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Ross G, Radtke-Schuller S, Frohlich F. Ferret as a model system for studying the anatomy and function of the prefrontal cortex: A systematic review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 162:105701. [PMID: 38718987 PMCID: PMC11162921 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2024.105701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Accepted: 05/01/2024] [Indexed: 05/19/2024]
Abstract
There is a lack of consensus on anatomical nomenclature, standards of documentation, and functional equivalence of the frontal cortex between species. There remains a major gap between human prefrontal function and interpretation of findings in the mouse brain that appears to lack several key prefrontal areas involved in cognition and psychiatric illnesses. The ferret is an emerging model organism that has gained traction as an intermediate model species for the study of top-down cognitive control and other higher-order brain functions. However, this research has yet to benefit from synthesis. Here, we provide a summary of all published research pertaining to the frontal and/or prefrontal cortex of the ferret across research scales. The targeted location within the ferret brain is summarized visually for each experiment, and the anatomical terminology used at time of publishing is compared to what would be the appropriate term to use presently. By doing so, we hope to improve clarity in the interpretation of both previous and future publications on the comparative study of frontal cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace Ross
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Susanne Radtke-Schuller
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Flavio Frohlich
- Department of Psychiatry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Carolina Center for Neurostimulation, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Neuroscience Center, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Cell Biology and Physiology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA; Department of Neurology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
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2
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Weiss SA, Fried I, Engel J, Bragin A, Wang S, Sperling MR, Wong RK, Nir Y, Staba RJ. Pathological neurons generate ripples at the UP-DOWN transition disrupting information transfer. Epilepsia 2024; 65:362-377. [PMID: 38041560 PMCID: PMC10922301 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2023] [Revised: 11/29/2023] [Accepted: 11/30/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To confirm and investigate why pathological high-frequency oscillations (pHFOs), including ripples (80-200 Hz) and fast ripples (200-600 Hz), are generated during the UP-DOWN transition of the slow wave and if information transmission mediated by ripple temporal coupling is disrupted in the seizure-onset zone (SOZ). METHODS We isolated 217 total units from 175.95 intracranial electroencephalography (iEEG) contact-hours of synchronized macro- and microelectrode recordings from 6 patients. Sleep slow oscillation (.1-2 Hz) epochs were identified in the iEEG recording. iEEG HFOs that occurred superimposed on the slow wave were transformed to phasors and adjusted by the phase of maximum firing in nearby units (i.e., maximum UP). We tested whether, in the SOZ, HFOs and associated action potentials (APs) occur more often at the UP-DOWN transition. We also examined ripple temporal correlations using cross-correlograms. RESULTS At the group level in the SOZ, HFO and HFO-associated AP probability was highest during the UP-DOWN transition of slow wave excitability (p < < .001). In the non-SOZ, HFO and HFO-associated AP was highest during the DOWN-UP transition (p < < .001). At the unit level in the SOZ, 15.6% and 20% of units exhibited more robust firing during ripples (Cohen's d = .11-.83) and fast ripples (d = .36-.90) at the UP-DOWN transition (p < .05 f.d.r. corrected), respectively. By comparison, also in the SOZ, 6.6% (d = .14-.30) and 8.5% (d = .33-.41) of units had significantly less firing during ripples and fast ripples at the UP-DOWN transition, respectively. Additional data shows that ripple and fast ripple temporal correlations, involving global slow waves, between the hippocampus, entorhinal cortex, and parahippocampal gyrus were reduced by >50% in the SOZ compared to the non-SOZ (N = 3). SIGNIFICANCE The UP-DOWN transition of slow wave excitability facilitates the activation of pathological neurons to generate pHFOs. Ripple temporal correlations across brain regions may be important in memory consolidation and are disrupted in the SOZ, perhaps by pHFO generation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shennan A Weiss
- Dept. of Neurology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
- Dept. of Neurology, New York City Health + Hospitals/Kings County, Brooklyn, NY, USA
| | - Itzhak Fried
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Jerome Engel
- Dept. of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Dept. of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Dept. of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Dept. of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
- Brain Research Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Anatol Bragin
- Dept. of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
| | - Shuang Wang
- Depts of Neurology, Epilepsy Center, Second Affiliated Hospital of Medical College, Zhejiang University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Michael R. Sperling
- Depts. of Neurology and Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19107, USA
| | - Robert K.S. Wong
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, State University of New York Downstate, Brooklyn, New York, 11203 USA
| | - Yuval Nir
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel
- The Sieratzki-Sagol Center for Sleep Medicine, Tel Aviv Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv 6423906, Israel
| | - Richard J Staba
- Dept. of Neurology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, California, 90095, USA
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3
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Zheng Y, Kang S, O'Neill J, Bojak I. Spontaneous slow wave oscillations in extracellular field potential recordings reflect the alternating dominance of excitation and inhibition. J Physiol 2024; 602:713-736. [PMID: 38294945 DOI: 10.1113/jp284587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/02/2024] Open
Abstract
In the resting state, cortical neurons can fire action potentials spontaneously but synchronously (Up state), followed by a quiescent period (Down state) before the cycle repeats. Extracellular recordings in the infragranular layer of cortex with a micro-electrode display a negative deflection (depth-negative) during Up states and a positive deflection (depth-positive) during Down states. The resulting slow wave oscillation (SWO) has been studied extensively during sleep and under anaesthesia. However, recent research on the balanced nature of synaptic excitation and inhibition has highlighted our limited understanding of its genesis. Specifically, are excitation and inhibition balanced during SWOs? We analyse spontaneous local field potentials (LFPs) during SWOs recorded from anaesthetised rats via a multi-channel laminar micro-electrode and show that the Down state consists of two distinct synaptic states: a Dynamic Down state associated with depth-positive LFPs and a prominent dipole in the extracellular field, and a Static Down state with negligible (≈ 0 mV $ \approx 0{\mathrm{\;mV}}$ ) LFPs and a lack of dipoles extracellularly. We demonstrate that depth-negative and -positive LFPs are generated by a shift in the balance of synaptic excitation and inhibition from excitation dominance (depth-negative) to inhibition dominance (depth-positive) in the infragranular layer neurons. Thus, although excitation and inhibition co-tune overall, differences in their timing lead to an alternation of dominance, manifesting as SWOs. We further show that Up state initiation is significantly faster if the preceding Down state is dynamic rather than static. Our findings provide a coherent picture of the dependence of SWOs on synaptic activity. KEY POINTS: Cortical neurons can exhibit repeated cycles of spontaneous activity interleaved with periods of relative silence, a phenomenon known as 'slow wave oscillation' (SWO). During SWOs, recordings of local field potentials (LFPs) in the neocortex show depth-negative deflection during the active period (Up state) and depth-positive deflection during the silent period (Down state). Here we further classified the Down state into a dynamic phase and a static phase based on a novel method of classification and revealed non-random, stereotypical sequences of the three states occurring with significantly different transitional kinetics. Our results suggest that the positive and negative deflections in the LFP reflect the shift of the instantaneous balance between excitatory and inhibitory synaptic activity of the local cortical neurons. The differences in transitional kinetics may imply distinct synaptic mechanisms for Up state initiation. The study may provide a new approach for investigating spontaneous brain rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Whiteknights, University of Reading, Reading, UK
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics (CINN), University of Reading, Reading, UK
| | - Sungmin Kang
- School of Psychology, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
| | | | - Ingo Bojak
- Centre for Integrative Neuroscience and Neurodynamics (CINN), University of Reading, Reading, UK
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Science, Whiteknights, University of Reading, Reading, UK
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4
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Cancino-Fuentes N, Manasanch A, Covelo J, Suarez-Perez A, Fernandez E, Matsoukis S, Guger C, Illa X, Guimerà-Brunet A, Sanchez-Vives MV. Recording physiological and pathological cortical activity and exogenous electric fields using graphene microtransistor arrays in vitro. NANOSCALE 2024; 16:664-677. [PMID: 38100059 DOI: 10.1039/d3nr03842d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2024]
Abstract
Graphene-based solution-gated field-effect transistors (gSGFETs) allow the quantification of the brain's full-band signal. Extracellular alternating current (AC) signals include local field potentials (LFP, population activity within a reach of hundreds of micrometers), multiunit activity (MUA), and ultimately single units. Direct current (DC) potentials are slow brain signals with a frequency under 0.1 Hz, and commonly filtered out by conventional AC amplifiers. This component conveys information about what has been referred to as "infraslow" activity. We used gSGFET arrays to record full-band patterns from both physiological and pathological activity generated by the cerebral cortex. To this end, we used an in vitro preparation of cerebral cortex that generates spontaneous rhythmic activity, such as that occurring in slow wave sleep. This examination extended to experimentally induced pathological activities, including epileptiform discharges and cortical spreading depression. Validation of recordings obtained via gSGFETs, including both AC and DC components, was accomplished by cross-referencing with well-established technologies, thereby quantifying these components across different activity patterns. We then explored an additional gSGFET potential application, which is the measure of externally induced electric fields such as those used in therapeutic neuromodulation in humans. Finally, we tested the gSGFETs in human cortical slices obtained intrasurgically. In conclusion, this study offers a comprehensive characterization of gSGFETs for brain recordings, with a focus on potential clinical applications of this emerging technology.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arnau Manasanch
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Joana Covelo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Alex Suarez-Perez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
| | | | - Stratis Matsoukis
- g.tec medical engineering, Schiedlberg, Austria
- Institute of Computational Perception, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | | | - Xavi Illa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Anton Guimerà-Brunet
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM, CSIC), Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Spain
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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Alonso-Calviño E, Fernández-López E, Zaforas M, Rosa JM, Aguilar J. Increased excitability and reduced GABAergic levels in somatosensory cortex under chronic spinal cord injury. Exp Neurol 2023; 369:114504. [PMID: 37591355 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2023.114504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
The complete or partial damage of ascending somatosensory pathways produced by a spinal cord injury triggers changes in the somatosensory cortex consisting in a functional expansion of activity from intact cortical regions towards deafferented ones, a process known as cortical reorganization. However, it is still unclear whether cortical reorganization depends on the severity of the spinal cord damage or if a spinal cord injury always leads to a similar cortical reorganization process in the somatosensory cortex. To answer these open questions in the field, we obtained longitudinal somatosensory evoked responses from bilateral hindlimb and forelimb cortex from animals with chronic full-transection or contusive spinal cord injury at thoracic level (T9-T10) to induce sensory deprivation of hindlimb cortex while preserving intact the forelimb cortex. Electrophysiological recordings from the four locations were obtained before lesion and weekly for up to 4 weeks. Our results show that cortical reorganization depends on the type of spinal cord injury, which tends to be more bilateral in full transection while is more unilateral in the model of contusive spinal cord injury. Moreover, in full transection of spinal cord, the deafferented and intact cortex exhibited similar increments of somatosensory evoked responses in both models of spinal cord injury - a feature observed in about 80% of subjects. The other 20% were unaffected by the injury indicating that cortical reorganization does not undergo in all subjects. In addition, we demonstrated an increased probability of triggered up-states in animals with spinal cord injury. This data indicates increased cortical excitability that could be proposed as a new feature of cortical reorganization. Finally, decreased levels of GABA marker GAD67 across cortical layers were only found in those animals with increased somatosensory evoked responses, but not in the unaffected population. In conclusion, cortical reorganization depends on the types of spinal cord injuries, and suggest that the phenomenon is strongly determined by cortical circuits. Moreover, changes in GABAergic transmission at the deprived cortex may be considered one of the mechanisms underlying the process of cortical reorganization and increased excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Alonso-Calviño
- Experimental Neurophysiology Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Elena Fernández-López
- Experimental Neurophysiology Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Marta Zaforas
- Experimental Neurophysiology Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Juliana M Rosa
- Neuronal Circuits and Behaviour Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan Aguilar
- Experimental Neurophysiology Group, Hospital Nacional de Parapléjicos, SESCAM, Toledo, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Castilla-La Mancha (IDISCAM), Toledo, Spain.
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6
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Dalla Porta L, Barbero-Castillo A, Sanchez-Sanchez JM, Sanchez-Vives MV. M-current modulation of cortical slow oscillations: Network dynamics and computational modeling. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011246. [PMID: 37405991 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The slow oscillation is a synchronized network activity expressed by the cortical network in slow wave sleep and under anesthesia. Waking up requires a transition from this synchronized brain state to a desynchronized one. Cholinergic innervation is critical for the transition from slow-wave-sleep to wakefulness, and muscarinic action is largely exerted through the muscarinic-sensitive potassium current (M-current) block. We investigated the dynamical impact of blocking the M-current on slow oscillations, both in cortical slices and in a cortical network computational model. Blocking M-current resulted in an elongation of Up states (by four times) and in a significant firing rate increase, reflecting an increased network excitability, albeit no epileptiform discharges occurred. These effects were replicated in a biophysical cortical model, where a parametric reduction of the M-current resulted in a progressive elongation of Up states and firing rate. All neurons, and not only those modeled with M-current, increased their firing rates due to network recurrency. Further increases in excitability induced even longer Up states, approaching the microarousals described in the transition towards wakefulness. Our results bridge an ionic current with network modulation, providing a mechanistic insight into network dynamics of awakening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo Dalla Porta
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- ICREA, Passeig Lluís Companys, Barcelona, Spain
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7
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Vasilopoulos N, Kaplanian A, Vinos M, Katsaiti Y, Christodoulou O, Denaxa M, Skaliora I. The role of selective SATB1 deletion in somatostatin expressing interneurons on endogenous network activity and the transition to epilepsy. J Neurosci Res 2023; 101:424-447. [PMID: 36541427 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.25156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) expressing interneurons are the second most abundant group of inhibitory neurons in the neocortex. They mainly target the apical dendrites of excitatory pyramidal cells and are implicated in feedforward and feedback inhibition. In the present study, we employ a conditional knockout mouse, in which the transcription factor Satb1 is selectively deleted in SST-expressing interneurons resulting to the reduction of their number across the somatosensory barrel field. Our goal was to investigate the effect of the reduced number of Satb1 mutant SST-interneurons on (i) the endogenous cortical network activity (spontaneously recurring Up/Down states), and (ii) the transition to epileptiform activity. By conducting LFP recordings in acute brain slices from young male and female mice, we demonstrate that mutant animals exhibit significant changes in network excitability, reflected in increased Up state occurrence, decreased Up state duration and higher levels of extracellular spiking activity. Epileptiform activity was induced through two distinct and widely used in vitro protocols: the low magnesium and the 4-Aminopyridine (4-AP) model. In the former, slices from mutant animals manifested shorter latency for the expression of stable seizure-like events. In contrast, when epilepsy was induced by 4-AP, no significant differences were reported. We conclude that normal SST-interneuron function has a significant role both in the regulation of the endogenous network activity, and in the transition to seizure-like discharges in a context-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikos Vasilopoulos
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Ani Kaplanian
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Michael Vinos
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Yolanda Katsaiti
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.,Department of Biology, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
| | - Ourania Christodoulou
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Myrto Denaxa
- Biomedical Sciences Research Center "Alexander Fleming", Vari, Greece
| | - Irini Skaliora
- Centre for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens (NKUA), Athens, Greece
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8
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Lai N, Li Z, Xu C, Wang Y, Chen Z. Diverse nature of interictal oscillations: EEG-based biomarkers in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 177:105999. [PMID: 36638892 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.105999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2022] [Revised: 01/07/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Interictal electroencephalogram (EEG) patterns, including high-frequency oscillations (HFOs), interictal spikes (ISs), and slow wave activities (SWAs), are defined as specific oscillations between seizure events. These interictal oscillations reflect specific dynamic changes in network excitability and play various roles in epilepsy. In this review, we briefly describe the electrographic characteristics of HFOs, ISs, and SWAs in the interictal state, and discuss the underlying cellular and network mechanisms. We also summarize representative evidence from experimental and clinical epilepsy to address their critical roles in ictogenesis and epileptogenesis, indicating their potential as electrophysiological biomarkers of epilepsy. Importantly, we put forwards some perspectives for further research in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nanxi Lai
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhisheng Li
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Cenglin Xu
- Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong Chen
- Institute of Pharmacology & Toxicology, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China; Key Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Translational Medicine of Zhejiang Province, School of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, China; Epilepsy Center, Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
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9
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Alfonsa H, Burman RJ, Brodersen PJN, Newey SE, Mahfooz K, Yamagata T, Panayi MC, Bannerman DM, Vyazovskiy VV, Akerman CJ. Intracellular chloride regulation mediates local sleep pressure in the cortex. Nat Neurosci 2023; 26:64-78. [PMID: 36510112 PMCID: PMC7614036 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-022-01214-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Extended wakefulness is associated with reduced performance and the build-up of sleep pressure. In the cortex, this manifests as changes in network activity. These changes show local variation depending on the waking experience, and their underlying mechanisms represent targets for overcoming the effects of tiredness. Here, we reveal a central role for intracellular chloride regulation, which sets the strength of postsynaptic inhibition via GABAA receptors in cortical pyramidal neurons. Wakefulness results in depolarizing shifts in the equilibrium potential for GABAA receptors, reflecting local activity-dependent processes during waking and involving changes in chloride cotransporter activity. These changes underlie electrophysiological and behavioral markers of local sleep pressure within the cortex, including the levels of slow-wave activity during non-rapid eye movement sleep and low-frequency oscillatory activity and reduced performance levels in the sleep-deprived awake state. These findings identify chloride regulation as a crucial link between sleep-wake history, cortical activity and behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Alfonsa
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
| | | | | | - Sarah E Newey
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Kashif Mahfooz
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Tomoko Yamagata
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marios C Panayi
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - David M Bannerman
- Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Colin J Akerman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
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10
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Wang Y, Minami Y, Ode KL, Ueda HR. The role of calcium and CaMKII in sleep. Front Syst Neurosci 2022; 16:1059421. [PMID: 36618010 PMCID: PMC9815122 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2022.1059421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep is an evolutionarily conserved phenotype shared by most of the animals on the planet. Prolonged wakefulness will result in increased sleep need or sleep pressure. However, its mechanisms remain elusive. Recent findings indicate that Ca2+ signaling, known to control diverse physiological functions, also regulates sleep. This review intends to summarize research advances in Ca2+ and Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII) in sleep regulation. Significant changes in sleep phenotype have been observed through calcium-related channels, receptors, and pumps. Mathematical modeling for neuronal firing patterns during NREM sleep suggests that these molecules compose a Ca2+-dependent hyperpolarization mechanism. The intracellular Ca2+ may then trigger sleep induction and maintenance through the activation of CaMKII, one of the sleep-promoting kinases. CaMKII and its multisite phosphorylation status may provide a link between transient calcium dynamics typically observed in neurons and sleep-wake dynamics observed on the long-time scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyang Wang
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoichi Minami
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Koji L. Ode
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroki R. Ueda
- Department of Systems Pharmacology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan,Laboratory for Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Suita, Japan,*Correspondence: Hiroki R. Ueda,
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11
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Menicucci D, Lunghi C, Zaccaro A, Morrone MC, Gemignani A. Mutual interaction between visual homeostatic plasticity and sleep in adult humans. eLife 2022; 11:70633. [PMID: 35972073 PMCID: PMC9417418 DOI: 10.7554/elife.70633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and plasticity are highly interrelated, as sleep slow oscillations and sleep spindles are associated with consolidation of Hebbian-based processes. However, in adult humans, visual cortical plasticity is mainly sustained by homeostatic mechanisms, for which the role of sleep is still largely unknown. Here, we demonstrate that non-REM sleep stabilizes homeostatic plasticity of ocular dominance induced in adult humans by short-term monocular deprivation: the counterintuitive and otherwise transient boost of the deprived eye was preserved at the morning awakening (>6 hr after deprivation). Subjects exhibiting a stronger boost of the deprived eye after sleep had increased sleep spindle density in frontopolar electrodes, suggesting the involvement of distributed processes. Crucially, the individual susceptibility to visual homeostatic plasticity soon after deprivation correlated with the changes in sleep slow oscillations and spindle power in occipital sites, consistent with a modulation in early occipital visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Claudia Lunghi
- Département d'études Cognitives, École Normale Supérieure, UMR 8248 CNRS, Paris, France
| | - Andrea Zaccaro
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Morrone
- Department of Translational Research and New Technologies in Medicine and Surgery, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical and Molecular and Critical Area Pathology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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12
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Huang Q, Liao C, Ge F, Ao J, Liu T. Acetylcholine bidirectionally regulates learning and memory. JOURNAL OF NEURORESTORATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnrt.2022.100002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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13
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Kaplanian A, Vinos M, Skaliora I. GABAb- and GABAa- mediated regulation of Up and Down states across development. J Physiol 2022; 600:2401-2427. [PMID: 35365894 DOI: 10.1113/jp282736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Slow oscillations (SOs), the EEG hallmark of non-REM sleep, and their cellular counterpart, Up-and-Down states (UDSs), are considered the default activity of the cerebral cortex and reflect the underlying neural connectivity. GABAb- and GABAa- receptor-mediated inhibition play a major role in regulating UDS activity. Although SOs and UDSs exhibit significant alterations as a function of age, it is unknown how developmental changes in inhibition contribute to the developmental profile of this activity. In this study, we reveal for the first time, age-dependent effects of GABAb and GABAa signalling on UDSs. We also document the differential subunit composition of postsynaptic GABAa receptors in young and adult animals, highlighting the α1-subunit as a major component of the age-differentiated regulation of UDSs. These findings help clarify the mechanisms that underlie the maturation of cortical network activity, and enhance our understanding regarding the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. ABSTRACT Slow oscillations, the hallmark of non-REM sleep, and their cellular counterpart, Up-and-Down states (UDSs), are considered a signature of cortical dynamics that reflect the intrinsic network organization. Although previous studies have explored the role of inhibition in regulating UDSs, little is known about whether this role changes with maturation. This is surprising since both slow oscillations and UDSs exhibit significant age-dependent alterations. To elucidate the developmental impact of GABAb and GABAa receptors on UDS activity, we conducted simultaneous LFP and intracellular recordings ex vivo, in brain slices of young and adult male mice, using selective blockers, CGP and non-saturating concentration of gabazine, respectively. Blockade of both GABAb- and GABAa- signalling showed age-differentiated functions. CGP caused an increase in Down state duration in young animals, but a decrease in adults. Gabazine evoked Spike-and-Wave-Discharges in both ages; however, while young networks became completely epileptic, adults maintained the ability to generate UDSs. Furthermore, voltage clamp recordings of mIPSCs revealed that gabazine selectively blocks phasic currents, particularly involving postsynaptic mechanisms. The latter exhibit clear maturational changes, suggesting a different subunit composition of GABAa receptors in young vs. adult animals. Indeed, subsequent LFP recordings under diazepam (nanomolar or micromolar concentrations) revealed that mechanisms engaging the drug's classical-binding-site, mediated by α1-subunit containing GABAa receptors, have a bigger contribution in Up state initiation in young networks compared to adults. Taken together, these findings help clarify the mechanisms that underlie the maturation of cortical network activity and enhance our understanding regarding the emergence of neurodevelopmental disorders. Abstract figure legend GABAb receptors' participation in Up state termination mechanisms is well-conserved across development. However, regulation of Down-to-Up transitions is age-dependent; GABAb receptors promote them in young while preventing them in adults. Up state maintenance is determined by age-dependent synaptic GABAa receptors' subunit composition and kinetics; α1-GABAa receptors dominate in young while non-α1-GABAa receptors dominate in adults. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ani Kaplanian
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, 11527, Greece.,Department of Biology, University of Patras, Rio, 26504, Greece
| | - Michael Vinos
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, 11527, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
| | - Irini Skaliora
- Center for Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation of Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, 11527, Greece.,Department of History and Philosophy of Science, University of Athens, Athens, 15771, Greece
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14
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Pazienti A, Galluzzi A, Dasilva M, Sanchez-Vives MV, Mattia M. Slow waves form expanding, memory-rich mesostates steered by local excitability in fading anesthesia. iScience 2022; 25:103918. [PMID: 35265807 PMCID: PMC8899414 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In the arousal process, the brain restores its integrative activity from the synchronized state of slow wave activity (SWA). The mechanisms underpinning this state transition remain, however, to be elucidated. Here we simultaneously probed neuronal assemblies throughout the whole cortex with micro-electrocorticographic recordings in mice. We investigated the progressive shaping of propagating SWA at different levels of isoflurane. We found a form of memory of the wavefront shapes at deep anesthesia, tightly alternating posterior-anterior-posterior patterns. At low isoflurane, metastable patterns propagated in more directions, reflecting an increased complexity. The wandering across these mesostates progressively increased its randomness, as predicted by simulations of a network of spiking neurons, and confirmed in our experimental data. The complexity increase is explained by the elevated excitability of local assemblies with no modifications of the network connectivity. These results shed new light on the functional reorganization of the cortical network as anesthesia fades out. Complexity of isoflurane-induced slow waves reliably determines anesthesia level In deep anesthesia, the propagation strictly alternates between front-back-front patterns In light anesthesia, there is a continuum of directions and faster propagation Local excitability underpins the cortical reorganization in fading anesthesia
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15
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Lundstrom BN, Brinkmann BH, Worrell GA. Low frequency novel interictal EEG biomarker for localizing seizures and predicting outcomes. Brain Commun 2021; 3:fcab231. [PMID: 34704030 PMCID: PMC8536865 DOI: 10.1093/braincomms/fcab231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2021] [Revised: 08/17/2021] [Accepted: 08/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Localizing hyperexcitable brain tissue to treat focal seizures remains challenging. We want to identify the seizure onset zone from interictal EEG biomarkers. We hypothesize that a combination of interictal EEG biomarkers, including a novel low frequency marker, can predict mesial temporal involvement and can assist in prognosis related to surgical resections. Interictal direct current wide bandwidth invasive EEG recordings from 83 patients implanted with 5111 electrodes were retrospectively studied. Logistic regression was used to classify electrodes and patient outcomes. A feed-forward neural network was implemented to understand putative mechanisms. Interictal infraslow frequency EEG activity was decreased for seizure onset zone electrodes while faster frequencies such as delta (2-4 Hz) and beta-gamma (20-50 Hz) activity were increased. These spectral changes comprised a novel interictal EEG biomarker that was significantly increased for mesial temporal seizure onset zone electrodes compared to non-seizure onset zone electrodes. Interictal EEG biomarkers correctly classified mesial temporal seizure onset zone electrodes with a specificity of 87% and positive predictive value of 80%. These interictal EEG biomarkers also correctly classified patient outcomes after surgical resection with a specificity of 91% and positive predictive value of 87%. Interictal infraslow EEG activity is decreased near the seizure onset zone while higher frequency power is increased, which may suggest distinct underlying physiologic mechanisms. Narrowband interictal EEG power bands provide information about the seizure onset zone and can help predict mesial temporal involvement in seizure onset. Narrowband interictal EEG power bands may be less useful for predictions related to non-mesial temporal electrodes. Together with interictal epileptiform discharges and high-frequency oscillations, these interictal biomarkers may provide prognostic information prior to surgical resection. Computational modelling suggests changes in neural adaptation may be related to the observed low frequency power changes.
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16
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Ghirga S, Chiodo L, Marrocchio R, Orlandi JG, Loppini A. Inferring Excitatory and Inhibitory Connections in Neuronal Networks. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23091185. [PMID: 34573810 PMCID: PMC8465838 DOI: 10.3390/e23091185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2021] [Revised: 09/01/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The comprehension of neuronal network functioning, from most basic mechanisms of signal transmission to complex patterns of memory and decision making, is at the basis of the modern research in experimental and computational neurophysiology. While mechanistic knowledge of neurons and synapses structure increased, the study of functional and effective networks is more complex, involving emergent phenomena, nonlinear responses, collective waves, correlation and causal interactions. Refined data analysis may help in inferring functional/effective interactions and connectivity from neuronal activity. The Transfer Entropy (TE) technique is, among other things, well suited to predict structural interactions between neurons, and to infer both effective and structural connectivity in small- and large-scale networks. To efficiently disentangle the excitatory and inhibitory neural activities, in the article we present a revised version of TE, split in two contributions and characterized by a suited delay time. The method is tested on in silico small neuronal networks, built to simulate the calcium activity as measured via calcium imaging in two-dimensional neuronal cultures. The inhibitory connections are well characterized, still preserving a high accuracy for excitatory connections prediction. The method could be applied to study effective and structural interactions in systems of excitable cells, both in physiological and in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Ghirga
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Roma, Italy;
| | - Letizia Chiodo
- Engineering Department, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00154 Roma, Italy;
| | - Riccardo Marrocchio
- Institute of Sound and Vibration Research, Highfield Campus, University of Southampton, Southampton SO17 1BJ, UK;
| | | | - Alessandro Loppini
- Center for Life Nano- & Neuro-Science, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia (IIT), Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161 Roma, Italy;
- Engineering Department, Campus Bio-Medico University of Rome, Via Álvaro del Portillo 21, 00154 Roma, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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17
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General Anesthesia Disrupts Complex Cortical Dynamics in Response to Intracranial Electrical Stimulation in Rats. eNeuro 2021; 8:ENEURO.0343-20.2021. [PMID: 34301724 PMCID: PMC8354715 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0343-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The capacity of human brain to sustain complex cortical dynamics appears to be strongly associated with conscious experience and consistently drops when consciousness fades. For example, several recent studies in humans found a remarkable reduction of the spatiotemporal complexity of cortical responses to local stimulation during dreamless sleep, general anesthesia, and coma. However, this perturbational complexity has never been directly estimated in non-human animals in vivo previously, and the mechanisms that prevent neocortical neurons to engage in complex interactions are still unclear. Here, we quantify the complexity of electroencephalographic (EEG) responses to intracranial electrical stimulation in rats, comparing wakefulness to propofol, sevoflurane, and ketamine anesthesia. The evoked activity changed from highly complex in wakefulness to far simpler with propofol and sevoflurane. The reduced complexity was associated with a suppression of high frequencies that preceded a reduced phase-locking, and disruption of functional connectivity and pattern diversity. We then showed how these parameters dissociate with ketamine and depend on intensity and site of stimulation. Our results support the idea that brief periods of activity-dependent neuronal silence can interrupt complex interactions in neocortical circuits, and open the way for further mechanistic investigations of the neuronal basis for consciousness and loss of consciousness across species.
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18
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Barbero‐Castillo A, Riefolo F, Matera C, Caldas‐Martínez S, Mateos‐Aparicio P, Weinert JF, Garrido‐Charles A, Claro E, Sanchez‐Vives MV, Gorostiza P. Control of Brain State Transitions with a Photoswitchable Muscarinic Agonist. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2021; 8:e2005027. [PMID: 34018704 PMCID: PMC8292914 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202005027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
The ability to control neural activity is essential for research not only in basic neuroscience, as spatiotemporal control of activity is a fundamental experimental tool, but also in clinical neurology for therapeutic brain interventions. Transcranial-magnetic, ultrasound, and alternating/direct current (AC/DC) stimulation are some available means of spatiotemporal controlled neuromodulation. There is also light-mediated control, such as optogenetics, which has revolutionized neuroscience research, yet its clinical translation is hampered by the need for gene manipulation. As a drug-based light-mediated control, the effect of a photoswitchable muscarinic agonist (Phthalimide-Azo-Iper (PAI)) on a brain network is evaluated in this study. First, the conditions to manipulate M2 muscarinic receptors with light in the experimental setup are determined. Next, physiological synchronous emergent cortical activity consisting of slow oscillations-as in slow wave sleep-is transformed into a higher frequency pattern in the cerebral cortex, both in vitro and in vivo, as a consequence of PAI activation with light. These results open the way to study cholinergic neuromodulation and to control spatiotemporal patterns of activity in different brain states, their transitions, and their links to cognition and behavior. The approach can be applied to different organisms and does not require genetic manipulation, which would make it translational to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fabio Riefolo
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute for Science and TechnologyBarcelona08028Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center in BioengineeringBiomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Madrid28029Spain
| | - Carlo Matera
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute for Science and TechnologyBarcelona08028Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center in BioengineeringBiomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Madrid28029Spain
- Department of Pharmaceutical SciencesUniversity of MilanMilan20133Italy
| | - Sara Caldas‐Martínez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)Barcelona08036Spain
| | - Pedro Mateos‐Aparicio
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)Barcelona08036Spain
| | - Julia F. Weinert
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)Barcelona08036Spain
| | - Aida Garrido‐Charles
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute for Science and TechnologyBarcelona08028Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center in BioengineeringBiomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Madrid28029Spain
| | - Enrique Claro
- Institut de Neurociències and Departament de Bioquímica i Biologia MolecularUnitat de Bioquímica de MedicinaUniversitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB)Barcelona08193Spain
| | - Maria V. Sanchez‐Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)Barcelona08036Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Barcelona08010Spain
| | - Pau Gorostiza
- Institute for Bioengineering of Catalonia (IBEC)The Barcelona Institute for Science and TechnologyBarcelona08028Spain
- Network Biomedical Research Center in BioengineeringBiomaterials, and Nanomedicine (CIBER‐BBN)Madrid28029Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA)Barcelona08010Spain
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19
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Barbero-Castillo A, Mateos-Aparicio P, Dalla Porta L, Camassa A, Perez-Mendez L, Sanchez-Vives MV. Impact of GABA A and GABA B Inhibition on Cortical Dynamics and Perturbational Complexity during Synchronous and Desynchronized States. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5029-5044. [PMID: 33906901 PMCID: PMC8197642 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1837-20.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Quantitative estimations of spatiotemporal complexity of cortical activity patterns are used in the clinic as a measure of consciousness levels, but the cortical mechanisms involved are not fully understood. We used a version of the perturbational complexity index (PCI) adapted to multisite recordings from the ferret (either sex) cerebral cortex in vitro (sPCI) to investigate the role of GABAergic inhibition in cortical complexity. We studied two dynamical states: slow-wave activity (synchronous state) and desynchronized activity, that express low and high causal complexity respectively. Progressive blockade of GABAergic inhibition during both regimes revealed its impact on the emergent cortical activity and on sPCI. Gradual GABAA receptor blockade resulted in higher synchronization, being able to drive the network from a desynchronized to a synchronous state, with a progressive decrease of complexity (sPCI). Blocking GABAB receptors also resulted in a reduced sPCI, in particular when in a synchronous, slow wave state. Our findings demonstrate that physiological levels of inhibition contribute to the generation of dynamical richness and spatiotemporal complexity. However, if inhibition is diminished or enhanced, cortical complexity decreases. Using a computational model, we explored a larger parameter space in this relationship and demonstrate a link between excitatory/inhibitory balance and the complexity expressed by the cortical network.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT The spatiotemporal complexity of the activity expressed by the cerebral cortex is a highly revealing feature of the underlying network's state. Complexity varies with physiological brain states: it is higher during awake than during sleep states. But it also informs about pathologic states: in disorders of consciousness, complexity is lower in an unresponsive wakefulness syndrome than in a minimally conscious state. What are the network parameters that modulate complexity? Here we investigate how inhibition, mediated by either GABAA or GABAA receptors, influences cortical complexity. And we do this departing from two extreme functional states: a highly synchronous, slow-wave state, and a desynchronized one that mimics wakefulness. We find that there is an optimal level of inhibition in which complexity is highest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Almudena Barbero-Castillo
- Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Pedro Mateos-Aparicio
- Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Leonardo Dalla Porta
- Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Alessandra Camassa
- Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Lorena Perez-Mendez
- Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain 08036
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Systems Neuroscience, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain 08036
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain 08010
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20
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Tort-Colet N, Capone C, Sanchez-Vives MV, Mattia M. Attractor competition enriches cortical dynamics during awakening from anesthesia. Cell Rep 2021; 35:109270. [PMID: 34161772 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.109270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oscillations (≲ 1 Hz), a hallmark of slow-wave sleep and deep anesthesia across species, arise from spatiotemporal patterns of activity whose complexity increases as wakefulness is approached and cognitive functions emerge. The arousal process constitutes an open window to the unknown mechanisms underlying the emergence of such dynamical richness in awake cortical networks. Here, we investigate the changes in network dynamics as anesthesia fades out in the rat visual cortex. Starting from deep anesthesia, slow oscillations gradually increase their frequency, eventually expressing maximum regularity. This stage is followed by the abrupt onset of an infra-slow (~0.2 Hz) alternation between sleep-like oscillations and activated states. A population rate model reproduces this transition driven by an increased excitability that brings it to periodically cross a critical point. Based on our model, dynamical richness emerges as a competition between two metastable attractor states, a conclusion strongly supported by the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Núria Tort-Colet
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
| | - Cristiano Capone
- Physics Department, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy; Natl. Center for Radioprotection and Computational Physics, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy; Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer, Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mattia
- Natl. Center for Radioprotection and Computational Physics, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
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21
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Atypical electrophysiological and behavioral responses to diazepam in a leading mouse model of Down syndrome. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9521. [PMID: 33947925 PMCID: PMC8096846 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-89011-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mounting evidence implicates dysfunctional GABAAR-mediated neurotransmission as one of the underlying causes of learning and memory deficits observed in the Ts65Dn mouse model of Down syndrome (DS). The specific origin and nature of such dysfunction is still under investigation, which is an issue with practical consequences to preclinical and clinical research, as well as to the care of individuals with DS and anxiety disorder or those experiencing seizures in emergency room settings. Here, we investigated the effects of GABAAR positive allosteric modulation (PAM) by diazepam on brain activity, synaptic plasticity, and behavior in Ts65Dn mice. We found Ts65Dn mice to be less sensitive to diazepam, as assessed by electroencephalography, long-term potentiation, and elevated plus-maze. Still, diazepam pre-treatment displayed typical effectiveness in reducing susceptibility and severity to picrotoxin-induced seizures in Ts65Dn mice. These findings fill an important gap in the understanding of GABAergic function in a key model of DS.
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22
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Neuronal circuits overcome imbalance in excitation and inhibition by adjusting connection numbers. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:2018459118. [PMID: 33723048 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2018459118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The interplay between excitation and inhibition is crucial for neuronal circuitry in the brain. Inhibitory cell fractions in the neocortex and hippocampus are typically maintained at 15 to 30%, which is assumed to be important for stable dynamics. We have studied systematically the role of precisely controlled excitatory/inhibitory (E/I) cellular ratios on network activity using mice hippocampal cultures. Surprisingly, networks with varying E/I ratios maintain stable bursting dynamics. Interburst intervals remain constant for most ratios, except in the extremes of 0 to 10% and 90 to 100% inhibitory cells. Single-cell recordings and modeling suggest that networks adapt to chronic alterations of E/I compositions by balancing E/I connectivity. Gradual blockade of inhibition substantiates the agreement between the model and experiment and defines its limits. Combining measurements of population and single-cell activity with theoretical modeling, we provide a clearer picture of how E/I balance is preserved and where it fails in living neuronal networks.
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23
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Rebollo B, Telenczuk B, Navarro-Guzman A, Destexhe A, Sanchez-Vives MV. Modulation of intercolumnar synchronization by endogenous electric fields in cerebral cortex. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/10/eabc7772. [PMID: 33658192 PMCID: PMC7929504 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abc7772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Neurons synaptically interacting in a conductive medium generate extracellular endogenous electric fields (EFs) that reciprocally affect membrane potential. Exogenous EFs modulate neuronal activity, and their clinical applications are being profusely explored. However, whether endogenous EFs contribute to network synchronization remains unclear. We analyzed spontaneously generated slow-wave activity in the cerebral cortex network in vitro, which allowed us to distinguish synaptic from nonsynaptic mechanisms of activity propagation and synchronization. Slow oscillations generated EFs that propagated independently of synaptic transmission. We demonstrate that cortical oscillations modulate spontaneous rhythmic activity of neighboring synaptically disconnected cortical columns if layers are aligned. We provide experimental evidence that these EF-mediated effects are compatible with electric dipoles. With a model of interacting dipoles, we reproduce the experimental measurements and predict that endogenous EF-mediated synchronizing effects should be relevant in the brain. Thus, experiments and models suggest that electric-dipole interactions contribute to synchronization of neighboring cortical columns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Rebollo
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Bartosz Telenczuk
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Alvaro Navarro-Guzman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alain Destexhe
- Université Paris-Saclay, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut des Neurosciences, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- ICREA, Barcelona, Spain
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24
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Alegre-Cortés J, Sáez M, Montanari R, Reig R. Medium spiny neurons activity reveals the discrete segregation of mouse dorsal striatum. eLife 2021; 10:e60580. [PMID: 33599609 PMCID: PMC7924950 DOI: 10.7554/elife.60580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Behavioral studies differentiate the rodent dorsal striatum (DS) into lateral and medial regions; however, anatomical evidence suggests that it is a unified structure. To understand striatal dynamics and basal ganglia functions, it is essential to clarify the circuitry that supports this behavioral-based segregation. Here, we show that the mouse DS is made of two non-overlapping functional circuits divided by a boundary. Combining in vivo optopatch-clamp and extracellular recordings of spontaneous and evoked sensory activity, we demonstrate different coupling of lateral and medial striatum to the cortex together with an independent integration of the spontaneous activity, due to particular corticostriatal connectivity and local attributes of each region. Additionally, we show differences in slow and fast oscillations and in the electrophysiological properties between striatonigral and striatopallidal neurons. In summary, these results demonstrate that the rodent DS is segregated in two neuronal circuits, in homology with the caudate and putamen nuclei of primates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - María Sáez
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMHSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
| | | | - Ramon Reig
- Instituto de Neurociencias CSIC-UMHSan Juan de AlicanteSpain
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Torao-Angosto M, Manasanch A, Mattia M, Sanchez-Vives MV. Up and Down States During Slow Oscillations in Slow-Wave Sleep and Different Levels of Anesthesia. Front Syst Neurosci 2021; 15:609645. [PMID: 33633546 PMCID: PMC7900541 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2021.609645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow oscillations are a pattern of synchronized network activity generated by the cerebral cortex. They consist of Up and Down states, which are periods of activity interspersed with periods of silence, respectively. However, even when this is a unique dynamic regime of transitions between Up and Down states, this pattern is not constant: there is a range of oscillatory frequencies (0.1-4 Hz), and the duration of Up vs. Down states during the cycles is variable. This opens many questions. Is there a constant relationship between the duration of Up and Down states? How much do they vary across conditions and oscillatory frequencies? Are there different sub regimes within the slow oscillations? To answer these questions, we aimed to explore a concrete aspect of slow oscillations, Up and Down state durations, across three conditions: deep anesthesia, light anesthesia, and slow-wave sleep (SWS), in the same chronically implanted rats. We found that light anesthesia and SWS have rather similar properties, occupying a small area of the Up and Down state duration space. Deeper levels of anesthesia occupy a larger region of this space, revealing that a large variety of Up and Down state durations can emerge within the slow oscillatory regime. In a network model, we investigated the network parameters that can explain the different points within our bifurcation diagram in which slow oscillations are expressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melody Torao-Angosto
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Arnau Manasanch
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maurizio Mattia
- National Center for Radioprotection and Computational Physics, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria V. Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d’Investigacions Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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26
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Sawant-Pokam PA, Vail TJ, Metcalf CS, Maguire JL, McKean TO, McKean NO, Brennan K. Preventing neuronal edema increases network excitability after traumatic brain injury. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:6005-6020. [PMID: 33044227 PMCID: PMC7598047 DOI: 10.1172/jci134793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Edema is an important target for clinical intervention after traumatic brain injury (TBI). We used in vivo cellular resolution imaging and electrophysiological recording to examine the ionic mechanisms underlying neuronal edema and their effects on neuronal and network excitability after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in mice. Unexpectedly, we found that neuronal edema 48 hours after CCI was associated with reduced cellular and network excitability, concurrent with an increase in the expression ratio of the cation-chloride cotransporters (CCCs) NKCC1 and KCC2. Treatment with the CCC blocker bumetanide prevented neuronal swelling via a reversal in the NKCC1/KCC2 expression ratio, identifying altered chloride flux as the mechanism of neuronal edema. Importantly, bumetanide treatment was associated with increased neuronal and network excitability after injury, including increased susceptibility to spreading depolarizations (SDs) and seizures, known agents of clinical worsening after TBI. Treatment with mannitol, a first-line edema treatment in clinical practice, was also associated with increased susceptibility to SDs and seizures after CCI, showing that neuronal volume reduction, regardless of mechanism, was associated with an excitability increase. Finally, we observed an increase in excitability when neuronal edema normalized by 1 week after CCI. We conclude that neuronal swelling may exert protective effects against damaging excitability in the aftermath of TBI and that treatment of edema has the potential to reverse these effects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cameron S. Metcalf
- Anticonvulsant Drug Development Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Jamie L. Maguire
- Neuroscience Department, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | | | - K.C. Brennan
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, and
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27
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Morningstar MD, Linsenbardt DN, Lapish CC. Ethanol Alters Variability, But Not Rate, of Firing in Medial Prefrontal Cortex Neurons of Awake-Behaving Rats. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2020; 44:2225-2238. [PMID: 32966634 PMCID: PMC7680402 DOI: 10.1111/acer.14463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) is a brain region involved in the evaluation and selection of motivationally relevant outcomes. Neural activity in mPFC is altered following acute ethanol (EtOH) use and, in rodent models, doses as low as 0.75 g/kg yield cognitive deficits. Deficits in decision making following acute EtOH are thought to be mediated, at least in part, by decreases in mPFC firing rates (FRs). However, the data leading to this conclusion have been generated exclusively in anesthetized rodents. The present study characterizes the effects of acute EtOH injections on mPFC neural activity in awake-behaving rodents. METHODS Awake-behaving and anesthetized in vivo electrophysiological recordings were performed. We utilized 3 groups: the first received 2 saline injections, the second received a saline injection followed by 1.0 g/kg EtOH, and the last received saline followed by 2 g/kg EtOH. One week later, an anesthetized recording occurred where a saline injection was followed by an injection of 1.0 g/kg EtOH. RESULTS The anesthetized condition showed robust decreases in neural activity and differences in up-down states (UDS) dynamics. In the awake-behaving condition, FRs were grouped according to behavioral state: moving, not-moving, and sleep. The differences in median FRs were found for each treatment and behavioral state combination. A FR decrease was only found in the 2.0 g/kg EtOH treatment during not-moving states. However, robust decreases in FR variability were found across behavioral state in both the 1.0 and 2.0 g/kg EtOH treatment. Sleep was separately analyzed. EtOH modulated the UDS during sleep producing decreases in FRs. CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, the changes in neural activity following EtOH administration in anesthetized animals are not conserved in awake-behaving animals. The most prominent difference following EtOH was a decrease in FR variability suggesting that acute EtOH may be affecting decision making via this mechanism.
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Dasilva M, Camassa A, Navarro-Guzman A, Pazienti A, Perez-Mendez L, Zamora-López G, Mattia M, Sanchez-Vives MV. Modulation of cortical slow oscillations and complexity across anesthesia levels. Neuroimage 2020; 224:117415. [PMID: 33011419 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of different groups of cortical neurons to engage in causal interactions that are at once differentiated and integrated results in complex dynamic patterns. Complexity is low during periods of unconsciousness (deep sleep, anesthesia, unresponsive wakefulness syndrome) in which the brain tends to generate a stereotypical pattern consisting of alternating active and silent periods of neural activity-slow oscillations- and is high during wakefulness. But how is cortical complexity built up? Is it a continuum? An open question is whether cortical complexity can vary within the same brain state. Here we recorded with 32-channel multielectrode arrays from the cortical surface of the mouse and used both spontaneous dynamics (wave propagation entropy and functional complexity) and a perturbational approach (a variation of the perturbation complexity index) to measure complexity at different anesthesia levels. Variations in anesthesia level within the bistable regime of slow oscillations (0.1-1.5 Hz) resulted in a modulation of the slow oscillation frequency. Both perturbational and spontaneous complexity increased with decreasing anesthesia levels, in correlation with the decrease in coherence of the underlying network. Changes in complexity level are related to, but not dependent on, changes in excitability. We conclude that cortical complexity can vary within a single brain state dominated by slow oscillations, building up to the higher complexity associated with consciousness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Dasilva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Camassa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Navarro-Guzman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Antonio Pazienti
- Natl. Center for Radioprotection and Computational Physics, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Lorena Perez-Mendez
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maurizio Mattia
- Natl. Center for Radioprotection and Computational Physics, Istituto Superiore di Sanità (ISS), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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29
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Perez‐Zabalza M, Reig R, Manrique J, Jercog D, Winograd M, Parga N, Sanchez‐Vives MV. Modulation of cortical slow oscillatory rhythm by GABA B receptors: an in vitro experimental and computational study. J Physiol 2020; 598:3439-3457. [PMID: 32406934 PMCID: PMC7984206 DOI: 10.1113/jp279476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS We confirm that GABAB receptors (GABAB -Rs) are involved in the termination of Up-states; their blockade consistently elongates Up-states. GABAB -Rs also modulate Down-states and the oscillatory cycle, thus having an impact on slow oscillation rhythm and its regularity. The most frequent effect of GABAB -R blockade is elongation of Down-states and subsequent decrease of oscillatory frequency, with an increased regularity. In a quarter of cases, GABAB -R blockade shortened Down-states and increased oscillatory frequency, changes that are independent of firing rates in Up-states. Our computer model provides mechanisms for the experimentally observed dynamics following blockade of GABAB -Rs, for Up/Down durations, oscillatory frequency and regularity. The time course of excitation, inhibition and adaptation can explain the observed dynamics of the network. This study brings novel insights into the role of GABAB -R-mediated slow inhibition on the slow oscillatory activity, which is considered the default activity pattern of the cortical network. ABSTRACT Slow wave oscillations (SWOs) dominate cortical activity during deep sleep, anaesthesia and in some brain lesions. SWOs are composed of periods of activity (Up states) interspersed with periods of silence (Down states). The rhythmicity expressed during SWOs integrates neuronal and connectivity properties of the network and is often altered under pathological conditions. Adaptation mechanisms as well as synaptic inhibition mediated by GABAB receptors (GABAB -Rs) have been proposed as mechanisms governing the termination of Up states. The interplay between these two mechanisms is not well understood, and the role of GABAB -Rs controlling the whole cycle of the SWO has not been described. Here we contribute to its understanding by combining in vitro experiments on spontaneously active cortical slices and computational techniques. GABAB -R blockade modified the whole SWO cycle, not only elongating Up states, but also affecting the subsequent Down state duration. Furthermore, while adaptation tends to yield a rather regular behaviour, we demonstrate that GABAB -R activation desynchronizes the SWOs. Interestingly, variability changes could be accomplished in two different ways: by either shortening or lengthening the duration of Down states. Even when the most common observation following GABAB -Rs blocking is the lengthening of Down states, both changes are expressed experimentally and also in numerical simulations. Our simulations suggest that the sluggishness of GABAB -Rs to follow the excitatory fluctuations of the cortical network can explain these different network dynamics modulated by GABAB -Rs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Perez‐Zabalza
- Institut d'Investigaciones Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Ramon Reig
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC‐UMHSan Juan de AlicanteAlicanteSpain
| | | | - Daniel Jercog
- Institut d'Investigaciones Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
| | - Milena Winograd
- Instituto de Neurociencias de Alicante, CSIC‐UMHSan Juan de AlicanteAlicanteSpain
| | - Nestor Parga
- Física TeóricaUniversidad Autónoma MadridMadridSpain
- Centro de Investigación Avanzada en Física FundamentalUniversidad Autónoma de MadridMadridSpain
| | - Maria V. Sanchez‐Vives
- Institut d'Investigaciones Biomediques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS)BarcelonaSpain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA)BarcelonaSpain
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30
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Lee YF, Gerashchenko D, Timofeev I, Bacskai BJ, Kastanenka KV. Slow Wave Sleep Is a Promising Intervention Target for Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:705. [PMID: 32714142 PMCID: PMC7340158 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the major cause of dementia, characterized by the presence of amyloid-beta plaques and neurofibrillary tau tangles. Plaques and tangles are associated with sleep-wake cycle disruptions, including the disruptions in non-rapid eye movement (NREM) slow wave sleep (SWS). Alzheimer's patients spend less time in NREM sleep and exhibit decreased slow wave activity (SWA). Consistent with the critical role of SWS in memory consolidation, reduced SWA is associated with impaired memory consolidation in AD patients. The aberrant SWA can be modeled in transgenic mouse models of amyloidosis and tauopathy. Animal models exhibited slow wave impairments early in the disease progression, prior to the deposition of amyloid-beta plaques, however, in the presence of abundant oligomeric amyloid-beta. Optogenetic rescue of SWA successfully halted the amyloid accumulation and restored intraneuronal calcium levels in mice. On the other hand, optogenetic acceleration of slow wave frequency exacerbated amyloid deposition and disrupted neuronal calcium homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the evidence and the mechanisms underlying the existence of a positive feedback loop between amyloid/tau pathology and SWA disruptions that lead to further accumulations of amyloid and tau in AD. Moreover, since SWA disruptions occur prior to the plaque deposition, SWA disruptions may provide an early biomarker for AD. Finally, we propose that therapeutic targeting of SWA in AD might lead to an effective treatment for Alzheimer's patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Fun Lee
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Dmitry Gerashchenko
- Harvard Medical School/VA Boston Healthcare System, West Roxbury, MA, United States
| | - Igor Timofeev
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, School of Medicine, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
- CERVO Brain Research Center, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Brian J. Bacskai
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
| | - Ksenia V. Kastanenka
- Department of Neurology, MassGeneral Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, United States
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31
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Menicucci D, Piarulli A, Laurino M, Zaccaro A, Agrimi J, Gemignani A. Sleep slow oscillations favour local cortical plasticity underlying the consolidation of reinforced procedural learning in human sleep. J Sleep Res 2020; 29:e13117. [PMID: 32592318 DOI: 10.1111/jsr.13117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2020] [Revised: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated changes of slow-wave activity and sleep slow oscillations in the night following procedural learning boosted by reinforcement learning, and how these changes correlate with behavioural output. In the Task session, participants had to reach a visual target adapting cursor's movements to compensate an angular deviation introduced experimentally, while in the Control session no deviation was applied. The task was repeated at 13:00 hours, 17:00 hours and 23:00 hours before sleep, and at 08:00 hours after sleep. The deviation angle was set at 15° (13:00 hours and 17:00 hours) and increased to 45° (reinforcement) at 23:00 hours and 08:00 hours. Both for Task and Control nights, high-density electroencephalogram sleep recordings were carried out (23:30-19:30 hours). The Task night as compared with the Control night showed increases of: (a) slow-wave activity (absolute power) over the whole scalp; (b) slow-wave activity (relative power) in left centro-parietal areas; (c) sleep slow oscillations rate in sensorimotor and premotor areas; (d) amplitude of pre-down and up states in premotor regions, left sensorimotor and right parietal regions; (e) sigma crowning the up state in right parietal regions. After Task night, we found an improvement of task performance showing correlations with sleep slow oscillations rate in right premotor, sensorimotor and parietal regions. These findings suggest a key role of sleep slow oscillations in procedural memories consolidation. The diverse components of sleep slow oscillations selectively reflect the network activations related to the reinforced learning of a procedural visuomotor task. Indeed, areas specifically involved in the task stand out as those with a significant association between sleep slow oscillations rate and overnight improvement in task performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Piarulli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Coma Science Group, GIGA-Consciousness, University of Liège and University Hospital of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Marco Laurino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Zaccaro
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Jacopo Agrimi
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.,Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Pisana, Pisa, Italy
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33
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GABA B receptors: modulation of thalamocortical dynamics and synaptic plasticity. Neuroscience 2020; 456:131-142. [PMID: 32194227 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2020.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
GABAB-receptors (GABAB-Rs) are metabotropic, G protein-coupled receptors for the neurotransmitter GABA. Their activation induces slow inhibitory control of the neuronal excitability mediated by pre- and postsynaptic inhibition. Presynaptically GABAB-Rs reduce GABA and glutamate release inhibiting presynaptic Ca2+ channels in both inhibitory and excitatory synapses while postsynaptic GABAB-Rs induce robust slow hyperpolarization by the activation of K+ channels. GABAB-Rs are activated by non-synaptic or volume transmission, which requires high levels of GABA release, either by the simultaneous discharge of GABAergic interneurons or very intense discharges in the thalamus or by means of the activation of a neurogliaform interneurons in the cortex. The main receptor subunits GABAB1a, GABAB1b and GABAB2 are strongly expressed in neurons and glial cells throughout the central nervous system and GABAB-R activation is related to many neuronal processes such as the modulation of rhythmic activity in several brain regions. In the thalamus, GABAB-Rs modulate the generation of the main thalamic rhythm, spindle waves. In the cerebral cortex, GABAB-Rs also modulate the most prominent emergent oscillatory activity-slow oscillations-as well as faster oscillations like gamma frequency. Further, recent studies evaluating the complexity expressed by the cortical network, a parameter associated with consciousness levels, have found that GABAB-Rs enhance this complexity, while their blockade decreases it. This review summarizes the current results on how the activation of GABAB-Rs affects the interchange of information between brain areas by controlling rhythmicity as well as synaptic plasticity.
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34
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Capone C, Rebollo B, Muñoz A, Illa X, Del Giudice P, Sanchez-Vives MV, Mattia M. Slow Waves in Cortical Slices: How Spontaneous Activity is Shaped by Laminar Structure. Cereb Cortex 2020; 29:319-335. [PMID: 29190336 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical slow oscillations (SO) of neural activity spontaneously emerge and propagate during deep sleep and anesthesia and are also expressed in isolated brain slices and cortical slabs. We lack full understanding of how SO integrate the different structural levels underlying local excitability of cell assemblies and their mutual interaction. Here, we focus on ongoing slow waves (SWs) in cortical slices reconstructed from a 16-electrode array designed to probe the neuronal activity at multiple spatial scales. In spite of the variable propagation patterns observed, we reproducibly found a smooth strip of loci leading the SW fronts, overlapping cortical layers 4 and 5, along which Up states were the longest and displayed the highest firing rate. Propagation modes were uncorrelated in time, signaling a memoryless generation of SWs. All these features could be modeled by a multimodular large-scale network of spiking neurons with a specific balance between local and intermodular connectivity. Modules work as relaxation oscillators with a weakly stable Down state and a peak of local excitability to model layers 4 and 5. These conditions allow for both optimal sensitivity to the network structure and richness of propagation modes, both of which are potential substrates for dynamic flexibility in more general contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano Capone
- PhD Program in Physics, Sapienza University, Rome, Italy.,Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy
| | - Beatriz Rebollo
- IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Xavi Illa
- IMB-CNM-CSIC (Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona), Universitat Autónoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER-BBN, Networking Center on Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Paolo Del Giudice
- Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Rome, Italy.,INFN-Roma1 (Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare), Rome, Italy
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- IDIBAPS (Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA (Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats), Barcelona, Spain
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35
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Dasilva M, Navarro-Guzman A, Ortiz-Romero P, Camassa A, Muñoz-Cespedes A, Campuzano V, Sanchez-Vives MV. Altered Neocortical Dynamics in a Mouse Model of Williams-Beuren Syndrome. Mol Neurobiol 2020; 57:765-777. [PMID: 31471877 PMCID: PMC7031212 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01732-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2019] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by moderate intellectual disability and learning difficulties alongside behavioral abnormalities such as hypersociability. Several structural and functional brain alterations are characteristic of this syndrome, as well as disturbed sleep and sleeping patterns. However, the detailed physiological mechanisms underlying WBS are mostly unknown. Here, we characterized the cortical dynamics in a mouse model of WBS previously reported to replicate most of the behavioral alterations described in humans. We recorded the laminar local field potential generated in the frontal cortex during deep anesthesia and characterized the properties of the emergent slow oscillation activity. Moreover, we performed micro-electrocorticogram recordings using multielectrode arrays covering the cortical surface of one hemisphere. We found significant differences between the cortical emergent activity and functional connectivity between wild-type mice and WBS model mice. Slow oscillations displayed Up states with diminished firing rate and lower high-frequency content in the gamma range. Lower firing rates were also recorded in the awake WBS animals while performing a marble burying task and could be associated with the decreased spine density and thus synaptic connectivity in this cortical area. We also found an overall increase in functional connectivity between brain areas, reflected in lower clustering and abnormally high integration, especially in the gamma range. These results expand previous findings in humans, suggesting that the cognitive deficits characterizing WBS might be associated with reduced excitability, plus an imbalance in the capacity to functionally integrate and segregate information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Dasilva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Navarro-Guzman
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paula Ortiz-Romero
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alessandra Camassa
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Alberto Muñoz-Cespedes
- Laboratorio Cajal de Circuitos Corticales (CTB), Universidad Politécnica de Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Depatamento de Biología Celular, Universidad Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Victoria Campuzano
- Departament de Ciències Experimentals i de la Salut, Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), ISCIII, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain.
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36
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Timofeev I, Schoch SF, LeBourgeois MK, Huber R, Riedner BA, Kurth S. Spatio-temporal properties of sleep slow waves and implications for development. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2020; 15:172-182. [PMID: 32455180 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2020.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Objective sleep quality can be measured by electroencephalography (EEG), a non-invasive technique to quantify electrical activity generated by the brain. With EEG, sleep depth is measured by appearance and an increase in slow wave activity (scalp-SWA). EEG slow waves (scalp-SW) are the manifestation of underlying synchronous membrane potential transitions between silent (DOWN) and active (UP) states. This bistable periodic rhythm is defined as slow oscillation (SO). During its "silent state" cortical neurons are hyperpolarized and appear inactive, while during its "active state" cortical neurons are depolarized, fire spikes and exhibit continuous synaptic activity, excitatory and inhibitory. In adults, data from high-density EEG revealed that scalp-SW propagate across the cortical mantle in complex patterns. However, scalp-SW propagation undergoes modifications across development. We present novel data from children, indicating that scalp-SW originate centro-parietally, and emerge more frontally by adolescence. Based on the concept that SO and SW could actively modify neuronal connectivity, we discuss whether they fulfill a key purpose in brain development by actively conveying modifications of the maturing brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Timofeev
- CERVO Brain Research Centre, Québec, Canada.,Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Sarah F Schoch
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH
| | - Monique K LeBourgeois
- Sleep and Development Laboratory, Department of Integrative Physiology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Reto Huber
- Child Development Center, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH.,Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH
| | - Brady A Riedner
- Wisconsin Institute for Sleep and Consciousness, Department of Psychiatry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Salome Kurth
- Department of Pulmonology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, CH.,Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, CH
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37
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Nghiem TAE, Tort-Colet N, Górski T, Ferrari U, Moghimyfiroozabad S, Goldman JS, Teleńczuk B, Capone C, Bal T, di Volo M, Destexhe A. Cholinergic Switch between Two Types of Slow Waves in Cerebral Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3451-3466. [DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Sleep slow waves are known to participate in memory consolidation, yet slow waves occurring under anesthesia present no positive effects on memory. Here, we shed light onto this paradox, based on a combination of extracellular recordings in vivo, in vitro, and computational models. We find two types of slow waves, based on analyzing the temporal patterns of successive slow-wave events. The first type is consistently observed in natural slow-wave sleep, while the second is shown to be ubiquitous under anesthesia. Network models of spiking neurons predict that the two slow wave types emerge due to a different gain on inhibitory versus excitatory cells and that different levels of spike-frequency adaptation in excitatory cells can account for dynamical distinctions between the two types. This prediction was tested in vitro by varying adaptation strength using an agonist of acetylcholine receptors, which demonstrated a neuromodulatory switch between the two types of slow waves. Finally, we show that the first type of slow-wave dynamics is more sensitive to external stimuli, which can explain how slow waves in sleep and anesthesia differentially affect memory consolidation, as well as provide a link between slow-wave dynamics and memory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Trang-Anh E Nghiem
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Laboratory of Physics, Department of Physics, Ecole Normale Supérieure, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Núria Tort-Colet
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Tomasz Górski
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Ulisse Ferrari
- Sorbonne Université, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de la Vision, 75012 Paris, France
| | - Shayan Moghimyfiroozabad
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jennifer S Goldman
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Bartosz Teleńczuk
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Cristiano Capone
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare Sezione di Roma, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Thierry Bal
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Matteo di Volo
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Alain Destexhe
- Department of Integrative and Computational Neuroscience (ICN), Paris-Saclay Institute of Neuroscience (NeuroPSI), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France
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38
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De Bonis G, Dasilva M, Pazienti A, Sanchez-Vives MV, Mattia M, Paolucci PS. Analysis Pipeline for Extracting Features of Cortical Slow Oscillations. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:70. [PMID: 31824271 PMCID: PMC6882866 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 11/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cortical slow oscillations (≲1 Hz) are an emergent property of the cortical network that integrate connectivity and physiological features. This rhythm, highly revealing of the characteristics of the underlying dynamics, is a hallmark of low complexity brain states like sleep, and represents a default activity pattern. Here, we present a methodological approach for quantifying the spatial and temporal properties of this emergent activity. We improved and enriched a robust analysis procedure that has already been successfully applied to both in vitro and in vivo data acquisitions. We tested the new tools of the methodology by analyzing the electrocorticography (ECoG) traces recorded from a custom 32-channel multi-electrode array in wild-type isoflurane-anesthetized mice. The enhanced analysis pipeline, named SWAP (Slow Wave Analysis Pipeline), detects Up and Down states, enables the characterization of the spatial dependency of their statistical properties, and supports the comparison of different subjects. The SWAP is implemented in a data-independent way, allowing its application to other data sets (acquired from different subjects, or with different recording tools), as well as to the outcome of numerical simulations. By using the SWAP, we report statistically significant differences in the observed slow oscillations (SO) across cortical areas and cortical sites. Computing cortical maps by interpolating the features of SO acquired at the electrode positions, we give evidence of gradients at the global scale along an oblique axis directed from fronto-lateral toward occipito-medial regions, further highlighting some heterogeneity within cortical areas. The results obtained using the SWAP will be essential for producing data-driven brain simulations. A spatial characterization of slow oscillations will also trigger a discussion on the role of, and the interplay between, the different regions in the cortex, improving our understanding of the mechanisms of generation and propagation of delta rhythms and, more generally, of cortical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia De Bonis
- Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Sezione di Roma, Rome, Italy
| | - Miguel Dasilva
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Maria V. Sanchez-Vives
- Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
- Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avanc˛ats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain
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39
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Hao X, Yang S, Wang J, Deng B, Wei X, Yi G. Efficient Implementation of Cerebellar Purkinje Cell With the CORDIC Algorithm on LaCSNN. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1078. [PMID: 31680818 PMCID: PMC6803503 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Purkinje cell is an important neuron for the cerebellar information processing. In this work, we present an efficient implementation of a cerebellar Purkinje model using the Coordinate Rotation Digital Computer (CORDIC) algorithm and implement it on a Large-Scale Conductance-Based Spiking Neural Networks (LaCSNN) system with cost-efficient multiplier-less methods, which are more suitable for large-scale neural networks. The CORDIC-based Purkinje model has been compared with the original model in terms of the voltage activities, dynamic mechanisms, precision, and hardware resource utilization. The results show that the CORDIC-based Purkinje model can reproduce the same biological activities and dynamical mechanisms as the original model with slight deviation. In the aspect of the hardware implementation, it can use only logic resources, so it provides an efficient way for maximizing the FPGA resource utilization, thereby expanding the scale of neural networks that can be implemented on FPGAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Hao
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuangming Yang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiang Wang
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Bin Deng
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xile Wei
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Guosheng Yi
- School of Electrical and Information Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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40
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Laurino M, Piarulli A, Menicucci D, Gemignani A. Local Gamma Activity During Non-REM Sleep in the Context of Sensory Evoked K-Complexes. Front Neurosci 2019; 13:1094. [PMID: 31680829 PMCID: PMC6803494 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
K-complexes (KCs) and Sleep Slow Oscillations (SSOs) are the EEG expression of neuronal bistability during deeper stages Non-REM sleep. They are characterized by a deep negative deflection lasting about half-a-second, sustained, at the cortical level, by a widespread and synchronized neuronal hyperpolarization (i.e., electrical silence). The phase of hyperpolarization is followed by a period of intense and synchronized neuronal firing (i.e., depolarization phase) resulting at the EEG level, in a large positive deflection (lasting about 0.5 s) and a concurrent high frequency activity (i.e., spindles). Both KCs and SSOs rather than being “local” phenomena, propagate over large sections of the cortex. These features suggest that bistability is a large-scale network phenomenon, possibly driven by a propagating excitatory activity and involving wide populations of synchronized neurons. We have recently shown that KCs and SSOs include a positive bump preceding the negative peak and that for sensory-evoked KCs this bump coincides with the P200 wave. We demonstrated that the P200 has a sensory-modality specific localization, as it is firstly elicited in the primary sensory areas related to the stimulus, which in turn receive projections from the thalamic core. We observed that the P200 acts as a propagating excitatory activity and hypothesized that it could play a key role in inducing the opening of K+ channels, and hence the cortical hyperpolarization. Here we demonstrate that the P200 is sustained by a high-frequency excitation bringing further support to its role in triggering bistability. We show that the P200 has a higher power density in gamma band as compared to the P900 coherently for all sensory modalities, and we confirm that the latter wave is crowned by higher activity in sigma-beta bands. Finally, we characterize the P200 gamma activity at the cortical level in terms of spatial localization and temporal dynamics, demonstrating that it emerges in sensory stimulus-specific primary areas and travels over the cortical mantle spreading toward fronto-central associative areas and fading concurrently with the N550 onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Laurino
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy
| | - Andrea Piarulli
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy.,Coma Science Group, GIGA Consciousness, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Danilo Menicucci
- Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Angelo Gemignani
- Institute of Clinical Physiology, National Research Council, Pisa, Italy.,Department of Surgical, Medical, Molecular Pathology and Critical Care Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
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41
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D'Andola M, Rebollo B, Casali AG, Weinert JF, Pigorini A, Villa R, Massimini M, Sanchez-Vives MV. Bistability, Causality, and Complexity in Cortical Networks: An In Vitro Perturbational Study. Cereb Cortex 2019; 28:2233-2242. [PMID: 28525544 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Measuring the spatiotemporal complexity of cortical responses to direct perturbations provides a reliable index of the brain's capacity for consciousness in humans under both physiological and pathological conditions. Upon loss of consciousness, the complex pattern of causal interactions observed during wakefulness collapses into a stereotypical slow wave, suggesting that cortical bistability may play a role. Bistability is mainly expressed in the form of slow oscillations, a default pattern of activity that emerges from cortical networks in conditions of functional or anatomical disconnection. Here, we employ an in vitro model to understand the relationship between bistability and complexity in cortical circuits. We adapted the perturbational complexity index applied in humans to electrically stimulated cortical slices under different neuromodulatory conditions. At this microscale level, we demonstrate that perturbational complexity can be effectively modulated by pharmacological reduction of bistability and, albeit to a lesser extent, by enhancement of excitability, providing mechanistic insights into the macroscale measurements performed in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia D'Andola
- IDIBAPS (Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Roselló 149-153, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Beatriz Rebollo
- IDIBAPS (Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Roselló 149-153, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adenauer G Casali
- Federal University of São Paulo, Institute of Science and Technology, Av. Cesare Monsueto Giulio Lattes, 1211 - Jardim Santa Ines I, São José dos Campos - SP, Brazil
| | - Julia F Weinert
- IDIBAPS (Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer), Roselló 149-153, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andrea Pigorini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", via G. B. Grassi 74 - Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Rosa Villa
- Instituto de Microelectrónica de Barcelona (IMB-CNM), CSIC, Campus UAB, Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain.,CIBER de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marcello Massimini
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences "L. Sacco", via G. B. Grassi 74 - Università degli studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.,Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Fondazione Don Carlo Gnocchi, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- IDIBAPS ( Institut D'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer ), Roselló 149-153, Barcelona, Spain.,ICREA, ICREA Passeig Lluís Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain
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42
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Castano-Prat P, Perez-Mendez L, Perez-Zabalza M, Sanfeliu C, Giménez-Llort L, Sanchez-Vives MV. Altered slow (<1 Hz) and fast (beta and gamma) neocortical oscillations in the 3xTg-AD mouse model of Alzheimer's disease under anesthesia. Neurobiol Aging 2019; 79:142-151. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2019.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Revised: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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43
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Navarro D, Alvarado M, Figueroa A, Gonzalez-Liencres C, Salas-Lucia F, Pacheco P, Sanchez-Vives MV, Berbel P. Distribution of GABAergic Neurons and VGluT1 and VGAT Immunoreactive Boutons in the Ferret ( Mustela putorius) Piriform Cortex and Endopiriform Nucleus. Comparison With Visual Areas 17, 18 and 19. Front Neuroanat 2019; 13:54. [PMID: 31213994 PMCID: PMC6554450 DOI: 10.3389/fnana.2019.00054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We studied the cellular organization of the piriform network [comprising the piriform cortex (PC) and endopiriform nucleus (EP)] of the ferret (Mustela putorius)-a highly excitable region prone to seizures-and, more specifically, the distribution and morphology of different types of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)ergic neurons, and the distribution and ratio of glutamatergic and GABAergic boutons, and we compared our findings to those in primary visual area 17, and secondary areas 18 and 19. We accomplished this by using cytochrome oxidase and immunohistochemistry for mature neuronal nuclei (NeuN), GABAergic neurons [glutamic acid decarboxylase-67 (GAD67), calretinin (CR) and parvalbumin (PV)], and for excitatory (vesicular glutamate transporter 1; VGluT1) and inhibitory (vesicular GABA transporter; VGAT) boutons. In the ferret, the cellular organization of the piriform network is similar to that described in other species such as cats, rats and opossums although some differences also exist. GABAergic immunolabeling showed similarities between cortical layers I-III of the PC and visual areas, such as the relative distribution of GABAergic neurons and the density and area of VGluT1- and VGAT-immunoreactive boutons. However, multiple differences between the piriform network and visual areas (layers I-VI) were found, such as the percentage of GABAergic neurons with respect to the total number of neurons and the ratio of VGluT1- and VGAT-immunoreactive boutons. These findings are relevant to better understand the high excitability of the piriform network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Navarro
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
| | - Mayvi Alvarado
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.,Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | | | - Cristina Gonzalez-Liencres
- Àrea Neurociència de Sistemes, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Federico Salas-Lucia
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain
| | - Pablo Pacheco
- Instituto de Neurociencias, UMH-Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Alicante, Spain
| | - Maria V Sanchez-Vives
- Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico.,Àrea Neurociència de Sistemes, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain.,Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Generalitat de Catalunya, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pere Berbel
- Departamento de Histología y Anatomía, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Miguel Hernández (UMH), Alicante, Spain.,Instituto de Neuroetología, Universidad Veracruzana, Xalapa, Mexico
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44
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Zucca S, Pasquale V, Lagomarsino de Leon Roig P, Panzeri S, Fellin T. Thalamic Drive of Cortical Parvalbumin-Positive Interneurons during Down States in Anesthetized Mice. Curr Biol 2019; 29:1481-1490.e6. [PMID: 31031117 PMCID: PMC6509281 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2019.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Up and down states are among the most prominent features of the thalamo-cortical system during non-rapid eye movement (NREM) sleep and many forms of anesthesia. Cortical interneurons, including parvalbumin (PV) cells, display firing activity during cortical down states, and this GABAergic signaling is associated with prolonged down-state durations. However, what drives PV interneurons to fire during down states remains unclear. We here tested the hypothesis that background thalamic activity may lead to suprathreshold activation of PV cells during down states. To this aim, we performed two-photon guided juxtasomal recordings from PV interneurons in the barrel field of the somatosensory cortex (S1bf) of anesthetized mice, while simultaneously collecting the local field potential (LFP) in S1bf and the multi-unit activity (MUA) in the ventral posteromedial (VPM) thalamic nucleus. We found that activity in the VPM was associated with longer down-state duration in S1bf and that down states displaying PV cell firing were associated with increased VPM activity. Moreover, thalamic inhibition through application of muscimol reduced the fraction of spikes discharged by PV cells during cortical down states. Finally, we inhibited PV interneurons using optogenetics during down states while monitoring cortical LFP under control conditions and after thalamic muscimol injection. We found increased latency of the optogenetically triggered down-to-up transitions upon thalamic pharmacological blockade compared to controls. These findings demonstrate that spontaneous thalamic activity inhibits cortex during down states through the activation of PV interneurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Zucca
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Valentina Pasquale
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Pedro Lagomarsino de Leon Roig
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy
| | - Stefano Panzeri
- Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Computation Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Cognitive Systems at UniTn, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Corso Bettini 31, 38068 Rovereto, Italy
| | - Tommaso Fellin
- Optical Approaches to Brain Function Laboratory, Department of Neuroscience and Brain Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy; Neural Coding Laboratory, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Via Morego 30, 16163 Genova, Italy.
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45
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Lundstrom BN, Boly M, Duckrow R, Zaveri HP, Blumenfeld H. Slowing less than 1 Hz is decreased near the seizure onset zone. Sci Rep 2019; 9:6218. [PMID: 30996228 PMCID: PMC6470162 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-42347-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Focal slowing (<4 Hz) of brain waves is often associated with focal cerebral dysfunction and is assumed to be increased closest to the location of dysfunction. Prior work suggests that slowing may be comprised of at least two distinct neural mechanisms: slow oscillation activity (<1 Hz) may reflect primarily inhibitory cortical mechanisms while power in the delta frequency (1-4 Hz) may correlate with local synaptic strength. In focal epilepsy patients, we examined slow wave activity near and far from the seizure onset zone (SOZ) during wake, sleep, and postictal states using intracranial electroencephalography. We found that slow oscillation (0.3-1 Hz) activity was decreased near the SOZ, while delta activity (2-4 Hz) activity was increased. This finding was most prominent during sleep, and accompanied by a loss of long-range intra-hemispheric synchrony. In contrast to sleep, postictal slowing was characterized by a broadband increase of spectral power, and showed a reduced modulatory effect of slow oscillations on higher frequencies. These results suggest slow oscillation focal slowing is reduced near the seizure onset zone, perhaps reflecting reduced inhibitory activity. Dissociation between slow oscillation and delta slowing could help localize the seizure onset zone from interictal intracranial recordings.
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46
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Krause BM, Murphy CA, Uhlrich DJ, Banks MI. PV+ Cells Enhance Temporal Population Codes but not Stimulus-Related Timing in Auditory Cortex. Cereb Cortex 2019; 29:627-647. [PMID: 29300837 PMCID: PMC6319178 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhx345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Spatio-temporal cortical activity patterns relative to both peripheral input and local network activity carry information about stimulus identity and context. GABAergic interneurons are reported to regulate spiking at millisecond precision in response to sensory stimulation and during gamma oscillations; their role in regulating spike timing during induced network bursts is unclear. We investigated this issue in murine auditory thalamo-cortical (TC) brain slices, in which TC afferents induced network bursts similar to previous reports in vivo. Spike timing relative to TC afferent stimulation during bursts was poor in pyramidal cells and SOM+ interneurons. It was more precise in PV+ interneurons, consistent with their reported contribution to spiking precision in pyramidal cells. Optogenetic suppression of PV+ cells unexpectedly improved afferent-locked spike timing in pyramidal cells. In contrast, our evidence suggests that PV+ cells do regulate the spatio-temporal spike pattern of pyramidal cells during network bursts, whose organization is suited to ensemble coding of stimulus information. Simulations showed that suppressing PV+ cells reduces the capacity of pyramidal cell networks to produce discriminable spike patterns. By dissociating temporal precision with respect to a stimulus versus internal cortical activity, we identified a novel role for GABAergic cells in regulating information processing in cortical networks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan M Krause
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Neuroscience Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Caitlin A Murphy
- Physiology Graduate Training Program, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Daniel J Uhlrich
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Matthew I Banks
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
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Rigas P, Sigalas C, Nikita M, Kaplanian A, Armaos K, Leontiadis LJ, Zlatanos C, Kapogiannatou A, Peta C, Katri A, Skaliora I. Long-Term Effects of Early Life Seizures on Endogenous Local Network Activity of the Mouse Neocortex. Front Synaptic Neurosci 2018; 10:43. [PMID: 30538627 PMCID: PMC6277496 DOI: 10.3389/fnsyn.2018.00043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the long term impact of early life seizures (ELS) is of vital importance both for researchers and clinicians. Most experimental studies of how seizures affect the developing brain have drawn their conclusions based on changes detected at the cellular or behavioral level, rather than on intermediate levels of analysis, such as the physiology of neuronal networks. Neurons work as part of networks and network dynamics integrate the function of molecules, cells and synapses in the emergent properties of brain circuits that reflect the balance of excitation and inhibition in the brain. Therefore, studying network dynamics could help bridge the cell-to-behavior gap in our understanding of the neurobiological effects of seizures. To this end we investigated the long-term effects of ELS on local network dynamics in mouse neocortex. By using the pentylenetetrazole (PTZ)-induced animal model of generalized seizures, single or multiple seizures were induced at two different developmental stages (P9-15 or P19-23) in order to examine how seizure severity and brain maturational status interact to affect the brain's vulnerability to ELS. Cortical physiology was assessed by comparing spontaneous network activity (in the form of recurring Up states) in brain slices of adult (>5 mo) mice. In these experiments we examined two distinct cortical regions, the primary motor (M1) and somatosensory (S1) cortex in order to investigate regional differences in vulnerability to ELS. We find that the effects of ELSs vary depending on (i) the severity of the seizures (e.g., single intermittent ELS at P19-23 had no effect on Up state activity, but multiple seizures induced during the same period caused a significant change in the spectral content of spontaneous Up states), (ii) the cortical area examined, and (iii) the developmental stage at which the seizures are administered. These results reveal that even moderate experiences of ELS can have long lasting age- and region-specific effects in local cortical network dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlos Rigas
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Maria Nikita
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Ani Kaplanian
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Christos Zlatanos
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Charoula Peta
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Anna Katri
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Irini Skaliora
- Biomedical Research Foundation of the Academy of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Abstract
A primary goal of sleep research is to understand the molecular basis of sleep. Although some sleep/wake-promoting circuits and secreted substances have been identified, the detailed molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of sleep duration have been elusive. Here, to address these mechanisms, we developed a simple computational model of a cortical neuron with five channels and a pump, which recapitulates the cortical electrophysiological characteristics of slow-wave sleep (SWS) and wakefulness. Comprehensive bifurcation and detailed mathematical analyses predicted that leak K+ channels play a role in generating the electrophysiological characteristics of SWS, leading to a hypothesis that leak K+ channels play a role in the regulation of sleep duration. To test this hypothesis experimentally, we comprehensively generated and analyzed 14 KO mice, and found that impairment of the leak K+ channel (Kcnk9) decreased sleep duration. Based on these results, we hypothesize that leak K+ channels regulate sleep duration in mammals.
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Pena RFO, Zaks MA, Roque AC. Dynamics of spontaneous activity in random networks with multiple neuron subtypes and synaptic noise : Spontaneous activity in networks with synaptic noise. J Comput Neurosci 2018; 45:1-28. [PMID: 29923159 PMCID: PMC6061197 DOI: 10.1007/s10827-018-0688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Spontaneous cortical population activity exhibits a multitude of oscillatory patterns, which often display synchrony during slow-wave sleep or under certain anesthetics and stay asynchronous during quiet wakefulness. The mechanisms behind these cortical states and transitions among them are not completely understood. Here we study spontaneous population activity patterns in random networks of spiking neurons of mixed types modeled by Izhikevich equations. Neurons are coupled by conductance-based synapses subject to synaptic noise. We localize the population activity patterns on the parameter diagram spanned by the relative inhibitory synaptic strength and the magnitude of synaptic noise. In absence of noise, networks display transient activity patterns, either oscillatory or at constant level. The effect of noise is to turn transient patterns into persistent ones: for weak noise, all activity patterns are asynchronous non-oscillatory independently of synaptic strengths; for stronger noise, patterns have oscillatory and synchrony characteristics that depend on the relative inhibitory synaptic strength. In the region of parameter space where inhibitory synaptic strength exceeds the excitatory synaptic strength and for moderate noise magnitudes networks feature intermittent switches between oscillatory and quiescent states with characteristics similar to those of synchronous and asynchronous cortical states, respectively. We explain these oscillatory and quiescent patterns by combining a phenomenological global description of the network state with local descriptions of individual neurons in their partial phase spaces. Our results point to a bridge from events at the molecular scale of synapses to the cellular scale of individual neurons to the collective scale of neuronal populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rodrigo F. O. Pena
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
| | - Michael A. Zaks
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Humboldt University of Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonio C. Roque
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP Brazil
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Maksimov A, Diesmann M, van Albada SJ. Criteria on Balance, Stability, and Excitability in Cortical Networks for Constraining Computational Models. Front Comput Neurosci 2018; 12:44. [PMID: 30042668 PMCID: PMC6048296 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2018.00044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During ongoing and Up state activity, cortical circuits manifest a set of dynamical features that are conserved across these states. The present work systematizes these phenomena by three notions: excitability, the ability to sustain activity without external input; balance, precise coordination of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal inputs; and stability, maintenance of activity at a steady level. Slice preparations exhibiting Up states demonstrate that balanced activity can be maintained by small local circuits. While computational models of cortical circuits have included different combinations of excitability, balance, and stability, they have done so without a systematic quantitative comparison with experimental data. Our study provides quantitative criteria for this purpose, by analyzing in-vitro and in-vivo neuronal activity and characterizing the dynamics on the neuronal and population levels. The criteria are defined with a tolerance that allows for differences between experiments, yet are sufficient to capture commonalities between persistently depolarized cortical network states and to help validate computational models of cortex. As test cases for the derived set of criteria, we analyze three widely used models of cortical circuits and find that each model possesses some of the experimentally observed features, but none satisfies all criteria simultaneously, showing that the criteria are able to identify weak spots in computational models. The criteria described here form a starting point for the systematic validation of cortical neuronal network models, which will help improve the reliability of future models, and render them better building blocks for larger models of the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei Maksimov
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
| | - Markus Diesmann
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany.,Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Physics, Faculty 1, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Sacha J van Albada
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine (INM-6) and Institute for Advanced Simulation (IAS-6) and JARA BRAIN Institute I (INM-10), Jülich Research Centre, Jülich, Germany
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