-related disease, and extending lifespan in a mammal and providing novel experimental systems for the study of mechanisms of aging.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrzej Bartke
- Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Geriatric Research, Springfield, Illinois 62703, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Kimura K, Yasunaga A, Wang LQ. Correlation between moderate daily physical activity and neurocognitive variability in healthy elderly people. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2013; 56:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2012.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2012] [Revised: 10/02/2012] [Accepted: 10/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
13
|
Manini TM, Yarrow JF, Buford TW, Clark BC, Conover CF, Borst SE. Growth hormone responses to acute resistance exercise with vascular restriction in young and old men. Growth Horm IGF Res 2012; 22:167-172. [PMID: 22727808 PMCID: PMC3915940 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2012] [Revised: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Resistance exercise (RE) stimulates growth hormone (GH) secretion in a load-dependent manner, with heavier loads producing larger GH responses. However, new research demonstrates that low-load RE performed with blood flow restriction (BFR) produces potent GH responses that are similar to or exceed those produced following high-load RE. We hypothesized that low-load RE with vascular restriction would attenuate the known age-related reduction in GH response to RE. DESIGN In a randomized crossover design, ten young (28 ± 7.8 years) and ten older (67.4 ± 4.6 years) men performed bilateral knee extension RE with low-load [20% of one-repetition maximum (1RM)] with BFR and high-load (80% 1RM) without BFR. GH and lactate were measured every 10 minutes throughout a 150-minute testing session (30 minutes prior to and 120 minutes following completion of the exercise); IGF-I was measured at baseline and 60 minutes post-exercise. RESULTS Area under the GH curve indicated that both age groups responded similarly to each exercise condition. However, young men had a significantly greater maximal GH response to low-load RE with BFR than the high-load condition without BFR. Additionally, younger men had greater maximal GH concentrations to low-load RE with BFR than older men (p=0.02). The GH responses were marginally correlated to lactate concentration (r=0.13, p=0.002) and IGF-I levels were unchanged with RE. CONCLUSIONS GH responses to low-load RE with vascular restriction are slightly higher than high-load RE without vascular restriction in young men. However, low-load RE with vascular restriction did not attenuate the known age-related reduction in GH response with exercise. These data suggest that while low-load RE with vascular restriction is as effective for inducing a GH response than traditionally-based high-load RE, there is a more potent response in young men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Todd M Manini
- University of Florida, Department of Aging and Geriatric Research, Gainesville, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lovell DI, Cuneo R, Wallace J, McLellan C. The hormonal response of older men to sub-maximum aerobic exercise: the effect of training and detraining. Steroids 2012; 77:413-8. [PMID: 22248672 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2011.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 12/19/2011] [Accepted: 12/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The hormonal response of 32 older men (70-80years) to a bout of sub-maximum aerobic exercise was examined before, after 16weeks of resistance or aerobic training and again after 4weeks of detraining. Blood samples were obtained at rest and immediately post sub-maximum exercise (30min @ 70% VO(2) max) to determine the concentrations of growth hormone (GH), insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), testosterone (Test), sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and the calculation of free testosterone (FT). Both training groups had significant increases in leg strength and VO(2) max after 16weeks training but leg strength and VO(2) max returned to pre-training levels in the aerobic training and resistance training groups, respectively. During the 20week study there was no change in resting concentrations of any hormones among the three groups. There was no increase in GH, IGF-1 or SHBG immediately post sub-maximum exercise in any of the groups before training, after 16weeks training or after 4weeks detraining. Testosterone and FT increased immediately post sub-maximum exercise within all groups before training, after 16weeks training and after 4weeks detraining with the increase in Test and FT higher after 16weeks of resistance training compared to before training and after 4weeks detraining within the resistance training group. The increased responsiveness of Test and FT after 16weeks of resistance training was lost after 4weeks of detraining. Our results indicate that some physiological and hormonal adaptations gained after 16weeks training are lost after only 4weeks detraining.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale I Lovell
- School of Health and Sport Sciences, Faculty of Science, Health & Education, University of the Sunshine Coast, Queensland 4556, Australia.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sartorio A, Agosti F, De Col A, Marazzi N, Rastelli F, Chiavaroli S, Lafortuna CL, Cella SG, Rigamonti AE. Growth hormone and lactate responses induced by maximal isometric voluntary contractions and whole-body vibrations in healthy subjects. J Endocrinol Invest 2011; 34:216-21. [PMID: 20820130 DOI: 10.1007/bf03347069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In contrast with maximal voluntary resistance exercise, which is allegedly considered a potent GH stimulus in young subjects, evaluation of GH response to whole-body vibrations (WBV) has yielded conflicting results. METHODS The acute effects of WBV alone (test A), maximal voluntary isometric contractions (MVC) (test B), and combination of WBV and MVC (test C) on serum GH and blood lactate (LA) levels were studied in 9 healthy adult males. Muscle soreness was assessed 24 and 48 h after exercise by a visual analogue scale. RESULTS GH responses were significantly higher after tests B and C than after test A (GH peaks: 18.8 ± 9.5 ng/ml or 20.8 ± 13.7 ng/ml, respectively, vs 4.3 ± 3.5 ng/ml; p<0.05), with no difference between tests B and C. LA concentrations significantly increased after tests A, B, and C, being significantly higher after tests B and C than after test A (LA peaks: 2.0 ± 0.5 mmol/l or 6.7 ± 2.3 mmol/l, respectively, vs 7.6 ± 0.9 mmol/l; p<0.05). Peak LA values were significantly correlated to GH peaks in the 3 tests (r=0.48; p<0.05). Muscle soreness was significantly higher 24-48 h after tests B and C than after test A, no significant differences being present between tests B and C. CONCLUSIONS WBV stimulates GH secretion and LA production, with no additive effect when combined with repeated isometric voluntary contractions. Optimization of protocols based on WBV seems important to maximize the positive effects of this intervention on the somatotropic function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Sartorio
- Istituto Auxologico Italiano, Laboratorio Sperimentale di Ricerche Auxo-endocrinologiche, IRCCS, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ben Ounis O, Elloumi M, Zouhal H, Makni E, Lac G, Tabka Z, Amri M. Effect of an individualized physical training program on resting cortisol and growth hormone levels and fat oxidation during exercise in obese children. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2011; 72:34-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2010.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2010] [Revised: 04/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/22/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
|
17
|
Hunter GR, Brock DW, Byrne NM, Chandler-Laney PC, Del Corral P, Gower BA. Exercise training prevents regain of visceral fat for 1 year following weight loss. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010; 18:690-5. [PMID: 19816413 PMCID: PMC2913900 DOI: 10.1038/oby.2009.316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine what effect aerobic and resistance exercise training has on gain of visceral fat during the year following weight loss. After being randomly assigned to aerobic training, resistance training, or no exercise training, 45 European-American (EA) and 52 African-American (AA) women lost 12.3 +/- 2.5 kg on a 800 kcal/day diet. Computed tomography was used to measure abdominal subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue, whereas total fat and regional fat (leg, arm, and trunk) were measured by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry after weight loss and 1 year following the weight loss. Because not all the subjects adhered to the 2 time/week 40 min/day exercise training during the 1-year follow-up, subjects were divided into five groups for analysis: aerobic adherers, aerobic nonadherers, resistance adherers, resistance nonadherers, and no exercise. No significant differences were observed between the aerobic training and resistance training adherers for any variable. However, the aerobic (3.1 kg) and resistance (3.9 kg) exercise adherers gained less weight than any of the other three groups (all >6.2 kg). In addition, the two exercise adherence groups did not significantly increase visceral fat (<0.8%) as compared with the 38% increase for the two nonadhering exercise groups and the 25% for the nonexercise group. In conclusion, as little as 80 min/week aerobic or resistance training had modest positive effects on preventing weight regain following a diet-induced weight loss. More importantly, both aerobic and resistance training prevented regain of potentially harmful visceral fat.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gary R Hunter
- Department of Human Studies, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Caruso JF, Coday MA, Monda JK, Ramey ES, Hastings LP, Vingren JL, Potter WT, Kraemer WJ, Wickel EE. Blood Lactate and Hormonal Responses to Prototype Flywheel Ergometer Workouts. J Strength Cond Res 2010; 24:749-56. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3181c6cfb3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
19
|
Oliver SR, Rosa JS, Minh TDC, Pontello AM, Flores RL, Barnett M, Galassetti PR. Dose-dependent relationship between severity of pediatric obesity and blunting of the growth hormone response to exercise. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2009; 108:21-7. [PMID: 19875716 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00589.2009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In children, exercise modulates systemic anabolism, muscle growth, and overall physiological development through the growth hormone (GH)-insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) axis. GH secretion, at rest and during exercise, changes with age and maturational status and can be blunted by hyperlipidemia and obesity, with possible negative effects on physiological growth. However, little is known about the effect of progressively more severe pediatric obesity on the GH response to exercise and its relationship to pubertal status. We therefore studied 48 early- or late-pubertal obese children [body mass index (BMI) >95th percentile, separated in tertiles with progressively greater BMI] and 42 matched controls (BMI <85th percentile), who performed ten 2-min cycling bouts at approximately 80% of maximal O2 consumption, separated by 1-min rest intervals. Plasma GH and IGF-I were measured at baseline and end exercise. GH responses were systematically blunted in obese children, with more pronounced blunting paralleling increasing BMI. Although overall the GH response to exercise was greater in late-pubertal than in younger children, this blunting pattern was observed in early- and late-pubertal children. Our results reveal insight into the interaction between pediatric obesity and key modulators of physiological growth and development and underscore the necessity of optimizing physical activity strategies for specific pediatric dysmetabolic conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stacy R Oliver
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of California, Irvine, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Fanciulli G, Delitala A, Delitala G. Growth hormone, menopause and ageing: no definite evidence for 'rejuvenation' with growth hormone. Hum Reprod Update 2009; 15:341-58. [DOI: 10.1093/humupd/dmp005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
|
21
|
Gilbert KL, Stokes KA, Hall GM, Thompson D. Growth hormone responses to 3 different exercise bouts in 18- to 25- and 40- to 50-year-old men. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2008; 33:706-12. [PMID: 18641713 DOI: 10.1139/h08-034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Exercise is a potent stimulus for growth hormone (GH) release, although aging appears to attenuate this response. The aim of this study was to investigate GH responses to different exercise stimuli in young and early middle-aged men. Eight men aged 18-25 y and 8 men aged 40-50 y completed 3 trials, at least 7 days apart, in a random order: 30 s cycle-ergometer sprint (sprint), 30 min resistance exercise bout (resistance), 30 min cycle at 70% maximal oxygen consumption (endurance). Blood samples were taken pre-, during, and post-exercise, and area under the GH vs. time curve was calculated for a total of 120 min. Mean blood lactate concentrations and percentage heart rate maximum at which the participants were working were not different between groups in any of the trials. In both groups, blood lactate concentrations were significantly lower in the endurance trial than in the sprint and resistance trials. There were no significant differences in resting GH concentration between groups or trials. GH AUC was significantly greater in the young group than the early middle-aged group, in both sprint (531 (+/-347) vs. 81 (+/-54) microg.L-1 per 120 min, p = 0.003) and endurance trials (842 (+/-616) vs. 177 (+/-137) microg.L-1 per 120 min, p = 0.010). Endurance exercise elicits a greater GH response than sprint and resistance exercise; however, aging per se, factors associated with aging, or an inability to achieve a sufficient absolute exercise intensity results in a smaller GH response to an exercise stimulus in early middle-aged men.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kate L Gilbert
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, School for Health, University of Bath, Claverton Down, Bath, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Weltman A, Weltman JY, Watson Winfield DD, Frick K, Patrie J, Kok P, Keenan DM, Gaesser GA, Veldhuis JD. Effects of continuous versus intermittent exercise, obesity, and gender on growth hormone secretion. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2008; 93:4711-20. [PMID: 18782875 PMCID: PMC2626448 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2008-0998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Obesity attenuates spontaneous GH secretion and the GH response to exercise. Obese individuals often have low fitness levels, limiting their ability to complete a typical 30-min bout of continuous exercise. An alternative regimen in obese subjects may be shorter bouts of exercise interspersed throughout the day. OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to examine whether intermittent and continuous exercise interventions evoke similar patterns of 24-h GH secretion and whether responses are attenuated in obese subjects or affected by gender. DESIGN This was a repeated-measures design in which each subject served as their own control. SETTING This study was conducted at the University of Virginia General Clinical Research Center. SUBJECTS Subjects were healthy nonobese (n = 15) and obese (n = 14) young adults. INTERVENTIONS Subjects were studied over 24 h at the General Clinical Research Center on three occasions: control, one 30-min bout of exercise, and three 10-min bouts of exercise. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Twenty-four hour GH secretion was measured. RESULTS Compared with unstimulated 24-h GH secretion, both intermittent and continuous exercise, at constant exercise intensity, resulted in severalfold elevation of 24-h integrated serum GH concentrations in young adults. Basal and pulsatile modes of GH secretion were attenuated both at rest and during exercise in obese subjects. CONCLUSIONS The present data suggest that continuous and intermittent exercise training should be comparably effective in increasing 24-h GH secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arthur Weltman
- Department of Human Services, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia 22904, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Wideman L, Consitt L, Patrie J, Swearingin B, Bloomer R, Davis P, Weltman A. The impact of sex and exercise duration on growth hormone secretion. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2006; 101:1641-7. [PMID: 16946030 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00518.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous research clearly indicates a linear relationship between exercise intensity and growth hormone (GH) release and that this relationship is influenced by sex. The present study examined the GH response to increasing exercise duration in young men and women. Fifteen healthy subjects (8 men and 7 women) completed three randomly assigned exercise sessions (30, 60, and 120 min) at 70% of peak oxygen consumption. Blood samples were collected every 10 min beginning 30 min before exercise, for a total of 240 min. Total integrated GH concentration (IGHC) increased with increasing exercise duration for men and women (601, 1,394, and 2,360 microg/l.4 h; 659, 1,009 and 1,243 microg/l.4 h for 30, 60, and 120 min of exercise, respectively). Regression analysis revealed that IGHC (logarithmically transformed) was significantly influenced by exercise duration (logarithmically transformed) (120 min > 60 min > 30 min) and that a significant sex-dependent effect was present even after adjustments for fitness level and percent body fat (men > women). The slope of the regression line was greater for men than for women (1.003 vs. 0.612; P = 0.013), but the average height of the regression line was greater for women (7.287 vs. 6.595; P < 0.001). Although GH secretory pulse half-duration was greater in women (P = 0.001), and GH half-life was greater in men (P = 0.001), they were not affected by exercise duration. The total mass of GH secreted during exercise increased with exercise duration (P < 0.001) but was not affected by sex (P = 0.137). Results from the present investigation indicate that when exercise intensity is constant, exercise duration significantly increases IGHC and that this relationship is sex dependent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laurie Wideman
- Department of Exercise and Sport Science, University of North Carolina-Greensboro, Greensboro, North Carolina 27402, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|