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Dalla Costa FA, Gibson TJ, Oliveira SEO, Gregory NG, Faucitano L, Dalla Costa OA. On-farm culling methods used for pigs. Anim Welf 2021. [DOI: 10.7120/09627286.30.3.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The culling of injured and non-viable pigs (Sus scrofa) (neonate to breeding stock) is a routine and necessary procedure on most farms. Usually, pigs are culled using one of the following methods: blunt-force trauma (manual and mechanical), captive-bolt stunners, electrical stunning
and electrocution or carbon dioxide. Manual blunt-force trauma is one of the most widely used methods due to its low or absent operational and investment costs. However, as a method, it has serious limitations, which include the risk of incomplete concussion, pain, and distress. Manual blunt-force
trauma is also aesthetically unpleasant to operators and wider society. To address these issues there has been significant recent research into the development of alternatives to manual blunt-force trauma, these include: captive-bolt stunners, on-farm, gas-based controlled atmosphere systems,
low atmospheric pressure systems and electrical stunning. Some of these are currently in commercial use while others are still in the developmental phase. This review brings together the relevant research in this field, evaluating the methods in terms of mechanism of action (mechanical and
physiological), effectiveness and animal welfare.
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Azabou E, Bao G, Heming N, Bounab R, Moine P, Chevallier S, Chevret S, Resche-Rigon M, Siami S, Sharshar T, Lofaso F, Annane D. Randomized Controlled Study Evaluating Efficiency of Low Intensity Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) for Dyspnea Relief in Mechanically Ventilated COVID-19 Patients in ICU: The tDCS-DYSP-COVID Protocol. Front Med (Lausanne) 2020; 7:372. [PMID: 32671084 PMCID: PMC7332773 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2020.00372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The severe respiratory distress syndrome linked to the new coronavirus disease (COVID-19) includes unbearable dyspneic suffering which contributes to the deterioration of the prognosis of patients in intensive care unit (ICU). Patients are put on mechanical ventilation to reduce respiratory suffering and preserve life. Despite this mechanical ventilation, most patients continue to suffer from dyspnea. Dyspnea is a major source of suffering in intensive care and one of the main factors that affect the prognosis of patients. The development of innovative methods for its management, especially non-drug management is more than necessary. In recent years, numerous studies have shown that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) could modulate the perception of acute or chronic pain. In the other hand, it has been shown that the brain zones activated during pain and dyspnea are close and/or superimposed, suggesting that brain structures involved in the integration of aversive emotional component are shared by these two complex sensory experiences. Therefore, it can be hypothesized that stimulation by tDCS with regard to the areas which, in the case of pain have activated one or more of these brain structures, may also have an effect on dyspnea. In addition, our team recently demonstrated that the application of tDCS on the primary cortical motor area can modulate the excitability of the respiratory neurological pathways. Indeed, tDCS in anodal or cathodal modality reduced the excitability of the diaphragmatic cortico-spinal pathways in healthy subjects. We therefore hypothesized that tDCS could relieve dyspnea in COVID-19 patients under mechanical ventilation in ICU. This study was designed to evaluate effects of two modalities of tDCS (anodal and cathodal) vs. placebo, on the relief of dyspnea in COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation in ICU. Trial Registration: This protocol is derived from the tDCS-DYSP-REA project registered on ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03640455. It will however be registered under its own NCT number.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric Azabou
- Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Unit, Departments of Physiology and Critical Care Medicine, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1173, Infection and Inflammation (2I), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
- *Correspondence: Eric Azabou ;
| | - Guillaume Bao
- Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Unit, Departments of Physiology and Critical Care Medicine, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1173, Infection and Inflammation (2I), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Nicholas Heming
- General Intensive Care Unit-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1173, Infection and Inflammation (2I), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Rania Bounab
- General Intensive Care Unit-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1173, Infection and Inflammation (2I), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Pierre Moine
- General Intensive Care Unit-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1173, Infection and Inflammation (2I), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Sylvain Chevallier
- Versailles Engineering Systems Laboratory (LISV), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Velizy, France
| | - Sylvie Chevret
- Service de Biostatistique et Information Médicale, AP-HP Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Inserm U1153 CRESS, Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics for Tumor, Respiratory, and Resuscitation Assessments (ECSTRRA) Team, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7 Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Matthieu Resche-Rigon
- Service de Biostatistique et Information Médicale, AP-HP Hôpital Saint Louis, Paris, France
- Inserm U1153 CRESS, Epidemiology and Clinical Statistics for Tumor, Respiratory, and Resuscitation Assessments (ECSTRRA) Team, Paris, France
- Université Paris 7 Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Shidaps Siami
- Critical Care Medicine Unit, CH Etampes-Dourdan, Etampes, France
| | - Tarek Sharshar
- Department of Neuro-Intensive Care Medicine, Sainte-Anne Hospital, Paris-Descartes University, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Human Histopathology and Animal Models, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Frederic Lofaso
- Clinical Neurophysiology and Neuromodulation Unit, Departments of Physiology and Critical Care Medicine, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1173, Infection and Inflammation (2I), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
| | - Djillali Annane
- General Intensive Care Unit-Assistance Publique Hôpitaux de Paris, Raymond Poincaré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Inserm UMR 1173, Infection and Inflammation (2I), University of Versailles Saint-Quentin en Yvelines (UVSQ), Paris-Saclay University, Paris, France
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Allard E, Canzoneri E, Adler D, Morélot-Panzini C, Bello-Ruiz J, Herbelin B, Blanke O, Similowski T. Interferences between breathing, experimental dyspnoea and bodily self-consciousness. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9990. [PMID: 28855723 PMCID: PMC5577140 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-11045-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Dyspnoea, a subjective experience of breathing discomfort, is a most distressing symptom. It implicates complex cortical networks that partially overlap with those underlying bodily self-consciousness, the experience that the body is one's own within a given location (self-identification and self-location, respectively). Breathing as an interoceptive signal contributes to bodily self-consciousness: we predicted that inducing experimental dyspnoea would modify or disrupt this contribution. We also predicted that manipulating bodily self-consciousness with respiratory-visual stimulation would possibly attenuate dyspnoea. Twenty-five healthy volunteers were exposed to synchronous and asynchronous respiratory-visual illumination of an avatar during normal breathing and mechanically loaded breathing that elicited dyspnoea. During normal breathing, synchronous respiratory-visual stimulation induced illusory self-identification with the avatar and an illusory location of the subjects' breathing towards the avatar. This did not occur when respiratory-visual stimulation was performed during dyspnoea-inducing loaded breathing. In this condition, the affective impact of dyspnoea was attenuated by respiratory-visual stimulation, particularly when asynchronous. This study replicates and reinforces previous studies about the integration of interoceptive and exteroceptive signals in the construction of bodily self-consciousness. It confirms the existence of interferences between experimental dyspnoea and cognitive functions. It suggests that respiratory-visual stimulation should be tested as a non-pharmacological approach of dyspnoea treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etienne Allard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, Paris, France
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Elisa Canzoneri
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Dan Adler
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Capucine Morélot-Panzini
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, Paris, France
- AP-HP, Groupe Hospitalier Pitié-Salpêtrière Charles Foix, Service de Pneumologie et Réanimation Médicale (Département "R3S"), F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Javier Bello-Ruiz
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Herbelin
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Olaf Blanke
- Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience, Center for Neuroprosthetics, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, Geneva, Switzerland
- Department of Neurology, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Similowski
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM, UMRS1158 Neurophysiologie respiratoire expérimentale et clinique, Paris, France.
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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Binks AP, Evans KC, Reed JD, Moosavi SH, Banzett RB. The time-course of cortico-limbic neural responses to air hunger. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2014; 204:78-85. [PMID: 25263029 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Revised: 09/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Several studies have mapped brain regions associated with acute dyspnea perception. However, the time-course of brain activity during sustained dyspnea is unknown. Our objective was to determine the time-course of neural activity when dyspnea is sustained. Eight healthy subjects underwent brain blood oxygen level dependent functional magnetic imaging (BOLD-fMRI) during mechanical ventilation with constant mild hypercapnia (∼ 45 mm Hg). Subjects rated dyspnea (air hunger) via visual analog scale (VAS). Tidal volume (V(T)) was alternated every 90 s between high VT (0.96 ± 0.23 L) that provided respiratory comfort (12 ± 6% full scale) and low V(T) (0.48 ± 0.08 L) which evoked air hunger (56 ± 11% full scale). BOLD signal was extracted from a priori brain regions and combined with VAS data to determine air hunger related neural time-course. Air hunger onset was associated with BOLD signal increases that followed two distinct temporal profiles within sub-regions of the anterior insula, anterior cingulate and prefrontal cortices (cortico-limbic circuitry): (1) fast, BOLD signal peak <30s and (2) slow, BOLD signal peak >40s. BOLD signal during air hunger offset followed fast and slow temporal profiles symmetrical, but inverse (signal decreases) to the time-courses of air hunger onset. We conclude that differential cortico-limbic circuit elements have unique contributions to dyspnea sensation over time. We suggest that previously unidentified sub-regions are responsible for either the acute awareness or maintenance of dyspnea. These data enhance interpretation of previous studies and inform hypotheses for future dyspnea research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew P Binks
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of South Carolina School of Medicine, Greenville, SC, USA
| | - Karleyton C Evans
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jeffrey D Reed
- Department of Psychiatry, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Shakeeb H Moosavi
- Department of Biological and Medical Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, UK
| | - Robert B Banzett
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Division Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
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