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Chen Q, Abudukeremu A, Li K, Zheng M, Li H, Huang T, Huang C, Wen K, Wang Y, Zhang Y. High-Density Lipoprotein Subclasses and Their Role in the Prevention and Treatment of Cardiovascular Disease: A Narrative Review. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:7856. [PMID: 39063097 PMCID: PMC11277419 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25147856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/10/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
The association between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) is controversial. HDL-C is one content type of high-density lipoprotein (HDL). HDL consists of diverse proteins and lipids and can be classified into different subclasses based on size, shape, charge, and density, and can change dynamically in disease states. Therefore, HDL-C levels alone cannot represent HDLs' cardioprotective role. In this review, we summarized the methods for separating HDL subclasses, the studies on the association between HDL subclasses and cardiovascular risk (CVR), and the impact of lipid-modifying medications and nonpharmacological approaches (exercise training, dietary omega fatty acids, and low-density lipoprotein apheresis) on HDL subclasses. As HDL is a natural nanoplatform, recombinant HDLs (rHDLs) have been used as a delivery system in vivo by loading small interfering RNA, drugs, contrast agents, etc. Therefore, we further reviewed the HDL subclasses used in rHDLs and their advantages and disadvantages. This review would provide recommendations and guidance for future studies on HDL subclasses' cardioprotective roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiaofei Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Ayiguli Abudukeremu
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
| | - Kaiwen Li
- Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China;
| | - Minglong Zheng
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Hongwei Li
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Tongsheng Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Canxia Huang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Kexin Wen
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yuling Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; (Q.C.); (A.A.); (M.Z.); (H.L.); (T.H.); (C.H.); (K.W.); (Y.W.)
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Epigenetics and Gene Regulation, Guangdong-Hong Kong Joint Laboratory for RNA Medicine, Medical Research Center, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China
- Nanhai Translational Innovation Center of Precision Immunology, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Foshan 528200, China
- Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Arrhythmia and Electrophysiology, Guangzhou 510080, China
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2
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Nieddu G, Formato M, Lepedda AJ. Searching for Atherosclerosis Biomarkers by Proteomics: A Focus on Lesion Pathogenesis and Vulnerability. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:15175. [PMID: 37894856 PMCID: PMC10607641 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242015175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Plaque rupture and thrombosis are the most important clinical complications in the pathogenesis of stroke, coronary arteries, and peripheral vascular diseases. The identification of early biomarkers of plaque presence and susceptibility to ulceration could be of primary importance in preventing such life-threatening events. With the improvement of proteomic tools, large-scale technologies have been proven valuable in attempting to unravel pathways of atherosclerotic degeneration and identifying new circulating markers to be utilized either as early diagnostic traits or as targets for new drug therapies. To address these issues, different matrices of human origin, such as vascular cells, arterial tissues, plasma, and urine, have been investigated. Besides, proteomics was also applied to experimental atherosclerosis in order to unveil significant insights into the mechanisms influencing atherogenesis. This narrative review provides an overview of the last twenty years of omics applications to the study of atherogenesis and lesion vulnerability, with particular emphasis on lipoproteomics and vascular tissue proteomics. Major issues of tissue analyses, such as plaque complexity, sampling, availability, choice of proper controls, and lipoproteins purification, will be raised, and future directions will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Antonio Junior Lepedda
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy; (G.N.); (M.F.); Antonio Junior Lepedda (A.J.L.)
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3
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Graham A. Modulation of the Cellular microRNA Landscape: Contribution to the Protective Effects of High-Density Lipoproteins (HDL). BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1232. [PMID: 37759631 PMCID: PMC10526091 DOI: 10.3390/biology12091232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
High-density lipoproteins (HDL) play an established role in protecting against cellular dysfunction in a variety of different disease contexts; however, harnessing this therapeutic potential has proved challenging due to the heterogeneous and relative instability of this lipoprotein and its variable cargo molecules. The purpose of this study is to examine the contribution of microRNA (miRNA; miR) sequences, either delivered directly or modulated endogenously, to these protective functions. This narrative review introduces the complex cargo carried by HDL, the protective functions associated with this lipoprotein, and the factors governing biogenesis, export and the uptake of microRNA. The possible mechanisms by which HDL can modulate the cellular miRNA landscape are considered, and the impact of key sequences modified by HDL is explored in diseases such as inflammation and immunity, wound healing, angiogenesis, dyslipidaemia, atherosclerosis and coronary heart disease, potentially offering new routes for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annette Graham
- Department of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, School of Health and Life Sciences, Glasgow Caledonian University, Cowcaddens Road, Glasgow G4 0BA, UK
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4
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Lloyd-Jones C, Dos Santos Seckler H, DiStefano N, Sniderman A, Compton PD, Kelleher NL, Wilkins JT. Preparative Electrophoresis for HDL Particle Size Separation and Intact-Mass Apolipoprotein Proteoform Analysis. J Proteome Res 2023; 22:1455-1465. [PMID: 37053489 PMCID: PMC10436667 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jproteome.2c00804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
The most abundant proteins on high-density lipoproteins (HDLs), apolipoproteins A-I (APOA1) and A-II (APOA2), are determinants of HDL function with 15 and 9 proteoforms (chemical-structure variants), respectively. The relative abundance of these proteoforms in human serum is associated with HDL cholesterol efflux capacity, and cholesterol content. However, the association between proteoform concentrations and HDL size is unknown. We employed a novel native-gel electrophoresis technique, clear native gel-eluted liquid fraction entrapment electrophoresis (CN-GELFrEE) paired with mass spectrometry of intact proteins to investigate this association. Pooled serum was fractionated using acrylamide gels of lengths 8 and 25 cm. Western blotting determined molecular diameter and intact-mass spectrometry determined proteoform profiles of each fraction. The 8- and 25 cm experiments generated 19 and 36 differently sized HDL fractions, respectively. The proteoform distribution varied across size. Fatty-acylated APOA1 proteoforms were associated with larger HDL sizes (Pearson's R = 0.94, p = 4 × 10-7) and were approximately four times more abundant in particles larger than 9.6 nm than in total serum; HDL-unbound APOA1 was acylation-free and contained the pro-peptide proAPOA1. APOA2 proteoform abundance was similar across HDL sizes. Our results establish CN-GELFrEE as an effective lipid-particle separation technique and suggest that acylated proteoforms of APOA1 are associated with larger HDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cameron Lloyd-Jones
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Henrique Dos Santos Seckler
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nicholas DiStefano
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Allan Sniderman
- Royal Victoria Hospital-McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1W9, Canada
| | - Phillip D Compton
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Neil L Kelleher
- Department of Chemistry, Department of Molecular Biosciences, Proteomics Center of Excellence, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - John T Wilkins
- Departments of Medicine (Cardiology) and Preventive Medicine, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois 60611, United States
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Holzer M, Ljubojevic-Holzer S, Souza Junior DR, Stadler JT, Rani A, Scharnagl H, Ronsein GE, Marsche G. HDL Isolated by Immunoaffinity, Ultracentrifugation, or Precipitation is Compositionally and Functionally Distinct. J Lipid Res 2022; 63:100307. [PMID: 36511335 PMCID: PMC9720336 DOI: 10.1016/j.jlr.2022.100307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The HDL proteome has been widely recognized as an important mediator of HDL function. While a variety of HDL isolation methods exist, their impact on the HDL proteome and its associated function remain largely unknown. Here, we compared three of the most common methods for HDL isolation, namely immunoaffinity (IA), density gradient ultracentrifugation (UC), and dextran-sulfate precipitation (DS), in terms of their effects on the HDL proteome and associated functionalities. We used state-of-the-art mass spectrometry to identify 171 proteins across all three isolation methods. IA-HDL contained higher levels of paraoxonase 1, apoB, clusterin, vitronectin, and fibronectin, while UC-HDL had higher levels of apoA2, apoC3, and α-1-antytrypsin. DS-HDL was enriched with apoA4 and complement proteins, while the apoA2 content was very low. Importantly, size-exclusion chromatography analysis showed that IA-HDL isolates contained subspecies in the size range above 12 nm, which were entirely absent in UC-HDL and DS-HDL isolates. Analysis of these subspecies indicated that they primarily consisted of apoA1, IGκC, apoC1, and clusterin. Functional analysis revealed that paraoxonase 1 activity was almost completely lost in IA-HDL, despite high paraoxonase content. We observed that the elution conditions, using 3M thiocyanate, during IA resulted in an almost complete loss of paraoxonase 1 activity. Notably, the cholesterol efflux capacity of UC-HDL and DS-HDL was significantly higher compared to IA-HDL. Together, our data clearly demonstrate that the isolation procedure has a substantial impact on the composition, subclass distribution, and functionality of HDL. In summary, our data show that the isolation procedure has a significant impact on the composition, subclass distribution and functionality of HDL. Our data can be helpful in the comparison, replication and analysis of proteomic datasets of HDL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Holzer
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria,For correspondence: Michael Holzer
| | - Senka Ljubojevic-Holzer
- BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria,Department of Cardiology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,Division of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Gottfried Schatz Research Center, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Julia T. Stadler
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Alankrita Rani
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Hubert Scharnagl
- Clinical Institute of Medical and Chemical Laboratory Diagnostics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Graziella Eliza Ronsein
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gunther Marsche
- Division of Pharmacology, Otto-Loewi Research Centre, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria,BioTechMed Graz, Graz, Austria
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Chary A, Hedayati M. Review of Laboratory Methods to Determine HDL and LDL Subclasses and Their Clinical Importance. Rev Cardiovasc Med 2022; 23:147. [PMID: 39076233 PMCID: PMC11273998 DOI: 10.31083/j.rcm2304147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 07/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Given the high prevalence of cardiovascular disease, accurate identification of methods for assessing lipoprotein subclasses, mainly low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) subfractions, can play an essential role in predicting the incidence of cardiovascular disease such as heart attack. LDL and HDL subclasses differ in size, surface charge, lipid and protein compositions, and biological role. There is no "gold standard" method for measuring the LDL and HDL subclasses or standardizing the different methods used to measure their subfractions. Over the past decades, various techniques have been introduced to evaluate and measure subclasses of these two lipoproteins, each with its own advantages and disadvantages. Development of laboratory methods that accurately HDL and LDL function must be developed and validated to high-throughput for clinical usage. In this review study, we tried to examine different methods of evaluating various subclasses of LDL and HDL by mentioning the strengths and weaknesses of each.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Chary
- Prevention of Metabolic Disorders Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Science, Shaheed Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hedayati
- Cellular and Molecular Endocrine Research Center, Research Institute for Endocrine Sciences, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, 1985717413 Tehran, Iran
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Performance of Single and Two-Stage Cross-Flow Ultrafiltration Membrane in Fractionation of Peptide from Microalgae Protein Hydrolysate (Nannochloropsis gaditana). Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9040610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-flow ultrafiltration (UF) membrane with two different configurations; single (10 kDa and 5 kDa) and two-stage (10/5 kDa) in fractionating microalgae protein hydrolysate (MPH) were studied to obtain a low molecular weight of peptide. The effect of flow rate, trans-membrane pressure (TMP), and pH in fractionating MPH were evaluated based on permeate flux and peptide transmission. The results showed that, for single UF membrane, optimum operating parameters were at a flow rate of 23 mL/min, TMP of 1.5 bar, and pH of 9, with permeate flux of 43.65 L/m2 h (10 kDa) and 55.42 L/m2 h (5 kDa) and peptide transmission of 58.20% (10 kDa) and 67.34% (5 kDa). Meanwhile, for two-stage (10/5 kDa) UF membrane, the best parameters were observed at a flow rate of 23 mL/min, TMP of 1.5 bar, and pH of 2, with permeate flux of 69.85 L/m2 h and peptide transmission of 79.13%. Fractionation of MPH with two-stage UF membrane was observed to be better at producing a low molecular weight of peptide compared to single UF membrane. In conclusion, it was possible to produce permeate flux with a high amount of low molecular weight of peptide by controlling the operating parameters with the suitable configuration membrane.
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8
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Seidl C, Flaten Z, Li D. Characterization of human plasma lipoproteins using anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography and targeted mass spectrometry assay. Proteomics 2021; 21:e2000224. [PMID: 33471423 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202000224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We described a targeted mass spectrometry assay based on selected reaction monitoring (SRM) for five apolipoproteins (apoA1, apoB, apoJ, apoD, and apoE) in plasma lipoproteins isolated by anion exchange fast protein liquid chromatography using only 100 μL of plasma. We performed analytical characterization of the SRM assay and evaluated reproducibility of the entire workflow. The limit of detections for apoA1, apoB, apoD, apoJ, and apoE were 0.6, 4.6, 0.8, 1.2, and 0.7 nM, respectively; the limit of quantifications was 8.3 nM for all peptides except apoD (4.2 nM). The SRM assay was linear from 0.4 to 1667 nM. The intra-day and inter-day and total repeatability (CV%) of the assay ranged from 2.2% to 21.7% for all five peptides. The intra-day and inter-day and total reproducibility of the entire workflow ranged from 12.2% to 43.9% for all five peptides in fractionated high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, and IDL. In the future, we will apply this workflow to investigate the association of fractionated plasma lipoproteins with amyloid deposition and cognitive changes in the context of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Seidl
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Zachary Flaten
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Danni Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Medical School, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
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Abstract
Introduction: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles are heterogeneous and their proteome is complex and distinct from HDL cholesterol. However, it is largely unknown whether HDL proteins are associated with cardiovascular protection. Areas covered: HDL isolation techniques and proteomic analyses are reviewed. A list of HDL proteins reported in 37 different studies was compiled and the effects of different isolation techniques on proteins attributed to HDL are discussed. Mass spectrometric techniques used for HDL analysis and the need for precise and robust methods for quantification of HDL proteins are discussed. Expert opinion: Proteins associated with HDL have the potential to be used as biomarkers and/or help to understand HDL functionality. To achieve this, large cohorts must be studied using precise quantification methods. Key factors in HDL proteome quantification are the isolation methodology and the mass spectrometry technique employed. Isolation methodology affects what proteins are identified in HDL and the specificity of association with HDL particles needs to be addressed. Shotgun proteomics yields imprecise quantification, but the majority of HDL studies relied on this approach. Few recent studies used targeted tandem mass spectrometry to quantify HDL proteins, and it is imperative that future studies focus on the application of these precise techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graziella Eliza Ronsein
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo , São Paulo , Brazil
| | - Tomáš Vaisar
- UW Medicine Diabetes Institute, Department of Medicine, University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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Rao PK, Merath K, Drigalenko E, Jadhav AYL, Komorowski RA, Goldblatt MI, Rohatgi A, Sarzynski MA, Gawrieh S, Olivier M. Proteomic characterization of high-density lipoprotein particles in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Clin Proteomics 2018. [PMID: 29527140 PMCID: PMC5839024 DOI: 10.1186/s12014-018-9186-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes are associated with changes in high-density lipoprotein (HDL) particles, including changes in particle size and protein composition, often resulting in abnormal function. Recent studies suggested that patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), including individuals with non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), have smaller HDL particles when compared to individuals without liver pathologies. However, no studies have investigated potential changes in HDL particle protein composition in patients with NAFLD, in addition to changes related to obesity, to explore putative functional changes of HDL which may increase the risk of cardiovascular complications. Methods From a cohort of morbidly obese females who were diagnosed with simple steatosis (SS), NASH, or normal liver histology, we selected five matched individuals from each condition for a preliminary pilot HDL proteome analysis. HDL particles were enriched using size-exclusion chromatography, and the proteome of the resulting fraction was analyzed by liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Differences in the proteomes between the three conditions (normal, SS, NASH) were assessed using label-free quantitative analysis. Gene ontology term analysis was performed to assess the potential impact of proteomic changes on specific functions of HDL particles. Results Of the 95 proteins identified, 12 proteins showed nominally significant differences between the three conditions. Gene ontology term analysis revealed that severity of the liver pathology may significantly impact the anti-thrombotic functions of HDL particles, as suggested by changes in the abundance of HDL-associated proteins such as antithrombin III and plasminogen. Conclusions The pilot data from this study suggest that changes in the HDL proteome may impact the functionality of HDL particles in NAFLD and NASH patients. These proteome changes may alter cardio-protective properties of HDL, potentially contributing to the increased cardiovascular disease risk in affected individuals. Further validation of these protein changes by orthogonal approaches is key to confirming the role of alterations in the HDL proteome in NAFLD and NASH. This will help elucidate the mechanistic effects of the altered HDL proteome on cardioprotective properties of HDL particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prahlad K Rao
- 1Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA.,2Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA.,3Present Address: Department of Pediatrics, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38103 USA
| | - Kate Merath
- 2Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Eugene Drigalenko
- 1Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA
| | - Avinash Y L Jadhav
- 1Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA.,4Present Address: Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
| | - Richard A Komorowski
- 5Department of Pathology, Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Matthew I Goldblatt
- 6Department of Surgery, Froedtert and Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA
| | - Anand Rohatgi
- 7Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX USA
| | - Mark A Sarzynski
- 8Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC USA
| | - Samer Gawrieh
- 9Department of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN USA
| | - Michael Olivier
- 1Department of Genetics, Texas Biomedical Research Institute, San Antonio, TX USA.,2Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI USA.,4Present Address: Center for Precision Medicine, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC USA
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11
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Phipps ZC, Seck F, Davis AN, Rico JE, McFadden JW. Technical note: Characterization of ceramide in bovine lipoproteins. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8602-8608. [PMID: 28755941 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2016-12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The hepatic synthesis and export of ceramide is enhanced in diabetic monogastrics. Moreover, ceramide in lipoproteins can mediate the development of insulin resistance. We have previously demonstrated that circulating ceramide increases during the progression of insulin resistance in postpartum dairy cows. Considering that the origins of circulating ceramide required investigation, our objective was to develop a method to characterize the ceramide profile of lipoprotein fractions collected from dairy cows. Serum was collected from 4 nonpregnant and nonlactating Holstein dairy cows. Serum lipoproteins were isolated using size exclusion chromatography by fast protein liquid chromatography (SEC-FPLC). Measurement of triacylglycerol (TAG), phospholipid, total cholesterol, and protein was performed using standard colorimetry practices. Following lipid extraction, fractions were analyzed using electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry. Data were analyzed as repeated measures using a mixed model. Lipoprotein isolation using SEC-FPLC and subsequent colorimetric analyses confirmed the presence of 4 distinct fractions: TAG-rich, low density (LDL), and large (buoyant) and small (dense) high density lipoprotein (HDL) subclasses. As expected, the fraction representing mixed very low density lipoproteins and chylomicrons primarily contained TAG. Low density lipoprotein fractions were equally enriched with cholesterol and phospholipid. Buoyant HDL contained elevated levels of cholesterol, phospholipid, and protein. In contrast, the fraction containing dense HDL primarily contained protein. Our method revealed that LDL are enriched with ceramides. Ceramides were also compartmentalized to a lesser extent within both HDL subclasses and TAG-rich lipoproteins. Comparable to whole serum, C16:0-ceramide was the predominant ceramide quantified in all lipoprotein subclasses. Interestingly, the proportion of C24:0-ceramide to total ceramide was elevated in TAG-rich lipoproteins, relative to all other lipoprotein subclasses. We conclude that SEC-FPLC coupled with mass spectrometry is a means to quantify ceramides in lipoprotein fractions. Moreover, ceramides are enriched within bovine LDL, and lipoprotein ceramide profiles reflect levels observed in whole serum. Future investigation will need to determine the biological importance of lipoprotein ceramides with distinct C-chains at amide residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z C Phipps
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - F Seck
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - A N Davis
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - J E Rico
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505
| | - J W McFadden
- Division of Animal and Nutritional Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown 26505.
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Karathanasis SK, Freeman LA, Gordon SM, Remaley AT. The Changing Face of HDL and the Best Way to Measure It. Clin Chem 2016; 63:196-210. [PMID: 27879324 DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2016.257725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND HDL cholesterol (HDL-C) is a commonly used lipid biomarker for assessing cardiovascular health. While a central focus has been placed on the role of HDL in the reverse cholesterol transport (RCT) process, our appreciation for the other cardioprotective properties of HDL continues to expand with further investigation into the structure and function of HDL and its specific subfractions. The development of novel assays is empowering the research community to assess different aspects of HDL function, which at some point may evolve into new diagnostic tests. CONTENT This review discusses our current understanding of the formation and maturation of HDL particles via RCT, as well as the newly recognized roles of HDL outside RCT. The antioxidative, antiinflammatory, antiapoptotic, antithrombotic, antiinfective, and vasoprotective effects of HDL are all discussed, as are the related methodologies for assessing these different aspects of HDL function. We elaborate on the importance of protein and lipid composition of HDL in health and disease and highlight potential new diagnostic assays based on these parameters. SUMMARY Although multiple epidemiologic studies have confirmed that HDL-C is a strong negative risk marker for cardiovascular disease, several clinical and experimental studies have yielded inconsistent results on the direct role of HDL-C as an antiatherogenic factor. As of yet, our increased understanding of HDL biology has not been translated into successful new therapies, but will undoubtedly depend on the development of alternative ways for measuring HDL besides its cholesterol content.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lita A Freeman
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Scott M Gordon
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD
| | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Cardiovascular-Pulmonary Branch, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NIH, Bethesda, MD.
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13
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Javeed R, Jabeen F, Saeed H, Najam-ul-Haq M. Advance Workflow in Lipoproteomics via Polymeric Ion Exchanger. Anal Chem 2015; 87:3505-12. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.5b00058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rabia Javeed
- Division of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Fahmida Jabeen
- Division of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Hira Saeed
- Division of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Najam-ul-Haq
- Division of Analytical Chemistry,
Institute
of Chemical Sciences, Bahauddin Zakariya University, Multan 60800, Pakistan
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14
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Hafiane A, Genest J. High density lipoproteins: Measurement techniques and potential biomarkers of cardiovascular risk. BBA CLINICAL 2015; 3:175-88. [PMID: 26674734 PMCID: PMC4661556 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbacli.2015.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 01/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Plasma high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) comprises a heterogeneous family of lipoprotein species, differing in surface charge, size and lipid and protein compositions. While HDL cholesterol (C) mass is a strong, graded and coherent biomarker of cardiovascular risk, genetic and clinical trial data suggest that the simple measurement of HDL-C may not be causal in preventing atherosclerosis nor reflect HDL functionality. Indeed, the measurement of HDL-C may be a biomarker of cardiovascular health. To assess the issue of HDL function as a potential therapeutic target, robust and simple analytical methods are required. The complex pleiotropic effects of HDL make the development of a single measurement challenging. Development of laboratory assays that accurately HDL function must be developed validated and brought to high-throughput for clinical purposes. This review discusses the limitations of current laboratory technologies for methods that separate and quantify HDL and potential application to predict CVD, with an emphasis on emergent approaches as potential biomarkers in clinical practice.
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Key Words
- 2D-PAGGE, two dimensional polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis
- ApoA-I, apolipoprotein A-I
- Apolipoprotein A-I
- Atherosclerosis
- Biomarkers of cardiovascular risk
- CHD, coronary heart disease
- CVD, cardiovascular disease
- Cellular cholesterol efflux
- Coronary artery disease
- HDL, high density lipoprotein
- HPLC, High Performance Liquid Chromatography
- High density lipoproteins
- LCAT, lecithin–cholesterol acyltransferase
- LDL, low density lipoprotein
- MALDI, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization
- MOP, myeloperoxidase
- MS/MS, tandem-mass spectrometry
- ND-PAGGE, non-denaturant polyacrylamide gradient gel electrophoresis
- NMR, nuclear magnetic resonance
- PEG, polyethylene glycol
- PON1, paraoxonase 1
- SELDI, surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization
- TOF, time-of-flight
- UTC, ultracentrifugation
- Vascular endothelial function
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Affiliation(s)
- Anouar Hafiane
- McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Avenue des Pins West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
| | - Jacques Genest
- McGill University Health Center, Royal Victoria Hospital, 687 Avenue des Pins West, Montreal, QC H3A 1A1, Canada
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15
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Kontush A, Lindahl M, Lhomme M, Calabresi L, Chapman MJ, Davidson WS. Structure of HDL: particle subclasses and molecular components. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2015; 224:3-51. [PMID: 25522985 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-09665-0_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
A molecular understanding of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) will allow a more complete grasp of its interactions with key plasma remodelling factors and with cell-surface proteins that mediate HDL assembly and clearance. However, these particles are notoriously heterogeneous in terms of almost every physical, chemical and biological property. Furthermore, HDL particles have not lent themselves to high-resolution structural study through mainstream techniques like nuclear magnetic resonance and X-ray crystallography; investigators have therefore had to use a series of lower resolution methods to derive a general structural understanding of these enigmatic particles. This chapter reviews current knowledge of the composition, structure and heterogeneity of human plasma HDL. The multifaceted composition of the HDL proteome, the multiple major protein isoforms involving translational and posttranslational modifications, the rapidly expanding knowledge of the HDL lipidome, the highly complex world of HDL subclasses and putative models of HDL particle structure are extensively discussed. A brief history of structural studies of both plasma-derived and recombinant forms of HDL is presented with a focus on detailed structural models that have been derived from a range of techniques spanning mass spectrometry to molecular dynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anatol Kontush
- National Institute for Health and Medical Research (INSERM), UMR-ICAN 1166, Paris, France,
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16
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Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Ansell B, Barter P, Chapman MJ, Heinecke JW, Kontush A, Tall AR, Webb NR. Translation of High-Density Lipoprotein Function Into Clinical Practice. Circulation 2013; 128:1256-67. [DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.113.000962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 164] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robert S. Rosenson
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - H. Bryan Brewer
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - Benjamin Ansell
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - Philip Barter
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - M. John Chapman
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - Jay W. Heinecke
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - Anatol Kontush
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - Alan R. Tall
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
| | - Nancy R. Webb
- From the Cardiovascular Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY (R.S.R.); Cardiovascular Research Institute, MedStar Research Institute, Washington Hospital Center, Washington, DC (H.B.B.); Atherosclerosis Research Unit, Division of Cardiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA (B.A.); Centre for Vascular Research at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia (P.B.); Dyslipidemia, Atherosclerosis and Inflammation Research Unit 939, National
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17
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Triolo M, Annema W, Dullaart RPF, Tietge UJF. Assessing the functional properties of high-density lipoproteins: an emerging concept in cardiovascular research. Biomark Med 2013; 7:457-72. [DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Although plasma concentrations of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol correlate inversely with the incidence of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, results from recent epidemiological, genetic and pharmacological intervention studies resulted in a shift of concept. Rather than HDL cholesterol mass levels, the functionality of HDL particles is increasingly regarded as potentially clinically important. This review provides an overview of four key functional properties of HDL, namely cholesterol efflux and reverse cholesterol transport; antioxidative activities; anti-inflammatory activities; and the ability of HDL to increase vascular nitric oxide production resulting in vasorelaxation. Currently available assays are put into context with different HDL isolation procedures yielding compositional heterogeneity of the particle. Gathered knowledge on the impact of different disease states on HDL function is discussed together with potential underlying causative factors modulating HDL functionalities. In addition, a perspective is provided regarding how a better understanding of the determinants of (dys)functional HDL might impact clinical practice and the future design of rational and specific therapeutic approaches targeting atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Triolo
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Wijtske Annema
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robin PF Dullaart
- Department of Endocrinology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Uwe JF Tietge
- Top Institute Food & Nutrition, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands.
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18
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Chugh S, Sharma P, Kislinger T, Gramolini AO. Clinical proteomics: getting to the heart of the matter. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 5:377. [PMID: 22715282 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.110.957761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shaan Chugh
- Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, ON, Canada
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19
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Vaisar T. Proteomics investigations of HDL: challenges and promise. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2012; 10:410-21. [PMID: 22339300 DOI: 10.2174/157016112800812755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2011] [Revised: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/06/2011] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
High density lipoprotein (HDL) is recognized as the major negative risk factor of cardiovascular disease and number of anti-atherogenic functions has been ascribed to HDL. HDL is an assembly of a neutral lipid core and an outer shell consisting of polar lipids and proteins. It has been defined many different ways based on various distinct properties including density flotation, protein composition, molecular size, and electrophoretic migration. Overall the studies characterizing HDL clearly demonstrate that it is a complex heterogeneous mixture of particles. Furthermore several studies convincingly demonstrated that certain populations of HDL particles have a distinct functionality suggesting that HDL may serve as a platform for assembly of protein complexes with very specific biological functions. Indeed recent proteomics studies described over 100 proteins associated with HDL. Here we review approaches to isolation and proteomic analysis of HDL and discuss potential problems associated with isolation methods which may confound our understanding of the relation of the HDL composition and its biological function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Vaisar
- Diabetes and Obesity Center of Excellence, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, 815 Mercer St, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
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20
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A simple and sensitive method for lipoprotein and lipids profiles analysis of individual micro-liter scale serum samples. Chem Phys Lipids 2012; 165:133-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2011.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 11/22/2011] [Accepted: 11/23/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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21
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Rye KA, Barter PJ. Predictive value of different HDL particles for the protection against or risk of coronary heart disease. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2011; 1821:473-80. [PMID: 22051746 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2011.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2011] [Revised: 10/10/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The inverse relationship between plasma HDL levels and the risk of developing coronary heart disease is well established. The underlying mechanisms of this relationship are poorly understood, largely because HDL consist of several functionally distinct subpopulations of particles that are continuously being interconverted from one to another. This review commences with an outline of what is known about the origins of individual HDL subpopulations, how their distribution is regulated, and describes strategies that are currently available for isolating them. We then summarise what is known about the functionality of specific HDL subpopulations, and how these findings might impact on cardiovascular risk. The final section highlights major gaps in existing knowledge of HDL functionality, and suggests how these deficiencies might be addressed. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Advances in High Density Lipoprotein Formation and Metabolism: A Tribute to John F. Oram (1945-2010).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerry-Anne Rye
- Lipid Research Group, The Heart Research Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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22
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Dernick G, Obermüller S, Mangold C, Magg C, Matile H, Gutmann O, von der Mark E, Handschin C, Maugeais C, Niesor EJ. Multidimensional profiling of plasma lipoproteins by size exclusion chromatography followed by reverse-phase protein arrays. J Lipid Res 2011; 52:2323-2331. [PMID: 21971713 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d016824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The composition of lipoproteins and the association of proteins with various particles are of much interest in the context of cardiovascular disease. Here, we describe a technique for the multidimensional analysis of lipoproteins and their associated apolipoproteins. Plasma is separated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC), and fractions are analyzed by reverse-phase arrays. SEC fractions are spotted on nitrocellulose slides and incubated with different antibodies against individual apolipoproteins or antibodies against various apolipoproteins. In this way, tens of analytes can be measured simultaneously in 100 μl of plasma from a single SEC separation. This methodology is particularly suited to simultaneous analysis of multiple proteins that may change their distribution to lipoproteins or alter their conformation, depending on factors that influence circulating lipoprotein size or composition. We observed changes in the distribution of exchangeable apolipoproteins following addition of recombinant apolipoproteins or interaction with exogenous compounds. While the cholesteryl ester transfer protein (CETP)-dependent formation of pre-β-HDL was inhibited by the CETP inhibitors torcetrapib and anacetrapib, it was not reduced by the CETP modulator dalcetrapib. This finding was elucidated using this technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregor Dernick
- Discovery Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Stefan Obermüller
- Discovery Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Cyrill Mangold
- Discovery Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Christine Magg
- Discovery Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland and.
| | - Hugues Matile
- Discovery Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland and
| | - Oliver Gutmann
- Discovery Technologies, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland and
| | | | - Corinne Handschin
- Metabolic and Vascular Diseases, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Cyrille Maugeais
- Metabolic and Vascular Diseases, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Eric J Niesor
- Metabolic and Vascular Diseases, F. Hoffmann-La Roche, Ltd, Basel, Switzerland
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23
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Rosenson RS, Brewer HB, Chapman MJ, Fazio S, Hussain MM, Kontush A, Krauss RM, Otvos JD, Remaley AT, Schaefer EJ. HDL Measures, Particle Heterogeneity, Proposed Nomenclature, and Relation to Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Events. Clin Chem 2011; 57:392-410. [DOI: 10.1373/clinchem.2010.155333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 356] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND
A growing body of evidence from epidemiological data, animal studies, and clinical trials supports HDL as the next target to reduce residual cardiovascular risk in statin-treated, high-risk patients. For more than 3 decades, HDL cholesterol has been employed as the principal clinical measure of HDL and cardiovascular risk associated with low HDL-cholesterol concentrations. The physicochemical and functional heterogeneity of HDL present important challenges to investigators in the cardiovascular field who are seeking to identify more effective laboratory and clinical methods to develop a measurement method to quantify HDL that has predictive value in assessing cardiovascular risk.
CONTENT
In this report, we critically evaluate the diverse physical and chemical methods that have been employed to characterize plasma HDL. To facilitate future characterization of HDL subfractions, we propose the development of a new nomenclature based on physical properties for the subfractions of HDL that includes very large HDL particles (VL-HDL), large HDL particles (L-HDL), medium HDL particles (M-HDL), small HDL particles (S-HDL), and very-small HDL particles (VS-HDL). This nomenclature also includes an entry for the pre-β-1 HDL subclass that participates in macrophage cholesterol efflux.
SUMMARY
We anticipate that adoption of a uniform nomenclature system for HDL subfractions that integrates terminology from several methods will enhance our ability not only to compare findings with different approaches for HDL fractionation, but also to assess the clinical effects of different agents that modulate HDL particle structure, metabolism, and function, and in turn, cardiovascular risk prediction within these HDL subfractions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M John Chapman
- INSERM Unit 939, UPMC Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Anatol Kontush
- INSERM Unit 939, UPMC Paris 6, Hôpital de la Pitié, Paris, France
| | - Ronald M Krauss
- Children's Hospital Oakland Research Institute, University of California, Berkeley
- University of California, San Francisco, CA
| | | | - Alan T Remaley
- Lipoprotein Metabolism Section, Pulmonary and Vascular Medicine Branch, National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
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24
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Gordon SM, Deng J, Lu LJ, Davidson WS. Proteomic characterization of human plasma high density lipoprotein fractionated by gel filtration chromatography. J Proteome Res 2010; 9:5239-49. [PMID: 20718489 DOI: 10.1021/pr100520x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 177] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Plasma levels of high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) are inversely proportional to the incidence of cardiovascular disease. Recent applications of modern proteomic technologies have identified upward of 50 distinct proteins associated with HDL particles with many of these newly discovered proteins implicating HDL in nonlipid transport processes including complement activation, acute phase response and innate immunity. However, almost all MS-based proteomic studies on HDL to date have utilized density gradient ultracentrifugation techniques for HDL isolation prior to analysis. These involve high shear forces and salt concentrations that can disrupt HDL protein interactions and alter particle function. Here, we used high-resolution size exclusion chromatography to fractionate normal human plasma to 17 phospholipid-containing subfractions. Then, using a phospholipid binding resin, we identified proteins that associate with lipoproteins of various sizes by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. We identified 14 new phospholipid-associated proteins that migrate with traditionally defined HDL, several of which further support roles for HDL in complement regulation and protease inhibition. The increased fractionation inherent to this method allowed us to visualize HDL protein distribution across particle size with unprecedented resolution. The observed heterogeneity across subfractions suggests the presence of HDL particle subpopulations each with distinct protein components that may prove to impart distinct physiological functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott M Gordon
- Center for Lipid and Arteriosclerosis Science, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio 45237-0507, USA.
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25
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Collins LA, Olivier M. Quantitative comparison of lipoprotein fractions derived from human plasma and serum by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Proteome Sci 2010; 8:42. [PMID: 20670422 PMCID: PMC2918550 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-8-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Accepted: 07/29/2010] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Lipoproteins are complex, globular molecules which play essential roles in the transport and metabolism of cholesterol. Their implication in the development of cardiovascular diseases, such as atherosclerosis, has sustained a great deal of interest in these particles. Their various functions, and their contribution to the development of atherosclerosis, are often attributed to their protein constituents, which vary greatly among the different lipoprotein classes. Recent advances in the field of mass spectrometry have provided insight into the array of proteins associated with low-density lipoproteins (LDLs) and, even more so, with high-density lipoproteins (HDLs). Plasma and serum are the most commonly used samples for the analysis of lipoproteins. Although these lipoprotein sources are unique, it was our goal to determine whether or not their inherent differences would ultimately affect a quantitative analysis of the LDL and HDL proteomes. To this end, we isolated LDL and HDL fractions with fast protein liquid chromatography-size exclusion chromatography (FPLC-SEC) from both human plasma and serum samples from the same individuals. After delipidating these samples, we performed a quantitative proteomic analysis to compare the lipoprotein-associated proteins derived from both plasma and serum. Results Although the primary differences between the samples are found in fibrinogen proteins which are removed from serum, it of interest to note that, with respect to LDL-associated proteins, apolipoproteinB-100 was found at significantly higher levels in serum samples. Complement component 3 was found at significantly higher levels in serum-derived HDL fractions. Both of these proteins are known LDL- and HDL-associated proteins, respectively. Conclusion Overall, the results from our study indicate that both plasma and serum samples are equally suited for proteomic studies, and provide similar results. These findings are particularly important for studies profiling proteomic differences in lipoprotein particle composition in a variety of disease conditions, including cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisamarie A Collins
- Biotechnology and Bioengineering Center, Medical College of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI, USA.
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26
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Santos HM, Lodeiro C, Capelo J. Analytical Proteomics: An emerging field? J Proteomics 2010; 73:1411-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2010] [Accepted: 03/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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