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Chen J, Zhang X, Zhang Y, Zhang H, Zhang Q. The primary neurotoxic factor, Lansamide I, from Clausena lansium fruits and metabolic dysfunction invoked. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 181:114087. [PMID: 37804914 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/09/2023]
Abstract
Wampee (Clausena lansium) is a common fruit in South Asia. The pulp is a tasty food, and the seed is a typical traditional herb in China. However, we identified a primary toxic compound, Lansamide I, by NMR and X-ray diffraction of single-crystal. The compound occurred at 4.17 ± 0.16 mg/kg of dried seed and 0.08 ± 0.01 g/kg of fresh fruit. In our phenotype-based toxicity investigation, the compound caused decreased hatchability of zebrafish eggs, increased malformations such as enlarged yolk sacs and pericardial edema, and delayed body length development. Moreover, the compound also caused nerve cell damage and decreased locomotor activity. The compound caused an increase in peroxidation levels in vivo, with increases in both malondialdehyde and superoxide dismutase levels, but did not interfere with acetylcholinesterase levels. Metabolomic studies found that the compound caused significant up-regulation of 16 metabolites, mainly amino acids and peptides, which were involved in the nucleotide metabolism pathway and the betaine biosynthesis module. The qRT-PCR revealed that the substance interfered with the mRNA expression of tat and dctpp. These discoveries offer fresh perspectives on the toxicity mechanisms and metabolic response to the primary harmful molecules in wampee, which could inform the rational usage of wampee resources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan Chen
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China
| | - Yuru Zhang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Hong Zhang
- Shaanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Xi'an, 710003, Shaanxi, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Natural Products & Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry & Pharmacy, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, Shanxi, China.
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Nisa FY, Rahman MA, Hossen MA, Khan MF, Khan MAN, Majid M, Sultana F, Haque MA. Role of neurotoxicants in the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease: a mechanistic insight. Ann Med 2021; 53:1476-1501. [PMID: 34433343 PMCID: PMC8405119 DOI: 10.1080/07853890.2021.1966088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 08/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most conspicuous chronic neurodegenerative syndrome, which has become a significant challenge for the global healthcare system. Multiple studies have corroborated a clear association of neurotoxicants with AD pathogenicity, such as Amyloid beta (Aβ) proteins and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs), signalling pathway modifications, cellular stress, cognitive dysfunctions, neuronal apoptosis, neuroinflammation, epigenetic modification, and so on. This review, therefore, aimed to address several essential mechanisms and signalling cascades, including Wnt (wingless and int.) signalling pathway, autophagy, mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), protein kinase C (PKC) signalling cascades, cellular redox status, energy metabolism, glutamatergic neurotransmissions, immune cell stimulations (e.g. microglia, astrocytes) as well as an amyloid precursor protein (APP), presenilin-1 (PSEN1), presenilin-2 (PSEN2) and other AD-related gene expressions that have been pretentious and modulated by the various neurotoxicants. This review concluded that neurotoxicants play a momentous role in developing AD through modulating various signalling cascades. Nevertheless, comprehension of this risk agent-induced neurotoxicity is far too little. More in-depth epidemiological and systematic investigations are needed to understand the potential mechanisms better to address these neurotoxicants and improve approaches to their risk exposure that aid in AD pathogenesis.Key messagesInevitable cascade mechanisms of how Alzheimer's Disease-related (AD-related) gene expressions are modulated by neurotoxicants have been discussed.Involvement of the neurotoxicants-induced pathways caused an extended risk of AD is explicited.Integration of cell culture, animals and population-based analysis on the clinical severity of AD is addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatema Yasmin Nisa
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Atiar Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Amjad Hossen
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mohammad Forhad Khan
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Asif Nadim Khan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Mumtahina Majid
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Farjana Sultana
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Areeful Haque
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Chittagong, Bangladesh
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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The Role of Taurine in Mitochondria Health: More Than Just an Antioxidant. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164913. [PMID: 34443494 PMCID: PMC8400259 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 08/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Taurine is a naturally occurring sulfur-containing amino acid that is found abundantly in excitatory tissues, such as the heart, brain, retina and skeletal muscles. Taurine was first isolated in the 1800s, but not much was known about this molecule until the 1990s. In 1985, taurine was first approved as the treatment among heart failure patients in Japan. Accumulating studies have shown that taurine supplementation also protects against pathologies associated with mitochondrial defects, such as aging, mitochondrial diseases, metabolic syndrome, cancer, cardiovascular diseases and neurological disorders. In this review, we will provide a general overview on the mitochondria biology and the consequence of mitochondrial defects in pathologies. Then, we will discuss the antioxidant action of taurine, particularly in relation to the maintenance of mitochondria function. We will also describe several reported studies on the current use of taurine supplementation in several mitochondria-associated pathologies in humans.
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Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase 2-derived reactive oxygen species contribute to long-term potentiation of C-fiber-evoked field potentials in spinal dorsal horn and persistent mirror-image pain following high-frequency stimulus of the sciatic nerve. Pain 2021; 161:758-772. [PMID: 32195784 DOI: 10.1097/j.pain.0000000000001761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation (HFS) of the sciatic nerve has been reported to produce long-term potentiation (LTP) and long-lasting pain hypersensitivity in rats. However, the central underlying mechanism remains unclear. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase (NOX) belongs to a group of electron-transporting transmembrane enzymes that produce reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we found that NOX2 was upregulated in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn after HFS of the left sciatic nerve, which induced bilateral pain and spinal LTP in both male and female rats. Blocking NOX2 with blocking peptide or shRNA prevented the development of bilateral mechanical allodynia, the induction of spinal LTP, and the phosphorylation of N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor 2B (GluN2B) and nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB) p65 after HFS. Moreover, NOX2 shRNA reduced the frequency and amplitude of both spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents and miniature excitatory postsynaptic currents in laminar II neurons. Furthermore, 8-hydroxyguanine (8-OHG), an oxidative stress marker, was increased in the spinal dorsal horn. Spinal application of ROS scavenger, Phenyl-N-tert-butylnitrone (PBN), depressed the already established spinal LTP. Spinal application of H2O2, one ROS, induced LTP and bilateral mechanical allodynia, increased the frequency and amplitude of spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents in laminar II neurons, and phosphorylated GluN2B and p65 in the dorsal horn. This study provided electrophysiological and behavioral evidence that NOX2-derived ROS in the spinal cord contributed to persistent mirror-image pain by enhancing the synaptic transmission, which was mediated by increasing presynaptic glutamate release and activation of NMDA receptor and NF-κB in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Conventional cardiovascular risk factors in Transient Global Amnesia: Systematic review and proposition of a novel hypothesis. Front Neuroendocrinol 2021; 61:100909. [PMID: 33539928 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2021.100909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transient Global Amnesia (TGA) is an enigmatic amnestic syndrome. We conducted a systematic review to investigate the relationship between the conventional cardiovascular risk factors and TGA. MEDLINE, CENTRAL, EMBASE and PsycINFO were comprehensively searched and 23 controlled observational studies were retrieved. The prevalence of hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia and smoking was lower among patients with TGA compared to Transient Ischemic Attack. Regarding the comparison of TGA with healthy individuals, there was strong evidence suggesting a protective effect of diabetes mellitus on TGA and weaker evidence for a protective effect of smoking. Hypertension was associated with TGA only in more severe stages, while dyslipidemia was not related. In view of these findings, a novel pathophysiological hypothesis is proposed, in which the functional interactions of Angiotensin-II type-1 and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors are of pivotal importance. The whole body of clinical evidence (nature of precipitating events, associations with migraine, gender-based association patterns) was integrated.
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Chen B, Zhao J, Zhang R, Zhang L, Zhang Q, Yang H, An J. Neuroprotective effects of natural compounds on neurotoxin-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. Nutr Neurosci 2020; 25:1078-1099. [PMID: 33164705 DOI: 10.1080/1028415x.2020.1840035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Overproduction of reactive species, notably reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen (RNS) species, along with the failure of balancing effects of endogenous antioxidant defenses result in destruction of cellular structures, lipids, proteins, and genetic material, which lead to oxidative stress. Oxidative stress-induced neuronal apoptosis plays a pivotal role in pathogenesis of neurodegeneration. Antioxidants represent one of the medical choice strategies for protecting against this unbalanced oxidation-antioxidation status. Recently, natural compounds with neuroprotective potential that can scavenge free radicals and protect cells from oxidative damage have received extensive attention. METHODS In this review, we summarized the detailed research progress on the medicinal plants-derived natural compounds with potential anti-oxidation effects and their molecular mechanisms on modulating the neurotoxin (6-OHDA, H2O2, glutamate, Aβ)-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. RESULTS The natural compounds that efficacious in modulating reactive species production and mitochondrial function include flavonoids, glucosides, alkaloids, polyphenols, lignans, coumarins, terpenoids, quinones and others. They decreased the neurotoxin-induced oxidative damage and apoptosis by (1) decreasing ROS/RNS generation, lipid peroxidation, caspase-3 and caspase-9 activities, LDH release, the ratio of Bax/Bcl-2, Ca2+ influx and cytochrome c release, (2) elevating MMP, and (3) restoring endogenous antioxidant enzymatic activities (CAT, GSH-Px, GSR, SOD). And they exerted neuroprotective effects against cell damages and apoptosis by modulating the oxidative cascades of different signaling pathways (Nrf2/HO-1, NF-κB, MAPKs, PI3K/Akt, GSK-3β) and preventing mitochondria-dependent apoptosis pathways. DISCUSSION The present work reviews the role of oxidative stress in neurodegeneration, highlighting the potential anti-oxidation effects of natural compounds as a promising approach to develop innovative neuroprotective strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Chen
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yang
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing An
- Translational Medicine Centre, Honghui Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shannxi, People's Republic of China
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Garcia AJ, Viemari JC, Khuu MA. Respiratory rhythm generation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress-Implications for development. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2019; 270:103259. [PMID: 31369874 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2019.103259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Revised: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Encountered in a number of clinical conditions, repeated hypoxia/reoxygenation during the neonatal period can pose both a threat to immediate survival as well as a diminished quality of living later in life. This review focuses on our current understanding of central respiratory rhythm generation and the role that hypoxia and reoxygenation play in influencing rhythmogenesis. Here, we examine the stereotypical response of the inspiratory rhythm from the preBötzinger complex (preBötC), basic neuronal mechanisms that support rhythm generation during the peri-hypoxic interval, and the physiological consequences of inspiratory network responsivity to hypoxia and reoxygenation, acute and chronic intermittent hypoxia, and oxidative stress. These topics are examined in the context of Sudden Infant Death Syndrome, apneas of prematurity, and neonatal abstinence syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo J Garcia
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Section of Emergency Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
| | - Jean Charles Viemari
- Institut de Neurosciences de la Timone, P3M team, UMR7289 CNRS & AMU, Faculté de Médecine de la Timone, 27 Bd Jean Moulin, Marseille, 13005, France
| | - Maggie A Khuu
- Institute for Integrative Physiology, Section of Emergency Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, 60637, IL, United States
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Jakaria M, Park SY, Haque ME, Karthivashan G, Kim IS, Ganesan P, Choi DK. Neurotoxic Agent-Induced Injury in Neurodegenerative Disease Model: Focus on Involvement of Glutamate Receptors. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:307. [PMID: 30210294 PMCID: PMC6123546 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Glutamate receptors play a crucial role in the central nervous system and are implicated in different brain disorders. They play a significant role in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs) such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Although many studies on NDDs have been conducted, their exact pathophysiological characteristics are still not fully understood. In in vivo and in vitro models of neurotoxic-induced NDDs, neurotoxic agents are used to induce several neuronal injuries for the purpose of correlating them with the pathological characteristics of NDDs. Moreover, therapeutic drugs might be discovered based on the studies employing these models. In NDD models, different neurotoxic agents, namely, kainic acid, domoic acid, glutamate, β-N-Methylamino-L-alanine, amyloid beta, 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine, 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium, rotenone, 3-Nitropropionic acid and methamphetamine can potently impair both ionotropic and metabotropic glutamate receptors, leading to the progression of toxicity. Many other neurotoxic agents mainly affect the functions of ionotropic glutamate receptors. We discuss particular neurotoxic agents that can act upon glutamate receptors so as to effectively mimic NDDs. The correlation of neurotoxic agent-induced disease characteristics with glutamate receptors would aid the discovery and development of therapeutic drugs for NDDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Jakaria
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Shin-Young Park
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Md. Ezazul Haque
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Govindarajan Karthivashan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - In-Su Kim
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Palanivel Ganesan
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
| | - Dong-Kug Choi
- Department of Applied Life Sciences, Graduate School, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Department of Integrated Bioscience and Biotechnology, College of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Research Institute of Inflammatory Diseases (RID), Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
- Nanotechnology Research Center, Konkuk University, Chungju, South Korea
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Spiller HA. Rethinking mercury: the role of selenium in the pathophysiology of mercury toxicity. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2017; 56:313-326. [DOI: 10.1080/15563650.2017.1400555] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henry A. Spiller
- Central Ohio Poison Center, Columbus, OH, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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10
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Olatunji OJ, Chen H, Zhou Y. Neuroprotective effect of trans-N-caffeoyltyramine from Lycium chinense against H 2O 2 induced cytotoxicity in PC12 cells by attenuating oxidative stress. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:895-902. [PMID: 28715870 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Revised: 06/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural products play a critical role in the promotion of good health as regards the prevention and management of oxidative stress related and neurodegenerative disorders. Oxidative stress has been implicated in several apoptotic pathways associated with cell damages in neuronal disorders. The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant effect of trans-N-caffeoyltyramine (TNC) isolated from Cortex lycii against hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) induced cell damages in PC12 cells as well as its mechanism of action. The results obtained indicated that pretreatment with TNC before the exposure of cells to H2O2 toxicity lead to a significant increase in the cell viability and the antioxidant enzyme activities catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione (GSH) and reduced the level of malondialdehyde (MDA). Furthermore, TNC attenuated the influx of Ca2+, ROS formation and restored the impaired mitochondria membrane potential (MMP). Thus TNC may be used as an alternative therapy for the prevention and treatment of neuronal disorders elicited by oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Opeyemi J Olatunji
- Faculty of Thai Traditional Medicine, Prince of Songkla University, Hat Yai, 90112, Thailand
| | - Hongxia Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China
| | - Yifeng Zhou
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing Botanical Garden Mem, Sun Yat-sen, Nanjing, 210014, China; Dongtai Institute of Tidal Flat, Nanjing Branch of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dongtai 224200, China.
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Kikuta S, Murai Y, Tanaka E. Activation of cathepsin L contributes to the irreversible depolarization induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation in rat hippocampal CA1 neurons. Neurosci Lett 2016; 636:120-126. [PMID: 27818353 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) elicits a rapid and irreversible depolarization with a latency of ∼5min in intracellular recordings of hippocampal CA1 neurons in rat slice preparations. In the present study, we examined the role of cathepsin L in the OGD-induced depolarization. OGD-induced depolarizations were irreversible as no recovery of membrane potential was observed. The membrane potential reached 0mV when oxygen and glucose were reintroduced immediately after the onset of the OGD-induced rapid depolarization. The OGD-induced depolarizations became reversible when the slice preparations were pre-incubated with cathepsin L inhibitors (types I and IV at 0.3-2nM and 0.3-30nM, respectively). Moreover, pre-incubation with these cathepsin inhibitors prevented the morphological changes, including swelling of the cell soma and fragmentation of dendrites, observed in control neurons after OGD. These findings suggest that the activation of cathepsin L contributes to the irreversible depolarization produced by OGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shogo Kikuta
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan; Dental and Oral Medical Center, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Yoshinaka Murai
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan.
| | - Eiichiro Tanaka
- Department of Physiology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan
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12
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Buhlman LM. Parkin loss-of-function pathology: Premature neuronal senescence induced by high levels of reactive oxygen species? Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:112-120. [PMID: 27374431 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases (PD and AD, respectively) are considered to be diseases of advanced brain ageing, which seems to involve high levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). AD neurodegeneration is initially apparent in the hippocampus; as AD progresses, many more brain regions are affected. PD-associated neurodegeneration is relatively limited to dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc), especially in cases in which patients inherit particular disease-causing mutations. Thus, the task of elucidating mechanisms by which loss of function of one particular protein triggers death of a subset of neurons may be more approachable. Understanding the mechanisms of neurodegeneration in these forms of PD may not only shed light on avenues leading toward therapeutic strategies in PD and other neurodegenerative diseases, but also on those leading toward understanding natural ageing. Neurodegeneration in PD patients harboring homozygous loss-of-function mutations in the PARK2 gene may result from unbalanced levels of ROS, which are mostly produced in mitochondria and can irreparably damage macromolecules and trigger apoptosis. This review discusses mitochondrial sources of ROS, how ROS can trigger apoptosis, mechanisms by which Parkin loss-of-function may cause neurodegeneration by increasing ROS levels, and concludes with hypotheses regarding selective SNpc dopaminergic neuron vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori M Buhlman
- Midwestern University, 19555 N 59th Avenue, Glendale, AZ, 85308, USA.
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Pérez-Martín M, Rivera P, Blanco E, Lorefice C, Decara J, Pavón FJ, Serrano A, Rodríguez de Fonseca F, Suárez J. Environmental Enrichment, Age, and PPARα Interact to Regulate Proliferation in Neurogenic Niches. Front Neurosci 2016; 10:89. [PMID: 27013951 PMCID: PMC4783391 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2016.00089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα) ligands have been shown to modulate recovery after brain insults such as ischemia and irradiation by enhancing neurogenesis. In the present study, we investigated the effect of the genetic deletion of PPARα receptors on the proliferative rate of neural precursor cells (NPC) in the adult brain. The study was performed in aged Pparα−/− mice exposed to nutritional (treats) and environmental (games) enrichments for 20 days. We performed immunohistochemical analyses of cells containing the replicating cell DNA marker 5-bromo-2′-deoxyuridine (BrdU+) and the immature neuronal marker doublecortin (Dcx+) in the main neurogenic zones of the adult brain: subgranular zone of dentate gyrus (SGZ), subventricular zone of lateral ventricles (SVZ), and/or hypothalamus. Results indicated a reduction in the number of BrdU+ cells in the neurogenic zones analyzed as well as Dcx+ cells in the SGZ during aging (2, 6, and 18 months). Pparα deficiency alleviated the age-related reduction of NPC proliferation (BrdU+ cells) in the SVZ of the 18-months-old mice. While no genotype effect on NPC proliferation was detected in the SGZ during aging, an accentuated reduction in the number of Dcx+ cells was observed in the SGZ of the 6-months-old Pparα−/− mice. Exposing the 18-months-old mice to nutritional and environmental enrichments reversed the Pparα−/−-induced impairment of NPC proliferation in the neurogenic zones analyzed. The enriched environment did not modify the number of SGZ Dcx+ cells in the 18 months old Pparα−/− mice. These results identify PPARα receptors as a potential target to counteract the naturally observed decline in adult NPC proliferation associated with aging and impoverished environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita Pérez-Martín
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Patricia Rivera
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Eduardo Blanco
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain; Departament de Pedagogia i Psicologia, Facultat d'Educació, Psicologia i Treball Social, Universitat de LleidaLleida, Spain
| | - Clara Lorefice
- Departamento de Biología Celular, Genética y Fisiología, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de MálagaMálaga, Spain; UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de MálagaMálaga, Spain
| | - Juan Decara
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Francisco J Pavón
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Antonia Serrano
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Fernando Rodríguez de Fonseca
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
| | - Juan Suárez
- UGC Salud Mental, Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Málaga, Universidad de Málaga-Hospital Universitario Regional de Málaga Málaga, Spain
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Ohashi M, Hirano T, Watanabe K, Katsumi K, Ohashi N, Baba H, Endo N, Kohno T. Hydrogen peroxide modulates synaptic transmission in ventral horn neurons of the rat spinal cord. J Physiol 2016; 594:115-34. [PMID: 26510999 PMCID: PMC4704504 DOI: 10.1113/jp271449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is implicated in many central nervous system disorders; however, the physiological role of ROS in spinal ventral horn (VH) neurons remains poorly understood. We investigated how pathological levels of H2O2, an abundant ROS, regulate synaptic transmission in VH neurons of rats using a whole-cell patch clamp approach. H2O2 increased the release of glutamate and GABA from presynaptic terminals. The increase in glutamate release involved N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs), ryanodine receptors (RyRs), and inositol trisphosphate receptors (IP3 Rs); the increase in GABA release, which inhibited glutamatergic transmission, involved IP3 R. Inhibiting N-type VGCCs and RyRs attenuates excitotoxicity resulting from increased glutamatergic activity while preserving the neuroprotective effects of GABA, and may represent a novel strategy for treating H2O2-induced motor neuron disorders resulting from trauma or ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Excessive production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is a critical component of the cellular and molecular pathophysiology of many central nervous system (CNS) disorders, including trauma, ischaemia-reperfusion injury, and neurodegenerative diseases. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), an abundant ROS, modulates synaptic transmission and contributes to neuronal damage in the CNS; however, the pathophysiological role of H2O2 in spinal cord ventral horn (VH) neurons remains poorly understood, despite reports that these neurons are highly vulnerable to oxidative stress and ischaemia. This was investigated in the present study using a whole-cell patch clamp approach in rats. We found that exogenous application of H2O2 increased the release of glutamate from excitatory presynaptic terminals and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) from inhibitory presynaptic terminals. The increase of glutamate release was induced in part by an increase in Ca(2+) influx through N-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) as well as by ryanodine receptor (RyR)- and inositol trisphosphate receptor-mediated Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In inhibitory presynaptic neurons, increased IP3 R-mediated Ca(2+) release from the ER increased GABAergic transmission, which served to rescue VH neurons from excessive release of glutamate from presynaptic terminals. These findings indicate that inhibiting N-type VGCCs or RyRs may attenuate excitotoxicity resulting from increased glutamatergic activity while preserving the neuroprotective effects of GABA, and may therefore represent a novel and targeted strategy for preventing and treating H2O2-induced motor neuron disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Ohashi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Toru Hirano
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Kei Watanabe
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Keiichi Katsumi
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Nobuko Ohashi
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Baba
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Naoto Endo
- Division of Orthopedic Surgery, Department of Regenerative and Transplant Medicine, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
| | - Tatsuro Kohno
- Division of Anesthesiology, Niigata University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, 1-757 Asahimachi Dori, Chuo-Ku, Niigata City 951-8510, Japan
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Reactive Oxygen Species Donors Increase the Responsiveness of Dorsal Horn Neurons and Induce Mechanical Hyperalgesia in Rats. Neural Plast 2015; 2015:293423. [PMID: 26457204 PMCID: PMC4592728 DOI: 10.1155/2015/293423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous studies suggest that reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavengers have analgesic effect on neuropathic pain through spinal mechanisms in the rat. The studies suggest that superoxide in spinal cord is one of important mediators of persistent pain. To test the hypothesis that increase of superoxide-derived intermediates leads to central sensitization and pain, the effects of an intrathecal injection of chemical ROS donors releasing either OH∙, OCl−, or H2O2 were examined on pain behaviors. Following treatment with t-BOOH (OH∙ donor), dorsal horn neuron responses to mechanical stimuli in normal rats and the changes of neuronal excitability were explored on substantia gelatinosa (SG) neurons using whole-cell patch clamping recordings. Intrathecal administration of t-BOOH or NaOCl (OCl− donor), but not H2O2, significantly decreased mechanical thresholds of hind paws. The responses of wide dynamic range neurons to mechanical stimuli increased after a local application of t-BOOH. The t-BOOH increased the frequency and the amplitude of excitatory postsynaptic potentials, depolarized membrane potential in SG neurons, and increased the frequency of action potentials evoked by depolarizing current pulses. These results suggest that elevated ROS, especially OH∙, in the spinal cord sensitized dorsal horn neurons and produced hyperalgesia in normal rats.
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Kim DY, Abdelwahab MG, Lee SH, O’Neill D, Thompson RJ, Duff HJ, Sullivan PG, Rho JM. Ketones prevent oxidative impairment of hippocampal synaptic integrity through KATP channels. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119316. [PMID: 25848768 PMCID: PMC4388385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dietary and metabolic therapies are increasingly being considered for a variety of neurological disorders, based in part on growing evidence for the neuroprotective properties of the ketogenic diet (KD) and ketones. Earlier, we demonstrated that ketones afford hippocampal synaptic protection against exogenous oxidative stress, but the mechanisms underlying these actions remain unclear. Recent studies have shown that ketones may modulate neuronal firing through interactions with ATP-sensitive potassium (KATP) channels. Here, we used a combination of electrophysiological, pharmacological, and biochemical assays to determine whether hippocampal synaptic protection by ketones is a consequence of KATP channel activation. Ketones dose-dependently reversed oxidative impairment of hippocampal synaptic integrity, neuronal viability, and bioenergetic capacity, and this action was mirrored by the KATP channel activator diazoxide. Inhibition of KATP channels reversed ketone-evoked hippocampal protection, and genetic ablation of the inwardly rectifying K+ channel subunit Kir6.2, a critical component of KATP channels, partially negated the synaptic protection afforded by ketones. This partial protection was completely reversed by co-application of the KATP blocker, 5-hydoxydecanoate (5HD). We conclude that, under conditions of oxidative injury, ketones induce synaptic protection in part through activation of KATP channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Mohammed G. Abdelwahab
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Soo Han Lee
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Derek O’Neill
- Departments of Neurology and Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, St. Joseph’s Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Roger J. Thompson
- Departments of Cell Biology and Anatomy, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Henry J. Duff
- Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Patrick G. Sullivan
- Spinal Cord and Brain Injury Research Center, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Jong M. Rho
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Neurosciences, Alberta Children’s Hospital, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Curcio G, Mazzucchi E, Marca GD, Vollono C, Rossini PM. Electromagnetic fields and EEG spiking rate in patients with focal epilepsy. Clin Neurophysiol 2015; 126:659-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clinph.2014.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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Neuroprotection by Kukoamine A against oxidative stress may involve N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2015; 1850:287-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2014.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2014] [Revised: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Kishore RK, Abhishekh HA, Udupa K, Thirthalli J, Lavekar GS, Gangadhar BN, Raju TR, Sathyaprabha TN. Evaluation of the influence of ayurvedic formulation (Ayushman-15) on psychopathology, heart rate variability and stress hormonal level in major depression (Vishada). Asian J Psychiatr 2014; 12:100-7. [PMID: 25219946 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajp.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 07/27/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ayurveda (Indian-complimentary and alternative medicine) is still most sought after in India and has promising potential in management of Vishada [major depressive disorder (MDD)]. But, systematic research is lacking. In this study we evaluated of influence of ayurvedic treatment (Panchakarma and Ayushman-15) on psychopathology, heart rate variability (HRV) and endocrinal parameters in patients with major depression. METHODS 81 drug naive patients diagnosed as Vishada by ayurvedic physician and MDD according to DSM IV-TR were given ayurvedic Virechana module (therapeutic purgation) and were randomized into two groups. Patients in group A (n=41) received Ayushman-15A while group B (n=40) received Ayushman-15B for two months and Shirodhara (forehead-oil pouring therapy). Patients were assessed with Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HDRS), Montgomery Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) were estimated at baseline and after ayurvedic therapy. HRV and endocrinal parameters were compared with age and gender matched healthy volunteers. RESULTS HRV parameters showed significant sympathetic dominance in patients compared to healthy volunteers. Two months of ayurvedic treatment significantly decreased psychopathology, showed increase in vagal tone, decrease in sympathetic tone and reduced cortisol levels. However, there was no significant difference between groups receiving Ayushman A and B. CONCLUSION This study provides evidence for antidepressant, cardiac (HRV) and beneficial neuroendocrine modulatory influence of Ayurveda therapy in patients of Vishada (MDD). Further studies are needed to confirm these findings. Greater insight into the neurobiology behind this therapy might provide valuable information about newer drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Trichur R Raju
- National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Bangalore, India
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20
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Wang H, Li Y, Jiang N, Chen X, Zhang Y, Zhang K, Wang T, Hao Y, Ma L, Zhao C, Wang Y, Sun T, Yu J. Protective effect of oxysophoridine on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice. Neural Regen Res 2014; 8:1349-59. [PMID: 25206429 PMCID: PMC4107767 DOI: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-5374.2013.15.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/20/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxysophoridine, a new alkaloid extracted from Sophora alopecuroides L., has been shown to have a protective effect against ischemic brain damage. In this study, a focal cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury model was established using middle cerebral artery occlusion in mice. Both 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine, via intraperitoneal injection, and 6 mg/kg nimodipine, via intragastric administration, were administered daily for 7 days before modeling. After 24 hours of reperfusion, mice were tested for neurological deficit, cerebral infarct size was assessed and brain tissue was collected. Results showed that oxysophoridine at 125, 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine could reduce neurological deficit scores, cerebral infarct size and brain water content in mice. These results provided evidence that oxysophoridine plays a protective role in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. In addition, oxysophoridine at 62.5, 125, and 250 mg/kg and 6 mg/kg nimodipine increased adenosine-triphosphate content, and decreased malondialdehyde and nitric oxide content. These compounds enhanced the activities of glutathione-peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, catalase, and lactate dehydrogenase, and decreased the activity of nitric oxide synthase. Protein and mRNA expression levels of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1 were markedly inhibited in the presence of 250 mg/kg oxysophoridine and 6 mg/kg nimodipine. Our experimental findings indicated that oxysophoridine has a neuroprotective effect against cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in mice, and that the effect may be due to its ability to inhibit oxidative stress and expression of the N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor subunit NR1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yuxiang Li
- College of Nursing, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China ; Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Ning Jiang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Shanghai Pudong New Area Gongli Hospital, Shanghai 200135, China
| | - Kuai Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tengfei Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yinju Hao
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Chengjun Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Yanrong Wang
- Key Laboratory of Reproduction and Genetics of Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Tao Sun
- Ningxia Key Laboratory of Craniocerebral Diseases of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
| | - Jianqiang Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China ; Collaborative Innovation Center of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region for Medicines, Yinchuan 750004, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, China
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Cardoso LM, Fernandes LG, Alves AM, Pedrosa ML, Silva ME, Colombari E, Moraes MFD, Júnior DAC. Cardiopulmonary reflex is attenuated in iron overload conscious rats. Nutr Neurosci 2013; 10:121-8. [DOI: 10.1080/10284150701413964] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Spanos M, Gras-Najjar J, Letchworth JM, Sanford AL, Toups JV, Sombers LA. Quantitation of hydrogen peroxide fluctuations and their modulation of dopamine dynamics in the rat dorsal striatum using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry. ACS Chem Neurosci 2013; 4:782-9. [PMID: 23556461 DOI: 10.1021/cn4000499] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) projection from the substantia nigra to the dorsal striatum become dysfunctional and slowly degenerate in Parkinson's disease, a neurodegenerative disorder that afflicts more than one million Americans. There is no specific known cause for idiopathic Parkinson's disease; however, multiple lines of evidence implicate oxidative stress as an underlying factor in both the initiation and progression of the disease. This involves the enhanced generation of reactive oxygen species, including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), whose role in complex biological processes is not well understood. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry at bare carbon-fiber microelectrodes, we have simultaneously monitored and quantified H2O2 and DA fluctuations in intact striatal tissue under basal conditions and in response to the initiation of oxidative stress. Furthermore, we have assessed the effect of acute increases in local H2O2 concentration on both electrically evoked DA release and basal DA levels. Increases in endogenous H2O2 in the dorsal striatum attenuated electrically evoked DA release, and also decreased basal DA levels in this brain region. These novel results will help to disambiguate the chemical mechanisms underlying the progression of neurodegenerative disease states, such as Parkinson's disease, that involve oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Spanos
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Julie Gras-Najjar
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Jeremy M. Letchworth
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Audrey L. Sanford
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - J. Vincent Toups
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
| | - Leslie A. Sombers
- Chemistry Department, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina 27695-8204, United States
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Tombini M, Pellegrino G, Pasqualetti P, Assenza G, Benvenga A, Fabrizio E, Rossini PM. Mobile Phone Emissions Modulate Brain Excitability in Patients with Focal Epilepsy. Brain Stimul 2013; 6:448-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brs.2012.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2012] [Revised: 06/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/14/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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The glial antioxidant network and neuronal ascorbate: protective yet permissive for H(2)O(2) signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 1:365-76. [PMID: 18292802 DOI: 10.1017/s1740925x05000311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates reactive oxygen species, particularly hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), as intracellular and intercellular messengers in the brain. This raises the question of how the antioxidant network in the brain can be sufficiently permissive to allow messages to be conveyed yet, at the same time, provide adequate protection against oxidative damage. Here we present evidence that this is accomplished in part by differential antioxidant compartmentalization between glia and neurons. Based on the rationale that the glia-to-neuron ratio is higher in guinea-pig brain than in rat brain, we examined the neuroprotective role of the glial antioxidant network by comparing the consequences of elevated H(2)O(2) in guinea-pig and rat brain slices. The effects of exogenously applied H(2)O(2) on evoked population spikes in hippocampal slices and on edema formation in forebrain slices were assessed. In contrast to the epileptiform activity observed in rat hippocampal slices after H(2)O(2) exposure, no pathophysiology was seen in guinea-pig hippocampal slices. Similarly, elevated H(2)O(2) caused edema in rat brain slices, whereas this did not occur in guinea-pig brain tissue. The resistance of guinea-pig brain tissue to H(2)O(2) challenge was lost, however, when glutathione (GSH) synthesis was inhibited (by buthionine sulfoximine), GSH peroxidase activity was inhibited (by mercaptosuccinate), or catalase was inhibited (by 3-amino-1,2,4,-triazole). Strikingly, exogenously applied ascorbate, a predominantly neuronal antioxidant, was able to compensate for loss of any other single component of the antioxidant network. Together, these data imply significant roles for glial antioxidants and neuronal ascorbate in the prevention of pathophysiological consequences of the endogenous neuromodulator, H(2)O(2).
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Chen KY, Wu CC, Chang CF, Chen YH, Chiu WT, Lou YH, Chen YH, Shih HM, Chiang YH. Suppression of Etk/Bmx Protects against Ischemic Brain Injury. Cell Transplant 2012; 21:345-54. [DOI: 10.3727/096368911x582741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Etk/Bmx (epithelial and endothelial tyrosine kinase, also known as BMX), a member of the Tec (tyrosine kinase expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma) family of protein-tyrosine kinases, is an important regulator of signal transduction for the activation of cell growth, differentiation, and development. We have previously reported that activation of Etk leads to apoptosis in MDA-MB-468 cells. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of Etk in neuronal injury induced by H2O2 or ischemia. Using Western blot analysis and immunohistochemistry, we found that treatment with H2O2 significantly enhanced phosphorylation of Etk and its downstream signaling molecule Stat1 in primary cortical neurons. Inhibiting Etk activity by LFM-A13 or knocking down Etk expression by a specific shRNA increased the survival of primary cortical neurons. Similarly, at 1 day after a 60-min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) in adult rats, both phosphorylated Etk and Stat1 were coexpressed with apoptotic markers in neurons in the penumbra. Pretreatment with LFM-A13 or an adenoviral vector encoding the kinase deletion mutant EtkΔk attenuated caspase-3 activity and infarct volume in ischemic brain. All together, our data suggest that Etk is activated after neuronal injury. Suppressing Etk activity protects against neurodegeneration in ischemic brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Yun Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Che Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Fu Chang
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Hao Chen
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Ta Chiu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Hsin Lou
- Department of Neurological Surgery, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yen-Hua Chen
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ming Shih
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Hsiao Chiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Translational Research Laboratory, Cancer Center, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
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Dong Y, Zhang W, Lai B, Luan WJ, Zhu YH, Zhao BQ, Zheng P. Two free radical pathways mediate chemical hypoxia-induced glutamate release in synaptosomes from the prefrontal cortex. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2011; 1823:493-504. [PMID: 22057390 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2011.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Revised: 10/17/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
It has been known that the inhibition of mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase is one of the earliest events occurring under hypoxia and this inhibition can lead to neuronal damages. Thus, the cytochrome c oxidase inhibitor sodium cyanide (NaCN) is widely used to produce a model of chemical hypoxia by inhibiting this enzyme. However, the downstream signaling pathways of the inhibition of the cytochrome c oxidase remain to be studied. In the present paper, we used sodium cyanide to mimic the inhibition of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase and studied its effect on glutamate release in synaptosomes from the prefrontal cortex using on-line fluorimetry. We also further investigated the mechanisms underlying the enhancing effect of sodium cyanide on glutamate release using pharmacological approaches combined with other techniques. The results showed that sodium cyanide significantly increased glutamate release from synaptosomes of prefrontal cortex; the broad-spectrum free radical scavenger MnTBAP and melatonin completely abolished the effect of sodium cyanide on glutamate release; the H2O2-NMDA receptor pathway mediated one part, whereas the lipid peroxyl radicals-ATP synthase pathway mediated another part of the sodium cyanide-induced glutamate release; scavenging H2O2 and enhancing ATP synthase activity could completely abolish the sodium cyanide-induced glutamate release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Shanghai Medical College and Institute of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Chung KKH, Freestone PS, Lipski J. Expression and functional properties of TRPM2 channels in dopaminergic neurons of the substantia nigra of the rat. J Neurophysiol 2011; 106:2865-75. [PMID: 21900507 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00994.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Transient receptor potential melastatin 2 (TRPM2) channels are sensitive to oxidative stress, and their activation can lead to cell death. Although these channels have been extensively studied in expression systems, their role in the brain, particularly in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc), remains unknown. In this study, we assessed the expression and functional properties of TRPM2 channels in rat dopaminergic SNc neurons, using acute brain slices. RT-PCR analysis revealed TRPM2 mRNA expression in the SNc region. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated expression of TRPM2 protein in tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons. Channel function was tested with whole cell patch-clamp recordings and calcium (fura-2) imaging. Intracellular application of ADP-ribose (50-400 μM) evoked a dose-dependent, desensitizing inward current and intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca(2+)](i)) rise. These responses were strongly inhibited by the nonselective TRPM2 channel blockers clotrimazole and flufenamic acid. Exogenous application of H(2)O(2) (1-5 mM) evoked a rise in [Ca(2+)](i) and an outward current mainly due to activation of ATP-sensitive potassium (K(ATP)) channels. Inhibition of K(+) conductance with Cs(+) and tetraethylammonium unmasked an inward current. The inward current and/or [Ca(2+)](i) rise were partially blocked by clotrimazole and N-(p-amylcinnamoyl)anthranilic acid (ACA). The H(2)O(2)-induced [Ca(2+)](i) rise was abolished in "zero" extracellular Ca(2+) concentration and was enhanced at higher baseline [Ca(2+)](i), consistent with activation of TRPM2 channels in the cell membrane. These results provide evidence for the functional expression of TRPM2 channels in dopaminergic SNc neurons. Given the involvement of oxidative stress in degeneration of SNc neurons in Parkinson's disease, further studies are needed to determine the pathophysiological role of these channels in the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenny K H Chung
- Department of Physiology and Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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29
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Abstract
Increasing evidence implicates hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) as an intracellular and intercellular signaling molecule that can influence processes from embryonic development to cell death. Most research has focused on relatively slow signaling, on the order of minutes to days, via second messenger cascades. However, H(2)O(2) can also mediate subsecond signaling via ion channel activation. This rapid signaling has been examined most thoroughly in the nigrostriatal dopamine (DA) pathway, which plays a key role in facilitating movement mediated by the basal ganglia. In DA neurons of the substantia nigra, endogenously generated H(2)O(2) activates ATP-sensitive K(+) (K-ATP) channels that inhibit DA neuron firing. In the striatum, H(2)O(2) generated downstream from glutamatergic AMPA receptor activation in medium spiny neurons acts as a diffusible messenger that inhibits axonal DA release, also via K-ATP channels. The source of dynamically generated H(2)O(2) is mitochondrial respiration; thus, H(2)O(2) provides a novel link between activity and metabolism via K-ATP channels. Additional targets of H(2)O(2) include transient receptor potential (TRP) channels. In contrast to the inhibitory effect of H(2)O(2) acting via K-ATP channels, TRP channel activation is excitatory. This review describes emerging roles of H(2)O(2) as a signaling agent in the nigrostriatal pathway and basal ganglia neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margaret E Rice
- Department of Neurosurgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
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Coombes E, Jiang J, Chu XP, Inoue K, Seeds J, Branigan D, Simon RP, Xiong ZG. Pathophysiologically relevant levels of hydrogen peroxide induce glutamate-independent neurodegeneration that involves activation of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 channels. Antioxid Redox Signal 2011; 14:1815-27. [PMID: 20812867 PMCID: PMC3078500 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Stroke/brain ischemia is a leading cause of death and long-term disabilities. Increased oxidative stress plays an important role in the pathology of brain ischemia. Hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) is a major oxidant known to cause neuronal injury; however, the detailed mechanism remains unclear. Previous studies have suggested that H(2)O(2)-induced injury is associated with increased intracellular Ca(2+), mediated by glutamate receptors or voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Here, we demonstrate that, at concentrations relevant to stroke, H(2)O(2) induces a Ca(2+)-dependent injury of mouse cortical neurons in the absence of activation of these receptors/channels. With the culture medium containing blockers of glutamate receptors and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels, brief exposure of neurons to H(2)O(2) induced a dose-dependent injury. Reducing [Ca(2+)](e) inhibited whereas increasing [Ca(2+)](e) potentiated the H(2)O(2) injury. Fluorescent Ca(2+) imaging confirmed the increase of [Ca(2+)](i) by H(2)O(2) in the presence of the blockers of glutamate receptors and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Addition of 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, an inhibitor of transient receptor potential melastatin 7 (TRPM7) channels, or the use of TRPM7-small interference RNA, protected the neurons from H(2)O(2) injury. In contrast, overexpressing TRPM7 channels in human embryonic kidney 293 cells increased H(2)O(2) injury. Our findings indicate that H(2)O(2) can induce Ca(2+) toxicity independent of glutamate receptors and voltage-gated Ca(2+) channels. Activation of TRPM7 channels is involved in such toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Coombes
- Robert S. Dow Neurobiology Laboratories, Legacy Research, Portland, Oregon, USA
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31
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Deb I, Poddar R, Paul S. Oxidative stress-induced oligomerization inhibits the activity of the non-receptor tyrosine phosphatase STEP61. J Neurochem 2011; 116:1097-111. [PMID: 21198639 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.07165.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The neuron-specific tyrosine phosphatase STriatal Enriched Phosphatase (STEP) is emerging as an important mediator of glutamatergic transmission in the brain. STEP is also thought to be involved in the etiology of neurodegenerative disorders that are linked to oxidative stress such as Alzheimer's disease and cerebral ischemia. However, the mechanism by which oxidative stress can modulate STEP activity is still unclear. In this study, we have investigated whether dimerization may play a role in regulating the activity of STEP. Our findings show that STEP(61), the membrane associated isoform, can undergo homodimerization under basal conditions in neurons. Dimerization of STEP(61) involves intermolecular disulfide bond formation between two cysteine residues (Cys 65 and Cys 76 respectively) present in the hydrophobic region at the N-terminus specific to STEP(61). Oxidative stress induced by hydrogen peroxide leads to a significant increase in the formation of dimers and higher-order oligomers of STEP(61). Using two substrates, para-nitrophenylphosphate and extracellular-regulated kinase MAPK we further demonstrate that oligomerization leads to a significant reduction in its enzymatic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishani Deb
- Department of Neurology, University of New Mexico Health Sciences Center, 1 University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, New Mexico 87131, USA
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32
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Zhou Y, Li HL, Zhao R, Yang LT, Dong Y, Yue X, Ma YY, Wang Z, Chen J, Cui CL, Yu ACH. Astrocytes Express N-Methyl-D-Aspartate Receptor Subunits in Development, Ischemia and Post-Ischemia. Neurochem Res 2010; 35:2124-34. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-010-0325-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/11/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Tucker B, Olson JE. Glutamate receptor-mediated taurine release from the hippocampus during oxidative stress. J Biomed Sci 2010; 17 Suppl 1:S10. [PMID: 20804584 PMCID: PMC2994387 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-17-s1-s10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hippocampal slices swell and release taurine during oxidative stress. The influence of cellular signalling pathways on this process is unclear. Glutamate signalling can facilitate volume regulation in other CNS preparations. Therefore, we hypothesize activation of taurine release by oxidative stress results from tissue swelling and is coupled to activation of glutamate receptors. Methods Rat hippocampi were incubated at room temperature for 2 hr in artificial cerebrospinal fluid (aCSF) equilibrated with 95% O2 plus 5% CO2. For some slices, 1 mM taurine was added to the aCSF to maintain normal tissue taurine content. Slices then were perfused with aCSF at 35° C and baseline data recorded before 2 mM H2O2 was added. For some studies, mannitol or inhibitors of glutamate receptors or the volume-regulated anion channel (VRAC) were added before and during H2O2 treatment. The intensity of light transmitted through the slice (the intrinsic optical signal, IOS) was determined at 1-min intervals. Samples of perfusate were collected at 2-min intervals and amino acid contents determined by HPLC. Data were analyzed by repeated measures ANOVA and post hoc Dunnett’s test with significance indicated for p<0.05. Results IOS of slices prepared without taurine treatment increased significantly by 3.3±1.3% (mean±SEM) during oxidative stress. Little taurine was detected in the perfusate of these slices and the rate of taurine efflux did not change during H2O2 exposure. The α-amino-3-hydroxyl-5-methyl-4-isoxazole-propionate antagonist, 25 µM CNQX, but not the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist, 10 µM MK-801, inhibited the increase in IOS during H2O2 treatment. Taurine-treated slices exposed to H2O2 showed no change in IOS; however, taurine efflux increased by 335±178%. When these slices were perfused with hypertonic aCSF (350 mOsm) or exposed to the VRAC inhibitor, 20 µM DCPIB, no increase in the taurine efflux rate was observed during H2O2 exposure. Taurine-treated slices perfused with 10 µM MK-801 during H2O2 exposure showed a 4.6±1.9% increase in IOS but no increase in the taurine efflux rate. Conclusions Taurine efflux via VRAC is critical for volume regulation of hippocampal slices exposed to oxidative stress. This increased taurine efflux does not result from direct activation of the taurine release pathway by H2O2. NMDA receptor activation plays an important role in taurine release during oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian Tucker
- Department of Neuroscience, Cell Biology, and Physiology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio, USA.
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Garcia AJ, Putnam RW, Dean JB. Hyperbaric hyperoxia and normobaric reoxygenation increase excitability and activate oxygen-induced potentiation in CA1 hippocampal neurons. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2010; 109:804-19. [PMID: 20558753 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.91429.2008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Breathing hyperbaric oxygen (HBO) is common practice in hyperbaric and diving medicine. The benefits of breathing HBO, however, are limited by the risk of central nervous system O2 toxicity, which presents as seizures. We tested the hypothesis that excitability increases in CA1 neurons of the rat hippocampal slice (400 microm) over a continuum of hyperoxia that spans normobaric and hyperbaric pressures. Amplitude changes of the orthodromic population spike were used to assess neuronal O2 sensitivity before, during, and following exposure to 0, 0.6, 0.95 (control), 2.84, and 4.54 atmospheres absolute (ATA) O2. Polarographic O2 electrodes were used to measure tissue slice PO2 (PtO2). In 0.95 ATA O2, core PtO2 at 200 microm deep was 115±16 Torr (mean±SE). Increasing O2 to 2.84 and 4.54 ATA increased core PtO2 to 1,222±77 and 2,037±157 Torr, respectively. HBO increased the orthodromic population spike amplitude and usually induced hyperexcitability (i.e., secondary population spikes) and, in addition, a long-lasting potentiation of the orthodromic population spike that we have termed "oxygen-induced potentiation" (OxIP). Exposure to 0.60 ATA O2 and hypoxia (0.00 ATA) decreased core PtO2 to 84±6 and 20±4 Torr, respectively, and abolished the orthodromic response. Reoxygenation from 0.0 or 0.6 ATA O2, however, usually produced a response similar to that of HBO: hyperexcitability and activation of OxIP. We conclude that CA1 neurons exhibit increased excitability and neural plasticity over a broad range of PtO2, which can be activated by a single, hyperoxic stimulus. We postulate that transient acute hyperoxia stimulus, whether caused by breathing HBO or reoxygenation following hypoxia (e.g., disordered breathing), is a powerful stimulant for orthodromic activity and neural plasticity in the CA1 hippocampus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfredo J Garcia
- Center for Integrative Brain Research, Seattle Children’s Research, Seattle, Washington, USA
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Chen SD, Lin TK, Yang DI, Lee SY, Shaw FZ, Liou CW, Chuang YC. Protective effects of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma coactivator-1alpha against neuronal cell death in the hippocampal CA1 subfield after transient global ischemia. J Neurosci Res 2010; 88:605-13. [PMID: 19774674 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.22225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors gamma coactivator-1alpha (PGC-1alpha) may regulate the mitochondrial antioxidant defense system under many neuropathological settings. However, the exact role of PGC-1alpha in ischemic brain damage is still under debate. Based on an experimental model of transient global ischemia (TGI), this study evaluated the hypothesis that the activation of PGC-1alpha signaling pathway protects hippocampal CA1 neurons against delayed neuronal death after TGI. In Sprague-Dawley rats, significantly increased content of oxidized proteins in the hippocampal CA1 tissue was observed as early as 30 min after TGI, followed by augmentation of PGC-1alpha expression at 1 hr. Expression of uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) and superoxide dismutases 2 (SOD2) in the hippocampal CA1 neurons was upregulated 4-48 hr after TGI. In addition, knock-down of PGC-1alpha expression by pretreatment with a specific antisense oligodeoxynucleotide in the hippocampal CA1 subfield downregulated the expression of UCP2 and SOD2 with resultant exacerbation of oxidative stress and augmentation of delayed neuronal cell death in the hippocampus after TGI. Overall, our results indicate that PGC-1alpha is induced by cerebral ischemia leading to upregulation of UCP2 and SOD2, thereby providing a neuroprotective effect against ischemic brain injury in the hippocampus by ameliorating oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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Protective effect of salidroside against H2O2-induced cell apoptosis in primary culture of rat hippocampal neurons. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 332:85-93. [PMID: 19554425 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0177-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Salidroside, a phenylpropanoid glycoside separated from a medicinal plant Rhodiola rosea, has been documented to have protective effects on neuronal cells in vitro. This study investigated whether salidroside was able to extend its unique neuroprotection to primary cultured rat hippocampal neurons against hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2))-induced cell damage. Cell viability tests and cell apoptosis assays confirmed that salidroside pretreatment attenuated H(2)O(2)-stimulated apoptotic cell death in primary culture of hippocampal neurons in a concentration-dependent manner. The measurements of caspase-3 activity, nitric oxide (NO) production, and NO synthase (NOS) activity suggest that the protection of salidroside, shown in this study, might be mediated by inhibiting caspase-3 activity, and antagonizing NO production and NOS activity during H(2)O(2) stimulation. Perhaps, this study might contribute to the development of salidroside as a broad-spectrum agent for preventing and/or treating neuronal damage in neurodegenerative disorders.
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H(2)O(2)-mediated modulation of cytosolic signaling and organelle function in rat hippocampus. Pflugers Arch 2009; 458:937-52. [PMID: 19430810 PMCID: PMC2719740 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-009-0672-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2008] [Revised: 04/06/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) released from (dys-)functioning mitochondria contribute to normal and pathophysiological cellular signaling by modulating cytosolic redox state and redox-sensitive proteins. To identify putative redox targets involved in such signaling, we exposed hippocampal neurons to hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Redox-sensitive dyes indicated that externally applied H2O2 may oxidize intracellular targets in cell cultures and acute tissue slices. In cultured neurons, H2O2 (EC50 118 µM) induced an intracellular Ca2+ rise which could still be evoked upon Ca2+ withdrawal and mitochondrial uncoupling. It was, however, antagonized by thapsigargin, dantrolene, 2-aminoethoxydiphenyl borate, and high levels of ryanodine, which identifies the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) as the intracellular Ca2+ store involved. Intracellular accumulation of endogenously generated H2O2—provoked by inhibiting glutathione peroxidase—also released Ca2+ from the ER, as did extracellular generation of superoxide. Phospholipase C (PLC)-mediated metabotropic signaling was depressed in the presence of H2O2, but cytosolic cyclic adenosine-5′-monophosphate (cAMP) levels were not affected. H2O2 (0.2–5 mM) moderately depolarized mitochondria, halted their intracellular trafficking in a Ca2+- and cAMP-independent manner, and directly oxidized cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) and flavin adenine dinucleotide (FADH2). In part, the mitochondrial depolarization reflects uptake of Ca2+ previously released from the ER. We conclude that H2O2 releases Ca2+ from the ER via both ryanodine and inositol trisphosphate receptors. Mitochondrial function is not markedly impaired even by millimolar concentrations of H2O2. Such modulation of Ca2+ signaling and organelle interaction by ROS affects the efficacy of PLC-mediated metabotropic signaling and may contribute to the adjustment of neuronal function to redox conditions and metabolic supply.
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38
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Rollo CD. Dopamine and Aging: Intersecting Facets. Neurochem Res 2008; 34:601-29. [DOI: 10.1007/s11064-008-9858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 07/03/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Volume regulation of the hippocampus. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2008. [PMID: 18727252 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-23752-6_30] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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40
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Yang CC, Chien CT, Wu MH, Ma MC, Chen CF. NMDA receptor blocker ameliorates ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction in rat kidneys. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 294:F1433-40. [DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00481.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor activated by glutamate/glycine is located in the kidneys. The NMDA receptor subunit NR1 is increased in damaged renal tissue. This study explored the role of NMDA receptors in ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction in rats. With Western blot analysis and renal functional assay, NMDA receptor expression was evaluated, as well as its functional role in female Wistar rat kidneys after 45 min of unilateral ischemia followed by 24 h of reperfusion. The effects of intrarenal NMDA receptor agonist and antagonist on renal blood flow (RBF), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), urine volume (UV), sodium (UNaV), and potassium (UKV) excretion were determined. NMDA NR1 was present in the glomeruli, brush-border membrane, and outer medulla but not in the cortex and inner medulla. Homogenous distribution of non-NMDA GluR2/3, sparse kainate KA1, and undetectable group I of metabotropic glutamate receptor were noted in the control kidneys. Ischemia-reperfusion kidneys showed enhanced renal NR1, but not NR2C and GluR2/3 expression, and were associated with decreased GFR/RBF and natriuretic/diuretic responses. Intrarenal NMDA agonists significantly reduced GFR, UV, UNaV, and UKV but had no effect on blood pressure and RBF in sham control and ischemia-reperfusion kidneys. NMDA antagonist d-2-amino-5-phosphonopentanoic acid (D-AP-5) treatment completely abolished NMDA-induced renal dysfunction. D-AP-5 treatment significantly ameliorated ischemia-reperfusion-induced glomerular and tubular dysfunction by restoring decreased GFR, UV, and UNaV levels. Ischemia-reperfusion upregulates renal NMDA NR1 receptor expression, leading to reduced glomerular and tubular function in the kidneys. The NMDA antagonist can ameliorate ischemia-reperfusion-induced renal dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah Cock
- Epilepsy Group, Department of Cardiac and Vascular Sciences, St. Georges, University of London and Atkinson Morley Regional Neuroscience Centre, St. Georges Hospital, London, United Kingdom.
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Rotenone enhances N-methyl-D-aspartate currents by activating a tyrosine kinase in rat dopamine neurons. Neuroreport 2008; 18:1813-6. [PMID: 18090317 DOI: 10.1097/wnr.0b013e3282f0d28f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Our previous work showed that the pesticide rotenone increases the amplitude of inward currents evoked by N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) in substantia nigra dopamine neurons. Using patch pipettes to record whole-cell currents in rat brain slices, we report that the rotenone-induced potentiation of NMDA current is blocked by the tyrosine kinase inhibitors genistein and PP1. This action of rotenone is mimicked by H2O2, which is also blocked by genistein. Our results suggest that the rotenone-dependent increase in NMDA current is mediated by release of reactive oxygen species that activates a protein tyrosine kinase.
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Abstract
There is increasing evidence that multiple sclerosis (MS) is not only characterized by immune mediated inflammatory reactions but also by neurodegenerative processes. In neurodegenerative diseases, neuronal and axonal loss is mediated by oxidative stress and excitotoxicity which constitute a final common toxic pathway. Importantly, peroxynitrite is the key mediator of those two intertwined pathomechanisms. In MS, peroxynitrite is consistently associated with active lesions and produces highly toxic nitrating and oxidizing radical species that alter lipid, protein, DNA and mitochondrial structures and functions. During the remitting phase, peroxynitrite participates to neuron and oligodendrocyte damage in association with inflammatory processes. During the chronic phase, peroxynitrite contributes to self-perpetuating mechanisms responsible for disease progression. Neutralization of oxidative stress and excitotoxicity, and in particular of peroxynitrite derived free radicals, might represent a therapeutic approach to provide neuroprotection in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Gonsette
- National Centre for Multiple Sclerosis, B 1820 Melsbroek, Belgium.
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O'Brien KB, Killoran SJ, O'Neill RD, Lowry JP. Development and characterization in vitro of a catalase-based biosensor for hydrogen peroxide monitoring. Biosens Bioelectron 2007; 22:2994-3000. [PMID: 17258901 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2006.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2006] [Revised: 11/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/12/2006] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) may act as a neuromodulator in the brain, as well as contributing to neurodegeneration in diseased states, such as Parkinson's disease. The ability to monitor changes in endogenous H(2)O(2)in vivo with high temporal resolution is essential in order to further elucidate the roles of H(2)O(2) in the central nervous system. Here, we describe the in vitro characterization of an implantable catalase-based H(2)O(2) biosensor. The biosensor comprises two amperometric electrodes, one with catalase immobilized on the surface and one without enzyme (blank). The analytical signal is then the difference between the two electrodes. The H(2)O(2) sensitivity of various designs was compared, and ranged from 0 to 56+/-4 mA cm(-2)M(-1). The most successful design incorporated a Nafion layer followed by a poly-o-phenylenediamine (PPD) polymer layer. Catalase was adsorbed onto the PPD layer and then cross-linked with glutaraldehyde. The ability of the biosensors to exclude interference from ascorbic acid, and other interference species found in vivo, was also tested. A variety of the catalase-based biosensor designs described here show promise for in vivo monitoring of endogenous H(2)O(2) in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- K B O'Brien
- Sensors Development Unit, BioAnalytics Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, National University of Ireland, Maynooth, Co, Kildare, Ireland
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Takahashi A, Mikami M, Yang J. Hydrogen peroxide increases GABAergic mIPSC through presynaptic release of calcium from IP3 receptor-sensitive stores in spinal cord substantia gelatinosa neurons. Eur J Neurosci 2007; 25:705-16. [PMID: 17328771 PMCID: PMC2040515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2007.05323.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
GABAergic interneurons of the spinal cord substantia gelatinosa regulate the transmission of nociceptive information. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is likely a diffusible messenger contributing to the development of long-lasting pathological pain states after nerve injury. In this study, we examined the presynaptic effects of H2O2 on the inhibitory interneurons of mouse substantia gelatinosa (SG) using whole-cell patch-clamp recordings from spinal cord slices. H2O2 increased the frequency of GABAergic miniature inhibitory postsynaptic current (mIPSC) in a concentration-dependent (10-1000 microM) manner. The profound increase in mIPSC frequency was diminished by thapsigargin or cyclopiazonic acid suggesting that the intracellular stored pool was the source of presynaptic calcium. Further examination revealed the 2-aminoethoxydiphenil borate blockable inositol-(1,4,5) trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) regulated pool of stored calcium as the likely source. The phospholipase C (PLC) blocker, 1-(6-[([17beta]-3-methoxyestra-1,3,5[10]-trien-17-yl)-amino]hexyl)-1H-pyrrole-2,5-dione (U73122), did not block the frequency increase, which suggested that the site of action of H2O2 lies downstream in the IP3 signalling pathway, and nifedipine-sensitivity of the frequency increase indicated a possible role of calcium-induced calcium-release. However, a direct examination of L-type voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCC) demonstrated that H2O2 did not increase the calcium influx through these channels. The H2O2 effect on mIPSC frequency was markedly reduced in the opisthotonus (Opt) mutant mice with a known deletion in the IP3R1 gene. We demonstrated that H2O2 increased presynaptic activity in the GABAergic interneurons by the release of calcium from the IP3R-regulated intracellular pool. The presynaptic IP3R could emerge as a novel target for preventing H2O2-induced synaptic plasticity in substantia gelatinosa leading to pathological pain states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayako Takahashi
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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Kim DY, Davis LM, Sullivan PG, Maalouf M, Simeone TA, van Brederode J, Rho JM. Ketone bodies are protective against oxidative stress in neocortical neurons. J Neurochem 2007; 101:1316-26. [PMID: 17403035 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2007.04483.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Ketone bodies (KB) have been shown to prevent neurodegeneration in models of Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases, but the mechanisms underlying these effects remain unclear. One possibility is that KB may exert antioxidant activity. In the current study, we explored the effects of KB on rat neocortical neurons exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) or diamide - a thiol oxidant and activator of mitochondrial permeability transition (mPT). We found that: (i) KB completely blocked large inward currents induced by either H(2)O(2) or diamide; (ii) KB significantly decreased the number of propidium iodide-labeled cells in neocortical slices after exposure to H(2)O(2) or diamide; (iii) KB significantly decreased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in dissociated neurons and in isolated neocortical mitochondria; (iv) the electrophysiological effects of KB in neurons exposed to H(2)O(2) or diamide were mimicked by bongkrekic acid and cyclosporin A, known inhibitors of mPT, as well as by catalase and DL - dithiothreitol, known antioxidants; (v) diamide alone did not significantly alter basal ROS levels in neurons, supporting previous studies indicating that diamide-induced neuronal injury may be mediated by mPT opening; and (vi) KB significantly increased the threshold for calcium-induced mPT in isolated mitochondria. Taken together, our data suggest that KB may prevent mPT and oxidative injury in neocortical neurons, most likely by decreasing mitochondrial ROS production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Do Young Kim
- Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph's Hospital & Medical Center, Phoenix, Arizona 85013, USA
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Avshalumov MV, Bao L, Patel JC, Rice ME. H2O2 signaling in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway via ATP-sensitive potassium channels: issues and answers. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007; 9:219-31. [PMID: 17115944 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2007.9.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) as signaling agents is increasingly appreciated. Studies of ROS functions in the central nervous system, however, are only in their infancy. Using fast-scan cyclic voltammetry and fluorescence imaging in brain slices, the authors discovered that hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is an endogenous regulator of dopamine release in the dorsal striatum. Given the key role of dopamine in motor, reward, and cognitive pathways, regulation by H2O2 has implications for normal dopamine function, as well as for dysfunction of dopamine transmission. In this review, data are summarized to show that H2O2 is a diffusible messenger in the striatum, generated downstream from glutamate receptor activation, and an intracellular signal in dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra, generated during normal pacemaker activity. The mechanism by which H2O2 inhibits dopamine release and dopamine cell activity is activation of ATP-sensitive K+ (KATP) channels. Characteristics of the neuronal and glial antioxidant networks required to permit H2O2 signaling, yet prevent oxidative damage, are also considered. Lastly, estimates of physiological H2O2 levels are discussed, and strengths and limitations of currently available methods for H2O2 detection, including fluorescence imaging using dichlorofluorescein (DCF) and the next generation of fluorescent probes, are considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marat V Avshalumov
- Department of Neurosurgery and Department of Physiology and Neuroscience, New York University School of Medicine, New York 10016, USA
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Karanian DA, Baude AS, Brown QB, Parsons CG, Bahr BA. 3-Nitropropionic acid toxicity in hippocampus: protection through N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor antagonism. Hippocampus 2006; 16:834-42. [PMID: 16897723 DOI: 10.1002/hipo.20214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The over-activation of glutamate receptors can lead to excitotoxic cell death and is believed to be involved in the progression of neurodegenerative events in the vulnerable hippocampus. Here, we used an in vitro slice model to study toxicity produced in the hippocampus by the mitochondrial toxin 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NP). The organotypic slice cultures exhibit native cellular organization as well as dense arborization of neuronal processes and synaptic contacts. The hippocampal slices were exposed to 3-NP for 2-20 days, causing calpain-mediated breakdown of the spectrin cytoskeleton, a loss of pre- and postsynaptic markers, and neuronal atrophy. The N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist memantine reduced both the cytoskeletal damage and synaptic decline in a dose-dependent manner. 3-NP-induced cytotoxicity, as determined by the release of lactate dehydrogenase, was also reduced by memantine with EC50 values from 1.7 to 2.3 microM. Propidium iodide fluorescence and phase contrast microscopy confirmed memantine neuroprotection against the chronic toxin exposure. In addition, the protected tissue exhibited normal neuronal morphology in the major hippocampal subfields. These results indicate that antagonists of NMDA-type glutamate receptors are protective during the toxic outcome associated with mitochondrial dysfunction. They also provide further evidence of memantine's therapeutic potential against neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Karanian
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut 06269-3092, USA.
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Chen SD, Wu HY, Yang DI, Lee SY, Shaw FZ, Lin TK, Liou CW, Chuang YC. Effects of rosiglitazone on global ischemia-induced hippocampal injury and expression of mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006; 351:198-203. [PMID: 17052689 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2006.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
We investigate the effect of rosiglitazone, a ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARgamma) with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative actions, on hippocampal injury and its roles in mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) expression caused by transient global ischemia (TGI) in rats. Increased UCP2 expression was observed in mitochondria of hippocampal CA1 2-24h after TGI/reperfusion, with maximal expression levels at 6-18h. Administration of rosiglitazone to hippocampus 30min prior to the onset of TGI further enhanced mitochondrial UCP2 expression 2-6h following TGI/reperfusion. Rats subjected to TGI/reperfusion displayed a significant increase in lipid peroxidation, based on increased malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, in hippocampal CA1 mitochondria 2-6 h after reperfusion. Rosiglitazone significantly attenuated TGI/reperfusion-induced lipid peroxidation and suppressed hippocampal CA1 neuronal death based on the surviving neuronal counts. In conclusion, our results provide correlative evidence for the "PPARgamma-->UCP2-->neuroprotection" cascade in ischemic brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shang-Der Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Kaohsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung University College of Medicine, Taiwan
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