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Bandet MV, Winship IR. Aberrant cortical activity, functional connectivity, and neural assembly architecture after photothrombotic stroke in mice. eLife 2024; 12:RP90080. [PMID: 38687189 PMCID: PMC11060715 DOI: 10.7554/elife.90080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2024] Open
Abstract
Despite substantial progress in mapping the trajectory of network plasticity resulting from focal ischemic stroke, the extent and nature of changes in neuronal excitability and activity within the peri-infarct cortex of mice remains poorly defined. Most of the available data have been acquired from anesthetized animals, acute tissue slices, or infer changes in excitability from immunoassays on extracted tissue, and thus may not reflect cortical activity dynamics in the intact cortex of an awake animal. Here, in vivo two-photon calcium imaging in awake, behaving mice was used to longitudinally track cortical activity, network functional connectivity, and neural assembly architecture for 2 months following photothrombotic stroke targeting the forelimb somatosensory cortex. Sensorimotor recovery was tracked over the weeks following stroke, allowing us to relate network changes to behavior. Our data revealed spatially restricted but long-lasting alterations in somatosensory neural network function and connectivity. Specifically, we demonstrate significant and long-lasting disruptions in neural assembly architecture concurrent with a deficit in functional connectivity between individual neurons. Reductions in neuronal spiking in peri-infarct cortex were transient but predictive of impairment in skilled locomotion measured in the tapered beam task. Notably, altered neural networks were highly localized, with assembly architecture and neural connectivity relatively unaltered a short distance from the peri-infarct cortex, even in regions within 'remapped' forelimb functional representations identified using mesoscale imaging with anaesthetized preparations 8 weeks after stroke. Thus, using longitudinal two-photon microscopy in awake animals, these data show a complex spatiotemporal relationship between peri-infarct neuronal network function and behavioral recovery. Moreover, the data highlight an apparent disconnect between dramatic functional remapping identified using strong sensory stimulation in anaesthetized mice compared to more subtle and spatially restricted changes in individual neuron and local network function in awake mice during stroke recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mischa Vance Bandet
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
- Neurochemical Research Unit, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
| | - Ian Robert Winship
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
- Neurochemical Research Unit, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
- Department of Psychiatry, University of AlbertaEdmontonCanada
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2
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Marin Vargas A, Bisi A, Chiappa AS, Versteeg C, Miller LE, Mathis A. Task-driven neural network models predict neural dynamics of proprioception. Cell 2024; 187:1745-1761.e19. [PMID: 38518772 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2024.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2023] [Revised: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2024] [Indexed: 03/24/2024]
Abstract
Proprioception tells the brain the state of the body based on distributed sensory neurons. Yet, the principles that govern proprioceptive processing are poorly understood. Here, we employ a task-driven modeling approach to investigate the neural code of proprioceptive neurons in cuneate nucleus (CN) and somatosensory cortex area 2 (S1). We simulated muscle spindle signals through musculoskeletal modeling and generated a large-scale movement repertoire to train neural networks based on 16 hypotheses, each representing different computational goals. We found that the emerging, task-optimized internal representations generalize from synthetic data to predict neural dynamics in CN and S1 of primates. Computational tasks that aim to predict the limb position and velocity were the best at predicting the neural activity in both areas. Since task optimization develops representations that better predict neural activity during active than passive movements, we postulate that neural activity in the CN and S1 is top-down modulated during goal-directed movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Marin Vargas
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Axel Bisi
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alberto S Chiappa
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Chris Versteeg
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Neuroscience, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA; Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL 60611, USA
| | - Alexander Mathis
- Brain Mind Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; NeuroX Institute, School of Life Sciences, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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3
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Kumaravelu K, Grill WM. Neural mechanisms of the temporal response of cortical neurons to intracortical microstimulation. Brain Stimul 2024; 17:365-381. [PMID: 38492885 PMCID: PMC11090107 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2024.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is used to map neuronal circuitry in the brain and restore lost sensory function, including vision, hearing, and somatosensation. The temporal response of cortical neurons to single pulse ICMS is remarkably stereotyped and comprises short latency excitation followed by prolonged inhibition and, in some cases, rebound excitation. However, the neural origin of the different response components to ICMS are poorly understood, and the interactions between the three response components during trains of ICMS pulses remains unclear. OBJECTIVE We used computational modeling to determine the mechanisms contributing to the temporal response to ICMS in model cortical neurons. METHODS We implemented a biophysically based computational model of a cortical column comprising neurons with realistic morphology and synapses and quantified the temporal response of cortical neurons to different ICMS protocols. We characterized the temporal responses to single pulse ICMS across stimulation intensities and inhibitory (GABA-B/GABA-A) synaptic strengths. To probe interactions between response components, we quantified the response to paired pulse ICMS at different inter-pulse intervals and the response to short trains at different stimulation frequencies. Finally, we evaluated the performance of biomimetic ICMS trains in evoking sustained neural responses. RESULTS Single pulse ICMS evoked short latency excitation followed by a period of inhibition, but model neurons did not exhibit post-inhibitory excitation. The strength of short latency excitation increased and the duration of inhibition increased with increased stimulation amplitude. Prolonged inhibition resulted from both after-hyperpolarization currents and GABA-B synaptic transmission. During the paired pulse protocol, the strength of short latency excitation evoked by a test pulse decreased marginally compared to those evoked by a single pulse for interpulse intervals (IPI) < 100 m s. Further, the duration of inhibition evoked by the test pulse was prolonged compared to single pulse for IPIs <50 m s and was not predicted by linear superposition of individual inhibitory responses. For IPIs>50 m s, the duration of inhibition evoked by the test pulse was comparable to those evoked by a single pulse. Short ICMS trains evoked repetitive excitatory responses against a background of inhibition. However, the strength of the repetitive excitatory response declined during ICMS at higher frequencies. Further, the duration of inhibition at the cessation of ICMS at higher frequencies was prolonged compared to the duration following a single pulse. Biomimetic pulse trains evoked comparable neural response between the onset and offset phases despite the presence of stimulation induced inhibition. CONCLUSIONS The cortical column model replicated the short latency excitation and long-lasting inhibitory components of the stereotyped neural response documented in experimental studies of ICMS. Both cellular and synaptic mechanisms influenced the response components generated by ICMS. The non-linear interactions between response components resulted in dynamic ICMS-evoked neural activity and may play an important role in mediating the ICMS-induced precepts.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA; Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA.
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4
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Katic Secerovic N, Balaguer JM, Gorskii O, Pavlova N, Liang L, Ho J, Grigsby E, Gerszten PC, Karal-Ogly D, Bulgin D, Orlov S, Pirondini E, Musienko P, Raspopovic S, Capogrosso M. Neural population dynamics reveals disruption of spinal circuits' responses to proprioceptive input during electrical stimulation of sensory afferents. Cell Rep 2024; 43:113695. [PMID: 38245870 PMCID: PMC10962447 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2024.113695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 11/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2024] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
While neurostimulation technologies are rapidly approaching clinical applications for sensorimotor disorders, the impact of electrical stimulation on network dynamics is still unknown. Given the high degree of shared processing in neural structures, it is critical to understand if neurostimulation affects functions that are related to, but not targeted by, the intervention. Here, we approach this question by studying the effects of electrical stimulation of cutaneous afferents on unrelated processing of proprioceptive inputs. We recorded intraspinal neural activity in four monkeys while generating proprioceptive inputs from the radial nerve. We then applied continuous stimulation to the radial nerve cutaneous branch and quantified the impact of the stimulation on spinal processing of proprioceptive inputs via neural population dynamics. Proprioceptive pulses consistently produce neural trajectories that are disrupted by concurrent cutaneous stimulation. This disruption propagates to the somatosensory cortex, suggesting that electrical stimulation can perturb natural information processing across the neural axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalija Katic Secerovic
- School of Electrical Engineering, University of Belgrade, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; The Mihajlo Pupin Institute, University of Belgrade, 11060 Belgrade, Serbia; Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Josep-Maria Balaguer
- Rehab and Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Oleg Gorskii
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Pavlov Institute of Physiology, Russian Academy of Sciences, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; National University of Science and Technology "MISIS," 4 Leninskiy Pr., 119049 Moscow, Russia
| | - Natalia Pavlova
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia
| | - Lucy Liang
- Rehab and Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jonathan Ho
- Rehab and Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Erinn Grigsby
- Rehab and Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Peter C Gerszten
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Dzhina Karal-Ogly
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Dmitry Bulgin
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," 123098 Moscow, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia
| | - Sergei Orlov
- National Research Centre "Kurchatov Institute," 123098 Moscow, Russia
| | - Elvira Pirondini
- Rehab and Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurobiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Pavel Musienko
- Institute of Translational Biomedicine, Saint-Petersburg State University, 199034 Saint-Petersburg, Russia; Sirius University of Science and Technology, 354340 Sochi, Russia; Life Improvement by Future Technologies Center "LIFT," 143025 Moscow, Russia
| | - Stanisa Raspopovic
- Laboratory for Neuroengineering, Institute for Robotics and Intelligent Systems, ETH Zürich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Marco Capogrosso
- Rehab and Neural Engineering Labs, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA; Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA.
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5
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Mirfathollahi A, Ghodrati MT, Shalchyan V, Zarrindast MR, Daliri MR. Decoding hand kinetics and kinematics using somatosensory cortex activity in active and passive movement. iScience 2023; 26:107808. [PMID: 37736040 PMCID: PMC10509302 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Area 2 of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), encodes proprioceptive information of limbs. Several studies investigated the encoding of movement parameters in this area. However, the single-trial decoding of these parameters, which can provide additional knowledge about the amount of information available in sub-regions of this area about instantaneous limb movement, has not been well investigated. We decoded kinematic and kinetic parameters of active and passive hand movement during center-out task using conventional and state-based decoders. Our results show that this area can be used to accurately decode position, velocity, force, moment, and joint angles of hand. Kinematics had higher accuracies compared to kinetics and active trials were decoded more accurately than passive trials. Although the state-based decoder outperformed the conventional decoder in the active task, it was the opposite in the passive task. These results can be used in intracortical micro-stimulation procedures to provide proprioceptive feedback to BCI subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alavie Mirfathollahi
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Pardis 16583- 44575 Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience & Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Taghi Ghodrati
- Neuroscience & Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Vahid Shalchyan
- Neuroscience & Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Zarrindast
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Pardis 16583- 44575 Tehran, Iran
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 14166-34793, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Daliri
- Institute for Cognitive Science Studies (ICSS), Pardis 16583- 44575 Tehran, Iran
- Neuroscience & Neuroengineering Research Lab, Biomedical Engineering Department, School of Electrical Engineering, Iran University of Science and Technology (IUST), Narmak, Tehran 16846-13114, Iran
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6
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Sanders Z, Dempsey‐Jones H, Wesselink DB, Edmondson LR, Puckett AM, Saal HP, Makin TR. Similar somatotopy for active and passive digit representation in primary somatosensory cortex. Hum Brain Mapp 2023; 44:3568-3585. [PMID: 37145934 PMCID: PMC10203813 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.26298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 12/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Scientists traditionally use passive stimulation to examine the organisation of primary somatosensory cortex (SI). However, given the close, bidirectional relationship between the somatosensory and motor systems, active paradigms involving free movement may uncover alternative SI representational motifs. Here, we used 7 Tesla functional magnetic resonance imaging to compare hallmark features of SI digit representation between active and passive tasks which were unmatched on task or stimulus properties. The spatial location of digit maps, somatotopic organisation, and inter-digit representational structure were largely consistent between tasks, indicating representational consistency. We also observed some task differences. The active task produced higher univariate activity and multivariate representational information content (inter-digit distances). The passive task showed a trend towards greater selectivity for digits versus their neighbours. Our findings highlight that, while the gross features of SI functional organisation are task invariant, it is important to also consider motor contributions to digit representation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeena‐Britt Sanders
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIB, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
| | - Harriet Dempsey‐Jones
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- School of PsychologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Daan B. Wesselink
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIB, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
| | | | - Alexander M. Puckett
- School of PsychologyThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Hannes P. Saal
- Queensland Brain InstituteThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneAustralia
| | - Tamar R. Makin
- Wellcome Centre of Integrative NeuroimagingFMRIB, John Radcliffe HospitalOxfordUK
- Institute of Cognitive NeuroscienceUniversity College LondonLondonUK
- MRC Cognition and Brain Sciences UnitUniversity of CambridgeCambridgeUK
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7
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Schneider S, Lee JH, Mathis MW. Learnable latent embeddings for joint behavioural and neural analysis. Nature 2023; 617:360-368. [PMID: 37138088 PMCID: PMC10172131 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-06031-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Mapping behavioural actions to neural activity is a fundamental goal of neuroscience. As our ability to record large neural and behavioural data increases, there is growing interest in modelling neural dynamics during adaptive behaviours to probe neural representations1-3. In particular, although neural latent embeddings can reveal underlying correlates of behaviour, we lack nonlinear techniques that can explicitly and flexibly leverage joint behaviour and neural data to uncover neural dynamics3-5. Here, we fill this gap with a new encoding method, CEBRA, that jointly uses behavioural and neural data in a (supervised) hypothesis- or (self-supervised) discovery-driven manner to produce both consistent and high-performance latent spaces. We show that consistency can be used as a metric for uncovering meaningful differences, and the inferred latents can be used for decoding. We validate its accuracy and demonstrate our tool's utility for both calcium and electrophysiology datasets, across sensory and motor tasks and in simple or complex behaviours across species. It allows leverage of single- and multi-session datasets for hypothesis testing or can be used label free. Lastly, we show that CEBRA can be used for the mapping of space, uncovering complex kinematic features, for the production of consistent latent spaces across two-photon and Neuropixels data, and can provide rapid, high-accuracy decoding of natural videos from visual cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Schneider
- Brain Mind Institute & Neuro X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jin Hwa Lee
- Brain Mind Institute & Neuro X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mackenzie Weygandt Mathis
- Brain Mind Institute & Neuro X Institute, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland.
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8
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Marciniak Dg Agra K, Dg Agra P. F = ma. Is the macaque brain Newtonian? Cogn Neuropsychol 2023; 39:376-408. [PMID: 37045793 DOI: 10.1080/02643294.2023.2191843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Intuitive Physics, the ability to anticipate how the physical events involving mass objects unfold in time and space, is a central component of intelligent systems. Intuitive physics is a promising tool for gaining insight into mechanisms that generalize across species because both humans and non-human primates are subject to the same physical constraints when engaging with the environment. Physical reasoning abilities are widely present within the animal kingdom, but monkeys, with acute 3D vision and a high level of dexterity, appreciate and manipulate the physical world in much the same way humans do.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Marciniak Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Pedro Dg Agra
- The Rockefeller University, Laboratory of Neural Circuits, New York, NY, USA
- Center for Brain, Minds and Machines, Cambridge, MA, USA
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9
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Alonso I, Scheer I, Palacio-Manzano M, Frézel-Jacob N, Philippides A, Prsa M. Peripersonal encoding of forelimb proprioception in the mouse somatosensory cortex. Nat Commun 2023; 14:1866. [PMID: 37045825 PMCID: PMC10097678 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-37575-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Conscious perception of limb movements depends on proprioceptive neural responses in the somatosensory cortex. In contrast to tactile sensations, proprioceptive cortical coding is barely studied in the mammalian brain and practically non-existent in rodent research. To understand the cortical representation of this important sensory modality we developed a passive forelimb displacement paradigm in behaving mice and also trained them to perceptually discriminate where their limb is moved in space. We delineated the rodent proprioceptive cortex with wide-field calcium imaging and optogenetic silencing experiments during behavior. Our results reveal that proprioception is represented in both sensory and motor cortical areas. In addition, behavioral measurements and responses of layer 2/3 neurons imaged with two-photon microscopy reveal that passive limb movements are both perceived and encoded in the mouse cortex as a spatial direction vector that interfaces the limb with the body's peripersonal space.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ignacio Alonso
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Irina Scheer
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Mélanie Palacio-Manzano
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Noémie Frézel-Jacob
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Antoine Philippides
- Department of Basic Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Mario Prsa
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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10
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Proprioceptive and Visual Feedback Responses in Macaques Exploit Goal Redundancy. J Neurosci 2023; 43:787-802. [PMID: 36535766 PMCID: PMC9899082 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1332-22.2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/10/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A common problem in motor control concerns how to generate patterns of muscle activity when there are redundant solutions to attain a behavioral goal. Optimal feedback control is a theory that has guided many behavioral studies exploring how the motor system incorporates task redundancy. This theory predicts that kinematic errors that deviate the limb should not be corrected if one can still attain the behavioral goal. Studies in humans demonstrate that the motor system can flexibly integrate visual and proprioceptive feedback of the limb with goal redundancy within 90 ms and 70 ms, respectively. Here, we show monkeys (Macaca mulatta) demonstrate similar abilities to exploit goal redundancy. We trained four male monkeys to reach for a goal that was either a narrow square or a wide, spatially redundant rectangle. Monkeys exhibited greater trial-by-trial variability when reaching to the wide goal consistent with exploiting goal redundancy. On random trials we jumped the visual feedback of the hand and found monkeys corrected for the jump when reaching to the narrow goal and largely ignored the jump when reaching for the wide goal. In a separate set of experiments, we applied mechanical loads to the arm of the monkey and found similar corrective responses based on goal shape. Muscle activity reflecting these different corrective responses were detected for the visual and mechanical perturbations starting at ∼90 and ∼70 ms, respectively. Thus, rapid motor responses in macaques can exploit goal redundancy similar to humans, creating a paradigm to study the neural basis of goal-directed motor action and motor redundancy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Moving in the world requires selecting from an infinite set of possible motor commands. Theories predict that motor commands are selected that exploit redundancies. Corrective responses in humans to either visual or proprioceptive disturbances of the limb can rapidly exploit redundant trajectories to a goal in <100 ms after a disturbance. However, uncovering the neural correlates generating these rapid motor corrections has been hampered by the absence of an animal model. We developed a behavioral paradigm in monkeys that incorporates redundancy in the form of the shape of the goal. Critically, monkeys exhibit corrective responses and timings similar to humans performing the same task. Our paradigm provides a model for investigating the neural correlates of sophisticated rapid motor corrections.
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11
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Keshtkaran MR, Sedler AR, Chowdhury RH, Tandon R, Basrai D, Nguyen SL, Sohn H, Jazayeri M, Miller LE, Pandarinath C. A large-scale neural network training framework for generalized estimation of single-trial population dynamics. Nat Methods 2022; 19:1572-1577. [PMID: 36443486 PMCID: PMC9825111 DOI: 10.1038/s41592-022-01675-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Achieving state-of-the-art performance with deep neural population dynamics models requires extensive hyperparameter tuning for each dataset. AutoLFADS is a model-tuning framework that automatically produces high-performing autoencoding models on data from a variety of brain areas and tasks, without behavioral or task information. We demonstrate its broad applicability on several rhesus macaque datasets: from motor cortex during free-paced reaching, somatosensory cortex during reaching with perturbations, and dorsomedial frontal cortex during a cognitive timing task.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Reza Keshtkaran
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Andrew R Sedler
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Raeed H Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raghav Tandon
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Center for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Diya Basrai
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
- Physiology and Neuroscience, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Sarah L Nguyen
- College of Computing, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hansem Sohn
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Mehrdad Jazayeri
- Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Chethan Pandarinath
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Center for Machine Learning, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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12
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Gallego-Carracedo C, Perich MG, Chowdhury RH, Miller LE, Gallego JÁ. Local field potentials reflect cortical population dynamics in a region-specific and frequency-dependent manner. eLife 2022; 11:73155. [PMID: 35968845 PMCID: PMC9470163 DOI: 10.7554/elife.73155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spiking activity of populations of cortical neurons is well described by the dynamics of a small number of population-wide covariance patterns, the 'latent dynamics'. These latent dynamics are largely driven by the same correlated synaptic currents across the circuit that determine the generation of local field potentials (LFP). Yet, the relationship between latent dynamics and LFPs remains largely unexplored. Here, we characterised this relationship for three different regions of primate sensorimotor cortex during reaching. The correlation between latent dynamics and LFPs was frequency-dependent and varied across regions. However, for any given region, this relationship remained stable throughout the behaviour: in each of primary motor and premotor cortices, the LFP-latent dynamics correlation profile was remarkably similar between movement planning and execution. These robust associations between LFPs and neural population latent dynamics help bridge the wealth of studies reporting neural correlates of behaviour using either type of recordings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew G Perich
- Department of Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, United States
| | - Raeed H Chowdhury
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, United States
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, United States
| | - Juan Álvaro Gallego
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
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13
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De Havas J, Ito S, Bestmann S, Gomi H. Neural dynamics of illusory tactile pulling sensations. iScience 2022; 25:105018. [PMID: 36105590 PMCID: PMC9464957 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.105018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 07/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Directional tactile pulling sensations are integral to everyday life, but their neural mechanisms remain unknown. Prior accounts hold that primary somatosensory (SI) activity is sufficient to generate pulling sensations, with alternative proposals suggesting that amodal frontal or parietal regions may be critical. We combined high-density EEG with asymmetric vibration, which creates an illusory pulling sensation, thereby unconfounding pulling sensations from unrelated sensorimotor processes. Oddballs that created opposite direction pulls to common stimuli were compared to the same oddballs after neutral common stimuli (symmetric vibration) and to neutral oddballs. We found evidence against the sensory-frontal N140 and in favor of the midline P200 tracking the emergence of pulling sensations, specifically contralateral parietal lobe activity 264-320ms, centered on the intraparietal sulcus. This suggests that SI is not sufficient to generate pulling sensations, which instead depend on the parietal association cortex, and may reflect the extraction of orientation information and related spatial processing. Tactile pulling sensations are difficult to isolate in the human brain Illusory pulls from asymmetric vibration allow neural activity to be isolated Pulling sensations are driven by parietal lobe activity 264-320ms post-stimulus Spatial processing in the parietal lobe may be essential for pulling sensations
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14
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Existing function in primary visual cortex is not perturbed by new skill acquisition of a non-matched sensory task. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3638. [PMID: 35752622 PMCID: PMC9233699 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-31440-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acquisition of new skills has the potential to disturb existing network function. To directly assess whether previously acquired cortical function is altered during learning, mice were trained in an abstract task in which selected activity patterns were rewarded using an optical brain-computer interface device coupled to primary visual cortex (V1) neurons. Excitatory neurons were longitudinally recorded using 2-photon calcium imaging. Despite significant changes in local neural activity during task performance, tuning properties and stimulus encoding assessed outside of the trained context were not perturbed. Similarly, stimulus tuning was stable in neurons that remained responsive following a different, visual discrimination training task. However, visual discrimination training increased the rate of representational drift. Our results indicate that while some forms of perceptual learning may modify the contribution of individual neurons to stimulus encoding, new skill learning is not inherently disruptive to the quality of stimulus representation in adult V1.
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15
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Andersen RA, Aflalo T. Preserved cortical somatotopic and motor representations in tetraplegic humans. Curr Opin Neurobiol 2022; 74:102547. [DOI: 10.1016/j.conb.2022.102547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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16
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Goldring AB, Cooke DF, Pineda CR, Recanzone GH, Krubitzer LA. Functional characterization of the fronto-parietal reaching and grasping network: reversible deactivation of M1 and areas 2, 5, and 7b in awake behaving monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2022; 127:1363-1387. [PMID: 35417261 PMCID: PMC9109808 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00279.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present investigation, we examined the role of different cortical fields in the fronto-parietal reaching and grasping network in awake, behaving macaque monkeys. This network is greatly expanded in primates compared to other mammals and coevolved with glabrous hands with opposable thumbs and the extraordinary dexterous behaviors employed by a number of primates, including humans. To examine this, we reversibly deactivated the primary motor area (M1), anterior parietal area 2, and posterior parietal areas 5L and 7b individually while monkeys were performing two types of reaching and grasping tasks. Reversible deactivation was accomplished with small microfluidic thermal regulators abutting specifically targeted cortical areas. Placement of these devices in the different cortical fields was confirmed post hoc in histologically processed tissue. Our results indicate that the different areas examined form a complex network of motor control that is overlapping. However, several consistent themes emerged that suggest the independent roles that motor cortex, area 2, area 7b, and area 5L play in the motor planning and execution of reaching and grasping movements. Area 5L is involved in the early stages and area 7b the later stages of a reaching and grasping movement, motor cortex is involved in all aspects of the execution of the movement, and area 2 provides proprioceptive feedback throughout the movement. We discuss our results in the context of previous studies that explored the fronto-parietal network, the overlapping (but also independent) functions of different nodes of this network, and the rapid compensatory plasticity of this network.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first study to directly compare the results of cooling different portions of the fronto-parietal reaching and grasping network (motor cortex, anterior and posterior parietal cortex) in the same animals and the first to employ a complex, bimanual reaching and grasping task that is ethologically relevant. Whereas cooling area 7b or area 5L evoked deficits at distinct task phases, cooling M1 evoked a general set of deficits and cooling area 2 evoked proprioceptive deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam B Goldring
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Dylan F Cooke
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology (BPK), Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Carlos R Pineda
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Gregg H Recanzone
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, California
| | - Leah A Krubitzer
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, California
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, California
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17
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Sombeck J, Heye J, Kumaravelu K, Goetz S, Peterchev AV, Grill WM, Bensmaia SJ, Miller LE. Characterizing the short-latency evoked response to intracortical microstimulation across a multi-electrode array. J Neural Eng 2022; 19. [PMID: 35378515 PMCID: PMC9142773 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ac63e8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Persons with tetraplegia can use brain-machine interfaces to make visually guided reaches with robotic arms. Without somatosensory feedback, these movements will likely be slow and imprecise, like those of persons who retain movement but have lost proprioception. Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) has promise for providing artificial somatosensory feedback. If ICMS can mimic naturally occurring neural activity, afferent interfaces may be more informative and easier to learn than interfaces that evoke unnaturalistic activity. To develop such biomimetic stimulation patterns, it is important to characterize the responses of neurons to ICMS. APPROACH Using a Utah multi-electrode array, we recorded activity evoked by single pulses and trains of ICMS at a wide range of amplitudes and frequencies in two rhesus macaques. As the electrical artifact caused by ICMS typically prevents recording for many milliseconds, we deployed a custom rapid-recovery amplifier with nonlinear gain to limit signal saturation on the stimulated electrode. Across all electrodes after stimulation, we removed the remaining slow return to baseline with acausal high-pass filtering of time-reversed recordings. MAIN RESULTS After single pulses of stimulation, we recorded what was likely transsynaptically-evoked activity even on the stimulated electrode as early as ~0.7 ms. This was immediately followed by suppressed neural activity lasting 10-150 ms. After trains, this long-lasting inhibition was replaced by increased firing rates for ~100 ms. During long trains, the evoked response on the stimulated electrode decayed rapidly while the response was maintained on non-stimulated channels. SIGNIFICANCE The detailed description of the spatial and temporal response to ICMS can be used to better interpret results from experiments that probe circuit connectivity or function of cortical areas. These results can also contribute to the design of stimulation patterns to improve afferent interfaces for artificial sensory feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Sombeck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, 2145 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois, 60208, UNITED STATES
| | - Juliet Heye
- Department of Neuroscience, Northwestern University, 310 E. Superior St, Chicago, Illinois, 60202, UNITED STATES
| | - Karthik Kumaravelu
- Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, 2080 Duke University Road, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0187, UNITED STATES
| | - Stefan Goetz
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, 2080 Duke University Road, Durham, North Carolina, 27708, UNITED STATES
| | - Angel V Peterchev
- Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Duke University School of Medicine, 40 Duke Medicine Circle, Durham, North Carolina, 27710, UNITED STATES
| | - Warren M Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Hudson Hall 136, Box 90281, Durham, North Carolina, 27708-0281, UNITED STATES
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, 1027 E 57th St, Chicago, IL 60637, USA, Chicago, Illinois, 60637, UNITED STATES
| | - Lee E Miller
- Neuroscience, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, 303 East Chicago Ave, Chicago, Illinois, 60611-3008, UNITED STATES
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18
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Pandarinath C, Bensmaia SJ. The science and engineering behind sensitized brain-controlled bionic hands. Physiol Rev 2022; 102:551-604. [PMID: 34541898 PMCID: PMC8742729 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00034.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in our understanding of brain function, along with the development of neural interfaces that allow for the monitoring and activation of neurons, have paved the way for brain-machine interfaces (BMIs), which harness neural signals to reanimate the limbs via electrical activation of the muscles or to control extracorporeal devices, thereby bypassing the muscles and senses altogether. BMIs consist of reading out motor intent from the neuronal responses monitored in motor regions of the brain and executing intended movements with bionic limbs, reanimated limbs, or exoskeletons. BMIs also allow for the restoration of the sense of touch by electrically activating neurons in somatosensory regions of the brain, thereby evoking vivid tactile sensations and conveying feedback about object interactions. In this review, we discuss the neural mechanisms of motor control and somatosensation in able-bodied individuals and describe approaches to use neuronal responses as control signals for movement restoration and to activate residual sensory pathways to restore touch. Although the focus of the review is on intracortical approaches, we also describe alternative signal sources for control and noninvasive strategies for sensory restoration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chethan Pandarinath
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Emory University and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Department of Neurosurgery, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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19
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Muret D, Root V, Kieliba P, Clode D, Makin TR. Beyond body maps: Information content of specific body parts is distributed across the somatosensory homunculus. Cell Rep 2022; 38:110523. [PMID: 35294887 PMCID: PMC8938902 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2022.110523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2021] [Revised: 12/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The homunculus in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) is famous for its body part selectivity, but this dominant feature may eclipse other representational features, e.g., information content, also relevant for S1 organization. Using multivariate fMRI analysis, we ask whether body part information content can be identified in S1 beyond its primary region. Throughout S1, we identify significant representational dissimilarities between body parts but also subparts in distant non-primary regions (e.g., between the hand and the lips in the foot region and between different face parts in the foot region). Two movements performed by one body part (e.g., the hand) could also be dissociated well beyond its primary region (e.g., in the foot and face regions), even within Brodmann area 3b. Our results demonstrate that information content is more distributed across S1 than selectivity maps suggest. This finding reveals underlying information contents in S1 that could be harnessed for rehabilitation and brain-machine interfaces. We replicate the high univariate selectivity profile of the somatosensory homunculus We use multivariate fMRI analysis to identify information content beyond selectivity Significant body part and action-related content are found throughout the homunculus Functional information is available, even in regions selective to other body parts
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Affiliation(s)
- Dollyane Muret
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK.
| | - Victoria Root
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Centre of Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Paulina Kieliba
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK
| | - Danielle Clode
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Dani Clode Design, 40 Hillside Road, London SW2 3HW, UK
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, 17 Queen Square, London WC1N 3AZ, UK; Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, University College London, London WC1N 3AR, UK
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20
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21
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Abstract
Traditional brain-machine interfaces decode cortical motor commands to control external devices. These commands are the product of higher-level cognitive processes, occurring across a network of brain areas, that integrate sensory information, plan upcoming motor actions, and monitor ongoing movements. We review cognitive signals recently discovered in the human posterior parietal cortex during neuroprosthetic clinical trials. These signals are consistent with small regions of cortex having a diverse role in cognitive aspects of movement control and body monitoring, including sensorimotor integration, planning, trajectory representation, somatosensation, action semantics, learning, and decision making. These variables are encoded within the same population of cells using structured representations that bind related sensory and motor variables, an architecture termed partially mixed selectivity. Diverse cognitive signals provide complementary information to traditional motor commands to enable more natural and intuitive control of external devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard A Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
| | - Tyson Aflalo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Luke Bashford
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - David Bjånes
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
| | - Spencer Kellis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering and Tianqiao & Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California 91125, USA;
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, California 90033, USA
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22
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Kumaravelu K, Sombeck J, Miller LE, Bensmaia SJ, Grill WM. Stoney vs. Histed: Quantifying the spatial effects of intracortical microstimulation. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:141-151. [PMID: 34861412 PMCID: PMC8816873 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 11/17/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) is used to map neural circuits and restore lost sensory modalities such as vision, hearing, and somatosensation. The spatial effects of ICMS remain controversial: Stoney and colleagues proposed that the volume of somatic activation increased with stimulation intensity, while Histed et al., suggested activation density, but not somatic activation volume, increases with stimulation intensity. OBJECTIVE We used computational modeling to quantify the spatial effects of ICMS intensity and unify the apparently paradoxical findings of Histed and Stoney. METHODS We implemented a biophysically-based computational model of a cortical column comprising neurons with realistic morphology and representative synapses. We quantified the spatial effects of single pulses and short trains of ICMS, including the volume of activated neurons and the density of activated neurons as a function of stimulation intensity. RESULTS At all amplitudes, the dominant mode of somatic activation was by antidromic propagation to the soma following axonal activation, rather than via transsynaptic activation. There were no occurrences of direct activation of somata or dendrites. The volume over which antidromic action potentials were initiated grew with stimulation amplitude, while the volume of somatic activation increased marginally. However, the density of somatic activation within the activated volume increased with stimulation amplitude. CONCLUSIONS The results resolve the apparent paradox between Stoney and Histed's results by demonstrating that the volume over which action potentials are initiated grows with ICMS amplitude, consistent with Stoney. However, the volume occupied by the activated somata remains approximately constant, while the density of activated neurons within that volume increase, consistent with Histed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Joseph Sombeck
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Lee E. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sliman J. Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Warren M. Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC,Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC,Correspondence: Warren M. Grill, Ph.D., Duke University, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Rm. 1427, Fitzpatrick CIEMAS, 101 Science Drive, Campus Box 90281, Durham, NC, 27708, USA, , 919 660-5276 Phone, 919 684-4488 FAX
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23
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Vestibular and active self-motion signals drive visual perception in binocular rivalry. iScience 2021; 24:103417. [PMID: 34877486 PMCID: PMC8632839 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2021.103417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Multisensory integration helps the brain build reliable models of the world and resolve ambiguities. Visual interactions with sound and touch are well established but vestibular influences on vision are less well studied. Here, we test the vestibular influence on vision using horizontally opposed motions presented one to each eye so that visual perception is unstable and alternates irregularly. Passive, whole-body rotations in the yaw plane stabilized visual alternations, with perceived direction oscillating congruently with rotation (leftward motion during leftward rotation, and vice versa). This demonstrates a purely vestibular signal can resolve ambiguous visual motion and determine visual perception. Active self-rotation following the same sinusoidal profile also entrained vision to the rotation cycle – more strongly and with a lesser time lag, likely because of efference copy and predictive internal models. Both experiments show that visual ambiguity provides an effective paradigm to reveal how vestibular and motor inputs can shape visual perception. Binocular rivalry between left/right motions is stabilized by congruent head movement Left/right head rotations entrain rivalry dynamics so matching direction is perceived Active and passive rotations both drive rivalry dominance to match rotation direction Resolving ambiguous vision occurs in a broader vestibular and action-based context
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24
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Kalidindi HT, Cross KP, Lillicrap TP, Omrani M, Falotico E, Sabes PN, Scott SH. Rotational dynamics in motor cortex are consistent with a feedback controller. eLife 2021; 10:e67256. [PMID: 34730516 PMCID: PMC8691841 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies have identified rotational dynamics in motor cortex (MC), which many assume arise from intrinsic connections in MC. However, behavioral and neurophysiological studies suggest that MC behaves like a feedback controller where continuous sensory feedback and interactions with other brain areas contribute substantially to MC processing. We investigated these apparently conflicting theories by building recurrent neural networks that controlled a model arm and received sensory feedback from the limb. Networks were trained to counteract perturbations to the limb and to reach toward spatial targets. Network activities and sensory feedback signals to the network exhibited rotational structure even when the recurrent connections were removed. Furthermore, neural recordings in monkeys performing similar tasks also exhibited rotational structure not only in MC but also in somatosensory cortex. Our results argue that rotational structure may also reflect dynamics throughout the voluntary motor system involved in online control of motor actions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kevin P Cross
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Timothy P Lillicrap
- Centre for Computation, Mathematics and Physics, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
| | - Mohsen Omrani
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's UniversityKingstonCanada
| | - Egidio Falotico
- The BioRobotics Institute, Scuola Superiore Sant'AnnaPisaItaly
| | - Philip N Sabes
- Department of Physiology, University of California, San FranciscoSan FranciscoUnited States
| | - Stephen H Scott
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's UniversityKingstonCanada
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25
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Sobinov AR, Bensmaia SJ. The neural mechanisms of manual dexterity. Nat Rev Neurosci 2021; 22:741-757. [PMID: 34711956 DOI: 10.1038/s41583-021-00528-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The hand endows us with unparalleled precision and versatility in our interactions with objects, from mundane activities such as grasping to extraordinary ones such as virtuoso pianism. The complex anatomy of the human hand combined with expansive and specialized neuronal control circuits allows a wide range of precise manual behaviours. To support these behaviours, an exquisite sensory apparatus, spanning the modalities of touch and proprioception, conveys detailed and timely information about our interactions with objects and about the objects themselves. The study of manual dexterity provides a unique lens into the sensorimotor mechanisms that endow the nervous system with the ability to flexibly generate complex behaviour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anton R Sobinov
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Neuroscience Institute, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA. .,Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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26
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Kikkert S, Pfyffer D, Verling M, Freund P, Wenderoth N. Finger somatotopy is preserved after tetraplegia but deteriorates over time. eLife 2021; 10:e67713. [PMID: 34665133 PMCID: PMC8575460 DOI: 10.7554/elife.67713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies showed reorganised and/or altered activity in the primary sensorimotor cortex after a spinal cord injury (SCI), suggested to reflect abnormal processing. However, little is known about whether somatotopically specific representations can be activated despite reduced or absent afferent hand inputs. In this observational study, we used functional MRI and a (attempted) finger movement task in tetraplegic patients to characterise the somatotopic hand layout in primary somatosensory cortex. We further used structural MRI to assess spared spinal tissue bridges. We found that somatotopic hand representations can be activated through attempted finger movements in the absence of sensory and motor hand functioning, and no spared spinal tissue bridges. Such preserved hand somatotopy could be exploited by rehabilitation approaches that aim to establish new hand-brain functional connections after SCI (e.g. neuroprosthetics). However, over years since SCI the hand representation somatotopy deteriorated, suggesting that somatotopic hand representations are more easily targeted within the first years after SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Kikkert
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Dario Pfyffer
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Michaela Verling
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
| | - Patrick Freund
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Balgrist University Hospital, University of ZürichZürichSwitzerland
- Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Neuroimaging, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College LondonLondonUnited Kingdom
- Department of Neurophysics, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain SciencesLeipzigGermany
| | - Nicole Wenderoth
- Neural Control of Movement Laboratory, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH ZürichZürichSwitzerland
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Versteeg C, Rosenow JM, Bensmaia SJ, Miller LE. Encoding of limb state by single neurons in the cuneate nucleus of awake monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2021; 126:693-706. [PMID: 34010577 PMCID: PMC8409958 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00568.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The cuneate nucleus (CN) is among the first sites along the neuraxis where proprioceptive signals can be integrated, transformed, and modulated. The objective of the study was to characterize the proprioceptive representations in CN. To this end, we recorded from single CN neurons in three monkeys during active reaching and passive limb perturbation. We found that many neurons exhibited responses that were tuned approximately sinusoidally to limb movement direction, as has been found for other sensorimotor neurons. The distribution of their preferred directions (PDs) was highly nonuniform and resembled that of muscle spindles within individual muscles, suggesting that CN neurons typically receive inputs from only a single muscle. We also found that the responses of proprioceptive CN neurons tended to be modestly amplified during active reaching movements compared to passive limb perturbations, in contrast to cutaneous CN neurons whose responses were not systematically different in the active and passive conditions. Somatosensory signals thus seem to be subject to a "spotlighting" of relevant sensory information rather than uniform suppression as has been suggested previously.NEW & NOTEWORTHY The cuneate nucleus (CN) is the somatosensory gateway into the brain, and only recently has it been possible to record these signals from an awake animal. We recorded single CN neurons in monkeys. Proprioceptive CN neurons appear to receive input from very few muscles, and their sensitivity to movement changes reliably during reaching relative to passive arm perturbations. Sensitivity is generally increased, but not exclusively so, as though CN "spotlights" critical proprioceptive information during reaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Versteeg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
| | - Joshua M Rosenow
- Department of Neurology, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Sliman J Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
- Grossman Institute of Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, Illinois
- Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois
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Gale DJ, Flanagan JR, Gallivan JP. Human Somatosensory Cortex Is Modulated during Motor Planning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:5909-5922. [PMID: 34035139 PMCID: PMC8265805 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.0342-21.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Revised: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent data and motor control theory argues that movement planning involves preparing the neural state of primary motor cortex (M1) for forthcoming action execution. Theories related to internal models, feedback control, and predictive coding also emphasize the importance of sensory prediction (and processing) before (and during) the movement itself, explaining why motor-related deficits can arise from damage to primary somatosensory cortex (S1). Motivated by this work, here we examined whether motor planning, in addition to changing the neural state of M1, changes the neural state of S1, preparing it for the sensory feedback that arises during action. We tested this idea in two human functional MRI studies (N = 31, 16 females) involving delayed object manipulation tasks, focusing our analysis on premovement activity patterns in M1 and S1. We found that the motor effector to be used in the upcoming action could be decoded, well before movement, from neural activity in M1 in both studies. Critically, we found that this effector information was also present, well before movement, in S1. In particular, we found that the encoding of effector information in area 3b (S1 proper) was linked to the contralateral hand, similarly to that found in M1, whereas in areas 1 and 2 this encoding was present in both the contralateral and ipsilateral hemispheres. Together, these findings suggest that motor planning not only prepares the motor system for movement but also changes the neural state of the somatosensory system, presumably allowing it to anticipate the sensory information received during movement.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Whereas recent work on motor cortex has emphasized the critical role of movement planning in preparing neural activity for movement generation, it has not investigated the extent to which planning also modulates the activity in the adjacent primary somatosensory cortex. This reflects a key gap in knowledge, given that recent motor control theories emphasize the importance of sensory feedback processing in effective movement generation. Here, we find through a convergence of experiments and analyses, that the planning of object manipulation tasks, in addition to modulating the activity in the motor cortex, changes the state of neural activity in different subfields of the human S1. We suggest that this modulation prepares the S1 for the sensory information it will receive during action execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Gale
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - J Randall Flanagan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Jason P Gallivan
- Centre for Neuroscience Studies, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Psychology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
- Department of Biomedical and Molecular Sciences, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
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Lutz OJ, Bensmaia SJ. Proprioceptive representations of the hand in somatosensory cortex. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Versteeg C, Chowdhury RH, Miller LE. Cuneate nucleus: The somatosensory gateway to the brain. CURRENT OPINION IN PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 20:206-215. [PMID: 33869911 DOI: 10.1016/j.cophys.2021.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Much remains unknown about the transformation of proprioceptive afferent input from the periphery to the cortex. Until recently, the only recordings from neurons in the cuneate nucleus (CN) were from anesthetized animals. We are beginning to learn more about how the sense of proprioception is transformed as it propagates centrally. Recent recordings from microelectrode arrays chronically implanted in CN have revealed that CN neurons with muscle-like properties have a greater sensitivity to active reaching movements than to passive limb displacement, and we find that these neurons have receptive fields that resemble single muscles. In this review, we focus on the varied uses of proprioceptive input and the possible role of CN in processing this information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Versteeg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern 7 University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Raeed H Chowdhury
- Department of Bioengineering, Swanson School of Engineering, University of Pittsburgh, 10 Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, McCormick School of Engineering, Northwestern 7 University, Evanston, IL, USA.,Department of Physiology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, 13 IL, USA.,Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Feinberg School of Medicine, 16 Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.,Shirley Ryan AbilityLab, Chicago, IL, USA
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31
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Min K, Lee J, Kakei S. Dynamic Modulation of a Learned Motor Skill for Its Recruitment. Front Comput Neurosci 2020; 14:457682. [PMID: 33424572 PMCID: PMC7793756 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2020.457682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Humans learn motor skills (MSs) through practice and experience and may then retain them for recruitment, which is effective as a rapid response for novel contexts. For an MS to be recruited for novel contexts, its recruitment range must be extended. In addressing this issue, we hypothesized that an MS is dynamically modulated according to the feedback context to expand its recruitment range into novel contexts, which do not involve the learning of an MS. The following two sub-issues are considered. We previously demonstrated that the learned MS could be recruited in novel contexts through its modulation, which is driven by dynamically regulating the synergistic redundancy between muscles according to the feedback context. However, this modulation is trained in the dynamics under the MS learning context. Learning an MS in a specific condition naturally causes movement deviation from the desired state when the MS is executed in a novel context. We hypothesized that this deviation can be reduced with the additional modulation of an MS, which tunes the MS-produced muscle activities by using the feedback gain signals driven by the deviation from the desired state. Based on this hypothesis, we propose a feedback gain signal-driven tuning model of a learned MS for its robust recruitment. This model is based on the neurophysiological architecture in the cortico-basal ganglia circuit, in which an MS is plausibly retained as it was learned and is then recruited by tuning its muscle control signals according to the feedback context. In this study, through computational simulation, we show that the proposed model may be used to neurophysiologically describe the recruitment of a learned MS in novel contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyuengbo Min
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jongho Lee
- Department of Clinical Engineering, Faculty of Health Sciences, Komatsu University, Komatsu, Japan
| | - Shinji Kakei
- Department of Psychiatry & Behavioral Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Tokyo, Japan
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Jafari M, Aflalo T, Chivukula S, Kellis SS, Salas MA, Norman SL, Pejsa K, Liu CY, Andersen RA. The human primary somatosensory cortex encodes imagined movement in the absence of sensory information. Commun Biol 2020; 3:757. [PMID: 33311578 PMCID: PMC7732821 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-020-01484-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical systems neuroscience positions primary sensory areas as early feed-forward processing stations for refining incoming sensory information. This view may oversimplify their role given extensive bi-directional connectivity with multimodal cortical and subcortical regions. Here we show that single units in human primary somatosensory cortex encode imagined reaches in a cognitive motor task, but not other sensory–motor variables such as movement plans or imagined arm position. A population reference-frame analysis demonstrates coding relative to the cued starting hand location suggesting that imagined reaching movements are encoded relative to imagined limb position. These results imply a potential role for primary somatosensory cortex in cognitive imagery, engagement during motor production in the absence of sensation or expected sensation, and suggest that somatosensory cortex can provide control signals for future neural prosthetic systems. Matiar Jafari, Tyson Aflalo et al. show that the human primary somatosensory cortex is activated when subjects imagine reaches in a cognitive motor task, but not when they plan movement or imagine a static limb position. These results highlight a role for this region in cognitive imagery and motor control in the absence of sensory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matiar Jafari
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,UCLA-Caltech Medical Scientist Training Program, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Tyson Aflalo
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA. .,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.
| | - Srinivas Chivukula
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Los Angeles Medical Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Spencer Sterling Kellis
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | | | - Sumner Lee Norman
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Kelsie Pejsa
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
| | - Charles Yu Liu
- USC Neurorestoration Center, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Department of Neurological Surgery, Keck School of Medicine of USC, Los Angeles, CA, USA.,Rancho Los Amigos National Rehabilitation Center, Downey, CA, USA
| | - Richard Alan Andersen
- Division of Biology and Biological Engineering, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA.,Tianqiao and Chrissy Chen Brain-Machine Interface Center, Chen Institute for Neuroscience, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, CA, USA
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Kumaravelu K, Tomlinson T, Callier T, Sombeck J, Bensmaia SJ, Miller LE, Grill WM. A comprehensive model-based framework for optimal design of biomimetic patterns of electrical stimulation for prosthetic sensation. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046045. [PMID: 32759488 PMCID: PMC8559728 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/abacd8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Touch and proprioception are essential to motor function as shown by the movement deficits that result from the loss of these senses, e.g. due to neuropathy of sensory nerves. To achieve a high-performance brain-controlled prosthetic arm/hand thus requires the restoration of somatosensation, perhaps through intracortical microstimulation (ICMS) of somatosensory cortex (S1). The challenge is to generate patterns of neuronal activation that evoke interpretable percepts. We present a framework to design optimal spatiotemporal patterns of ICMS (STIM) that evoke naturalistic patterns of neuronal activity and demonstrate performance superior to four previous approaches. APPROACH We recorded multiunit activity from S1 during a center-out reach task (from proprioceptive neurons in Brodmann's area 2) and during application of skin indentations (from cutaneous neurons in Brodmann's area 1). We implemented a computational model of a cortical hypercolumn and used a genetic algorithm to design STIM that evoked patterns of model neuron activity that mimicked their experimentally-measured counterparts. Finally, from the ICMS patterns, the evoked neuronal activity, and the stimulus parameters that gave rise to it, we trained a recurrent neural network (RNN) to learn the mapping function between the physical stimulus and the biomimetic stimulation pattern, i.e. the sensory encoder to be integrated into a neuroprosthetic device. MAIN RESULTS We identified ICMS patterns that evoked simulated responses that closely approximated the measured responses for neurons within 50 µm of the electrode tip. The RNN-based sensory encoder generalized well to untrained limb movements or skin indentations. STIM designed using the model-based optimization approach outperformed STIM designed using existing linear and nonlinear mappings. SIGNIFICANCE The proposed framework produces an encoder that converts limb state or patterns of pressure exerted onto the prosthetic hand into STIM that evoke naturalistic patterns of neuronal activation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Thierri Callier
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Joseph Sombeck
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Sliman J. Bensmaia
- Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL
| | - Lee E. Miller
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
- Deptartment of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL
| | - Warren M. Grill
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University, Durham, NC
- Department of Neurosurgery, Duke University, Durham, NC
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Makin TR, Flor H. Brain (re)organisation following amputation: Implications for phantom limb pain. Neuroimage 2020; 218:116943. [PMID: 32428706 PMCID: PMC7422832 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.116943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Following arm amputation the region that represented the missing hand in primary somatosensory cortex (S1) becomes deprived of its primary input, resulting in changed boundaries of the S1 body map. This remapping process has been termed 'reorganisation' and has been attributed to multiple mechanisms, including increased expression of previously masked inputs. In a maladaptive plasticity model, such reorganisation has been associated with phantom limb pain (PLP). Brain activity associated with phantom hand movements is also correlated with PLP, suggesting that preserved limb functional representation may serve as a complementary process. Here we review some of the most recent evidence for the potential drivers and consequences of brain (re)organisation following amputation, based on human neuroimaging. We emphasise other perceptual and behavioural factors consequential to arm amputation, such as non-painful phantom sensations, perceived limb ownership, intact hand compensatory behaviour or prosthesis use, which have also been related to both cortical changes and PLP. We also discuss new findings based on interventions designed to alter the brain representation of the phantom limb, including augmented/virtual reality applications and brain computer interfaces. These studies point to a close interaction of sensory changes and alterations in brain regions involved in body representation, pain processing and motor control. Finally, we review recent evidence based on methodological advances such as high field neuroimaging and multivariate techniques that provide new opportunities to interrogate somatosensory representations in the missing hand cortical territory. Collectively, this research highlights the need to consider potential contributions of additional brain mechanisms, beyond S1 remapping, and the dynamic interplay of contextual factors with brain changes for understanding and alleviating PLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom; Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, UK.
| | - Herta Flor
- Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim, Heidelberg University, Mannheim, Germany; Department of Psychology, School of Social Sciences, University of Mannheim, Germany; Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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35
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Okorokova EV, Goodman JM, Hatsopoulos NG, Bensmaia SJ. Decoding hand kinematics from population responses in sensorimotor cortex during grasping. J Neural Eng 2020; 17:046035. [PMID: 32442987 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab95ea] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The hand-a complex effector comprising dozens of degrees of freedom of movement-endows us with the ability to flexibly, precisely, and effortlessly interact with objects. The neural signals associated with dexterous hand movements in primary motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory cortex (SC) have received comparatively less attention than have those associated with proximal upper limb control. APPROACH To fill this gap, we trained two monkeys to grasp objects varying in size and shape while tracking their hand postures and recording single-unit activity from M1 and SC. We then decoded their hand kinematics across tens of joints from population activity in these areas. MAIN RESULTS We found that we could accurately decode kinematics with a small number of neural signals and that different cortical fields carry different amounts of information about hand kinematics. In particular, neural signals in rostral M1 led to better performance than did signals in caudal M1, whereas Brodmann's area 3a outperformed areas 1 and 2 in SC. Moreover, decoding performance was higher for joint angles than joint angular velocities, in contrast to what has been found with proximal limb decoders. SIGNIFICANCE We conclude that cortical signals can be used for dexterous hand control in brain machine interface applications and that postural representations in SC may be exploited via intracortical stimulation to close the sensorimotor loop.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizaveta V Okorokova
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States of America. Center for Bioelectric Interfaces, National Research University Higher School of Economics, Moscow, Russia
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Hannanu FF, Goundous I, Detante O, Naegele B, Jaillard A. Spatiotemporal patterns of sensorimotor fMRI activity influence hand motor recovery in subacute stroke: A longitudinal task-related fMRI study. Cortex 2020; 129:80-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cortex.2020.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Parikh PJ, Fine JM, Santello M. Dexterous Object Manipulation Requires Context-Dependent Sensorimotor Cortical Interactions in Humans. Cereb Cortex 2020; 30:3087-3101. [PMID: 31845726 PMCID: PMC7197080 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhz296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Dexterous object manipulation is a hallmark of human evolution and a critical skill for everyday activities. A previous work has used a grasping context that predominantly elicits memory-based control of digit forces by constraining where the object should be grasped. For this "constrained" grasping context, the primary motor cortex (M1) is involved in storage and retrieval of digit forces used in previous manipulations. In contrast, when choice of digit contact points is allowed ("unconstrained" grasping), behavioral studies revealed that forces are adjusted, on a trial-to-trial basis, as a function of digit position. This suggests a role of online feedback of digit position for force control. However, despite the ubiquitous nature of unconstrained hand-object interactions in activities of daily living, the underlying neural mechanisms are unknown. Using noninvasive brain stimulation, we found the role of primary motor cortex (M1) and somatosensory cortex (S1) to be sensitive to grasping context. In constrained grasping, M1 but not S1 is involved in storing and retrieving learned digit forces and position. In contrast, in unconstrained grasping, M1 and S1 are involved in modulating digit forces to position. Our findings suggest that the relative contribution of memory and online feedback modulates sensorimotor cortical interactions for dexterous manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pranav J Parikh
- Department of Health and Human Performance, University of Houston, Houston, TX 77204-6015, USA
| | - Justin M Fine
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709, USA
| | - Marco Santello
- School of Biological and Health Systems Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ 85287-9709, USA
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Cybulska-Klosowicz A, Tremblay F, Jiang W, Bourgeon S, Meftah EM, Chapman CE. Differential effects of the mode of touch, active and passive, on experience-driven plasticity in the S1 cutaneous digit representation of adult macaque monkeys. J Neurophysiol 2020; 123:1072-1089. [DOI: 10.1152/jn.00014.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study compared the receptive field (RF) properties and firing rates of neurons in the cutaneous hand representation of primary somatosensory cortex (areas 3b, 1, and 2) of 9 awake, adult macaques that were intensively trained in a texture discrimination task using active touch (fingertips scanned over the surfaces using a single voluntary movement), passive touch (surfaces displaced under the immobile fingertips), or both active and passive touch. Two control monkeys received passive exposure to the same textures in the context of a visual discrimination task. Training and recording extended over 1–2 yr per animal. All neurons had a cutaneous receptive field (RF) that included the tips of the stimulated digits (D3 and/or D4). In area 3b, RFs were largest in monkeys trained with active touch, smallest in those trained with passive touch, and intermediate in those trained with both; i.e., the mode of touch differentially modified the cortical representation of the stimulated fingers. The same trends were seen in areas 1 and 2, but the changes were not significant, possibly because a second experience-driven influence was seen in areas 1 and 2, but not in area 3b: smaller RFs with passive exposure to irrelevant tactile inputs compared with recordings from one naive hemisphere. We suggest that added feedback during active touch and higher cortical firing rates were responsible for the larger RFs with behavioral training; this influence was tempered by periods of more restricted sensory feedback during passive touch training in the active + passive monkeys. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We studied experience-dependent sensory cortical plasticity in relation to tactile discrimination of texture using active and/or passive touch. We showed that neuronal receptive fields in primary somatosensory cortex, especially area 3b, are largest in monkeys trained with active touch, smallest in those trained with passive touch, and intermediate in those trained using both modes of touch. Prolonged, irrelevant tactile input had the opposite influence in areas 1 and 2, favoring smaller receptive fields.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anita Cybulska-Klosowicz
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- Laboratory of Neuroplasticity, Nencki Institute of Experimental Biology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - François Tremblay
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Wan Jiang
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Stéphanie Bourgeon
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - El-Mehdi Meftah
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - C. Elaine Chapman
- Groupe de Recherche sur le Système Nerveux Central, Département de Neurosciences Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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Gallego JA, Perich MG, Chowdhury RH, Solla SA, Miller LE. Long-term stability of cortical population dynamics underlying consistent behavior. Nat Neurosci 2020; 23:260-270. [PMID: 31907438 PMCID: PMC7007364 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0555-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Animals readily execute learned behaviors in a consistent manner over long periods of time, and yet no equally stable neural correlate has been demonstrated. How does the cortex achieve this stable control? Using the sensorimotor system as a model of cortical processing, we investigated the hypothesis that the dynamics of neural latent activity, which captures the dominant co-variation patterns within the neural population, must be preserved across time. We recorded from populations of neurons in premotor, primary motor and somatosensory cortices as monkeys performed a reaching task, for up to 2 years. Intriguingly, despite a steady turnover in the recorded neurons, the low-dimensional latent dynamics remained stable. The stability allowed reliable decoding of behavioral features for the entire timespan, while fixed decoders based directly on the recorded neural activity degraded substantially. We posit that stable latent cortical dynamics within the manifold are the fundamental building blocks underlying consistent behavioral execution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Gallego
- Neural and Cognitive Engineering Group, Center for Automation and Robotics, Spanish National Research Council, Arganda del Rey, Spain.
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, UK.
| | - Matthew G Perich
- Department of Fundamental Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Raeed H Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Sara A Solla
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA.
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA.
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University, and Shirley Ryan Ability Lab, Chicago, IL, USA.
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Chowdhury RH, Glaser JI, Miller LE. Area 2 of primary somatosensory cortex encodes kinematics of the whole arm. eLife 2020; 9:e48198. [PMID: 31971510 PMCID: PMC6977965 DOI: 10.7554/elife.48198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprioception, the sense of body position, movement, and associated forces, remains poorly understood, despite its critical role in movement. Most studies of area 2, a proprioceptive area of somatosensory cortex, have simply compared neurons' activities to the movement of the hand through space. Using motion tracking, we sought to elaborate this relationship by characterizing how area 2 activity relates to whole arm movements. We found that a whole-arm model, unlike classic models, successfully predicted how features of neural activity changed as monkeys reached to targets in two workspaces. However, when we then evaluated this whole-arm model across active and passive movements, we found that many neurons did not consistently represent the whole arm over both conditions. These results suggest that 1) neural activity in area 2 includes representation of the whole arm during reaching and 2) many of these neurons represented limb state differently during active and passive movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeed H Chowdhury
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- Systems Neuroscience InstituteUniversity of PittsburghPittsburghUnited States
| | - Joshua I Glaser
- Interdepartmental Neuroscience ProgramNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Department of StatisticsColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
- Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkUnited States
| | - Lee E Miller
- Department of Biomedical EngineeringNorthwestern UniversityEvanstonUnited States
- Department of PhysiologyNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationNorthwestern UniversityChicagoUnited States
- Shirley Ryan AbilityLabChicagoUnited States
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41
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Barra B, Badi M, Perich MG, Conti S, Mirrazavi Salehian SS, Moreillon F, Bogaard A, Wurth S, Kaeser M, Passeraub P, Milekovic T, Billard A, Micera S, Capogrosso M. A versatile robotic platform for the design of natural, three-dimensional reaching and grasping tasks in monkeys. J Neural Eng 2019; 17:016004. [PMID: 31597123 DOI: 10.1088/1741-2552/ab4c77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Translational studies on motor control and neurological disorders require detailed monitoring of sensorimotor components of natural limb movements in relevant animal models. However, available experimental tools do not provide a sufficiently rich repertoire of behavioral signals. Here, we developed a robotic platform that enables the monitoring of kinematics, interaction forces, and neurophysiological signals during user-defined upper limb tasks for monkeys. APPROACH We configured the platform to position instrumented objects in a three-dimensional workspace and provide an interactive dynamic force-field. MAIN RESULTS We show the relevance of our platform for fundamental and translational studies with three example applications. First, we study the kinematics of natural grasp in response to variable interaction forces. We then show simultaneous and independent encoding of kinematic and forces in single unit intra-cortical recordings from sensorimotor cortical areas. Lastly, we demonstrate the relevance of our platform to develop clinically relevant brain computer interfaces in a kinematically unconstrained motor task. SIGNIFICANCE Our versatile control structure does not depend on the specific robotic arm used and allows for the design and implementation of a variety of tasks that can support both fundamental and translational studies of motor control.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Barra
- Department of Neuroscience and Movement Science, Platform of Translational Neurosciences, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland. Co-first authors
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42
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Goodman JM, Tabot GA, Lee AS, Suresh AK, Rajan AT, Hatsopoulos NG, Bensmaia S. Postural Representations of the Hand in the Primate Sensorimotor Cortex. Neuron 2019; 104:1000-1009.e7. [PMID: 31668844 PMCID: PMC7172114 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2019.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Manual dexterity requires proprioceptive feedback about the state of the hand. To date, study of the neural basis of proprioception in the cortex has focused primarily on reaching movements to the exclusion of hand-specific behaviors such as grasping. To fill this gap, we record both time-varying hand kinematics and neural activity evoked in somatosensory and motor cortices as monkeys grasp a variety of objects. We find that neurons in the somatosensory cortex, as well as in the motor cortex, preferentially track time-varying postures of multi-joint combinations spanning the entire hand. This contrasts with neural responses during reaching movements, which preferentially track time-varying movement kinematics of the arm, such as velocity and speed of the limb, rather than its time-varying postural configuration. These results suggest different representations of arm and hand movements suited to the different functional roles of these two effectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Goodman
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Gregg A Tabot
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alex S Lee
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Aneesha K Suresh
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Alexander T Rajan
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas G Hatsopoulos
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Sliman Bensmaia
- Committee on Computational Neuroscience, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Department of Organismal Biology and Anatomy, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA; Grossman Institute for Neuroscience, Quantitative Biology, and Human Behavior, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA.
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43
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Karadimas SK, Satkunendrarajah K, Laliberte AM, Ringuette D, Weisspapir I, Li L, Gosgnach S, Fehlings MG. Sensory cortical control of movement. Nat Neurosci 2019; 23:75-84. [DOI: 10.1038/s41593-019-0536-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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44
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Finger Posture and Finger Load are Perceived Independently. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15031. [PMID: 31636297 PMCID: PMC6803715 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51131-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to track the time-varying postures of our hands and the forces they exert plays a key role in our ability to dexterously interact with objects. However, how precisely and accurately we sense hand kinematics and kinetics has not been completely characterized. Furthermore, the dominant source of information about hand postures stems from muscle spindles, whose responses can also signal isometric force and are modulated by fusimotor input. As such, one might expect that changing the state of the muscles – for example, by applying a load – would influence perceived finger posture. To address these questions, we measure the acuity of human hand proprioception, investigate the interplay between kinematic and kinetic signals, and determine the extent to which actively and passively achieved postures are perceived differently. We find that angle and torque perception are highly precise; that loads imposed on the finger do not affect perceived joint angle; that joint angle does not affect perceived load; and that hand postures are perceived similarly whether they are achieved actively or passively. The independence of finger posture and load perception contrasts with their interdependence in the upper arm, likely reflecting the special functional importance of the hand.
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45
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Umeda T, Isa T, Nishimura Y. The somatosensory cortex receives information about motor output. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2019; 5:eaaw5388. [PMID: 31309153 PMCID: PMC6620090 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaw5388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 06/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
During voluntary movement, the somatosensory system not only passively receives signals from the external world but also actively processes them via interactions with the motor system. However, it is still unclear how and what information the somatosensory system receives during movement. Using simultaneous recordings of activities of the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), the motor cortex (MCx), and an ensemble of afferent neurons in behaving monkeys combined with a decoding algorithm, we reveal the temporal profiles of signal integration in S1. While S1 activity before movement initiation is accounted for by MCx activity alone, activity during movement is accounted for by both MCx and afferent activities. Furthermore, premovement S1 activity encodes information about imminent activity of forelimb muscles slightly after MCx does. Thus, S1 receives information about motor output before the arrival of sensory feedback signals, suggesting that S1 executes online processing of somatosensory signals via interactions with the anticipatory information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatsuya Umeda
- Department of Neurophysiology, National Institute of Neuroscience, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8502, Japan
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
| | - Tadashi Isa
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- Department of Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- Human Brain Research Center, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8507, Japan
- Institute for the Advanced Study of Human Biology (WPI-ASHBi), Kyoto University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
| | - Yukio Nishimura
- Department of Developmental Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institute of Natural Sciences, Okazaki, Aichi 444-8585, Japan
- School of Life Science, The Graduate University for Advanced Studies (SOKENDAI), Hayama, Kanagawa 240-0193, Japan
- Neural Prosthesis Project, Department of Dementia and Higher Brain Function, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, Setagaya, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
- PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST), Kawaguchi, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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46
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Brooks JX, Cullen KE. Predictive Sensing: The Role of Motor Signals in Sensory Processing. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 4:842-850. [PMID: 31401034 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The strategy of integrating motor signals with sensory information during voluntary behavior is a general feature of sensory processing. It is required to distinguish externally applied (exafferent) from self-generated (reafferent) sensory inputs. This distinction, in turn, underlies our ability to achieve both perceptual stability and accurate motor control during everyday activities. In this review, we consider the results of recent experiments that have provided circuit-level insight into how motor-related inputs to sensory areas selectively cancel self-generated sensory inputs during active behaviors. These studies have revealed both common strategies and important differences across systems. Sensory reafference is suppressed at the earliest stages of central processing in the somatosensory, vestibular, and auditory systems, with the cerebellum and cerebellum-like structures playing key roles. Furthermore, motor-related inputs can also suppress reafferent responses at higher levels of processing such as the cortex-a strategy preferentially used in visual processing. These recent findings have important implications for understanding how the brain achieves the flexibility required to continuously calibrate relationships between motor signals and the resultant sensory feedback, a computation necessary for our subjective awareness that we control both our actions and their sensory consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica X Brooks
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Kathleen E Cullen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
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47
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Beyeler M, Rounds EL, Carlson KD, Dutt N, Krichmar JL. Neural correlates of sparse coding and dimensionality reduction. PLoS Comput Biol 2019; 15:e1006908. [PMID: 31246948 PMCID: PMC6597036 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1006908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Supported by recent computational studies, there is increasing evidence that a wide range of neuronal responses can be understood as an emergent property of nonnegative sparse coding (NSC), an efficient population coding scheme based on dimensionality reduction and sparsity constraints. We review evidence that NSC might be employed by sensory areas to efficiently encode external stimulus spaces, by some associative areas to conjunctively represent multiple behaviorally relevant variables, and possibly by the basal ganglia to coordinate movement. In addition, NSC might provide a useful theoretical framework under which to understand the often complex and nonintuitive response properties of neurons in other brain areas. Although NSC might not apply to all brain areas (for example, motor or executive function areas) the success of NSC-based models, especially in sensory areas, warrants further investigation for neural correlates in other regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Beyeler
- Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Institute for Neuroengineering, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- eScience Institute, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Emily L. Rounds
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Kristofor D. Carlson
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Sandia National Laboratories, Albuquerque, New Mexico, United States of America
| | - Nikil Dutt
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey L. Krichmar
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, University of California, Irvine, California, United States of America
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48
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Lucas A, Tomlinson T, Rohani N, Chowdhury R, Solla SA, Katsaggelos AK, Miller LE. Neural Networks for Modeling Neural Spiking in S1 Cortex. Front Syst Neurosci 2019; 13:13. [PMID: 30983978 PMCID: PMC6449471 DOI: 10.3389/fnsys.2019.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Somatosensation is composed of two distinct modalities: touch, arising from sensors in the skin, and proprioception, resulting primarily from sensors in the muscles, combined with these same cutaneous sensors. In contrast to the wealth of information about touch, we know quite less about the nature of the signals giving rise to proprioception at the cortical level. Likewise, while there is considerable interest in developing encoding models of touch-related neurons for application to brain machine interfaces, much less emphasis has been placed on an analogous proprioceptive interface. Here we investigate the use of Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) to model the relationship between the firing rates of single neurons in area 2, a largely proprioceptive region of somatosensory cortex (S1) and several types of kinematic variables related to arm movement. To gain a better understanding of how these kinematic variables interact to create the proprioceptive responses recorded in our datasets, we train ANNs under different conditions, each involving a different set of input and output variables. We explore the kinematic variables that provide the best network performance, and find that the addition of information about joint angles and/or muscle lengths significantly improves the prediction of neural firing rates. Our results thus provide new insight regarding the complex representations of the limb motion in S1: that the firing rates of neurons in area 2 may be more closely related to the activity of peripheral sensors than it is to extrinsic hand position. In addition, we conduct numerical experiments to determine the sensitivity of ANN models to various choices of training design and hyper-parameters. Our results provide a baseline and new tools for future research that utilizes machine learning to better describe and understand the activity of neurons in S1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alice Lucas
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Tucker Tomlinson
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Neda Rohani
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Raeed Chowdhury
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Sara A. Solla
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Aggelos K. Katsaggelos
- Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
| | - Lee E. Miller
- Department of Physiology, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, United States
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, United States
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Northwestern University and Rehabilitation Institute of Chicago, Chicago, IL, United States
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49
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Padberg J, Cooke DF, Cerkevich CM, Kaas JH, Krubitzer L. Cortical connections of area 2 and posterior parietal area 5 in macaque monkeys. J Comp Neurol 2019; 527:718-737. [PMID: 29663384 PMCID: PMC6191384 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2017] [Revised: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 03/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The overarching goal of the current investigation was to examine the connections of anterior parietal area 2 and the medial portion of posterior parietal area 5 in macaque monkeys; two areas that are part of a network involved reaching and grasping in primates. We injected neuroanatomical tracers into specified locations in each field and directly related labeled cells to histologically identified cortical field boundaries. Labeled cells were counted so that the relative density of projections to areas 2 and 5 from other cortical fields could be determined. Projections to area 2 were restricted and were predominantly from other somatosensory areas of the anterior parietal cortex (areas 1, 3b, and 3a), the second somatosensory area (S2), and from medial and lateral portions of area 5 (5M and 5L respectively). On the other hand, area 5M had very broadly distributed projections from a number of cortical areas including anterior parietal areas, from primary motor cortex (M1), premotor cortex (PM), the supplementary motor area (SMA), cortex on the medial wall, and from posterior parietal areas 5L and 7b. The more restricted pattern of connections of area 2 indicates that it processes somatic inputs locally and provides proprioceptive information to area 5M. 5M, which at least partially overlaps with functionally defined area MIP, receives inputs from somatosensory (predominantly from area 2), posterior parietal and motor cortex, which could provide the substrate for representing multiple coordinate systems necessary for planning ethologically relevant movements, particularly those involving the hand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Padberg
- Department of Biology, University of Central Arkansas, Conway, AR, 72035, USA
| | - Dylan F. Cooke
- Department of Biomedical Physiology and Kinesiology, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, British Columbia, V5A1S6, Canada
| | | | | | - Leah Krubitzer
- Center for Neuroscience, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
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50
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Wesselink DB, van den Heiligenberg FM, Ejaz N, Dempsey-Jones H, Cardinali L, Tarall-Jozwiak A, Diedrichsen J, Makin TR. Obtaining and maintaining cortical hand representation as evidenced from acquired and congenital handlessness. eLife 2019; 8:37227. [PMID: 30717824 PMCID: PMC6363469 DOI: 10.7554/elife.37227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A key question in neuroscience is how cortical organisation relates to experience. Previously we showed that amputees experiencing highly vivid phantom sensations maintain cortical representation of their missing hand (Kikkert et al., 2016). Here, we examined the role of sensory hand experience on persistent hand representation by studying individuals with acquired and congenital hand loss. We used representational similarity analysis in primary somatosensory and motor cortex during missing and intact hand movements. We found that key aspects of acquired amputees’ missing hand representation persisted, despite varying vividness of phantom sensations. In contrast, missing hand representation of congenital one-handers, who do not experience phantom sensations, was significantly reduced. Across acquired amputees, individuals’ reported motor control over their phantom hand positively correlated with the extent to which their somatosensory hand representation was normally organised. We conclude that once cortical organisation is formed, it is remarkably persistent, despite long-term attenuation of peripheral signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daan B Wesselink
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Fiona Mz van den Heiligenberg
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Naveed Ejaz
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Harriet Dempsey-Jones
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Lucilla Cardinali
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Unit for Visually Impaired People, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy
| | | | - Jörn Diedrichsen
- Brain and Mind Institute, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada.,Department of Computer Science, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Tamar R Makin
- Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, University College London, London, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Centre for Human Neuroimaging, University College London, London, United Kingdom
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