1
|
Kenville R, Clauß M, Berkow S, Ragert P, Maudrich T. The impact of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation on isometric bench press performance in trained athletes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e29951. [PMID: 38694076 PMCID: PMC11058892 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e29951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 04/09/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 05/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Athletic development centers on optimizing performance, including technical skills and fundamental motor abilities such as strength and speed. Parameters such as maximum contraction force and rate of force development, influence athletic success, although performance gains become harder to achieve as athletic abilities increase. Non-invasive transcranial direct current stimulation of the cerebellum (CB-tDCS) has been used successfully to increase force production in novices, although the potential effects in athletes remain unexplored. The present study examined the effects of CB-tDCS on maximum isometric voluntary contraction force (MVCiso) and isometric rate of force development (RFDiso) during a bench press task in well-trained athletes. 21 healthy, male, strength-trained athletes participated in a randomized, sham-controlled, double-blinded crossover design. Each participant completed the isometric bench press (iBP) task on two separate days, with at least 5 days between sessions, while receiving either CB-tDCS or sham stimulation. Electromyography (EMG) recordings of three muscles involved in iBP were acquired bilaterally to uncover differences in neuromuscular activation and agonist-antagonist co-contraction between conditions. Contrary to our hypothesis, no significant differences in MVCiso and RFDiso were observed between CB-tDCS and sham conditions. Furthermore, no tDCS-induced differences in neuromuscular activation or agonist-antagonist co-contraction were revealed. Here, we argue that the effects of CB-tDCS on force production appear to depend on the individual's training status. Future research should study individual differences in tDCS responses between athletes and novices, as well as the potential of high-definition tDCS for precise brain region targeting to potentially enhance motor performance in athletic populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rouven Kenville
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04109, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Martina Clauß
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04109, Germany
| | - Stefan Berkow
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04109, Germany
| | - Patrick Ragert
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04109, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| | - Tom Maudrich
- Department of Movement Neuroscience, Faculty of Sports Science, Leipzig University, Leipzig, 04109, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, 04103, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Schellen SJ, Zeidan P, Ernst TM, Thieme A, Nicksirat SA, Merz CJ, Nitsche MA, Yavari F, Timmann D, Batsikadze G. Absence of modulatory effects of 6Hz cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation on fear learning in men. Front Hum Neurosci 2024; 17:1328283. [PMID: 38264350 PMCID: PMC10803490 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2023.1328283] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Fear is a vital defense mechanism to potential threats, which is influenced by the cerebellum. While the cerebellum's role in acquiring fear responses is well understood, limited knowledge exists about its involvement in fear extinction. In this study, we investigated the effects of cerebellar theta band transcranial alternating current stimulation (ctACS) administered during fear extinction training, based on previous evidence from animal studies suggesting a role of cerebellar theta oscillations in associative memory formation. To this end, thirty-seven healthy right-handed male participants were recruited for a two-day differential fear renewal paradigm. On day 1, they underwent acquisition training in context A followed by extinction training in context B. On day 2, recall was tested in contexts A and B. One group of participants received ctACS in the theta band (6 Hz) during extinction training. The other group received sham ctACS. Although both groups demonstrated the ability to recall previously learned fear and distinguish between low and high threat stimuli, no significant differences were observed between the ctACS and sham groups, indicating that ctACS at this theta frequency range did not impact extinction and recall of previously acquired fear in this study. Nevertheless, using ctACS could still be useful in future research, including brain imaging studies, to better understand how the cerebellum is involved in fear and extinction processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Johanna Schellen
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Philip Zeidan
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Thomas M. Ernst
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Andreas Thieme
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Seyed Ali Nicksirat
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Christian J. Merz
- Department of Cognitive Psychology, Faculty of Psychology, Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Michael A. Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- German Center for Mental Health (DZPG), Bochum, Germany
| | - Fatemeh Yavari
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Center for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Giorgi Batsikadze
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), University Hospital Essen, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Petríková D, Marko M, Rovný R, Riečanský I. Electrical stimulation of the cerebellum facilitates automatic but not controlled word retrieval. Brain Struct Funct 2023; 228:2137-2146. [PMID: 37783862 PMCID: PMC10587269 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-023-02712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/10/2023] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
Recent research has indicated that the cerebellum is engaged in language functions, yet the role of the cerebellum in lexical-semantic memory is poorly understood. In a double-blind randomized controlled experiment, we therefore targeted the cerebellum by transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to assess and compare the contribution of the cerebellar processing to automatic and controlled retrieval of words in healthy adults (n = 136). Anodal cerebellar tDCS facilitated retrieval of semantically related words in free-associative chains, which was not due to a non-specific acceleration of processing speed. The stimulation had no influence on controlled word retrieval that employed inhibition or switching. The effect of cathodal tDCS was opposite to the anodal stimulation, but statistically non-significant. Our data show that the cerebellum is engaged extracting associative information from the system of semantic representations, established and strengthened/automated by learning, and indicates a domain-general role of this structure in automation of behavior, cognition and language.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Petríková
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 81371, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martin Marko
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 81371, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Department of Applied Informatics, Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rastislav Rovný
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 81371, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Igor Riečanský
- Department of Behavioural Neuroscience, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewiczova 1, 81371, Bratislava, Slovakia.
- Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Pantovic M, Lidstone DE, de Albuquerque LL, Wilkins EW, Munoz IA, Aynlender DG, Morris D, Dufek JS, Poston B. Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Applied over Multiple Days Does Not Enhance Motor Learning of a Complex Overhand Throwing Task in Young Adults. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:1265. [PMID: 38002389 PMCID: PMC10669324 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10111265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 10/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) enhances motor skill and learning in relatively simple motor tasks, but it is unclear if c-tDCS can improve motor performance in complex motor tasks. The purpose of this study was to determine the influence of c-tDCS applied over multiple days on motor learning in a complex overhand throwing task. In a double-blind, randomized, between-subjects, SHAM-controlled, experimental design, 30 young adults were assigned to either a c-tDCS or a SHAM group. Participants completed three identical experiments on consecutive days that involved overhand throwing in a pre-test block, five practice blocks with concurrent c-tDCS, and a post-test block. Overhand throwing endpoint accuracy was quantified as the endpoint error. The first dorsal interosseous muscle motor evoked potential (MEP) amplitude elicited by transcranial magnetic stimulation was used to quantify primary motor cortex (M1) excitability modulations via c-tDCS. Endpoint error significantly decreased over the 3 days of practice, but the magnitude of decrease was not significantly different between the c-tDCS and SHAM group. Similarly, MEP amplitude slightly increased from the pre-tests to the post-tests, but these increases did not differ between groups. These results indicate that multi-day c-tDCS does not improve motor learning in an overhand throwing task or increase M1 excitability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Milan Pantovic
- Health and Human Performance Department, Utah Tech University, St. George, UT 84770, USA;
| | - Daniel E. Lidstone
- Center for Neurodevelopment and Imaging Research, Kennedy Krieger Institute, Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA;
| | - Lidio Lima de Albuquerque
- School of Health and Applied Human Sciences, University of North Carolina Wilmington, Wilmington, NC 28403, USA;
| | - Erik W. Wilkins
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.W.W.); (J.S.D.)
| | - Irwin A. Munoz
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (I.A.M.); (D.G.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Daniel G. Aynlender
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (I.A.M.); (D.G.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Desiree Morris
- School of Medicine, University of Nevada-Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (I.A.M.); (D.G.A.); (D.M.)
| | - Janet S. Dufek
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.W.W.); (J.S.D.)
| | - Brach Poston
- Department of Kinesiology and Nutrition Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV 89154, USA; (E.W.W.); (J.S.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Spampinato DA, Casula EP, Koch G. The Cerebellum and the Motor Cortex: Multiple Networks Controlling Multiple Aspects of Behavior. Neuroscientist 2023:10738584231189435. [PMID: 37649430 DOI: 10.1177/10738584231189435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
Abstract
The cerebellum and its thalamic projections to the primary motor cortex (M1) are well known to play an essential role in executing daily actions. Anatomic investigations in animals and postmortem humans have established the reciprocal connections between these regions; however, how these pathways can shape cortical activity in behavioral contexts and help promote recovery in neuropathological conditions remains not well understood. The present review aims to provide a comprehensive description of these pathways in animals and humans and discuss how novel noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) methods can be used to gain a deeper understanding of the cerebellar-M1 connections. In the first section, we focus on recent animal literature that details how information sent from the cerebellum and thalamus is integrated into an broad network of cortical motor neurons. We then discuss how NIBS approaches in humans can be used to reliably assess the connectivity between the cerebellum and M1. Moreover, we provide the latest perspectives on using advanced NIBS approaches to investigate and modulate multiple cerebellar-cortical networks involved in movement behavior and plasticity. Finally, we discuss how these emerging methods have been used in translation research to produce long-lasting modifications of cerebellar-thalamic-M1 to restore cortical activity and motor function in neurologic patients.
Collapse
|
6
|
Erdoğan ET, Kır C, Beycan E, Karakaya E, Altınçınar S, Bayramoğlu T, Eskikurt G, Karamürsel S. Acute Effect of Single-Session Cerebellar Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Static and Dynamic Balance in Healthy Volunteers. Brain Sci 2023; 13:1107. [PMID: 37509037 PMCID: PMC10377200 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13071107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Several studies have shown the positive effect of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) on balance in patients and older adults. However, in healthy volunteers, the results are conflicting. We aimed to investigate the immediate effect of anodal ctDCS on the dynamic-static balance in healthy, non-athletic young adults due to the possible benefits for sports performance. Twenty-one healthy volunteers participated in two consecutive 20 min sessions of ctDCS (2 mA current intensity), with 1-week intervals (anodal ctDCS-sham ctDCS). Flamingo and Y-Balance tests were used to evaluate the static and dynamic balances before and after the ctDCS. A Continuous Performance Test (CPT) was used to evaluate the changes in sustained attention, impulsivity, and vigilance. A repeated measure analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the changes in balance scores, reaction time, omission, and commission numbers. There were no statistically significant differences in dynamic and static balance scores and in CPT parameters between conditions. In conclusion, there was no immediate neuromodulation effect of anodal ctDCS to improve balance performance in healthy, young individuals. Furthermore, no evidence was found to support the use of cerebellar tDCS to improve sports performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezgi Tuna Erdoğan
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Can Kır
- Innovative Center for Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Beycan
- Innovative Center for Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Esin Karakaya
- Innovative Center for Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sanem Altınçınar
- Innovative Center for Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Türkü Bayramoğlu
- Innovative Center for Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökçer Eskikurt
- Innovative Center for Applied Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Istinye University, 34010 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Sacit Karamürsel
- Department of Physiology, Koç University School of Medicine, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Manto M, Serrao M, Filippo Castiglia S, Timmann D, Tzvi-Minker E, Pan MK, Kuo SH, Ugawa Y. Neurophysiology of cerebellar ataxias and gait disorders. Clin Neurophysiol Pract 2023; 8:143-160. [PMID: 37593693 PMCID: PMC10429746 DOI: 10.1016/j.cnp.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023] Open
Abstract
There are numerous forms of cerebellar disorders from sporadic to genetic diseases. The aim of this chapter is to provide an overview of the advances and emerging techniques during these last 2 decades in the neurophysiological tests useful in cerebellar patients for clinical and research purposes. Clinically, patients exhibit various combinations of a vestibulocerebellar syndrome, a cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome and a cerebellar motor syndrome which will be discussed throughout this chapter. Cerebellar patients show abnormal Bereitschaftpotentials (BPs) and mismatch negativity. Cerebellar EEG is now being applied in cerebellar disorders to unravel impaired electrophysiological patterns associated within disorders of the cerebellar cortex. Eyeblink conditioning is significantly impaired in cerebellar disorders: the ability to acquire conditioned eyeblink responses is reduced in hereditary ataxias, in cerebellar stroke and after tumor surgery of the cerebellum. Furthermore, impaired eyeblink conditioning is an early marker of cerebellar degenerative disease. General rules of motor control suggest that optimal strategies are needed to execute voluntary movements in the complex environment of daily life. A high degree of adaptability is required for learning procedures underlying motor control as sensorimotor adaptation is essential to perform accurate goal-directed movements. Cerebellar patients show impairments during online visuomotor adaptation tasks. Cerebellum-motor cortex inhibition (CBI) is a neurophysiological biomarker showing an inverse association between cerebellothalamocortical tract integrity and ataxia severity. Ataxic gait is characterized by increased step width, reduced ankle joint range of motion, increased gait variability, lack of intra-limb inter-joint and inter-segmental coordination, impaired foot ground placement and loss of trunk control. Taken together, these techniques provide a neurophysiological framework for a better appraisal of cerebellar disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, Mons, Belgium
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Mariano Serrao
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79 04100, Latina, Italy
- Gait Analysis LAB Policlinico Italia, Via Del Campidano 6 00162, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Filippo Castiglia
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences and Biotechnologies, University of Rome Sapienza, Polo Pontino, Corso della Repubblica 79 04100, Latina, Italy
- Gait Analysis LAB Policlinico Italia, Via Del Campidano 6 00162, Rome, Italy
- Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, via Bassi, 21, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology and Center for Translational Neuro- and Behavioral Sciences (C-TNBS), Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Elinor Tzvi-Minker
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Syte Institute, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ming-Kai Pan
- Cerebellar Research Center, National Taiwan University Hospital, Yun-Lin Branch, Yun-Lin 64041, Taiwan
- Department and Graduate Institute of Pharmacology, National Taiwan University College of Medicine, Taipei 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei 10002, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
- Initiative for Columbia Ataxia and Tremor, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei City 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Neurology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Kim KS, Gaines JL, Parrell B, Ramanarayanan V, Nagarajan SS, Houde JF. Mechanisms of sensorimotor adaptation in a hierarchical state feedback control model of speech. PLoS Comput Biol 2023; 19:e1011244. [PMID: 37506120 PMCID: PMC10434967 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1011244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 06/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon perceiving sensory errors during movements, the human sensorimotor system updates future movements to compensate for the errors, a phenomenon called sensorimotor adaptation. One component of this adaptation is thought to be driven by sensory prediction errors-discrepancies between predicted and actual sensory feedback. However, the mechanisms by which prediction errors drive adaptation remain unclear. Here, auditory prediction error-based mechanisms involved in speech auditory-motor adaptation were examined via the feedback aware control of tasks in speech (FACTS) model. Consistent with theoretical perspectives in both non-speech and speech motor control, the hierarchical architecture of FACTS relies on both the higher-level task (vocal tract constrictions) as well as lower-level articulatory state representations. Importantly, FACTS also computes sensory prediction errors as a part of its state feedback control mechanism, a well-established framework in the field of motor control. We explored potential adaptation mechanisms and found that adaptive behavior was present only when prediction errors updated the articulatory-to-task state transformation. In contrast, designs in which prediction errors updated forward sensory prediction models alone did not generate adaptation. Thus, FACTS demonstrated that 1) prediction errors can drive adaptation through task-level updates, and 2) adaptation is likely driven by updates to task-level control rather than (only) to forward predictive models. Additionally, simulating adaptation with FACTS generated a number of important hypotheses regarding previously reported phenomena such as identifying the source(s) of incomplete adaptation and driving factor(s) for changes in the second formant frequency during adaptation to the first formant perturbation. The proposed model design paves the way for a hierarchical state feedback control framework to be examined in the context of sensorimotor adaptation in both speech and non-speech effector systems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kwang S. Kim
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Jessica L. Gaines
- Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California Berkeley-University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Benjamin Parrell
- Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Vikram Ramanarayanan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Modality.AI, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Srikantan S. Nagarajan
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - John F. Houde
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Malone LA, Hill NM, Tripp H, Wolpert DM, Bastian AJ. A novel video game for remote studies of motor adaptation in children. Physiol Rep 2023; 11:e15764. [PMID: 37434268 PMCID: PMC10336020 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.15764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Here we designed a motor adaptation video game that could be played remotely (at home) through a web browser. This required the child to adapt to a visuomotor rotation between their hand movement and a ball displayed in the game. The task had several novel features, specifically designed to allow the study of the developmental trajectory of adaptation across a wide range of ages. We test the concurrent validity by comparing children's performance on our remote task to the same task performed in the laboratory. All participants remained engaged and completed the task. We quantified feedforward and feedback control during this task. Feedforward control, a key measure of adaptation, was similar at home and in the laboratory. All children could successfully use feedback control to guide the ball to a target. Traditionally, motor learning studies are performed in a laboratory to obtain high quality kinematic data. However, here we demonstrate concurrent validity of kinematic behavior when conducted at home. Our online platform provides the flexibility and ease of collecting data that will enable future studies with large sample sizes, longitudinal experiments, and the study of children with rare diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura A. Malone
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeurologyJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of Physical Medicine and RehabilitationJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Nayo M. Hill
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Haley Tripp
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| | - Daniel M. Wolpert
- Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior InstituteColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceColumbia UniversityNew YorkNew YorkUSA
| | - Amy J. Bastian
- Kennedy Krieger InstituteBaltimoreMarylandUSA
- Department of NeuroscienceJohns Hopkins School of MedicineBaltimoreMarylandUSA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Weightman M, Lalji N, Lin CHS, Galea JM, Jenkinson N, Miall RC. Short duration event related cerebellar TDCS enhances visuomotor adaptation. Brain Stimul 2023; 16:431-441. [PMID: 36720304 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2023.01.1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) is typically applied before or during a task, for periods ranging from 5 to 30 min. HYPOTHESIS We hypothesise that briefer stimulation epochs synchronous with individual task actions may be more effective. METHODS In two separate experiments, we applied brief bursts of event-related anodal stimulation (erTDCS) to the cerebellum during a visuomotor adaptation task. RESULTS The first study demonstrated that 1 s duration erTDCS time-locked to the participants' reaching actions enhanced adaptation significantly better than sham. A close replication in the second study demonstrated 0.5 s erTDCS synchronous with the reaching actions again resulted in better adaptation than standard TDCS, significantly better than sham. Stimulation either during the inter-trial intervals between movements or after movement, during assessment of visual feedback, had no significant effect. Because short duration stimulation with rapid onset and offset is more readily perceived by the participants, we additionally show that a non-electrical vibrotactile stimulation of the scalp, presented with the same timing as the erTDCS, had no significant effect. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that short duration, event related, anodal TDCS targeting the cerebellum enhances motor adaptation compared to the standard model. We discuss possible mechanisms of action and speculate on neural learning processes that may be involved.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weightman
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK; School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Neeraj Lalji
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Chin-Hsuan Sophie Lin
- Cognitive Neuroscience and Computational Psychiatry Lab, University of Melbourne, Australia
| | | | - Ned Jenkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, UK
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Fleury L, Dreyer L, El Makkaoui R, Leroy E, Rossetti Y, Collet C. Inter-Task Transfer of Prism Adaptation through Motor Imagery. Brain Sci 2023; 13:brainsci13010114. [PMID: 36672095 PMCID: PMC9857236 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci13010114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Prism adaptation (PA) is a useful method to investigate short-term sensorimotor plasticity. Following active exposure to prisms, individuals show consistent after-effects, probing that they have adapted to the perturbation. Whether after-effects are transferable to another task or remain specific to the task performed under exposure, represents a crucial interest to understand the adaptive processes at work. Motor imagery (MI, i.e., the mental representation of an action without any concomitant execution) offers an original opportunity to investigate the role of cognitive aspects of motor command preparation disregarding actual sensory and motor information related to its execution. The aim of the study was to test whether prism adaptation through MI led to transferable after-effects. Forty-four healthy volunteers were exposed to a rightward prismatic deviation while performing actual (Active group) versus imagined (MI group) pointing movements, or while being inactive (inactive group). Upon prisms removal, in the MI group, only participants with the highest MI abilities (MI+ group) showed consistent after-effects on pointing and, crucially, a significant transfer to throwing. This was not observed in participants with lower MI abilities and in the inactive group. However, a direct comparison of pointing after-effects and transfer to throwing between MI+ and the control inactive group did not show any significant difference. Although this interpretation requires caution, these findings suggest that exposure to intersensory conflict might be responsible for sensory realignment during prism adaptation which could be transferred to another task. This study paves the way for further investigations into MI's potential to develop robust sensorimotor adaptation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fleury
- INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, Trajectoires Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69500 Bron, France. Claude Bernard University of Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University of Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Neuro-X Institute (INX) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL) Valais, 1950 Sion, Switzerland
- Correspondence:
| | - Léa Dreyer
- Department of Psychology, University of Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Rola El Makkaoui
- Department of Psychology, University of Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Elise Leroy
- Department of Psychology, University of Lyon 2, 69007 Lyon, France
| | - Yves Rossetti
- INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, Trajectoires Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), 69500 Bron, France. Claude Bernard University of Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
- “Mouvement et Handicap” Platform, Neurological Hospital, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Christian Collet
- Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (EA 7424), Claude Bernard University of Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Nettekoven CR, Jurdon R, Nandi T, Jenkinson N, Stagg CJ. Cerebellar anodal tDCS does not facilitate visuomotor adaptation or retention. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:1435-1438. [PMID: 36341957 PMCID: PMC7613922 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Jurdon
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Tulika Nandi
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK,Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK,Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Germany
| | - Ned Jenkinson
- Johannes Gutenberg University Medical Centre, Germany School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Charlotte J. Stagg
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, FMRIB, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX3 9DU, UK,Oxford Centre for Human Brain Activity, Wellcome Centre for Integrative Neuroimaging, Department of Psychiatry, University of Oxford, OX3 7JX, UK Medical Research Council Brain Network Dynamics Unit, Nuffield Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Oxford, OX1 3TH, UK
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Age- and task-dependent effects of cerebellar tDCS on manual dexterity and motor learning–A preliminary study. Neurophysiol Clin 2022; 52:354-365. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2022.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Revised: 07/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
|
14
|
Ponce GV, Klaus J, Schutter DJLG. A Brief History of Cerebellar Neurostimulation. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2022; 21:715-730. [PMID: 34403075 PMCID: PMC9325826 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01310-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The first attempts at using electric stimulation to study human brain functions followed the experiments of Luigi Galvani and Giovanni Aldini on animal electricity during the eighteenth century. Since then, the cerebellum has been among the areas that have been studied by invasive and non-invasive forms of electrical and magnetic stimulation. During the nineteenth century, animal experiments were conducted to map the motor-related regions of cerebellar cortex by means of direct electric stimulation. As electric stimulation research on the cerebellum moved into the twentieth century, systematic research of electric cerebellar stimulation led to a better understanding of its effects and mechanism of action. In addition, the clinical potential of cerebellar stimulation in the treatment of motor diseases started to be explored. With the introduction of transcranial electric and magnetic stimulation, cerebellar research moved to non-invasive techniques. During the twenty-first century, following on groundbreaking research that linked the cerebellum to non-motor functions, non-invasive techniques have facilitated research into different aspects of cerebellar functioning. The present review provides a brief historical account of cerebellar neurostimulation and discusses current challenges and future direction in this field of research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo V Ponce
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Jana Klaus
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Dennis J L G Schutter
- Department of Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, Heidelberglaan 1, 3584CS, Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Timing is everything: Event-related transcranial direct current stimulation improves motor adaptation. Brain Stimul 2022; 15:750-757. [PMID: 35533836 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2022.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is a current discord between the foundational theories underpinning motor learning and how we currently apply transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS): the former is dependent on tight coupling of events while the latter is conducted with very low temporal resolution. OBJECTIVE Here we aimed to investigate the temporal specificity of stimulation by applying TDCS in short epochs, and coincidentally with movement, during a motor adaptation task. METHODS Participants simultaneously adapted a reaching movement to two opposing velocity-dependent force-fields (clockwise and counter-clockwise), distinguished by a contextual leftward or rightward shift in the task display and cursor location respectively. Brief bouts (<3 s) of event-related TDCS (er-TDCS) were applied over M1 or the cerebellum during movements for only one of these learning contexts. RESULTS We show that when short duration stimulation is applied to the cerebellum and yoked to movement, only those reaching movements performed simultaneously with stimulation are selectively enhanced, whilst similar and interleaved movements are left unaffected. We found no evidence of improved adaptation following M1 er-TDCS, as participants displayed equivalent levels of error during both stimulated and unstimulated movements. Similarly, participants in the sham stimulation group adapted comparably during left and right-shift trials. CONCLUSIONS It is proposed that the coupling of cerebellar stimulation and movement influences timing-dependent (i.e. Hebbian-like) mechanisms of plasticity to facilitate enhanced learning in the stimulated context.
Collapse
|
16
|
Coherent theta oscillations in the cerebellum and supplementary motor area mediate visuomotor adaptation. Neuroimage 2022; 251:118985. [PMID: 35149228 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2022.118985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cerebellum and its interaction with cortical areas play a key role in our ability to flexibly adapt a motor program in response to sensory input. Current knowledge about specific neural mechanisms underlying the process of visuomotor adaptation is however lacking. Using a novel placement of EEG electrodes to record electric activity from the cerebellum, we studied local cerebellar activity, as well as its coupling with neocortical activity to obtain direct neurophysiological markers of visuomotor adaptation in humans. We found increased theta (4-8Hz) power in "cerebellar" as well as cortical electrodes, when subjects first encountered a visual manipulation. Theta power decreased as subjects adapted to the perturbation, and rebounded when the manipulation was suddenly removed. This effect was observed in two distinct locations: a cerebellar cluster and a central cluster, which were localized in left cerebellar crus I (lCB) and right supplementary motor area (rSMA) using linear constrained minimum variance beamforming. Importantly, we found that better adaptation was associated with increased theta power in left cerebellar electrodes and a right sensorimotor cortex electrode. Finally, increased rSMA -> lCB connectivity was significantly decreased with adaptation. These results demonstrate that: (1) cerebellar theta power is markedly modulated over the course of visuomotor adaptation and (2) theta oscillations could serve as a key mechanism for communication within a cortico-cerebellar loop.
Collapse
|
17
|
Manto M, Argyropoulos GPD, Bocci T, Celnik PA, Corben LA, Guidetti M, Koch G, Priori A, Rothwell JC, Sadnicka A, Spampinato D, Ugawa Y, Wessel MJ, Ferrucci R. Consensus Paper: Novel Directions and Next Steps of Non-invasive Brain Stimulation of the Cerebellum in Health and Disease. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2021; 21:1092-1122. [PMID: 34813040 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01344-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is involved in multiple closed-loops circuitry which connect the cerebellar modules with the motor cortex, prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortical areas, and contribute to motor control, cognitive processes, emotional processing, and behavior. Among them, the cerebello-thalamo-cortical pathway represents the anatomical substratum of cerebellum-motor cortex inhibition (CBI). However, the cerebellum is also connected with basal ganglia by disynaptic pathways, and cerebellar involvement in disorders commonly associated with basal ganglia dysfunction (e.g., Parkinson's disease and dystonia) has been suggested. Lately, cerebellar activity has been targeted by non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) techniques including transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to indirectly affect and tune dysfunctional circuitry in the brain. Although the results are promising, several questions remain still unsolved. Here, a panel of experts from different specialties (neurophysiology, neurology, neurosurgery, neuropsychology) reviews the current results on cerebellar NIBS with the aim to derive the future steps and directions needed. We discuss the effects of TMS in the field of cerebellar neurophysiology, the potentials of cerebellar tDCS, the role of animal models in cerebellar NIBS applications, and the possible application of cerebellar NIBS in motor learning, stroke recovery, speech and language functions, neuropsychiatric and movement disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium.,Service Des Neurosciences, UMons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Georgios P D Argyropoulos
- Division of Psychology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK
| | - Tommaso Bocci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy.,ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Via di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - Pablo A Celnik
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Louise A Corben
- Bruce Lefroy Centre for Genetic Health Research, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, Parkville. Victoria, Australia
| | - Matteo Guidetti
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy.,Department of Electronics, Information and Bioengineering, Politecnico Di Milano, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Giacomo Koch
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Priori
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy.,ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Via di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy
| | - John C Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neuroscience, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Anna Sadnicka
- Motor Control and Movement Disorders Group, St George's University of London, London, UK.,Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
| | - Danny Spampinato
- Fondazione Santa Lucia IRCCS, via Ardeatina 306, 00179, Rome, Italy
| | - Yoshikazu Ugawa
- Department of Human Neurophysiology, Fukushima Medical University, Fukushima, Japan
| | - Maximilian J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL), Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Sion, Switzerland
| | - Roberta Ferrucci
- Aldo Ravelli Research Center for Neurotechnology and Experimental Neurotherapeutics, Department of Health Sciences, University of Milan, 20142, Milan, Italy. .,ASST Santi Paolo E Carlo, Via di Rudinì, 8, 20142, Milan, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Skipper JI, Lametti DR. Speech Perception under the Tent: A Domain-general Predictive Role for the Cerebellum. J Cogn Neurosci 2021; 33:1517-1534. [PMID: 34496370 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The role of the cerebellum in speech perception remains a mystery. Given its uniform architecture, we tested the hypothesis that it implements a domain-general predictive mechanism whose role in speech is determined by connectivity. We collated all neuroimaging studies reporting cerebellar activity in the Neurosynth database (n = 8206). From this set, we found all studies involving passive speech and sound perception (n = 72, 64% speech, 12.5% sounds, 12.5% music, and 11% tones) and speech production and articulation (n = 175). Standard and coactivation neuroimaging meta-analyses were used to compare cerebellar and associated cortical activations between passive perception and production. We found distinct regions of perception- and production-related activity in the cerebellum and regions of perception-production overlap. Each of these regions had distinct patterns of cortico-cerebellar connectivity. To test for domain-generality versus specificity, we identified all psychological and task-related terms in the Neurosynth database that predicted activity in cerebellar regions associated with passive perception and production. Regions in the cerebellum activated by speech perception were associated with domain-general terms related to prediction. One hallmark of predictive processing is metabolic savings (i.e., decreases in neural activity when events are predicted). To test the hypothesis that the cerebellum plays a predictive role in speech perception, we examined cortical activation between studies reporting cerebellar activation and those without cerebellar activation during speech perception. When the cerebellum was active during speech perception, there was far less cortical activation than when it was inactive. The results suggest that the cerebellum implements a domain-general mechanism related to prediction during speech perception.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daniel R Lametti
- University College London.,Acadia University, Wolfville, Nova Scotia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Leow LA, Tresilian JR, Uchida A, Koester D, Spingler T, Riek S, Marinovic W. Acoustic stimulation increases implicit adaptation in sensorimotor adaptation. Eur J Neurosci 2021; 54:5047-5062. [PMID: 34021941 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.15317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sensorimotor adaptation is an important part of our ability to perform novel motor tasks (i.e., learning of motor skills). Efforts to improve adaptation in healthy and clinical patients using non-invasive brain stimulation methods have been hindered by inter-individual and intra-individual variability in brain susceptibility to stimulation. Here, we explore unpredictable loud acoustic stimulation as an alternative method of modulating brain excitability to improve sensorimotor adaptation. In two experiments, participants moved a cursor towards targets, and adapted to a 30º rotation of cursor feedback, either with or without unpredictable acoustic stimulation. Acoustic stimulation improved initial adaptation to sensory prediction errors in Study 1, and improved overnight retention of adaptation in Study 2. Unpredictable loud acoustic stimulation might thus be a potent method of modulating sensorimotor adaptation in healthy adults.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Ann Leow
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Aya Uchida
- School of Psychology, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Dirk Koester
- BSP Business School Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Department of Sport Science, Bielefeld University, Bielefeld, Germany
| | - Tamara Spingler
- Spinal Cord Injury Center, Heidelberg University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Stephan Riek
- School of Human Movement and Nutrition Sciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Graduate Research School, University of Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, Australia
| | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lerner O, Friedman J, Frenkel-Toledo S. The effect of high-definition transcranial direct current stimulation intensity on motor performance in healthy adults: a randomized controlled trial. J Neuroeng Rehabil 2021; 18:103. [PMID: 34174914 PMCID: PMC8236155 DOI: 10.1186/s12984-021-00899-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The results of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) studies that seek to improve motor performance for people with neurological disorders, by targeting the primary motor cortex, have been inconsistent. One possible reason, among others, for this inconsistency, is that very little is known about the optimal protocols for enhancing motor performance in healthy individuals. The best way to optimize stimulation protocols for enhancing tDCS effects on motor performance by means of current intensity modulation has not yet been determined. We aimed to determine the effect of current intensity on motor performance using–for the first time–a montage optimized for maximal focal stimulation via anodal high-definition tDCS (HD-tDCS) on the right primary motor cortex in healthy subjects. Methods Sixty participants randomly received 20-min HD-tDCS at 1.5, 2 mA, or sham stimulation. Participants’ reaching performance with the left hand on a tablet was tested before, during, and immediately following stimulation, and retested after 24 h. Results In the current montage of HD-tDCS, movement time did not differ between groups in each timepoint. However, only after HD-tDCS at 1.5 mA did movement time improve at posttest as compared to pretest. This reduction in movement time from pretest to posttest was significantly greater compared to HD-tDCS 2 mA. Following HD-tDCS at 1.5 mA and sham HD-tDCS, but not 2 mA, movement time improved at retest compared to pretest, and at posttest and retest compared to the movement time during stimulation. In HD-tDCS at 2 mA, the negligible reduction in movement time from the course of stimulation to posttest was significantly lower compared to sham HD-tDCS. Across all groups, reaction time improved in retest compared to pretest and to the reaction time during stimulation, and did not differ between groups in each timepoint. Conclusions It appears that 2 mA in this particular experimental setup inhibited the learning effects. These results suggest that excitatory effects induced by anodal stimulation do not hold for every stimulation intensity, information that should be taken into consideration when translating tDCS use from the realm of research into more optimal neurorehabilitation. Trial registration: Clinical Trials Gov, NCT04577768. Registered 6 October 2019 -Retrospectively registered, https://register.clinicaltrials.gov/prs/app/action/SelectProtocol?sid=S000A9B3&selectaction=Edit&uid=U0005AKF&ts=8&cx=buucf0. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12984-021-00899-z.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ohad Lerner
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel
| | - Jason Friedman
- Department of Physical Therapy, Stanley Steyer School of Health Professions, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.,Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Silvi Frenkel-Toledo
- Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ariel University, Ariel, Israel. .,Department of Neurological Rehabilitation, Loewenstein Hospital, Raanana, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tzvi E, Loens S, Donchin O. Mini-review: The Role of the Cerebellum in Visuomotor Adaptation. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 21:306-313. [PMID: 34080132 PMCID: PMC8993777 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The incredible capability of the brain to quickly alter performance in response to ever-changing environment is rooted in the process of adaptation. The core aspect of adaptation is to fit an existing motor program to altered conditions. Adaptation to a visuomotor rotation or an external force has been well established as tools to study the mechanisms underlying sensorimotor adaptation. In this mini-review, we summarize recent findings from the field of visuomotor adaptation. We focus on the idea that the cerebellum plays a central role in the process of visuomotor adaptation and that interactions with cortical structures, in particular, the premotor cortex and the parietal cortex, may be crucial for this process. To this end, we cover a range of methodologies used in the literature that link cerebellar functions and visuomotor adaptation; behavioral studies in cerebellar lesion patients, neuroimaging and non-invasive stimulation approaches. The mini-review is organized as follows: first, we provide evidence that sensory prediction errors (SPE) in visuomotor adaptation rely on the cerebellum based on behavioral studies in cerebellar patients. Second, we summarize structural and functional imaging studies that provide insight into spatial localization as well as visuomotor adaptation dynamics in the cerebellum. Third, we discuss premotor — cerebellar interactions and how these may underlie visuomotor adaptation. And finally, we provide evidence from transcranial direct current and magnetic stimulation studies that link cerebellar activity, beyond correlational relationships, to visuomotor adaptation .
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elinor Tzvi
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Liebigstraße 20, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Sebastian Loens
- Institute of Systems Motor Science, University of Lübeck, Ratzeburger Allee 160, 23538, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Opher Donchin
- Motor Learning Lab, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Be'er Sheva, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fleury L, Panico F, Foncelle A, Revol P, Delporte L, Jacquin-Courtois S, Collet C, Rossetti Y. Non-invasive brain stimulation shows possible cerebellar contribution in transfer of prism adaptation after-effects from pointing to throwing movements. Brain Cogn 2021; 151:105735. [PMID: 33945939 DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2021.105735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Whether sensorimotor adaptation can be generalized from one context to others represents a crucial interest in the field of neurological rehabilitation. Nonetheless, the mechanisms underlying transfer to another task remain unclear. Prism Adaptation (PA) is a useful method employed both to study short-term plasticity and for rehabilitation. Neuro-imaging and neuro-stimulation studies show that the cerebellum plays a substantial role in online control, strategic control (rapid error reduction), and realignment (after-effects) in PA. However, the contribution of the cerebellum to transfer is still unknown. The aim of this study was to test whether interfering with the activity of the cerebellum affected transfer of prism after-effects from a pointing to a throwing task. For this purpose, we delivered cathodal cerebellar transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) to healthy participants during PA while a control group received cerebellar Sham Stimulation. We assessed longitudinal evolutions of pointing and throwing errors and pointing trajectories orientations during pre-tests, exposure and post-tests. Results revealed that participants who received active cerebellar stimulation showed (1) altered error reduction and pointing trajectories during the first trials of exposure; (2) increased magnitude but reduced robustness of pointing after-effects; and, crucially, (3) slightly altered transfer of after-effects to the throwing task. Therefore, the present study confirmed that cathodal cerebellar tDCS interferes with processes at work during PA and provides evidence for a possible contribution of the cerebellum in after-effects transfer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Fleury
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Trajectoires team, INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, 69500 Bron, France; University of Claude, Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM), EA 7424, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Francesco Panico
- Department of Psychology, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 81100 Caserta, Italy
| | - Alexandre Foncelle
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Trajectoires team, INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Patrice Revol
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Trajectoires team, INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, 69500 Bron, France; "Mouvement et Handicap" platform, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle & Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Ludovic Delporte
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Trajectoires team, INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, 69500 Bron, France; "Mouvement et Handicap" platform, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle & Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Sophie Jacquin-Courtois
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Trajectoires team, INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, 69500 Bron, France; "Mouvement et Handicap" platform, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle & Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| | - Christian Collet
- University of Claude, Bernard Lyon 1, 69100 Villeurbanne, France; Inter-University Laboratory of Human Movement Biology (LIBM), EA 7424, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Yves Rossetti
- Lyon Neuroscience Research Center (CRNL), Trajectoires team, INSERM UMR-S U1028, CNRS UMS 5292, 69500 Bron, France; "Mouvement et Handicap" platform, Hôpital Henry Gabrielle & Hôpital Neurologique, Hospices Civils de Lyon, 69500 Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Billeri L, Naro A. A narrative review on non-invasive stimulation of the cerebellum in neurological diseases. Neurol Sci 2021; 42:2191-2209. [PMID: 33759055 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-021-05187-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
IMPORTANCE The cerebellum plays an important role in motor, cognitive, and affective functions owing to its dense interconnections with basal ganglia and cerebral cortex. This review aimed at summarizing the non-invasive cerebellar stimulation (NICS) approaches used to modulate cerebellar output and treat cerebellar dysfunction in the motor domain. OBSERVATION The utility of NICS in the treatment of cerebellar and non-cerebellar neurological diseases (including Parkinson's disease, dementia, cerebellar ataxia, and stroke) is discussed. NICS induces meaningful clinical effects from repeated sessions alone in both cerebellar and non-cerebellar diseases. However, there are no conclusive data on this issue and several concerns need to be still addressed before NICS could be considered a valuable, standard therapeutic tool. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Even though some challenges must be overcome to adopt NICS in a wider clinical setting, this tool might become a useful strategy to help patients with lesions in the cerebellum and cerebral areas that are connected with the cerebellum whether one could enhance cerebellar activity with the intention of facilitating the cerebellum and the entire, related network, rather than attempting to facilitate a partially damaged cortical region or inhibiting the homologs' contralateral area. The different outcome of each approach would depend on the residual functional reserve of the cerebellum, which is confirmed as a critical element to be probed preliminary in order to define the best patient-tailored NICS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Billeri
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, SS113, Ctr. Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Antonino Naro
- IRCCS Centro Neurolesi Bonino Pulejo, via Palermo, SS113, Ctr. Casazza, 98124, Messina, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Feasibility of combining functional near-infrared spectroscopy with electroencephalography to identify chronic stroke responders to cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation-a computational modeling and portable neuroimaging methodological study. THE CEREBELLUM 2021; 20:853-871. [PMID: 33675516 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-021-01249-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Feasibility of portable neuroimaging of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) effects on the cerebral cortex has not been investigated vis-à-vis cerebellar lobular electric field strength. We studied functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) in conjunction with electroencephalography (EEG) to measure changes in the brain activation at the prefrontal cortex (PFC) and the sensorimotor cortex (SMC) following ctDCS as well as virtual reality-based balance training (VBaT) before and after ctDCS treatment in 12 hemiparetic chronic stroke survivors. We performed general linear modeling (GLM) that putatively associated the lobular electric field strength with the changes in the fNIRS-EEG measures at the ipsilesional and contra-lesional PFC and SMC. Here, fNIRS-EEG measures were found in the latent space from canonical correlation analysis (CCA) between the changes in total hemoglobin (tHb) concentrations (0.01-0.07Hz and 0.07-0.13Hz bands) and log10-transformed EEG bandpower within 1-45 Hz where significant (Wilks' lambda>0.95) canonical correlations were found only for the 0.07-0.13-Hz band. Also, the first principal component (97.5% variance accounted for) of the mean lobular electric field strength was a good predictor of the latent variables of oxy-hemoglobin (O2Hb) concentrations and log10-transformed EEG bandpower. GLM also provided insights into non-responders to ctDCS who also performed poorly in the VBaT due to ideomotor apraxia. Future studies should investigate fNIRS-EEG joint-imaging in a larger cohort to identify non-responders based on GLM fitting to the fNIRS-EEG data.
Collapse
|
25
|
Weightman M, Brittain JS, Miall RC, Jenkinson N. Direct and indirect effects of cathodal cerebellar TDCS on visuomotor adaptation of hand and arm movements. Sci Rep 2021; 11:4464. [PMID: 33627717 PMCID: PMC7904798 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83656-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Adaptation of movements involving the proximal and distal upper-limb can be differentially facilitated by anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (TDCS) over the cerebellum and primary motor cortex (M1). Here, we build on this evidence by demonstrating that cathodal TDCS impairs motor adaptation with a differentiation of the proximal and distal upper-limbs, relative to the site of stimulation. Healthy young adults received M1 or cerebellar cathodal TDCS while making fast 'shooting' movements towards targets under 60° rotated visual feedback conditions, using either whole-arm reaching or fine hand and finger movements. As predicted, we found that cathodal cerebellar TDCS resulted in impairment of adaptation of movements with the whole arm compared to M1 and sham groups, which proved significantly different during late adaptation. However, cathodal cerebellar TDCS also significantly enhanced adaptation of hand movements, which may reflect changes in the excitability of the pathway between the cerebellum and M1. We found no evidence for change of adaptation rates using arm or finger movements following cathodal TDCS directly over M1. These results are further evidence to support movement specific effects of TDCS, and highlight how the connectivity and functional organisation of the cerebellum and M1 must be considered when designing TDCS-based therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weightman
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - John-Stuart Brittain
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - R. Chris Miall
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| | - Ned Jenkinson
- grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK ,grid.6572.60000 0004 1936 7486Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT UK
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Nguemeni C, Stiehl A, Hiew S, Zeller D. No Impact of Cerebellar Anodal Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation at Three Different Timings on Motor Learning in a Sequential Finger-Tapping Task. Front Hum Neurosci 2021; 15:631517. [PMID: 33613217 PMCID: PMC7892471 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2021.631517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Recently, attention has grown toward cerebellar neuromodulation in motor learning using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). An important point of discussion regarding this modulation is the optimal timing of tDCS, as this parameter could significantly influence the outcome. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the effects of the timing of cerebellar anodal tDCS (ca-tDCS) on motor learning using a sequential finger-tapping task (FTT). Methods: One hundred and twenty two healthy young, right-handed subjects (96 females) were randomized into four groups (Duringsham, Before, Duringreal, After). They performed 2 days of FTT with their non-dominant hand on a custom keyboard. The task consisted of 40 s of typing followed by 20 s rest. Each participant received ca-tDCS (2 mA, sponge electrodes of 25 cm2, 20 min) at the appropriate timing and performed 20 trials on the first day (T1, 20 min). On the following day, only 10 trials of FTT were performed without tDCS (T2, 10 min). Motor skill performance and retention were assessed. Results: All participants showed a time-dependent increase in learning. Motor performance was not different between groups at the end of T1 (p = 0.59). ca-tDCS did not facilitate the retention of the motor skill in the FTT at T2 (p = 0.27). Thus, our findings indicate an absence of the effect of ca-tDCS on motor performance or retention of the FTT independently from the timing of stimulation. Conclusion: The present results suggest that the outcome of ca-tDCS is highly dependent on the task and stimulation parameters. Future studies need to establish a clear basis for the successful and reproducible clinical application of ca-tDCS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Nguemeni
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Annika Stiehl
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Shawn Hiew
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Zeller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Spampinato D, Avci E, Rothwell J, Rocchi L. Frequency-dependent modulation of cerebellar excitability during the application of non-invasive alternating current stimulation. Brain Stimul 2021; 14:277-283. [PMID: 33482375 PMCID: PMC7970622 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background it is well-known that the cerebellum is critical for the integrity of motor and cognitive actions. Applying non-invasive brain stimulation techniques over this region results in neurophysiological and behavioural changes, which have been associated with the modulation of cerebellar-cerebral cortex connectivity. Here, we investigated whether online application of cerebellar transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) results in changes to this pathway. Methods thirteen healthy individuals participated in two sessions of cerebellar tACS delivered at different frequencies (5Hz and 50Hz). We used transcranial magnetic stimulation to measure cerebellar-motor cortex (M1) inhibition (CBI), short-intracortical inhibition (SICI) and short-afferent inhibition (SAI) before, during and after the application of tACS. Results we found that CBI was specifically strengthened during the application of 5Hz cerebellar tACS. No changes were detected immediately following the application of 5Hz stimulation, nor at any time point with 50Hz stimulation. We also found no changes to M1 intracortical circuits (i.e. SICI) or sensorimotor interaction (i.e. SAI), indicating that the effects of 5Hz tACS over the cerebellum are site-specific. Conclusions cerebellar tACS can modulate cerebellar excitability in a time- and frequency-dependent manner. Additionally, cerebellar tACS does not appear to induce any long-lasting effects (i.e. plasticity), suggesting that stimulation enhances oscillations within the cerebellum only throughout the stimulation period. As such, cerebellar tACS may have significant implications for diseases manifesting with abnormal cerebellar oscillatory activity and also for future behavioural studies. Cerebellar tACS increases the inhibitory tone that the cerebellum exerts over M1 (CBI). CBI changes were found only during the online application of 5Hz tACS and not immediately following stimulation. The effects are specific to the cerebellum, as no changes were found in intracortical measures (e.g. SICI and SAI).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danny Spampinato
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom; Non-invasive Brain Stimulation Unit, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Via Ardeatina 306/354, 00142, Rome, Italy.
| | - Esin Avci
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Institute of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - John Rothwell
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| | - Lorenzo Rocchi
- Department of Clinical and Movement Neurosciences, Institute of Neurology, University College London, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Wessel MJ, Park CH, Beanato E, Cuttaz EA, Timmermann JE, Schulz R, Morishita T, Koch PJ, Hummel FC. Multifocal stimulation of the cerebro-cerebellar loop during the acquisition of a novel motor skill. Sci Rep 2021; 11:1756. [PMID: 33469089 PMCID: PMC7815761 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-81154-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS)-based interventions for augmenting motor learning are gaining interest in systems neuroscience and clinical research. Current approaches focus largely on monofocal motorcortical stimulation. Innovative stimulation protocols, accounting for motor learning related brain network interactions also, may further enhance effect sizes. Here, we tested different stimulation approaches targeting the cerebro-cerebellar loop. Forty young, healthy participants trained a fine motor skill with concurrent tDCS in four sessions over two days, testing the following conditions: (1) monofocal motorcortical, (2) sham, (3) monofocal cerebellar, or (4) sequential multifocal motorcortico-cerebellar stimulation in a double-blind, parallel design. Skill retention was assessed after circa 10 and 20 days. Furthermore, potential underlying mechanisms were studied, applying paired-pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation and multimodal magnetic resonance imaging-based techniques. Multisession motorcortical stimulation facilitated skill acquisition, when compared with sham. The data failed to reveal beneficial effects of monofocal cerebellar or additive effects of sequential multifocal motorcortico-cerebellar stimulation. Multimodal multiple linear regression modelling identified baseline task performance and structural integrity of the bilateral superior cerebellar peduncle as the most influential predictors for training success. Multisession application of motorcortical tDCS in several daily sessions may further boost motor training efficiency. This has potential implications for future rehabilitation trials.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maximilian J Wessel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland.
| | - Chang-Hyun Park
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Elena Beanato
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Estelle A Cuttaz
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Jan E Timmermann
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Robert Schulz
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Takuya Morishita
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Philipp J Koch
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Friedhelm C Hummel
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Campus Biotech, Chemin des Mines 9, 1202, Geneva, Switzerland.,Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Clinique Romande de Réadaptation, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Swiss Federal Institute of Technology (EPFL Valais), Sion, Switzerland.,Clinical Neuroscience, University of Geneva Medical School, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Long-term effects of cerebellar anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on the acquisition and extinction of conditioned eyeblink responses. Sci Rep 2020; 10:22434. [PMID: 33384434 PMCID: PMC7775427 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-80023-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported to enhance the acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses (CR), a form of associative motor learning. The aim of the present study was to determine possible long-term effects of cerebellar tDCS on the acquisition and extinction of CRs. Delay eyeblink conditioning was performed in 40 young and healthy human participants. On day 1, 100 paired CS (conditioned stimulus)–US (unconditioned stimulus) trials were applied. During the first 50 paired CS–US trials, 20 participants received anodal cerebellar tDCS, and 20 participants received sham stimulation. On days 2, 8 and 29, 50 paired CS–US trials were applied, followed by 30 CS-only extinction trials on day 29. CR acquisition was not significantly different between anodal and sham groups. During extinction, CR incidences were significantly reduced in the anodal group compared to sham, indicating reduced retention. In the anodal group, learning related increase of CR magnitude tended to be reduced, and timing of CRs tended to be delayed. The present data do not confirm previous findings of enhanced acquisition of CRs induced by anodal cerebellar tDCS. Rather, the present findings suggest a detrimental effect of anodal cerebellar tDCS on CR retention and possibly CR performance.
Collapse
|
30
|
Abstract
During prism adaptation (PA), active exposure to an optical shift results in sustained modifications of the sensorimotor system, which have been shown to expand to the cognitive level and serve as a rehabilitation technique for spatial cognition disorders. Several models based on evidence from clinical and neuroimaging studies offered a description of the cognitive and the neural correlates of PA. However, recent findings using noninvasive neurostimulation call for a reexamination of the role of the primary motor cortex (M1) in PA. Specifically, recent studies demonstrated that M1 stimulation reactivates previously vanished sensorimotor changes 1 day after PA, induces after-effect strengthening, and boosts therapeutic effects up to the point of reversing treatment-resistant unilateral neglect. Here, we articulate findings from clinical, neuroimaging, and noninvasive brain stimulation studies to show that M1 contributes to acquiring and storing PA, by means of persisting latent changes after the behavioral training is terminated, consistent with studies on other sensorimotor adaptation procedures. Moreover, we describe the hierarchical organization as well as the timing of PA mechanisms and their anatomical correlates, and identify M1 as an anatomo-functional interface between low- and high-order PA-related mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Fleury
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.,Trajectoires, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Bron, France
| | - Luigi Trojano
- University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli," Caserta, Italy
| | - Yves Rossetti
- Hospices Civils de Lyon, France.,Trajectoires, Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences de Lyon, Bron, France
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Nguemeni C, Homola GA, Nakchbandi L, Pham M, Volkmann J, Zeller D. A Single Session of Anodal Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Does Not Induce Facilitation of Locomotor Consolidation in Patients With Multiple Sclerosis. Front Hum Neurosci 2020; 14:588671. [PMID: 33192424 PMCID: PMC7661800 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2020.588671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Multiple sclerosis (MS) may cause variable functional impairment. The discrepancy between functional impairment and brain imaging findings in patients with MS (PwMS) might be attributed to differential adaptive and consolidation capacities. Modulating those abilities could contribute to a favorable clinical course of the disease. Objectives: We examined the effect of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (c-tDCS) on locomotor adaptation and consolidation in PwMS using a split-belt treadmill (SBT) paradigm. Methods: 40 PwMS and 30 matched healthy controls performed a locomotor adaptation task on a SBT. First, we assessed locomotor adaptation in PwMS. In a second investigation, this training was followed by cerebellar anodal tDCS applied immediately after the task ipsilateral to the fast leg (T0). The SBT paradigm was repeated 24 h (T1) and 78 h (T2) post-stimulation to evaluate consolidation. Results: The gait dynamics and adaptation on the SBT were comparable between PwMS and controls. We found no effects of offline cerebellar anodal tDCS on locomotor adaptation and consolidation. Participants who received the active stimulation showed the same retention index than sham-stimulated subjects at T1 (p = 0.33) and T2 (p = 0.46). Conclusion: Locomotor adaptation is preserved in people with mild-to-moderate MS. However, cerebellar anodal tDCS applied immediately post-training does not further enhance this ability. Future studies should define the neurobiological substrates of maintained plasticity in PwMS and how these substrates can be manipulated to improve compensation. Systematic assessments of methodological variables for cerebellar tDCS are urgently needed to increase the consistency and replicability of the results across experiments in various settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carine Nguemeni
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - György A Homola
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Luis Nakchbandi
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Mirko Pham
- Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Jens Volkmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Daniel Zeller
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Ranganathan R, Tomlinson AD, Lokesh R, Lin TH, Patel P. A tale of too many tasks: task fragmentation in motor learning and a call for model task paradigms. Exp Brain Res 2020; 239:1-19. [PMID: 33170341 DOI: 10.1007/s00221-020-05908-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Motor learning encompasses a broad set of phenomena that requires a diverse set of experimental paradigms. However, excessive variation in tasks across studies creates fragmentation that can adversely affect the collective advancement of knowledge. Here, we show that motor learning studies tend toward extreme fragmentation in the choice of tasks, with almost no overlap between task paradigms across studies. We argue that this extreme level of task fragmentation poses serious theoretical and methodological barriers to advancing the field. To address these barriers, we propose the need for developing common 'model' task paradigms which could be widely used across labs. Combined with the open sharing of methods and data, we suggest that these model task paradigms could be an important step in increasing the robustness of the motor learning literature and facilitate the cumulative process of science.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rajiv Ranganathan
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
| | - Aimee D Tomlinson
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Rakshith Lokesh
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Tzu-Hsiang Lin
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Priya Patel
- Department of Kinesiology, Michigan State University, 308 W Circle Dr, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Erfmann KLC, Macrae PR, Jones RD, Guiu Hernandez E, Huckabee ML. Effects of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) on motor skill learning in swallowing. Disabil Rehabil 2020; 44:2276-2284. [PMID: 33001711 DOI: 10.1080/09638288.2020.1827303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the effects of cerebellar tDCS on motor learning for swallowing. METHODS In a double-blind RCT, 39 healthy adults received either sham, anodal tDCS, or cathodal tDCS in two sessions on two consecutive days. Following 20 min cerebellar tDCS (2 mA) or sham, they underwent swallowing skill training that targeted control of timing and magnitude of submental muscle activation during swallowing. Linear mixed models were used to identify the effects of stimulation on timing and magnitude accuracy as measured by the change in task performance for each training session, and for skill retention on days 3 and 10 post-intervention. RESULTS Only the sham group had a reduced temporal error from baseline to all following timepoints. When compared to error changes in the sham group, changes from baseline in temporal errors were higher at all timepoints post-intervention for the anodal group, and higher at both retention assessments for the cathodal group. Amplitude errors were smaller for all conditions at all timepoints post-intervention compared to baseline. CONCLUSIONS Cerebellar tDCS was found to inhibit temporal aspects of motor skill learning in swallowing. For the tDCS parameters used in this study, there is no support for use of tDCS to facilitate swallowing rehabilitation. Trial Registry Number (https://www.anzctr.org.au/): ACTRN12615000451505.IMPLICATIONS FOR REHABILITATIONCerebellar tDCS, in combination with motor skill training, has been demonstrated to increase motor skill learning in healthy individuals and neurologically impaired patients.In this study, cerebellar tDCS applied prior to swallowing skill training adversely affected timing measures of submental muscle activation during swallowing.In contrast to published outcomes in the corticospinal literature, both anodal and cathodal tDCS resulted in a relative inhibitory effect on motor skill learning in swallowing when compared to the sham condition.Swallowing skill training without tDCS produced increased accuracy in outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin L C Erfmann
- Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Phoebe R Macrae
- Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Richard D Jones
- Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering, Christchurch, New Zealand.,New Zealand Brain Research Institute, Christchurch, New Zealand.,Department of Medical Physics & Bioengineering, Christchurch Hospital, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Esther Guiu Hernandez
- Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| | - Maggie-Lee Huckabee
- Rose Centre for Stroke Recovery and Research, The University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand.,School of Psychology, Speech & Hearing, University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Rauscher M, Yavari F, Batsikadze G, Ludolph N, Ilg W, Nitsche MA, Timmann D, Steiner KM. Lack of cerebellar tDCS effects on learning of a complex whole body dynamic balance task in middle-aged (50-65 years) adults. Neurol Res Pract 2020; 2:38. [PMID: 33324938 PMCID: PMC7650141 DOI: 10.1186/s42466-020-00085-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is widely considered as a promising non-invasive tool to foster motor performance and learning in health and disease. The results of previous studies, however, are inconsistent. Our group failed to provide evidence for an effect of cerebellar tDCS on learning of a complex whole body dynamic balance task in young and healthy participants. Ceiling effects in the young study population are one possible explanation for the negative findings. Methods In the present study, we therefore tested 40 middle-aged healthy participants between the ages of 50 to 65 years. Participants received either anodal or sham cerebellar tDCS using a double-blinded study design while performing a balance task on a Lafayette Instrument 16,030 stability platform®. Mean platform angle and mean balance time were assessed as outcome measures. Results Significant learning effects were found in all participants. Balancing performance and learning rate was significantly less in the group of middle-aged adults compared to our previous group of young adults. No significant effects of cerebellar tDCS were observed. Conclusions Our findings are in line with other studies that have failed to prove robust effects of cerebellar tDCS on motor learning. The present findings, however, do not exclude cerebellar tDCS effects. tDCS effects may be more prominent after repeated stimulation, using other stimulus parameters, in patient populations, or in other motor learning tasks. Trial registration Not applicable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Rauscher
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - F Yavari
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
| | - G Batsikadze
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - N Ludolph
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Ilg
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - M A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosciences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | - D Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| | - K M Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147 Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
King BR, Rumpf JJ, Heise KF, Veldman MP, Peeters R, Doyon J, Classen J, Albouy G, Swinnen SP. Lateralized effects of post-learning transcranial direct current stimulation on motor memory consolidation in older adults: An fMRI investigation. Neuroimage 2020; 223:117323. [PMID: 32882377 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2020.117323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous research has consistently demonstrated that older adults have difficulties transforming recently learned movements into robust, long-lasting memories (i.e., motor memory consolidation). One potential avenue to enhance consolidation in older individuals is the administration of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to task-relevant brain regions after initial learning. Although this approach has shown promise, the underlying cerebral correlates have yet to be revealed. Moreover, it is unknown whether the effects of tDCS are lateralized, an open question with implications for rehabilitative approaches following predominantly unilateral neurological injuries. In this research, healthy older adults completed a sequential motor task before and 6 h after receiving anodal or sham stimulation to right or left primary motor cortex (M1) while functional magnetic resonance images were acquired. Unexpectedly, anodal stimulation to right M1 following left-hand sequence learning significantly hindered consolidation as compared to a sham control, whereas no differences were observed with left M1 stimulation following right-hand learning. Impaired performance following right M1 stimulation was paralleled by sustained engagement of regions known to be critical for early learning stages, including the caudate nucleus and the premotor and parietal cortices. Thus, post-learning tDCS in older adults not only exerts heterogenous effects across the two hemispheres but can also disrupt ongoing memory processing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bradley R King
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium.
| | | | - Kirstin-Friederike Heise
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Menno P Veldman
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ronald Peeters
- Department of Radiology, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Imaging and Pathology, Biomedical Sciences Group, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Julien Doyon
- McConnell Brain Imaging Center, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Joseph Classen
- Department of Neurology, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Genevieve Albouy
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stephan P Swinnen
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; LBI - KU Leuven Brain Institute, Leuven, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kumari N, Taylor D, Rashid U, Vandal AC, Smith PF, Signal N. Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation for learning a novel split-belt treadmill task: a randomised controlled trial. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11853. [PMID: 32678285 PMCID: PMC7366632 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68825-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2019] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to examine the effect of repeated anodal cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) on learning a split-belt treadmill task. Thirty healthy individuals randomly received three consecutive sessions of active or sham anodal ctDCS during split-belt treadmill training. Motor performance and strides to steady-state performance were evaluated before (baseline), during (adaptation), and after (de-adaptation) the intervention. The outcomes were measured one week later to assess absolute learning and during the intervention to evaluate cumulative, consecutive, and session-specific effects. Data were analysed using linear mixed-effects regression models. During adaptation, there was no significant difference in absolute learning between the groups (p > 0.05). During de-adaptation, a significant difference in absolute learning between the groups (p = 0.03) indicated slower de-adaptation with anodal ctDCS. Pre-planned secondary analysis revealed that anodal ctDCS significantly reduced the cumulative (p = 0.01) and consecutive-session effect (p = 0.01) on immediate adaptation. There were significant cumulative (p = 0.02) and session-specific effects (p = 0.003) on immediate de-adaptation. Repeated anodal ctDCS does not enhance motor learning measured during adaptation to a split-belt treadmill task. However, it influences the maintenance of learnt walking patterns, suggesting that it may be beneficial in maintaining therapeutic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Kumari
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.
| | - Denise Taylor
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Usman Rashid
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Alain C Vandal
- Department of Statistics, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Paul F Smith
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nada Signal
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Mechanistic determinants of effector-independent motor memory encoding. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:17338-17347. [PMID: 32647057 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2001179117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated, purposeful movements learned with one effector generalize to another effector, a finding that has important implications for tool use, sports, performing arts, and rehabilitation. This occurs because the motor memory acquired through learning comprises representations that are effector-independent. Despite knowing this for decades, the neural mechanisms and substrates that are causally associated with the encoding of effector-independent motor memories remain poorly understood. Here we exploit intereffector generalization, the behavioral signature of effector-independent representations, to address this crucial gap. We first show in healthy human participants that postlearning generalization across effectors is principally predicted by the level of an implicit mechanism that evolves gradually during learning to produce a temporally stable memory. We then demonstrate that interfering with left but not right posterior parietal cortex (PPC) using high-definition cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation impedes learning mediated by this mechanism, thus potentially preventing the encoding of effector-independent memory components. We confirm this in our final experiment in which we show that disrupting left PPC but not primary motor cortex after learning has been allowed to occur blocks intereffector generalization. Collectively, our results reveal the key mechanism that encodes an effector-independent memory trace and uncover a central role for the PPC in its representation. The encoding of such motor memory components outside primary sensorimotor regions likely underlies a parsimonious neural organization that enables more efficient movement planning in the brain, independent of the effector used to act.
Collapse
|
38
|
Weightman M, Brittain JS, Punt D, Miall RC, Jenkinson N. Targeted tDCS selectively improves motor adaptation with the proximal and distal upper limb. Brain Stimul 2020; 13:707-716. [PMID: 32289702 DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2020.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The cerebellum and primary motor cortex (M1) are crucial to coordinated and accurate movements of the upper limbs. There is also appreciable evidence that these two structures exert somewhat divergent influences upon proximal versus distal upper limb control. Here, we aimed to differentially regulate the contribution of the cerebellum and M1 to proximal and distal effectors during motor adaptation, with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS). For this, we employed tasks that promote similar motor demands, but isolate whole arm from hand/finger movements, in order to functionally segregate the hierarchy of upper limb control. METHODS Both young and older adults took part in a visuomotor rotation task; where they adapted to a 60° visuomotor rotation using either a hand-held joystick (requiring finger/hand movements) or a 2D robotic manipulandum (requiring whole-arm reaching movements), while M1, cerebellar or sham tDCS was applied. RESULTS We found that cerebellar stimulation improved adaptation performance when arm movements were required to complete the task, while in contrast stimulation of M1 enhanced adaptation during hand and finger movements only. This double-dissociation was replicated in an independent group of older adults, demonstrating that the behaviour remains intact in ageing. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that stimulation of distinct motor areas can selectively improve motor adaptation in the proximal and distal upper limb. This also highlights new ways in which tDCS might be best applied to achieve reliable rehabilitation of upper limb motor deficits.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Weightman
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK.
| | - John-Stuart Brittain
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - David Punt
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - R Chris Miall
- School of Psychology, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| | - Ned Jenkinson
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; MRC-Versus Arthritis Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK; Centre for Human Brain Health, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, B15 2TT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Cerebellar-Motor Cortex Connectivity: One or Two Different Networks? J Neurosci 2020; 40:4230-4239. [PMID: 32312885 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.2397-19.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior-posterior (AP) and posterior-anterior (PA) pulses of transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over the primary motor cortex (M1) appear to activate distinct interneuron networks that contribute differently to two varieties of physiological plasticity and motor behaviors (Hamada et al., 2014). The AP network is thought to be more sensitive to online manipulation of cerebellar (CB) activity using transcranial direct current stimulation. Here we probed CB-M1 interactions using cerebellar brain inhibition (CBI) in young healthy female and male individuals. TMS over the cerebellum produced maximal CBI of PA-evoked EMG responses at an interstimulus interval of 5 ms (PA-CBI), whereas the maximum effect on AP responses was at 7 ms (AP-CBI), suggesting that CB-M1 pathways with different conduction times interact with AP and PA networks. In addition, paired associative stimulation using ulnar nerve stimulation and PA TMS pulses over M1, a protocol used in human studies to induce cortical plasticity, reduced PA-CBI but not AP-CBI, indicating that cortical networks process cerebellar inputs in distinct ways. Finally, PA-CBI and AP-CBI were differentially modulated after performing two different types of motor learning tasks that are known to process cerebellar input in different ways. The data presented here are compatible with the idea that applying different TMS currents to the cerebral cortex may reveal cerebellar inputs to both the premotor cortex and M1. Overall, these results suggest that there are two independent CB-M1 networks that contribute uniquely to different motor behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT Connections between the cerebellum and primary motor cortex (M1) are essential for performing daily life activities, as damage to these pathways can result in faulty movements. Therefore, developing and understanding novel approaches to probe this pathway are critical to advancing our understanding of the pathophysiology of diseases involving the cerebellum. Here, we show evidence for two distinct cerebellar-cerebral interactions using cerebellar stimulation in combination with directional transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) over M1. These distinct cerebellar-cerebral interactions respond differently to physiological plasticity and to distinct motor learning tasks, which suggests they represent separate cerebellar inputs to the premotor cortex and M1. Overall, we show that directional TMS can probe two distinct cerebellar-cerebral pathways that likely contribute to independent processes of learning.
Collapse
|
40
|
Prablanc C, Panico F, Fleury L, Pisella L, Nijboer T, Kitazawa S, Rossetti Y. Adapting terminology: clarifying prism adaptation vocabulary, concepts, and methods. Neurosci Res 2020; 153:8-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
41
|
Steiner KM, Thier W, Batsikadze G, Ludolph N, Ilg W, Timmann D. Lack of effects of a single session of cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in a dynamic balance task. J Neurol 2020; 267:1206-1208. [PMID: 32006157 PMCID: PMC7109173 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-020-09712-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K M Steiner
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany.
| | - W Thier
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - G Batsikadze
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| | - N Ludolph
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - W Ilg
- Cognitive Neurology, Section Computational Sensomotorics, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center for Integrative Neuroscience, Eberhard Karls University, Tübingen, Germany
| | - D Timmann
- Department of Neurology, Essen University Hospital, University of Duisburg-Essen, Hufelandstr. 55, 45147, Essen, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
42
|
Rezaee Z, Kaura S, Solanki D, Dash A, Srivastava MVP, Lahiri U, Dutta A. Deep Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation of the Dentate Nucleus to Facilitate Standing Balance in Chronic Stroke Survivors-A Pilot Study. Brain Sci 2020; 10:brainsci10020094. [PMID: 32050704 PMCID: PMC7071721 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci10020094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective: Cerebrovascular accidents are the second leading cause of death and the third leading cause of disability worldwide. We hypothesized that cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) of the dentate nuclei and the lower-limb representations in the cerebellum can improve functional reach during standing balance in chronic (>6 months’ post-stroke) stroke survivors. Materials and Methods: Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) based subject-specific electric field was computed across a convenience sample of 10 male chronic (>6 months) stroke survivors and one healthy MRI template to find an optimal bipolar bilateral ctDCS montage to target dentate nuclei and lower-limb representations (lobules VII–IX). Then, in a repeated-measure crossover study on a subset of 5 stroke survivors, we compared 15 min of 2 mA ctDCS based on the effects on successful functional reach (%) during standing balance task. Three-way ANOVA investigated the factors of interest– brain regions, montages, stroke participants, and their interactions. Results: “One-size-fits-all” bipolar ctDCS montage for the clinical study was found to be PO9h–PO10h for dentate nuclei and Exx7–Exx8 for lobules VII–IX with the contralesional anode. PO9h–PO10h ctDCS performed significantly (alpha = 0.05) better in facilitating successful functional reach (%) when compared to Exx7–Exx8 ctDCS. Furthermore, a linear relationship between successful functional reach (%) and electric field strength was found where PO9h–PO10h montage resulted in a significantly (alpha = 0.05) higher electric field strength when compared to Exx7–Exx8 montage for the same 2 mA current. Conclusion: We presented a rational neuroimaging based approach to optimize deep ctDCS of the dentate nuclei and lower limb representations in the cerebellum for post-stroke balance rehabilitation. However, this promising pilot study was limited by “one-size-fits-all” bipolar ctDCS montage as well as a small sample size.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zeynab Rezaee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
| | - Surbhi Kaura
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (M.V.P.S.)
| | - Dhaval Solanki
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India; (D.S.); (A.D.); (U.L.)
| | - Adyasha Dash
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India; (D.S.); (A.D.); (U.L.)
| | - M V Padma Srivastava
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India; (S.K.); (M.V.P.S.)
| | - Uttama Lahiri
- Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar, Palaj 382355, India; (D.S.); (A.D.); (U.L.)
| | - Anirban Dutta
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, USA;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(716)-645-9161
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Transcranial direct current stimulation: a roadmap for research, from mechanism of action to clinical implementation. Mol Psychiatry 2020; 25:397-407. [PMID: 31455860 PMCID: PMC6981019 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-019-0499-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2019] [Revised: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 07/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a promising method for altering the function of neural systems, cognition, and behavior. Evidence is emerging that it can also influence psychiatric symptomatology, including major depression and schizophrenia. However, there are many open questions regarding how the method might have such an effect, and uncertainties surrounding its influence on neural activity, and human cognition and functioning. In the present critical review, we identify key priorities for future research into major depression and schizophrenia, including studies of the mechanism(s) of action of tDCS at the neuronal and systems levels, the establishment of the cognitive impact of tDCS, as well as investigations of the potential clinical efficacy of tDCS. We highlight areas of progress in each of these domains, including data that appear to favor an effect of tDCS on neural oscillations rather than spiking, and findings that tDCS administration to the prefrontal cortex during task training may be an effective way to enhance behavioral performance. Finally, we provide suggestions for further empirical study that will elucidate the impact of tDCS on brain and behavior, and may pave the way for efficacious clinical treatments for psychiatric disorders.
Collapse
|
44
|
Argyropoulos GPD, van Dun K, Adamaszek M, Leggio M, Manto M, Masciullo M, Molinari M, Stoodley CJ, Van Overwalle F, Ivry RB, Schmahmann JD. The Cerebellar Cognitive Affective/Schmahmann Syndrome: a Task Force Paper. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2020; 19:102-125. [PMID: 31522332 PMCID: PMC6978293 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sporadically advocated over the last two centuries, a cerebellar role in cognition and affect has been rigorously established in the past few decades. In the clinical domain, such progress is epitomized by the "cerebellar cognitive affective syndrome" ("CCAS") or "Schmahmann syndrome." Introduced in the late 1990s, CCAS reflects a constellation of cerebellar-induced sequelae, comprising deficits in executive function, visuospatial cognition, emotion-affect, and language, over and above speech. The CCAS thus offers excellent grounds to investigate the functional topography of the cerebellum, and, ultimately, illustrate the precise mechanisms by which the cerebellum modulates cognition and affect. The primary objective of this task force paper is thus to stimulate further research in this area. After providing an up-to-date overview of the fundamental findings on cerebellar neurocognition, the paper substantiates the concept of CCAS with recent evidence from different scientific angles, promotes awareness of the CCAS as a clinical entity, and examines our current insight into the therapeutic options available. The paper finally identifies topics of divergence and outstanding questions for further research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Kim van Dun
- Rehabilitation Research Center REVAL, UHasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Michael Adamaszek
- Clinical and Cognitive Neurorehabilitation, Center of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation, Klinik Bavaria Kreischa, An der Wolfsschlucht 1-2, 01703 Kreischa, Germany
| | - Maria Leggio
- Department of Psychology, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
- Ataxia Laboratory, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Rome, Italy
| | - Mario Manto
- Department of Neurology, CHU-Charleroi, 6000 Charleroi, Belgium
- Department of Neurosciences, University of Mons, 7000 Mons, Belgium
| | - Marcella Masciullo
- SPInal REhabilitation Lab (SPIRE), IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | - Marco Molinari
- Neuro-Robot Rehabilitation Lab, IRCCS Fondazione Santa Lucia, Via Ardeatina 306, 00179 Rome, Italy
| | | | | | - Richard B. Ivry
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Berkeley, CA USA
| | - Jeremy D. Schmahmann
- Ataxia Unit, Cognitive Behavioral Neurology Unit, Laboratory for Neuroanatomy and Cerebellar Neurobiology, Department of Neurology Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA USA
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Rezaee Z, Ruszala B, Dutta A. A computational pipeline to find lobule-specific electric field distribution during non-invasive cerebellar stimulation. IEEE Int Conf Rehabil Robot 2020; 2019:1191-1196. [PMID: 31374791 DOI: 10.1109/icorr.2019.8779453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebellar Transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) of cerebellar lobules is challenging due to the complexity of the cerebellar structure. Therefore, we present a freely available computational pipeline to determine the subject-specific lobule-specific electric field distribution during ctDCS. METHODS The computational pipeline isolates subject-specific cerebellar lobules based on a spatially unbiased atlas template (SUIT) for the cerebellum, and then calculates the lobule-specific electric field distribution during ctDCS. The computational pipeline was tested using Colin27 Average Brain. The 5 cm × 5 cm anode was placed 3 cm lateral to inion, and the same sized cathode was placed on the contralateral supra-orbital area (called Manto montage) and buccinators muscle (called Celnik montage). A published 4x1 HD-ctDCS electrode montage was also implemented for a comparison using analysis of variance. RESULTS The electric field strength of both the Celnik and the Manto montages affected the lobules Crus II, VIIb, VIII, and IX of the targeted cerebellar hemispheres while Manto montage had a more bilateral effect. The HD-ctDCS montage primarily affected the lobules Crus I, Crus II, VIIb of the targeted cerebellar hemisphere. DISCUSSION Our freely available subject-specific computational modeling pipeline can be used to analyze lobulespecific electric field distribution to select an optimal ctDCS electrode montage.
Collapse
|
46
|
Prefrontal but not cerebellar tDCS attenuates renewal of extinguished conditioned eyeblink responses. Neurobiol Learn Mem 2019; 170:107137. [PMID: 31838223 DOI: 10.1016/j.nlm.2019.107137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
An extended neural network is known to underlie extinction learning. As yet, comparatively little is known about the possible contribution of the cerebellum and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC). In the present study, transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) was used to provide further evidence that the dlPFC and the cerebellum are involved in extinction-related processes. A total of 100 young and healthy human participants were randomly assigned to one of five stimulation groups: (1) anodal tDCS of the cerebellum, (2) cathodal tDCS of the cerebellum, (3) anodal tDCS of the dlPFC, (4) cathodal tDCS of the dlPFC, and (5) sham stimulation. Participants underwent delay eyeblink conditioning using an A-B-A/B renewal paradigm. Two different colors of background light (orange and blue) were used as contexts. On day 1, acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses was performed in context A, followed by extinction in context B. tDCS was applied during extinction. On day 2, extinction recall was tested in contexts A and B with higher incidence of conditioned responses in acquisition context A compared to extinction context B indicating renewal effects. All groups showed significant effects of acquisition of conditioned eyeblink responses and significant effects of extinction. There was no significant difference in extinction between stimulation groups. During extinction recall, renewal effects were present in all groups, except the group which had received anodal tDCS of the dlPFC during extinction. In the present study, no direct effects of dlPFC or cerebellar tDCS were demonstrated on extinction. Anodal tDCS of the dlPFC, but not the cerebellum, resulted in delayed effects on context-related processes of extinction, possibly explained by shifting attention away from the context and towards the conditioned stimulus during extinction learning. Anodal tDCS of the dlPFC attenuated context-related recall of learned aversive responses. Effects of tDCS, however, were weak and need to be confirmed in future studies. Lack of cerebellar tDCS effects do not exclude a possible role of the cerebellum in extinction-related processes, and are likely explained by methodological limitations of cerebellar tDCS.
Collapse
|
47
|
Miterko LN, Baker KB, Beckinghausen J, Bradnam LV, Cheng MY, Cooperrider J, DeLong MR, Gornati SV, Hallett M, Heck DH, Hoebeek FE, Kouzani AZ, Kuo SH, Louis ED, Machado A, Manto M, McCambridge AB, Nitsche MA, Taib NOB, Popa T, Tanaka M, Timmann D, Steinberg GK, Wang EH, Wichmann T, Xie T, Sillitoe RV. Consensus Paper: Experimental Neurostimulation of the Cerebellum. CEREBELLUM (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2019; 18:1064-1097. [PMID: 31165428 PMCID: PMC6867990 DOI: 10.1007/s12311-019-01041-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The cerebellum is best known for its role in controlling motor behaviors. However, recent work supports the view that it also influences non-motor behaviors. The contribution of the cerebellum towards different brain functions is underscored by its involvement in a diverse and increasing number of neurological and neuropsychiatric conditions including ataxia, dystonia, essential tremor, Parkinson's disease (PD), epilepsy, stroke, multiple sclerosis, autism spectrum disorders, dyslexia, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and schizophrenia. Although there are no cures for these conditions, cerebellar stimulation is quickly gaining attention for symptomatic alleviation, as cerebellar circuitry has arisen as a promising target for invasive and non-invasive neuromodulation. This consensus paper brings together experts from the fields of neurophysiology, neurology, and neurosurgery to discuss recent efforts in using the cerebellum as a therapeutic intervention. We report on the most advanced techniques for manipulating cerebellar circuits in humans and animal models and define key hurdles and questions for moving forward.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren N Miterko
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Kenneth B Baker
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Jaclyn Beckinghausen
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Lynley V Bradnam
- Department of Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand
| | - Michelle Y Cheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Jessica Cooperrider
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mahlon R DeLong
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Simona V Gornati
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Mark Hallett
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
| | - Detlef H Heck
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 855 Monroe Ave, Memphis, TN, 38163, USA
| | - Freek E Hoebeek
- Department of Neuroscience, Erasmus Medical Center, 3015 AA, Rotterdam, Netherlands
- NIDOD Department, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht Brain Center, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Abbas Z Kouzani
- School of Engineering, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, 3216, Australia
| | - Sheng-Han Kuo
- Department of Neurology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Elan D Louis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine, Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, Center for Neuroepidemiology and Clinical Research, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06520, USA
| | - Andre Machado
- Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Cleveland Clinic, 9500 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
| | - Mario Manto
- Service de Neurologie, CHU-Charleroi, 6000, Charleroi, Belgium
- Service des Neurosciences, Université de Mons, 7000, Mons, Belgium
| | - Alana B McCambridge
- Graduate School of Health, Physiotherapy, University of Technology Sydney, PO Box 123, Broadway, Sydney, NSW, 2007, Australia
| | - Michael A Nitsche
- Department of Psychology and Neurosiences, Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors, Dortmund, Germany
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Hospital Bergmannsheil, Bochum, Germany
| | | | - Traian Popa
- Human Motor Control Section, NINDS, NIH, Building 10, Room 7D37, 10 Center Dr MSC 1428, Bethesda, MD, 20892-1428, USA
- Defitech Chair of Clinical Neuroengineering, Center for Neuroprosthetics (CNP) and Brain Mind Institute (BMI), Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Sion, Switzerland
| | - Masaki Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Hokkaido University School of Medicine, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
| | - Dagmar Timmann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Gary K Steinberg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
- R281 Department of Neurosurgery, Stanfod University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
| | - Eric H Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, 1201 Welch Road, MSLS P352, Stanford, CA, 94305-5487, USA
| | - Thomas Wichmann
- Department of Neurology, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
- Yerkes National Primate Research Center, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, 30322, USA
| | - Tao Xie
- Department of Neurology, University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Avenue, MC 2030, Chicago, IL, 60637-1470, USA
| | - Roy V Sillitoe
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Department of Neuroscience, Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Jan and Dan Duncan Neurological Research Institute of Texas Children's Hospital, 1250 Moursund Street, Suite 1325, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Alhussein L, Hosseini EA, Nguyen KP, Smith MA, Joiner WM. Dissociating effects of error size, training duration, and amount of adaptation on the ability to retain motor memories. J Neurophysiol 2019; 122:2027-2042. [PMID: 31483714 PMCID: PMC6879956 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00387.2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Extensive computational and neurobiological work has focused on how the training schedule, i.e., the duration and rate at which an environmental disturbance is presented, shapes the formation of motor memories. If long-lasting benefits are to be derived from motor training, however, retention of the performance improvements gained during practice is essential. Thus a better understanding of mechanisms that promote retention could lead to the design of more effective training procedures. The few studies that have investigated how retention depends on the training schedule have suggested that the gradual exposure of a perturbation leads to improved retention of motor memory compared with an abrupt exposure. However, several of these previous studies showed small effects, and although some controlled the training duration and others the level of learning, none have controlled both. In the present study we disambiguated both of these effects from exposure rate by systematically varying the duration of training, type of trained dynamics, and exposure rate for these dynamics in human force-field adaptation. After controlling for both training duration and the amount of learning, we found essentially identical retention when comparing gradual and abrupt training for two different types of force-field dynamics. By contrast, we found that retention was markedly higher for long-duration compared with short-duration training for both types of dynamics. These results demonstrate that the duration of training has a far greater effect on the retention of motor memory than the exposure rate during training. We show that a multirate learning model provides a computational mechanism for these findings.NEW & NOTEWORTHY Previous studies have suggested that a gradual, incremental introduction of a novel environment is helpful for improving retention. However, we used experimental and computational approaches to demonstrate that previously reported improvements in retention associated with gradual introductions fail to persist when other factors, including the duration of training and the degree of initial learning, are accounted for.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laith Alhussein
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Eghbal A Hosseini
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Katrina P Nguyen
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| | - Maurice A Smith
- John A. Paulson School of Engineering and Applied Sciences, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
- Center for Brain Science, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Wilsaan M Joiner
- Department of Bioengineering, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Krasnow Institute for Advanced Study, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
- Department of Neuroscience, George Mason University, Fairfax, Virginia
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Kumari N, Taylor D, Signal N. The Effect of Cerebellar Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation on Motor Learning: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. Front Hum Neurosci 2019; 13:328. [PMID: 31636552 PMCID: PMC6788395 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2019.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Cerebellar transcranial direct current stimulation (ctDCS) appears to modulate motor performance in both adaptation and motor skill tasks; however, whether the gains are long-lasting is unclear. Objectives: This systematic review aims to evaluate the effect of ctDCS with respect to different time scales of motor learning. Methods: Ten electronic databases (CINAHL, MEDLINE, SPORT Discus, Scopus, Web of Science, Cochrane via OVID, Evidence-Based Reviews (EBM) via OVID, AMED: Allied and Complementary Medicine, PsycINFO, and PEDro) were systematically searched. Studies evaluating the effect of ctDCS compared to sham ctDCS on motor learning in healthy individuals were selected and reviewed. Two authors independently reviewed the quality of the included studies using the revised Cochrane's risk-of-bias tool. The results were extracted with respect to the time scale in which changes in motor performance were evaluated. Results: Seventeen randomized controlled trials met the eligibility criteria of which 65% of the studies had a “high” risk-of-bias, and 35% had “some concerns.” These studies included data from 629 healthy participants. Of the studies that evaluated the effect of anodal ctDCS during and immediately after the stimulation, four found enhanced, three found impaired, and ten found no effect on gains in motor performance. Of the studies that evaluated the effect of anodal ctDCS after a break of 24 h or more, seven found enhanced, two found impaired, and one found no effect on gains in motor performance. Of the studies that evaluated the effect of cathodal ctDCS across a range of time scales, five found impaired, one found enhanced, and five found no effect on gains in motor performance. Conclusions: In healthy individuals, anodal ctDCS appears to improve short to longer-term motor skill learning, whereas it appears to have no effect on gains in motor performance during and immediate after the stimulation. ctDCS may have potential to improve motor performance beyond the training period. The challenge of the motor task and its characteristics, and the stimulation parameters are likely to influence the effect of ctDCS on motor learning.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nitika Kumari
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Denise Taylor
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Nada Signal
- Health and Rehabilitation Research Institute, Auckland University of Technology, Auckland, New Zealand
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) Induces Adrenergic Receptor-Dependent Microglial Morphological Changes in Mice. eNeuro 2019; 6:ENEURO.0204-19.2019. [PMID: 31444225 PMCID: PMC6751370 DOI: 10.1523/eneuro.0204-19.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) has been reported for its beneficial effects on memory formation and various brain disorders. While the electrophysiological readout of tDCS effects is subtle, astrocytes have been demonstrated to elicit Ca2+ elevations during tDCS in a rodent model. This study aimed to elucidate the effects of tDCS on another major glial cell type, microglia, by histology and in vivo imaging. tDCS performed in awake conditions induced a significant change in the pixel intensity distribution of Iba-1 immunohistochemistry, and microglial somata were enlarged when examined 3 h after tDCS. These effects were blocked by adrenergic receptor antagonists or in IP3R2 (inositol trisphosphate receptor type 2)-deficient mice, which lack large cytosolic Ca2+ elevations in astrocytes. No obvious changes were observed in isoflurane-anesthetized mice. Furthermore, in vivo two-photon imaging of microglia showed a reduction of motility that was blocked by a β2-adrenergic receptor antagonist. Our observations add support for the influence of noradrenaline in tDCS and suggest possible interactions between microglia and astrocytes to express functional changes associated with tDCS.
Collapse
|