Locally measured shear moduli of pulmonary tissue and global lung mechanics in mechanically ventilated rats

Mechanical load and mechanical integrity of lung cells - experimental mechanostimulation of epithelial cell- and fibroblast-monolayers

Experimental mechanostimulation of soft biologic tissue is widely used to investigate cellular responses to mechanical stress or strain. Reactions on mechanostimulation are investigated in terms of morphological changes, inflammatory responses and apoptosis/necrosis induction on a cellular level. In this context, the analysis of the mechanical characteristics of cell-layers might allow to indicate patho-physiological changes in the cell-cell contacts. Recently, we described a device for experimental mechanostimulation that allows simultaneous measurement of the mechanical characteristics of cell-monolayers. Here, we investigated how cultivated lung epithelial cell- and fibroblast-monolayers behave mechanically under different amplitudes of biaxial distension. The cell monolayers were sinusoidally deflected to 5%, 10% or 20% surface gain and their mechanical properties during mechanostimulation were analyzed. With increasing stimulation amplitudes more pronounced reductions of cell junctions were observed. These findings were accompanied by a substantial loss of monolayer rigidity. Pulmonary fibroblast monolayers were initially stiffer but were stronger effected by the mechanostimulation compared to epithelial cell-monolayers. We conclude that, according to their biomechanical function within the pulmonary tissue, epithelial cells and fibroblasts differ with respect to their mechanical characteristics and tolerance of mechanical load.

A micromechanical model for estimating alveolar wall strain in mechanically ventilated edematous lungs

To elucidate the micromechanics of pulmonary edema has been a significant medical concern, which is beneficial to better guide ventilator settings in clinical practice. In this paper, we present an adjoining two-alveoli model to quantitatively estimate strain and stress of alveolar walls in mechanically ventilated edematous lungs. The model takes into account the geometry of the alveolus, the effect of surface tension, the length-tension properties of parenchyma tissue, and the change in thickness of the alveolar wall. On the one hand, our model supports experimental findings (Perlman CE, Lederer DJ, Bhattacharya J. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 44: 34-39, 2011) that the presence of a liquid-filled alveolus protrudes into the neighboring air-filled alveolus with the shared septal strain amounting to a maximum value of 1.374 (corresponding to the maximum stress of 5.12 kPa) even at functional residual capacity; on the other hand, it further shows that the pattern of alveolar expansion appears heterogeneous or homogeneous, strongly depending on differences in air-liquid interface tension on alveolar segments. The proposed model is a preliminary step toward picturing a global topographical distribution of stress and strain on the scale of the lung as a whole to prevent ventilator-induced lung injury.