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Clarkson TR, Paff HA, Cunningham SJ, Ross J, Haslam C, Kritikos A. Mine for life: Charting ownership effects in memory from adolescence to old age. Q J Exp Psychol (Hove) 2024:17470218241254119. [PMID: 38684487 DOI: 10.1177/17470218241254119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
This study investigates the self-reference effect (SRE) with an ownership memory task across several age groups, providing the first age exploration of implicit ownership memory biases from adolescence to older adulthood (N = 159). Using a well-established ownership task, participants were required to sort images of grocery items as belonging to themselves or to a fictitious unnamed Other. After sorting and a brief distractor task, participants completed a surprise one-step source memory test. Overall, there was a robust SRE, with greater source memory accuracy for self-owned items. The SRE attenuated with age, such that the magnitude of difference between self and other memory diminished into older adulthood. Importantly, these findings were not due to a deterioration of memory for self-owned items, but rather an increase in memory performance for other-owned items. Linear mixed effects analyses showed self-biases in reaction times, such that self-owned items were identified more rapidly compared with other owned items. Again, age interacted with this effect showing that the responses of older adults were slowed, especially for other-owned items. Several theoretical implications were drawn from these findings, but we suggest that older adults may not experience ownership-related biases to the same degree as younger adults. Consequently, SREs through the lens of mere ownership may attenuate with age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tessa R Clarkson
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Harrison A Paff
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Josephine Ross
- School of Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Catherine Haslam
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ada Kritikos
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
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Kraeutner SN, Rubino C, Ferris JK, Rinat S, Penko L, Chiu L, Greeley B, Jones CB, Larssen BC, Boyd LA. Frontoparietal function and underlying structure reflect capacity for motor skill acquisition during healthy aging. Neurobiol Aging 2024; 133:78-86. [PMID: 37918189 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
While capacity for motor skill acquisition changes with healthy aging, there has been little consideration of how age-related changes in brain function or baseline brain structure support motor skill acquisition. We examined: (1) age-dependent changes in functional reorganization related to frontoparietal regions during motor skill acquisition, and (2) whether capacity for motor skill acquisition relates to baseline white matter microstructure in frontoparietal tracts. Healthy older and younger adults engaged in 4 weeks of skilled motor practice. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) assessed functional reorganization before and after practice. Diffusion tensor imaging indexed microstructure of a frontoparietal tract at baseline, generated by rsFC seeds. Motor skill acquisition was associated with decreases in rsFC in healthy older adults and increases in rsFC in healthy younger adults. Frontoparietal tract microstructure was lower in healthy older versus younger adults, yet it was negatively associated with rate of skill acquisition regardless of group. Findings indicate that age-dependent alterations in frontoparietal function and baseline structure of a frontoparietal tract reflect capacity for motor skill acquisition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah N Kraeutner
- Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Kelowna, British Columbia, Canada; Djavad Mowafaghian, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.
| | - Cristina Rubino
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jennifer K Ferris
- Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Shie Rinat
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lauren Penko
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Larissa Chiu
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Brian Greeley
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Christina B Jones
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Beverley C Larssen
- Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Lara A Boyd
- Djavad Mowafaghian, Centre for Brain Health, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada; Department of Physical Therapy, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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Busby N, Wilson S, Wilmskoetter J, Newman-Norlund R, Sayers S, Newman-Norlund S, Roth R, Rorden C, Fridriksson J, Bonilha L. White matter hyperintensity load mediates the relationship between age and cognition. Neurobiol Aging 2023; 132:56-66. [PMID: 37729770 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2023.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 08/14/2023] [Accepted: 08/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/22/2023]
Abstract
To elucidate the relationship between age and cognitive decline, it is important to consider structural brain changes such as white matter hyperintensities (WMHs), which are common in older age and may affect behavior. Therefore, we aimed to investigate if WMH load is a mediator of the relationship between age and cognitive decline. Healthy participants (N = 166, 20-80 years) completed the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA). WMHs were manually delineated on FLAIR scans. Mediation analysis was conducted to determine if WMH load mediates the relationship between age and cognition. Older age was associated with worse cognition (p < 0.001), but this was an indirect effect: older participants had more WMHs, and, in turn, increased WMH load was associated with worse MoCA scores. WMH load mediates the relationship between age and cognitive decline. Importantly, this relationship was not moderated by age (i.e., increased WMH severity is associated with poorer MoCA scores irrespective of age). Across all ages, high cholesterol was associated with increased WMH severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Busby
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
| | - Sarah Wilson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Janina Wilmskoetter
- Department of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | | | - Sara Sayers
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Sarah Newman-Norlund
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Rebecca Roth
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Chris Rorden
- Department of Psychology, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Julius Fridriksson
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA
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Campoi EG, Campoi HG, Moraes R. The effects of age and postural constraints on prehension. Exp Brain Res 2023:10.1007/s00221-023-06647-0. [PMID: 37256337 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-023-06647-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Older adults adapt the execution of complex motor tasks to use compensatory strategies in the reaching-to-grasping (i.e., prehension) movement. The presence of postural constraints may exacerbate these compensatory strategies. Therefore, we investigated the reach-to-grasp action with different postural constraints (sitting, standing, and walking) in younger and older people and evaluated the postural stability during the reach-to-grasp action. Thirty individuals (15 younger and 15 older adults) performed the prehension under three postural tasks: sitting, standing, and walking. The reaching movement was slower in the walking task than in the other two postural tasks; however, there was no difference between the age groups. For the grasping action, the older adults presented a larger grip aperture, and the peak grip aperture occurred earlier during hand transportation in sitting and standing tasks. In the standing task, the margin of stability was smaller for older adults. In the walking task, there was no difference between the groups for the margin of stability. Also, prehension during sitting and standing tasks were similar, and both differed from walking across age groups. Finally, older adults reduced their margin of stability compared to younger adults, but only in the standing task. The margin of stability was similar between age groups during the walking task. We concluded that age affected grasping (distal component) but not reaching (proximal component), suggesting that healthy older adults have more difficulty controlling distal than proximal body segments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo G Campoi
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Lab, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-907, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Henrique G Campoi
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Lab, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-907, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Renato Moraes
- Biomechanics and Motor Control Lab, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirao Preto, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-907, Brazil.
- Graduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo, Av. Bandeirantes, 3900, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil.
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Molloy C, Choy EH, Arechavala RJ, Buennagel D, Nolty A, Spezzaferri MR, Sin C, Rising S, Yu J, Al-Ezzi A, Kleinman MT, Kloner RA, Arakaki X. Resting heart rate (variability) and cognition relationships reveal cognitively healthy individuals with pathological amyloid/tau ratio. FRONTIERS IN EPIDEMIOLOGY 2023; 3:1168847. [PMID: 37587981 PMCID: PMC10428767 DOI: 10.3389/fepid.2023.1168847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Resting heart rate (HR) and heart rate variability (HRV) have been linked with cognition in the general population and in older individuals. The knowledge of this aspect of heart-brain relationship is relatively absent in older individuals with early Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathology. This study explores relationships of the HR, HRV, and cognition in cognitively healthy individuals with pathological amyloid/tau ratio (CH-PATs) in cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) compared to those with normal ratio (CH-NATs). Methods We examined therelationshipsbetween1) resting HR and Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE); 2) resting HR and brain processing during Stroop interference; and 3) resting vagally mediated HRV (vmHRV) and task switching performance. Results Our studies showed that compared to CH-NATs, those CH-PATs with higher resting HR presented with lower MMSE, and less brain activation during interference processing. In addition, resting vmHRV was significantly correlated with task switching accuracy in CH-NATs, but not in CH-PATs. Discussion Thesethreedifferenttestsindicatedysfunctionalheart-brainconnections in CH-PATs, suggesting a potential cardio-cerebral dysfunctional integration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cathleen Molloy
- Cognition and Brain Integration Laboratory, Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Elizabeth H. Choy
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Rebecca J. Arechavala
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - David Buennagel
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Anne Nolty
- Graduate School of Psychology & Marriage and Family Therapy, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Mitchell R. Spezzaferri
- Graduate School of Psychology & Marriage and Family Therapy, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Caleb Sin
- Graduate School of Psychology & Marriage and Family Therapy, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Shant Rising
- Graduate School of Psychology & Marriage and Family Therapy, Fuller Theological Seminary, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Jeremy Yu
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Abdulhakim Al-Ezzi
- Cognition and Brain Integration Laboratory, Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
| | - Michael T. Kleinman
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
| | - Robert A. Kloner
- Clinical Neuroscience Laboratory, Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Research, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Keck School of Medicine at University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Xianghong Arakaki
- Cognition and Brain Integration Laboratory, Neurosciences, Huntington Medical Research Institutes, Pasadena, CA, United States
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Rajapaksha S, Kitulwatte I, Senarathne U, Edirisinghe A, Perera P. The establishment of a population-specific reference value for the ruler drop test for the clinical assessment of reaction time. J Forensic Leg Med 2023; 96:102525. [PMID: 37119545 DOI: 10.1016/j.jflm.2023.102525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/14/2023] [Indexed: 05/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reaction time (RT) is the interval between a stimulus and an appropriate voluntary response in an individual. Alcohol is known to result in delayed RT. In Sri Lanka, an alleged drunken driver is legally subjected to a medico-legal examination to confirm or exclude impairment. The guideline for examining a drunk person in Sri Lanka includes the ruler drop test (RDT) as a test of RT. RDT is a simple test of visual reaction time in which the subject attempts to stop a falling ruler, and the height fallen is used to determine the time taken to react to the event. However, a formal study has yet to be carried out to establish population-specific reference values to interpret RDT results. METHODS A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted using 903 adults ≥18 years. A nonparametric approach was applied for deriving the reference values based on an inter-percentile interval. RESULTS The study population consisted of 56.6% females, and the mean age of the participants was 41.6 years. Most (95%) of the study population could catch the ruler at or less than 40.0 cm of average height. The average height on RDT increased from younger to older age groups. However, subgrouping based on other variables, including sex, age, and alcohol consumption, did not show any statistically significant difference. CONCLUSIONS The population-specific cut-off limit to identify alcohol intoxication by RDT in a Sri Lankan adult is 'average height' >40 cm.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Indira Kitulwatte
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka.
| | - Udara Senarathne
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Sri Jayewardenepura, Nugegoda, Sri Lanka; Department of Chemical Pathology, Monash Health Pathology, Monash Health, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Anuruddhi Edirisinghe
- Department of Forensic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Kelaniya, Ragama, Sri Lanka
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Richard’s MM, Zamora EV, Aydmune Y, Comesaña A, Krzemien D, Introzzi IM, Lopez-Ramón MF, Navarro-Pardo E. Age-related switching costs in adulthood: “All or None Hypothesis” corollaries. CURRENT PSYCHOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s12144-023-04340-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/06/2023]
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Borrelli J, Creath R, Rogers MW. The timing and amplitude of the muscular activity of the arms preceding impact in a forward fall is modulated with fall velocity. J Biomech 2023; 150:111515. [PMID: 36867953 PMCID: PMC10257944 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2023.111515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Revised: 01/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023]
Abstract
Protective arm reactions have been shown to be an important injury avoidance mechanism in unavoidable falls. Protective arm reactions have been shown to be modulated with fall height, however it is not clear if they are modulated with impact velocity. The aim of this study was to determine if protective arm reactions are modulated in response to a forward fall with an initially unpredictable impact velocity. Forward falls were evoked via sudden release of a standing pendulum support frame with adjustable counterweight to control fall acceleration and impact velocity. Thirteen younger adults (1 female) participated in this study. Counterweight load explained more than 89% of the variation of impact velocity. Angular velocity at impact decreased (p < 0.001), drop duration increased from 601 ms to 816 ms (p < 0.001), and the maximum vertical ground reaction force decreased from 64%BW to 46%BW (p < 0.001) between the small and large counterweight. Elbow angle at impact (129 degrees extension), triceps (119 ms) and biceps (98 ms) pre-impact time, and co-activation (57%) were not significantly affected by counterweight load (p-values > 0.08). Average triceps and biceps EMG amplitude decreased from 0.26 V/V to 0.19 V/V (p = 0.004) and 0.24 V/V to 0.11 V/V (p = 0.002) with increasing counterweight respectively. Protective arm reactions were modulated with fall velocity by reducing EMG amplitude with decreasing impact velocity. This demonstrates a neuromotor control strategy for managing evolving fall conditions. Future work is needed to further understand how the CNS deals with additional unpredictability (e.g., fall direction, perturbation magnitude, etc.) when deploying protective arm reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Borrelli
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA.
| | - Robert Creath
- Lebanon Valley College, Exercise Science Department, Annville, PA, USA
| | - Mark W Rogers
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Department of Physical Therapy and Rehabilitation Sciences, Baltimore, MD, USA
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