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Paul SM, Yohn SE, Brannan SK, Neugebauer NM, Breier A. Muscarinic Receptor Activators as Novel Treatments for Schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 2024:S0006-3223(24)01173-9. [PMID: 38537670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopsych.2024.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Achieving optimal treatment outcomes for individuals living with schizophrenia remains challenging, despite 70 years of drug development efforts. Many chemically distinct antipsychotics have been developed over the past 7 decades with improved safety and tolerability but with only slight variation in efficacy. All antipsychotics currently approved for the treatment of schizophrenia act as antagonists or partial agonists at the dopamine D2 receptor. With only a few possible exceptions, antipsychotic drugs have similar and modest efficacy for treating positive symptoms and are relatively ineffective in addressing the negative and cognitive symptoms of the disease. The development of novel treatments focused on targeting muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) has been of interest for more than 25 years following reports that treatment with a dual M1/M4-preferring mAChR agonist resulted in antipsychotic-like effects and procognitive properties in individuals living with Alzheimer's disease and schizophrenia; more recent clinical trials have confirmed these findings. In addition, advances in our understanding of the receptor binding and activation properties of xanomeline at specific mAChRs have the potential to inform future drug design targeting mAChRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Paul
- Karuna Therapeutics, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Psychiatry and Neurology, Washington University of St. Louis, St. Louis, Missouri.
| | | | | | | | - Alan Breier
- Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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2
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Naveed M, Chao OY, Hill JW, Yang YM, Huston JP, Cao R. Circadian neurogenetics and its implications in neurophysiology, behavior, and chronomedicine. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2024; 157:105523. [PMID: 38142983 PMCID: PMC10872425 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/26/2023]
Abstract
The circadian rhythm affects multiple physiological processes, and disruption of the circadian system can be involved in a range of disease-related pathways. The genetic underpinnings of the circadian rhythm have been well-studied in model organisms. Significant progress has been made in understanding how clock genes affect the physiological functions of the nervous system. In addition, circadian timing is becoming a key factor in improving drug efficacy and reducing drug toxicity. The circadian biology of the target cell determines how the organ responds to the drug at a specific time of day, thus regulating pharmacodynamics. The current review brings together recent advances that have begun to unravel the molecular mechanisms of how the circadian clock affects neurophysiological and behavioral processes associated with human brain diseases. We start with a brief description of how the ubiquitous circadian rhythms are regulated at the genetic, cellular, and neural circuit levels, based on knowledge derived from extensive research on model organisms. We then summarize the latest findings from genetic studies of human brain disorders, focusing on the role of human clock gene variants in these diseases. Lastly, we discuss the impact of common dietary factors and medications on human circadian rhythms and advocate for a broader application of the concept of chronomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Naveed
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Owen Y Chao
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
| | - Jennifer W Hill
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Life Sciences, The University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Yi-Mei Yang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Minnesota Medical School, Duluth, MN 55812, USA; Department of Neuroscience, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
| | - Joseph P Huston
- Center for Behavioral Neuroscience, Institute of Experimental Psychology, Heinrich-Heine University, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Ruifeng Cao
- Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA; Department of Neurology, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA.
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Yang JJ, Huang RC. Afterhyperpolarization potential modulated by local [K +] o in K + diffusion-restricted extracellular space in the central clock of suprachiasmatic nucleus. Biomed J 2023; 46:100551. [PMID: 35863667 PMCID: PMC10345224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bj.2022.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Intercellular coupling is essential for the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) to serve as a coherent central clock. Synaptic release of neurotransmitters and neuropeptides is critical for synchronizing SCN neurons. However, intercellular coupling via non-synaptic mechanisms has also been demonstrated. In particular, the abundant perikaryal appositions with morphological specializations in the narrow extracellular space (ECS) may hinder molecular diffusion to allow for ion accumulation or depletion. METHODS The SCN neurons were recorded in the whole-cell current-clamp mode, with pipette filled with high (26 mM)-Na+ or low (6 mM)-Na+ solution. RESULTS Cells recorded with high-Na+ pipette solution could fire spontaneous action potentials (AP) with peak AHP more negative than the calculated value of K+ equilibrium potential (EK) and with peak AP more positive than calculated ENa. Cells recorded with low-Na+ pipette solution could also have peak AHP more negative than calculated EK. In contrast, the resting membrane potential (RMP) was always less negative to calculated EK. The distribution and the averaged amplitude of peak AHP, peak AP, or RMP was similar between cells recorded with high-Na+ and low-Na+ solution pipette. In a number of cells, the peak AHP could increase from more positive to become more negative than calculated EK spontaneously or after treatments to hyperpolarize the RMP. TTX blocked the Na+ -dependent APs and tetraethylammonium (TEA), but not Ba2+ or Cd2+, markedly reduced the peak AHP. Perforated-patch cells could also but rarely fire APs with peak AHP more negative than calculated EK. CONCLUSION The result of peak AHP negative to calculated EK indicates that local [K+]o sensed by the TEA-sensitive AHP K+ channels must be lower than bulk [K+]o, most likely due to K+ clearance from K+ diffusion-restricted ECS by the Na+/K+-ATPase. The K+ diffusion-restricted ECS may allow for K+-mediated ionic interactions among neurons to regulate SCN excitability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyh-Jeen Yang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Rong-Chi Huang
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Healthy Aging Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan; Neuroscience Research Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital at Linkou, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
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Vieyra E, García JC, Zarco HA, Linares R, Rosas G, Ramírez DA, Chaparro A, Espinoza JA, Domínguez R, Morales-Ledesma L. Suprachiasmatic nucleus and vagus nerve trigger preovulatory LH and ovulation. Reproduction 2023; 165:147-157. [PMID: 36342662 DOI: 10.1530/rep-22-0119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
In brief In the proestrus day, the neural and endocrine signals modulate ovarian function. This study shows vagus nerve plays a role in the multisynaptic pathways of communication between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the ovaries where such neural information determines ovulation. Abstract The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) regulates the activity of several peripheral organs through a parasympathetic-sympathetic pathway. Previously, we demonstrated that atropine (ATR) microinjection in the right SCN of rats during proestrus blocks ovulation. In the present study, we analysed whether the vagus nerve is one of the neural pathways by which the SCN regulates ovulation. For this, CIIZ-V strain cyclic rats on the day of proestrus were microinjected with a saline solution (vehicle) or ATR in the right or left SCN, which was followed by ventral laparotomy or ipsilateral vagotomy to the microinjection side. Some animal groups were sacrificed (i) on the same day of the surgery to measure oestradiol, progesterone and luteinizing hormone (LH) levels or (ii) at 24 h after surgery to evaluate ovulation. The left vagotomy in rats microinjected with ATR in the left SCN did not modify ovulation. In rats with ATR microinjection in the right SCN, the right vagotomy increased the levels of steroids and LH on the proestrus and ovulatory response. The present results suggest that the right vagus nerve plays a role in the multisynaptic pathways of communication between the SCN and the ovaries and indicate that such neural information participates in the regulation of the oestradiol and progesterone surge, which triggers the preovulatory peak of LH and determines ovulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vieyra
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México.,Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Julio C García
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Hugo A Zarco
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Rosa Linares
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratorio de Endocrinología, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Gabriela Rosas
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Deyra A Ramírez
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza Campus III, UNAM, San Miguel Contla, Tlaxcala, México
| | - Andrea Chaparro
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Julieta A Espinoza
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Chronobiology of Reproduction Research Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
| | - Leticia Morales-Ledesma
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, Ciudad de México
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Riljak V, Janisova K, Myslivecek J. Lack of M 4 muscarinic receptors in the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet alters the biological rhythm of locomotor activity in mice. Brain Struct Funct 2020; 225:1615-1629. [PMID: 32409918 PMCID: PMC7286859 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-020-02082-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2019] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The deletion of M4 muscarinic receptors (MRs) changes biological rhythm parameters in females. Here, we searched for the mechanisms responsible for these changes. We performed biological rhythm analysis in two experiments: in experiment 1, the mice [C57Bl/6NTac (WT) and M4 MR -/- mice (KO)] were first exposed to a standard LD regime (12/12-h light/dark cycle) for 8 days and then subsequently exposed to constant darkness (for 24 h/day, DD regime) for another 16 days. In experiment 2, the mice (after the standard LD regime) were exposed to the DD regime and to one light pulse (zeitgeber time 14) on day 9. We also detected M1 MRs in brain areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm regulation. In experiment 1, the biological rhythm activity curves differed: the period (τ, duration of diurnal cycle) was shorter in the DD regime. Moreover, the day mean, mesor (midline value), night mean and their difference were higher in KO animals. The time in which the maximal slope occurred was lower in the DD regime than in the LD regime in both WT and KO but was lower in KO than in WT mice. In experiment 2, there were no differences in biological rhythm parameters between WT and KO mice. The densities of M1 MRs in the majority of areas implicated in locomotor biological rhythm were low. A significant amount of M1 MR was found in the striatum. These results suggest that although core clock output is changed by M4 MR deletion, the structures involved in biological rhythm regulation in WT and KO animals are likely the same, and the most important areas are the striatum, thalamus and intergeniculate leaflet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Riljak
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Katerina Janisova
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, 1st Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Albertov 5, 12800, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Harvey JRM, Plante AE, Meredith AL. Ion Channels Controlling Circadian Rhythms in Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Excitability. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1415-1454. [PMID: 32163720 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00027.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Animals synchronize to the environmental day-night cycle by means of an internal circadian clock in the brain. In mammals, this timekeeping mechanism is housed in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) of the hypothalamus and is entrained by light input from the retina. One output of the SCN is a neural code for circadian time, which arises from the collective activity of neurons within the SCN circuit and comprises two fundamental components: 1) periodic alterations in the spontaneous excitability of individual neurons that result in higher firing rates during the day and lower firing rates at night, and 2) synchronization of these cellular oscillations throughout the SCN. In this review, we summarize current evidence for the identity of ion channels in SCN neurons and the mechanisms by which they set the rhythmic parameters of the time code. During the day, voltage-dependent and independent Na+ and Ca2+ currents, as well as several K+ currents, contribute to increased membrane excitability and therefore higher firing frequency. At night, an increase in different K+ currents, including Ca2+-activated BK currents, contribute to membrane hyperpolarization and decreased firing. Layered on top of these intrinsically regulated changes in membrane excitability, more than a dozen neuromodulators influence action potential activity and rhythmicity in SCN neurons, facilitating both synchronization and plasticity of the neural code.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenna R M Harvey
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Amber E Plante
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Andrea L Meredith
- Department of Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
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Vieyra E, Ramírez DA, Linares R, Rosas G, Domínguez R, Morales‐Ledesma L. Stimulation of nicotinic receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus results in a higher number of growing follicles and ova shed. Exp Physiol 2019; 104:1179-1189. [DOI: 10.1113/ep087538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vieyra
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction LaboratoryFacultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza UNAM, AP 9‐020 CP 15000 México D.F
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratorio de Investigación en Cronobiología y ReproducciónFacultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza UNAM, AP 9‐020 CP 15000 México D.F
| | - Deyra A. Ramírez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction LaboratoryFacultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza UNAM, AP 9‐020 CP 15000 México D.F
| | - Rosa Linares
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction LaboratoryFacultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza UNAM, AP 9‐020 CP 15000 México D.F
| | - Gabriela Rosas
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction LaboratoryFacultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza UNAM, AP 9‐020 CP 15000 México D.F
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Laboratorio de Investigación en Cronobiología y ReproducciónFacultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza UNAM, AP 9‐020 CP 15000 México D.F
| | - Leticia Morales‐Ledesma
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction LaboratoryFacultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza UNAM, AP 9‐020 CP 15000 México D.F
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A Symphony of Signals: Intercellular and Intracellular Signaling Mechanisms Underlying Circadian Timekeeping in Mice and Flies. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20092363. [PMID: 31086044 PMCID: PMC6540063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20092363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The central pacemakers of circadian timekeeping systems are highly robust yet adaptable, providing the temporal coordination of rhythms in behavior and physiological processes in accordance with the demands imposed by environmental cycles. These features of the central pacemaker are achieved by a multi-oscillator network in which individual cellular oscillators are tightly coupled to the environmental day-night cycle, and to one another via intercellular coupling. In this review, we will summarize the roles of various neurotransmitters and neuropeptides in the regulation of circadian entrainment and synchrony within the mammalian and Drosophila central pacemakers. We will also describe the diverse functions of protein kinases in the relay of input signals to the core oscillator or the direct regulation of the molecular clock machinery.
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Wang DQ, Wang XL, Wang CY, Wang Y, Li SX, Liu KZ. Effects of chronic cocaine exposure on the circadian rhythmic expression of the clock genes in reward-related brain areas in rats. Behav Brain Res 2019; 363:61-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2019.01.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Myslivecek J, Farar V, Valuskova P. M(4) muscarinic receptors and locomotor activity regulation. Physiol Res 2018; 66:S443-S455. [PMID: 29355372 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
M(4) muscarinic receptors (M(4) MR) represent a subfamily of G-protein coupled receptors serving a substantial role in spontaneous locomotor activity regulation, cognition and modulation of cholinergic system. With increasing body of literature discussing the role of M(4) MR some controversies arose. Thus, we try here to summarize the current evidence regarding the M(4) MR, with the special focus on their role in Locomotor activity control. We review the molecular function of M(4) MR in specific brain areas implicated in locomotor regulation, and shortly in other CNS processes that could be connected to locomotor activity. We also focus on brain areas implicated in locomotor activity biorhythm changes like suprachiasmatic nucleus, subparaventricular zone posterior hypothalamic area, striatum and thalamus. Gender-related aspects and differences in locomotor activity in males and females are discussed further.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Myslivecek
- Institute of Physiology, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic.
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11
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Valuskova P, Forczek ST, Farar V, Myslivecek J. The deletion of M 4 muscarinic receptors increases motor activity in females in the dark phase. Brain Behav 2018; 8:e01057. [PMID: 29978954 PMCID: PMC6085911 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.1057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2018] [Revised: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES M4 muscarinic receptors (MR) presumably play a role in motor coordination. Previous studies have shown different results depending on genetic background and number of backcrosses. However, no attention has been given to biorhythms. MATERIAL AND METHODS We therefore analyzed biorhythms under a light/dark cycle obtained telemetrically in intact animals (activity, body temperature) in M4 KO mice growth on the C57Bl6 background using ChronosFit software. Studying pure effects of gene knockout in daily rhythms is especially important knowledge for pharmacological/behavioral studies in which drugs are usually tested in the morning. RESULTS We show that M4 KO mice motor activity does not differ substantially from wild-type mice during light period while in the dark phase (mice active part of the day), the M4 KO mice reveal biorhythm changes in many parameters. Moreover, these differences are sex-dependent and are evident in females only. Mesor, night-day difference, and night value were doubled or tripled when comparing female KO versus male KO. Our in vitro autoradiography demonstrates that M4 MR proportion represents 24% in the motor cortex (MOCx), 30% in the somatosensory cortex, 50% in the striatum, 69% in the thalamus, and 48% in the intergeniculate leaflet (IGL). The M4 MR densities were negligible in the subparaventricular zone, the posterior hypothalamic area, and in the suprachiasmatic nuclei. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that cholinergic signaling at M4 MR in brain structures such as striatum, MOCx, and probably with the important participation of IGL significantly control motor activity biorhythm. Animal activity differs in the light and dark phases, which should be taken into consideration when interpreting the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Valuskova
- 1st Faculty of MedicineInstitute of PhysiologyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Sandor T. Forczek
- Isotope LaboratoryInstitute of Experimental BotanyAcademy of Sciences of the Czech RepublicPragueCzech Republic
| | - Vladimir Farar
- 1st Faculty of MedicineInstitute of PhysiologyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
| | - Jaromir Myslivecek
- 1st Faculty of MedicineInstitute of PhysiologyCharles UniversityPragueCzech Republic
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Belle MDC, Diekman CO. Neuronal oscillations on an ultra-slow timescale: daily rhythms in electrical activity and gene expression in the mammalian master circadian clockwork. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 48:2696-2717. [PMID: 29396876 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal oscillations of the brain, such as those observed in the cortices and hippocampi of behaving animals and humans, span across wide frequency bands, from slow delta waves (0.1 Hz) to ultra-fast ripples (600 Hz). Here, we focus on ultra-slow neuronal oscillators in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN), the master daily clock that operates on interlocking transcription-translation feedback loops to produce circadian rhythms in clock gene expression with a period of near 24 h (< 0.001 Hz). This intracellular molecular clock interacts with the cell's membrane through poorly understood mechanisms to drive the daily pattern in the electrical excitability of SCN neurons, exhibiting an up-state during the day and a down-state at night. In turn, the membrane activity feeds back to regulate the oscillatory activity of clock gene programs. In this review, we emphasise the circadian processes that drive daily electrical oscillations in SCN neurons, and highlight how mathematical modelling contributes to our increasing understanding of circadian rhythm generation, synchronisation and communication within this hypothalamic region and across other brain circuits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mino D C Belle
- Institute of Clinical and Biomedical Sciences, University of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, EX4 4PS, UK
| | - Casey O Diekman
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA.,Institute for Brain and Neuroscience Research, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, NJ, USA
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Cantero JL, Zaborszky L, Atienza M. Volume Loss of the Nucleus Basalis of Meynert is Associated with Atrophy of Innervated Regions in Mild Cognitive Impairment. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:3881-3889. [PMID: 27371762 PMCID: PMC6059249 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive research suggests that basal forebrain (BF) cholinergic neurons are selectively vulnerable to Alzheimer's disease (AD). However, it remains unknown whether volume loss of BF cholinergic compartments parallels structural changes of their innervated regions in prodromal AD. To this aim, we have correlated volume of each BF compartment with cortical thickness and hippocampus/amygdala volume in 106 healthy older (HO) adults and 106 amnestic mild cognitive impairment (aMCI) patients. Correlations were limited to regions affected by atrophy in aMCI. The volume of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (NBM/Ch4) was positively correlated with thickness of the temporal cortex in aMCI, and with volume of amygdala in HO and aMCI, separately. Volume of the medial septum/diagonal band of Broca (Ch1-Ch3) was also positively correlated with volume of the hippocampus within the 2 groups. Only correlations between the NBM and their innervated regions showed diagnostic value. Unlike men, aMCI women showed a stronger association between volume of the NBM and thickness of the temporal lobe when compared with HO women. Altogether, these results reveal, for the first time in humans, that atrophy of NBM is associated with structural changes of their innervated regions in prodromal AD, being this relationship more evident in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L. Cantero
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, CIBERNED (Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
| | - Laszlo Zaborszky
- Center for Molecular and Behavioral Neuroscience, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Mercedes Atienza
- Laboratory of Functional Neuroscience, CIBERNED (Network Center for Biomedical Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases), Pablo de Olavide University, Seville, Spain
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Dojo K, Yamaguchi Y, Fustin JM, Doi M, Kobayashi M, Okamura H. Carbachol Induces Phase-dependent Phase Shifts of Per1 Transcription Rhythms in Cultured Suprachiasmatic Nucleus Slices. J Biol Rhythms 2017; 32:101-108. [PMID: 28470123 DOI: 10.1177/0748730417691205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Among nonphotic stimulants, a classic cholinergic agonist, carbachol, is known to have a strong and unique phase-resetting effect on the circadian clock: Intracerebroventricular carbachol treatment causes phase delays during the subjective early night and phase advances in the subjective late night, but the effects of this drug on the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) in vivo and in vitro are still controversial. In the present study, we succeeded in reproducing the biphasic phase-shifting effect of carbachol on clock gene expression in organotypic SCN slices prepared from mice carrying a Per1-promoter fused luciferase gene ( Per1-luc). Since this biphasic effect of carbachol in Per1-luc SCN was prevented by atropine but not by mecamylamine, we concluded that these phase shifts were muscarinic receptor-dependent. Next, we analyzed the expression of muscarinic receptors in the SCN by in situ hybridization and found that M3 and M4 subtypes were expressed in SCN cells. These signals appeared neonatally and reached adult levels at postnatal day 10. Together, these findings suggest that carbachol has a phase-dependent phase-shifting effect on the SCN clock through muscarinic receptor subtypes expressed in the SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumiko Dojo
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Yamaguchi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Jean-Michel Fustin
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masao Doi
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Masaki Kobayashi
- Department of Electronics and Intelligent Systems, Tohoku Institute of Technology, Sendai, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Okamura
- Department of Systems Biology, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyoto University, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan.,Core Research for Evolutional Science and Technology, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
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15
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Meng W, Wang S, Yao L, Zhang N, Li D. Muscarinic Receptors Are Responsible for the Cholinergic Modulation of Projection Neurons in the Song Production Brain Nucleus RA of Zebra Finches. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:51. [PMID: 28293176 PMCID: PMC5329057 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Accepted: 02/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Songbirds are a useful model for the study of learned vocal behavior in vertebrates. The robust nucleus of the arcopallium (RA) is a premotor nucleus in the vocal motor pathway. It receives excitatory synaptic inputs from the anterior forebrain pathway. RA also receives cholinergic inputs from the ventral paleostriatum of the basal forebrain. Our previous study showed that carbachol, a non-selective cholinergic receptor agonist, modulates the electrophysiology of RA projection neurons (PNs), indicating that cholinergic modulation of RA may play an important role in song production. However, the receptor mechanisms underlying these effects are poorly understood. In the present study, we investigated the electrophysiological properties of two acetylcholine receptors on the RA PNs of adult male zebra finches using in vitro whole-cell current clamp. Our results demonstrate that activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) simulate the effects of carbachol. Both carbachol and the mAChR agonist muscarine produced a decrease in the excitability of RA PNs and a hyperpolarization of the membrane potential. The mAChR antagonist atropine blocked the effects of carbachol. Activation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) with nAChR agonist nicotine or DMPP had no effect on the excitability of RA PNs, and the nAChR antagonist mecamylamine failed to inhibit the effects of carbachol. These results suggest that mAChRs, but not nAChRs, primarily modulate the effects of carbachol on the activity of RA PNs. Collectively, these findings contribute to our understanding of the mechanism of cholinergic modulation in the vocal nuclei of songbirds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Meng
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal UniversityNanchang, China; School of Life Science, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Songhua Wang
- Jiangxi Key Laboratory of Organic Chemistry, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal UniversityNanchang, China; School of Life Science, South China Normal UniversityGuangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Yao
- School of Life Science, Jiangxi Science and Technology Normal University Nanchang, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Dongfeng Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
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The cholinergic forebrain arousal system acts directly on the circadian pacemaker. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:13498-13503. [PMID: 27821764 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1610342113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleep and wake states are regulated by a variety of mechanisms. One such important system is the circadian clock, which provides temporal structure to sleep and wake. Conversely, changes in behavioral state, such as sleep deprivation (SD) or arousal, can phase shift the circadian clock. Here we demonstrate that the level of wakefulness is critical for this arousal resetting of the circadian clock. Specifically, drowsy animals with significant power in the 7- to 9-Hz band of their EEGs do not exhibit phase shifts in response to a mild SD procedure. We then show that treatments that both produce arousal and reset the phase of circadian clock activate (i.e., induce Fos expression in) the basal forebrain. Many of the activated cells are cholinergic. Using retrograde tract tracing, we demonstrate that cholinergic cells activated by these arousal procedures project to the circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nuclei (SCN). We then demonstrate that arousal-induced phase shifts are blocked when animals are pretreated with atropine injections to the SCN, demonstrating that cholinergic activity at the SCN is necessary for arousal-induced phase shifting. Finally, we demonstrate that electrical stimulation of the substantia innominata of the basal forebrain phase shifts the circadian clock in a manner similar to that of our arousal procedures and that these shifts are also blocked by infusions of atropine to the SCN. These results establish a functional link between the major forebrain arousal center and the circadian system.
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Vieyra E, Ramírez DA, Lagunas N, Cárdenas M, Chavira R, Damián-Matsumura P, Trujillo A, Domínguez R, Morales-Ledesma L. Unilaterally blocking the muscarinic receptors in the suprachiasmatic nucleus in proestrus rats prevents pre-ovulatory LH secretion and ovulation. Reprod Biol Endocrinol 2016; 14:34. [PMID: 27306649 PMCID: PMC4910191 DOI: 10.1186/s12958-016-0168-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) and the cholinergic system of various regions of the hypothalamus participate in the regulation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropin secretion, which are necessary for the occurrence of ovulation. In the present study, our goal was to analyse the effects of unilaterally blocking the muscarinic receptors in the SCN on ovulation and steroid secretion. METHODS Cyclic rats were randomly allotted to one of the experimental groups. Groups of 8-14 rats were anaesthetized and microinjected with 0.3 μl of saline or a solution of atropine (62.5 ng in 0.3 μl of saline) into the left or right SCN at 09.00 or 19.00 h during diestrus-1 or on the proestrus day. The rats were euthanized on the predicted day of oestrus, and evaluated ovulation and levels of progesterone and oestradiol. Other groups of 10 rats were microinjected with atropine into the left or right SCNs at 09.00 h on the proestrus day, were euthanized eight h later, and luteinizing hormone (LH) was measured. RESULTS At 09.00 or 19.00 h during diestrus-1, atropine microinjections into the SCNs on either side did not modify ovulation. The atropine microinjections performed at 09.00 h of proestrus into either side of the SCN blocked ovulation (right SCN: 1/9 ovulated vs. 9/10 in the saline group; left SCN: 8/14 ovulated vs. 10/10 in the saline group). The LH levels at 17.00 h in the rats that were microinjected with atropine at 09.00 h of proestrus were lower than those of the controls. In the non-ovulating atropine-treated rats, the injection of synthetic LH-releasing hormone (LHRH) restored ovulation. Atropine treatment at 19.00 h of proestrus on either side of the SCN did not modify ovulation, while the progesterone and oestradiol levels were lower. CONCLUSION Based on the present results, we suggest that the cholinergic neural information arriving on either side of the SCN is necessary for the pre-ovulatory secretion of LH to induce ovulation. Additionally, the regulation of progesterone and oestradiol secretion by the cholinergic innervation of the SCN varies with the time of day, the day of the cycle, and the affected SCN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Vieyra
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Deyra A. Ramírez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Noé Lagunas
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Mario Cárdenas
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Roberto Chavira
- Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición “Salvador Zubirán”, Ciudad de México, México
| | | | - Angélica Trujillo
- Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla, Escuela de Biología, Edificio 112A Ciudad Universitaria, CP 72570 Puebla, Puebla México
| | - Roberto Domínguez
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
| | - Leticia Morales-Ledesma
- Biology of Reproduction Research Unit, Physiology of Reproduction Laboratory, Facultad de Estudios Superiores Zaragoza, UNAM, AP 9-020, CP 15000 Ciudad de México, México
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Activation of M1/4 receptors phase advances the hamster circadian clock during the day. Neurosci Lett 2016; 621:22-27. [PMID: 27063283 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian circadian clock in the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) can be reset by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. In hamsters, intraSCN carbachol produces phase advances during the day. This phenomenon has previously been attributed to the muscarinic receptors, as carbachol-induced phase shifts are blocked by pretreatment with the muscarinic antagonist atropine. The SCN contains all five muscarinic receptors, leaving open the question as to which muscarinic receptors mediate these shifts. Here we test two selective muscarinic agonists, the M1/4 agonist McN-A-343 and the M2/3 agonist bethanechol, in addition to the non-selective cholinergic agonist carbachol. Consistent with previous reports, carbachol produced significant phase advances when injected to the SCN during the mid-subjective day. At the doses used here, McN-A-343, but not bethanechol, also produced significant phase shifts when injected to the SCN during the mid-subjective day. Phase shifts to McN-A-343 were as large as those produced by carbachol, suggesting that activation of the M1/4 receptors alone can fully account for the daytime phase advances produced by cholinergic agonists. Given acetylcholine's role in arousal, and the similarity between phase advances to carbachol/McN-A-343 and to exercise and arousal manipulations, it is possible that acetylcholine may contribute to non-photic resetting of the circadian clock.
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Logan RW, Williams WP, McClung CA. Circadian rhythms and addiction: mechanistic insights and future directions. Behav Neurosci 2014; 128:387-412. [PMID: 24731209 DOI: 10.1037/a0036268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms are prominent in many physiological and behavioral functions. Circadian disruptions either by environmental or molecular perturbation can have profound health consequences, including the development and progression of addiction. Both animal and humans studies indicate extensive bidirectional relationships between the circadian system and drugs of abuse. Addicted individuals display disrupted rhythms, and chronic disruption or particular chronotypes may increase the risk for substance abuse and relapse. Moreover, polymorphisms in circadian genes and an evening chronotype have been linked to mood and addiction disorders, and recent efforts suggest an association with the function of reward neurocircuitry. Animal studies are beginning to determine how altered circadian gene function results in drug-induced neuroplasticity and behaviors. Many studies suggest a critical role for circadian rhythms in reward-related pathways in the brain and indicate that drugs of abuse directly affect the central circadian pacemaker. In this review, we highlight key findings demonstrating the importance of circadian rhythms in addiction and how future studies will reveal important mechanistic insights into the involvement of circadian rhythms in drug addiction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryan W Logan
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Wilbur P Williams
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
| | - Colleen A McClung
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine
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20
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JIANG X, ZHANG JJ, WANG MY, SUI N. Differential Muscarinic Modulation of Synaptic Transmission in Dorsal and Ventral Regions of the Rat Nucleus Accumbens Core. Physiol Res 2014; 63:135-42. [DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.932518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The nucleus accumbens (NAc) core is critical in the control of motivated behaviors. The muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (mAChRs) modulating the excitatory inputs into the NAc core have been reported to impact such behaviors. Recent studies suggest that ventral and dorsal regions of the NAc core seem to be innervated by distinct populations of glutamatergic projection neurons. To further examine mAChRs modulation of these glutamatergic inputs to the NAc core, we employed intracellular recordings in rat NAc coronal slice preparation to characterize: 1) the effects of muscarine, an mAChRs agonist, on membrane properties of the NAc core neurons; 2) depolarizing synaptic potentials (DPSP) elicited by ventral and dorsal focal electrical stimuli; and 3) paired-pulse response with paired-pulse stimulation. Here we report that the paired-pulse ratio (PPR) elicited by dorsal stimuli was greater than that elicited by ventral stimuli. Bath application of muscarine (1-30 μM) decreased both ventral and dorsal DPSP in a concentration-dependent manner, with no effect on electrophysiological properties of NAc core neurons. Muscarine at 30 μM also elicited larger depression of dorsal DPSP than ventral DPSP. Moreover, muscarine increased the PPR of both dorsal and ventral DPSP. These data indicate that the glutamatergic afferent fibers traversing the dorsal and ventral NAc are separate, and that differential decrease of distinct afferent excitatory neurotransmission onto NAc core neurons may be mediated by presynaptic mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Y. WANG
- Cell Electrophysiology Laboratory, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, China
| | - N. SUI
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health, Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
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21
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Kawai T, Abe H, Oka Y. Burst generation mediated by cholinergic input in terminal nerve-gonadotrophin releasing hormone neurones of the goldfish. J Physiol 2013; 591:5509-23. [PMID: 23959678 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2013.258343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Peptidergic neurones play a pivotal role in the neuromodulation of widespread areas in the nervous system. Generally, it has been accepted that the peptide release from these neurones is regulated by their firing activities. The terminal nerve (TN)-gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) neurones, which are one of the well-studied peptidergic neurones in vertebrate brains, are characterised by their spontaneous regular pacemaker activities, and GnRH has been suggested to modulate the sensory responsiveness of animals. Although many peptidergic neurones are known to exhibit burst firing activities when they release the peptides, TN-GnRH neurones show spontaneous burst firing activities only infrequently. Thus, it remains to be elucidated whether the TN-GnRH neurones show burst activities and, if so, how the mode switching between the regular pacemaking and bursting modes is regulated in these neurones. In this study, we found that only a single pulse electrical stimulation of the neuropil surrounding the TN-GnRH neurones reproducibly induces transient burst activities in TN-GnRH neurones. Our combined physiological and morphological data suggest that this phenomenon occurs following slow inhibitory postsynaptic potentials mediated by cholinergic terminals surrounding the TN-GnRH neurones. We also found that the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptors induces persistent opening of potassium channels, resulting in a long-lasting hyperpolarisation. This long hyperpolarisation induces sustained rebound depolarisation that has been suggested to be generated by a combination of persistent voltage-gated Na(+) channels and low-voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels. These new findings suggest a novel type of cholinergic regulation of burst activities in peptidergic neurones, which should contribute to the release of neuropeptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takafumi Kawai
- Y. Oka: Department of Biological Sciences, Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.
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22
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Nagy PM, Aubert I. B6eGFPChAT mice overexpressing the vesicular acetylcholine transporter exhibit spontaneous hypoactivity and enhanced exploration in novel environments. Brain Behav 2013; 3:367-83. [PMID: 24381809 PMCID: PMC3869679 DOI: 10.1002/brb3.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2012] [Revised: 03/18/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholinergic innervation is extensive throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Among its many roles, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) contributes to the regulation of motor function, locomotion, and exploration. Cholinergic deficits and replacement strategies have been investigated in neurodegenerative disorders, particularly in cases of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Focus has been on blocking acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and enhancing ACh synthesis to improve cholinergic neurotransmission. As a first step in evaluating the physiological effects of enhanced cholinergic function through the upregulation of the vesicular acetylcholine transporter (VAChT), we used the hypercholinergic B6eGFPChAT congenic mouse model that has been shown to contain multiple VAChT gene copies. Analysis of biochemical and behavioral paradigms suggest that modest increases in VAChT expression can have a significant effect on spontaneous locomotion, reaction to novel stimuli, and the adaptation to novel environments. These observations support the potential of VAChT as a therapeutic target to enhance cholinergic tone, thereby decreasing spontaneous hyperactivity and increasing exploration in novel environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul M Nagy
- Brain Sciences, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Isabelle Aubert
- Brain Sciences, Biological Sciences, Sunnybrook Research Institute2075 Bayview Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M4N 3M5, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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Baz ES, Wei H, Grosshans J, Stengl M. Calcium responses of circadian pacemaker neurons of the cockroach Rhyparobia maderae to acetylcholine and histamine. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2013; 199:365-74. [PMID: 23456090 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-013-0800-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The accessory medulla (aMe) is the pacemaker that controls circadian activity rhythms in the cockroach Rhyparobia maderae. Not much is known about the classical neurotransmitters of input pathways to the cockroach circadian system. The circadian pacemaker center receives photic input from the compound eye, via unknown excitatory and GABAergic inhibitory entrainment pathways. In addition, neuropeptidergic inputs couple both pacemaker centers. A histamine-immunoreactive centrifugal neuron connects the ventral aMe with projection areas in the lateral protocerebrum and may provide non-photic inputs. To identify neurotransmitters of input pathways to the circadian clock with Fura-2-dependent Ca(2+) imaging, primary cell cultures of the adult aMe were stimulated with acetylcholine (ACh), as the most prominent excitatory, and histamine, as common inhibitory neurotransmitter. In most of aMe neurons, ACh application caused dose-dependent increases in intracellular Ca(2+) levels via ionotropic nicotinic ACh receptors. These ACh-dependent rises in Ca(2+) were mediated by mibefradil-sensitive voltage-activated Ca(2+) channels. In contrast, histamine application decreased intracellular Ca(2+) levels in only a subpopulation of aMe cells via H2-type histamine receptor chloride channels. Thus, our data suggest that ACh is part of the light entrainment pathway while histamine is involved in a non-photic input pathway to the ventral circadian clock of the Madeira cockroach.
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Affiliation(s)
- El-Sayed Baz
- Animal Physiology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Sciences (FB 10), University of Kassel, Heinrich-Plett-Str. 40, 34132, Kassel, Germany
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24
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Toscano-Márquez B, Dunn RJ, Krahe R. Distribution of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor mRNA in the brain of the weakly electric fishApteronotus leptorhynchus. J Comp Neurol 2013; 521:1054-72. [DOI: 10.1002/cne.23218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 07/18/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Allebrandt KV, Amin N, Müller-Myhsok B, Esko T, Teder-Laving M, Azevedo RVDM, Hayward C, van Mill J, Vogelzangs N, Green EW, Melville SA, Lichtner P, Wichmann HE, Oostra BA, Janssens ACJW, Campbell H, Wilson JF, Hicks AA, Pramstaller PP, Dogas Z, Rudan I, Merrow M, Penninx B, Kyriacou CP, Metspalu A, van Duijn CM, Meitinger T, Roenneberg T. A K(ATP) channel gene effect on sleep duration: from genome-wide association studies to function in Drosophila. Mol Psychiatry 2013; 18:122-32. [PMID: 22105623 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2011.142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 09/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Humans sleep approximately a third of their lifetime. The observation that individuals with either long or short sleep duration show associations with metabolic syndrome and psychiatric disorders suggests that the length of sleep is adaptive. Although sleep duration can be influenced by photoperiod (season) and phase of entrainment (chronotype), human familial sleep disorders indicate that there is a strong genetic modulation of sleep. Therefore, we conducted high-density genome-wide association studies for sleep duration in seven European populations (N=4251). We identified an intronic variant (rs11046205; P=3.99 × 10(-8)) in the ABCC9 gene that explains ≈5% of the variation in sleep duration. An influence of season and chronotype on sleep duration was solely observed in the replication sample (N=5949). Meta-analysis of the associations found in a subgroup of the replication sample, chosen for season of entry and chronotype, together with the discovery results showed genome-wide significance. RNA interference knockdown experiments of the conserved ABCC9 homologue in Drosophila neurons renders flies sleepless during the first 3 h of the night. ABCC9 encodes an ATP-sensitive potassium channel subunit (SUR2), serving as a sensor of intracellular energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Allebrandt
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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Gannon RL, Millan MJ. LY2033298, a positive allosteric modulator at muscarinic M₄ receptors, enhances inhibition by oxotremorine of light-induced phase shifts in hamster circadian activity rhythms. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2012; 224:231-40. [PMID: 22610522 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-012-2743-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/05/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Entrainment of circadian rhythms to the light-dark cycle is essential for restorative sleep, and abnormal sleep timing is implicated in central nervous system (CNS) disorders like depression, schizophrenia, and Alzheimer's disease. Many transmitters, including acetylcholine, that exerts its actions via muscarinic receptors modulate the suprachiasmatic nucleus, the master pacemaker. OBJECTIVES Since positive allosteric modulators of muscarinic M(4) receptors are candidates for treatment of mood and cognitive deficits of CNS disorders, it is important to evaluate their circadian actions. MATERIALS AND METHODS The effects of intraperitoneally applied muscarinic agents on circadian wheel-running rhythms were measured employing hamsters, a model organism for studying activity rhythms. RESULTS Systemic administration of the muscarinic receptor agonist oxotremorine (0.01-0.04 mg/kg) inhibited light-induced phase delays and advances of hamster circadian wheel-running rhythms. The M₄ positive allosteric modulator, LY2033298 (10-40 mg/kg), had no effect on light-induced phase shifts when administered alone, yet significantly enhanced (at 20 mg/kg) the inhibitory influence of oxotremorine on light-induced phase delays. In addition, the muscarinic receptor antagonist, scopolamine, which was without effect on light-induced phase shifts when administered alone (0.001-0.1 mg/kg), antagonized (at 0.1 mg/kg) the inhibitory effect of oxotremorine and LY2033298 on light-induced phase delays. CONCLUSIONS These results are the first to demonstrate that systemically applied muscarinic receptor agonists modulate circadian activity rhythms, and they also reveal a specific role for M₄ receptors. It will be of importance to evaluate circadian actions of psychotropic drugs acting via M₄ receptors, since they may display beneficial properties under pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Gannon
- Department of Biology, Valdosta State University, Valdosta, GA, 31602, USA.
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27
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Mitchelson FJ. The pharmacology of McN-A-343. Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:216-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Pohanka M. Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor is a target in pharmacology and toxicology. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:2219-2238. [PMID: 22408449 PMCID: PMC3292018 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13022219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2012] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/14/2012] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7 nAChR) is an important part of the cholinergic nerve system in the brain. Moreover, it is associated with a cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway in the termination of the parasympathetic nervous system. Antagonists of α7 nAChR are a wide group represented by conotoxin and bungarotoxin. Even Alzheimer's disease drug memantine acting as an antagonist in its side pathway belongs in this group. Agonists of α7 nAChR are suitable for treatment of multiple cognitive dysfunctions such as Alzheimer's disease or schizophrenia. Inflammation or even sepsis can be ameliorated by the agonistic acting compounds. Preparations RG3487, SEN34625/WYE-103914, SEN12333, ABT-107, Clozapine, GTS-21, CNI-1493, and AR-R17779 are representative examples of the novel compounds with affinity toward the α7 nAChR. Pharmacological, toxicological, and medicinal significance of α7 nAChR are discussed throughout this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Pohanka
- Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defence, Trebesska 1575, 50001 Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +420-973253091; Fax: +420-973253091
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The cholinergic system, circadian rhythmicity, and time memory. Behav Brain Res 2011; 221:466-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2010.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 118] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 11/19/2010] [Accepted: 11/22/2010] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Ren P, Zhang H, Qiu F, Liu YQ, Gu H, O'Dowd DK, Zhou QY, Hu WP. Prokineticin 2 regulates the electrical activity of rat suprachiasmatic nuclei neurons. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20263. [PMID: 21687716 PMCID: PMC3110640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 04/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuropeptide signaling plays roles in coordinating cellular activities and maintaining robust oscillations within the mammalian suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). Prokineticin2 (PK2) is a signaling molecule from the SCN and involves in the generation of circadian locomotor activity. Prokineticin receptor 2 (PKR2), a receptor for PK2, has been shown to be expressed in the SCN. However, very little is known about the cellular action of PK2 within the SCN. In the present study, we investigated the effect of PK2 on spontaneous firing and miniature inhibitory postsynaptic currents (mIPSCs) using whole cell patch-clamp recording in the SCN slices. PK2 dose-dependently increased spontaneous firing rates in most neurons from the dorsal SCN. PK2 acted postsynaptically to reduce γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic function within the SCN, and PK2 reduced the amplitude but not frequency of mIPSCs. Furthermore, PK2 also suppressed exogenous GABA-induced currents. And the inhibitory effect of PK2 required PKC activation in the postsynaptic cells. Our data suggest that PK2 could alter cellular activities within the SCN and may influence behavioral and physiological rhythms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ping Ren
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Family Planning Research Institute, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qiu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qiang Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
| | - Huaiyu Gu
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Diane K. O'Dowd
- Departments of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Qun-Yong Zhou
- Department of Pharmacology, University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, United States of America
| | - Wang-Ping Hu
- Department of Pharmacology, Xianning College, Xianning, Hubei, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Cea-del Rio CA, Lawrence JJ, Erdelyi F, Szabo G, McBain CJ. Cholinergic modulation amplifies the intrinsic oscillatory properties of CA1 hippocampal cholecystokinin-positive interneurons. J Physiol 2010; 589:609-27. [PMID: 21115639 DOI: 10.1113/jphysiol.2010.199422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
In the mammalian hippocampus, the neurotransmitter acetylcholine (ACh) promotes learning and memory storage. During sensory processing and learning, large ACh-dependent electrical oscillatory events are observed, which involve the synchronization of both inhibitory and excitatory neural circuits. While the actions of ACh are known on excitatory hippocampal circuits, its actions on specific inhibitory circuits are poorly understood. We show that two types of cholecystokinin-positive local circuit inhibitory interneuron, the so-called 'basket cells' and 'Schaffer collateral-associated' cells, which innervate separately the cell body and dendritic regions of principal cells, are modulated similarly by cholinergic receptor activation. In both cell types activation of their muscarinic receptors triggers a general increase of excitability and intrinsic oscillatory activity, and a more efficient engagement to slow network oscillations. Knowledge of how cholinergic neuromodulation acts on neurochemically identical but morphologically distinct inhibitory interneurons will allow us to understand the role played by this important neuromodulator during hippocampal-dependent tasks in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian A Cea-del Rio
- Program in Developmental Neurobiology, Eunice Kennedy Shriver, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, Bethesda, MA 20892, USA
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