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Koshman YE, Bielinski AL, Bird BM, Green JR, Kowalkowski KL, Lai-Zhang J, Mahalingaiah PK, Sawicki JW, Talaty NN, Wilsey AS, Zafiratos MT, Van Vleet TR. Disconnect between COX-2 selective inhibition and cardiovascular risk in preclinical models. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2023; 120:107251. [PMID: 36792039 DOI: 10.1016/j.vascn.2023.107251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Secondary pharmacology profiling is routinely applied in pharmaceutical drug discovery to investigate the pharmaceutical effects of a drug at molecular targets distinct from (off-target) the intended therapeutic molecular target (on-target). Data from a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial, the APPROVe (Adenomatous Polyp Prevention on VIOXX, rofecoxib) trial, raised significant concerns about COX-2 inhibition as a primary or secondary target, shaping the screening and decision-making processes of some pharmaceutical companies. COX-2 is often included in off-target screens due to cardiovascular (CV) safety concerns about secondary interactions with this target. Several potential mechanisms of COX-2-mediated myocardial infarctions have been considered including, effects on platelet stickiness/aggregation, vasal tone and blood pressure, and endothelial cell activation. In the present study, we focused on each of these mechanisms as potential effects of COX-2 inhibitors, to find evidence of mechanism using various in vitro and in vivo preclinical models. METHODS Compounds tested in the study, with a range of COX-2 selectivity, included rofecoxib, celecoxib, etodolac, and meloxicam. Compounds were screened for inhibition of COX-2 vs COX-1 enzymatic activity, ex vivo platelet aggregation (using whole blood from multiple species), ex vivo canine femoral vascular ring model, in vitro human endothelial cell activation (with and without COX-2 induction), and in vivo cardiovascular assessment (anesthetized dog). RESULTS The COX-2 binding assessment generally confirmed the COX-2 selectivity previously reported. COX-2 inhibitors did not have effects on platelet function (spontaneous aggregation or inhibition of aggregation), cardiovascular parameters (mean arterial pressure, heart rate, and left ventricular contractility), or endothelial cell activation. However, rofecoxib uniquely produced an endothelial mediated constriction response in canine femoral arteries. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that rofecoxib-related cardiovascular events in humans are not predicted by COX-2 potency or selectivity. In addition, the vascular ring model suggested possible adverse cardiovascular effects by COX-2 inhibitors, although these effects were not seen in vivo studies. These results may also suggest that COX-2 inhibition alone is not responsible for rofecoxib-mediated adverse cardiovascular outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yevgeniya E Koshman
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America.
| | - Aimee L Bielinski
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Brandan M Bird
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Jonathon R Green
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Kenneth L Kowalkowski
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Jie Lai-Zhang
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | | | - James W Sawicki
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Nari N Talaty
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Amanda S Wilsey
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Mark T Zafiratos
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
| | - Terry R Van Vleet
- AbbVie Inc., 1 North Waukegan Rd., North Chicago, IL 60064, United States of America
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Yeo IJ, Yun J, Son DJ, Han SB, Webster MJ, Hong JT, Kim S. Overexpression of transmembrane TNFα in brain endothelial cells induces schizophrenia-relevant behaviors. Mol Psychiatry 2023; 28:843-855. [PMID: 36333582 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-022-01846-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Upregulation of genes and coexpression networks related to immune function and inflammation have been repeatedly reported in the brain of individuals with schizophrenia. However, a causal relationship between the abnormal immune/inflammation-related gene expression and schizophrenia has not been determined. We conducted co-expression networks using publicly available RNA-seq data from prefrontal cortex (PFC) and hippocampus (HP) of 64 individuals with schizophrenia and 64 unaffected controls from the SMRI tissue collections. We identified proinflammatory cytokine, transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-α (tmTNFα), as a potential regulator in the module of co-expressed genes that we find related to the immune/inflammation response in endothelial cells (ECs) and/or microglia of the brain of individuals with schizophrenia. The immune/inflammation-related modules associated with schizophrenia and the TNF signaling pathway that regulate the network were replicated in an independent cohort of brain samples from 68 individuals with schizophrenia and 135 unaffected controls. To investigate the association between the overexpression of tmTNFα in brain ECs and schizophrenia-like behaviors, we induced short-term overexpression of the uncleavable form of (uc)-tmTNFα in ECs of mouse brain for 7 weeks. We found schizophrenia-relevant behavioral deficits in these mice, including cognitive impairment, abnormal sensorimotor gating, and sensitization to methamphetamine (METH) induced locomotor activity and METH-induced neurotransmitter levels. These uc-tmTNFα effects were mediated by TNF receptor2 (TNFR2) and induced activation of TNFR2 signaling in astrocytes and neurons. A neuronal module including neurotransmitter signaling pathways was down-regulated in the brain of mice by the short-term overexpression of the gene, while an immune/inflammation-related module was up-regulated in the brain of mice after long-term expression of 22 weeks. Our results indicate that tmTNFα may play a direct role in regulating neurotransmitter signaling pathways that contribute to the clinical features of schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Jun Yeo
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaesuk Yun
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Ju Son
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Bae Han
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea
| | - Maree J Webster
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA
| | - Jin Tae Hong
- College of Pharmacy and Medical Research Center, Chungbuk National University, 194-31 Osongsaengmyeong 1-ro, Osong-eup, Heungdeok-gu, Cheongju, Chungbuk, 28160, Republic of Korea.
| | - Sanghyeon Kim
- Stanley Brain Research Laboratory, Stanley Medical Research Institute, 9800 Medical Center Drive, Rockville, MD, 20850, USA.
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Valenzuela NM. Late phase endothelial cell inflammation is characterized by interferon response genes and driven by JAK/STAT, not NFκB. Vascul Pharmacol 2022; 146:107090. [PMID: 35908591 DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2022.107090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Chronic vascular inflammation underlies many diseases, including atherosclerosis, autoimmune vasculitides and transplant rejection. The resolution of inflammation is critical for proper healing and restoration of homeostasis, but the timing and signaling mechanisms involved in the return to a non-inflamed state are not well understood. Pro-adhesive gene expression, phenotype and secretome of human endothelial cells was measured in primary human aortic endothelium under chronic TNFα stimulation, and after short-term TNFα priming followed by withdrawal. The effects of NFκB, MAPK and JAK1/2 inhibitors on TNFα-induced gene expression were tested. The majority of inducible TNFα effectors, such as E-selectin, VCAM-1 and most chemokines, required continuous exposure for reinforcement of the altered phenotype, and were NFκB dependent. However, 3 h priming with TNFα induced late phase STAT activation and interferon response genes after 18 h, as well as enhanced ICAM-1, BST2 and CXCR3 ligand expression. Chronic activation was autonomous of continuous TNFα, and could be blocked by the JAK1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib. The results demonstrate that NFκB is not a significant driver of the later phase of endothelial cell activation by TNFα, but that sustained inflammation is JAK1/2-dependent and characterized by adaptive chemokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole M Valenzuela
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States of America.
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Mudersbach T, Siuda D, Kohlstedt K, Fleming I. Epigenetic control of the angiotensin-converting enzyme in endothelial cells during inflammation. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0216218. [PMID: 31042763 PMCID: PMC6494048 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0216218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) plays a central role in the renin-angiotensin system, which is involved in the regulation of blood pressure. Alterations in ACE expression or activity are associated with various pathological phenotypes, particularly cardiovascular diseases. In human endothelial cells, ACE was shown to be negatively regulated by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. To examine, whether or not, epigenetic factors were involved in ACE expression regulation, methylated DNA immunoprecipitation and RNA interference experiments directed against regulators of DNA methylation homeostasis i.e., DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs) and ten-eleven translocation methylcytosine dioxygenases (TETs), were performed. TNFα stimulation enhanced DNA methylation in two distinct regions within the ACE promoter via a mechanism linked to DNMT3a and DNMT3b, but not to DNMT1. At the same time, TET1 protein expression was downregulated. In addition, DNA methylation decreased the binding affinity of the transcription factor MYC associated factor X to the ACE promoter. In conclusion, DNA methylation determines the TNFα-dependent regulation of ACE gene transcription and thus protein expression in human endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Mudersbach
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Daniel Siuda
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- German Centre for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner site Rhein-Main, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Lenin R, Nagy PG, Gentry J, Gangaraju R. Featured Article: Deterioration of visual function mediated by senescence-associated endoplasmic reticulum stress in inflammatory tie2-TNF mice. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2018; 243:976-984. [PMID: 30114984 DOI: 10.1177/1535370218794915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Stress-associated premature senescence plays a major role in retinal diseases. In this study, we investigated the relationship between endothelial dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, and cellular senescence in the development of retinal dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that constant endothelial activation by transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-α (tmTNF-α) exacerbates age-induced visual deficits via senescence-mediated ER stress in this model. To address this, we employed a mouse model of chronic vascular activation using endothelial-specific TNF-α-expressing (tie2-TNF) mice at 5 and 10 months of age. Visual deficits were exhibited by tie2-TNF mice at both 5 months and 10 months of age, with the older mice showing statistically significant loss of visual acuity compared with tie2-TNF mice at age 5 months. The neural defects, as measured by electroretinogram (ERG), also followed a similar trend in an age-dependent fashion, with 10-month-old tie2-TNF mice showing the greatest decrease in "b" wave amplitude at 25 cd.s.m2 compared with age-matched wildtype (WT) mice and five-month-old tie2-TNF mice. While gene and protein expression from the whole retinal extracts demonstrated increased inflammatory (Icam1, Ccl2), stress-associated premature senescence (p16, p21, p53), and ER stress (Grp78, p-Ire1α, Chop) markers in five-month-old tie2-TNF mice compared with five-month-old WT mice, a further increase was seen in 10-month-old tie2-TNF mice. Our data demonstrate that tie2-TNF mice exhibit age-associated increases in visual deficits, and these data suggest that inflammatory endothelial activation is at least partly at play. Given the correlation of increased premature senescence and ER stress in an age-dependent fashion, with the loss of visual functions and increased endothelial activation, our data suggest a possible self-enhanced loop of unfolded protein response pathways and senescence in propagating neurovascular defects in this model. Impact statement Vision loss in most retinal diseases affects the quality of life of working age adults. Using a novel animal model that displays constant endothelial activation by tmTNF-α, our results demonstrate exacerbated age-induced visual deficits via premature senescence-mediated ER stress. We have compared mice of 5 and 10 months of age, with highly relevant human equivalencies of approximately 35- and 50-year-old patients, representing mature adult and middle-aged subjects, respectively. Our studies suggest a possible role for a self-enhanced loop of ER stress pathways and senescence in the propagation of retinal neurovascular defects, under conditions of constant endothelial activation induced by tmTNF-α signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Lenin
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Peter G Nagy
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Jordy Gentry
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- 1 Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA.,2 Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Yoon Y, Kim TJ, Lee JM, Kim DY. SOD2 is upregulated in periodontitis to reduce further inflammation progression. Oral Dis 2018; 24:1572-1580. [PMID: 29972711 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12933] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 06/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Periodontitis is a highly prevalent chronic inflammatory disease that results in destruction of tooth-supporting structures followed by tooth-loss. Until now, periodontitis has been regarded to be initiated by bacterial infection followed by aberrant host response. Although increasing evidence suggests a strong association between oxidative stress and periodontitis, precise molecular mechanism has been left unanswered. In this study, we investigated roles of SOD2, the main antioxidant enzyme maintaining reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, under inflammatory conditions. METHODS We computationally analyzed SOD2 expression in periodontitis. To confirm this data, immunoblot assay was performed with samples from periodontitis patients. The cellular mechanism of change in SOD2 expression was identified through immunoblot assay and immunofluorescence. To evaluate the molecular function of SOD2, we generated SOD2-deficient cells by utilizing the CRISPR/Cas9 system. RESULTS We first determined that SOD2 expression was significantly increased in periodontitis. We also confirmed that SOD2 expression was upregulated through the NF-κB pathway when the inflammatory signal was stronger and extended. Gene manipulation against SOD2 through the CRISPR/Cas9 system showed that the absence of SOD2 increased production of NLRP3 inflammasome components. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that intracellular SOD2 has a protective role by suppressing NLRP inflammasome-caspase-1-IL-1β axis under inflammatory conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Yoon
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Tae-Jun Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Jae-Mok Lee
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
| | - Do-Yeon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Korea
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7
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Lenin R, Nagy PG, Alli S, Rao VR, Clauss MA, Kompella UB, Gangaraju R. Critical role of endoplasmic reticulum stress in chronic endothelial activation-induced visual deficits in tie2-tumor necrosis factor mice. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:8460-8471. [PMID: 30054947 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is the leading cause of vision loss among working-age adults. The interplay between hyperglycemia and endothelial activation in inducing endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress pathways and visual deficits in DR is not fully understood. To address this, we used a mouse model of chronic vascular activation using endothelial-specific tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α)-expressing (tie2-TNF) mice to induce diabetes with streptozotocin. At 4 weeks post streptozotocin, a significant 2-fold to 10-fold increase in retinal neurovascular inflammatory gene transcript response in tie2-TNF mice was further increased in diabetic tie2-TNF mice. A decrease in visual acuity and scotopic b-wave amplitude in tie2-TNF mice was further accentuated in diabetic tie2-TNF mice and these changes correlated with a multi-fold increase in retinal ER stress markers and a reduction in adherens junctions. Cultured retinal endothelial cells showed a significant decrease in trans-endothelial resistance as well as VE-cadherin expression under TNF-α and high glucose stress. These changes were partly rescued by tauroursodeoxycholic acid, a potent ER stress inhibitor. Taken together, constant endothelial activation induced by TNF-α further exacerbated by hyperglycemia results in activation of ER stress and chronic proinflammation in a feed forward loop ultimately resulting in endothelial junction protein alterations leading to visual deficits in the retina. Inhibition of ER stress and endothelial activation may prove to be a novel therapeutic target in DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raji Lenin
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Peter G Nagy
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Shanta Alli
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Vidhya R Rao
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthias A Clauss
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajashekhar Gangaraju
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee.,Department of Anatomy & Neurobiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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Segers VFM, Brutsaert DL, De Keulenaer GW. Cardiac Remodeling: Endothelial Cells Have More to Say Than Just NO. Front Physiol 2018; 9:382. [PMID: 29695980 PMCID: PMC5904256 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 03/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The heart is a highly structured organ consisting of different cell types, including myocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts, stem cells, and inflammatory cells. This pluricellularity provides the opportunity of intercellular communication within the organ, with subsequent optimization of its function. Intercellular cross-talk is indispensable during cardiac development, but also plays a substantial modulatory role in the normal and failing heart of adults. More specifically, factors secreted by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells modulate cardiac performance and either positively or negatively affect cardiac remodeling. The role of endothelium-derived small molecules and peptides—for instance NO or endothelin-1—has been extensively studied and is relatively well defined. However, endothelial cells also secrete numerous larger proteins. Information on the role of these proteins in the heart is scattered throughout the literature. In this review, we will link specific proteins that modulate cardiac contractility or cardiac remodeling to their expression by cardiac microvascular endothelial cells. The following proteins will be discussed: IL-6, periostin, tenascin-C, thrombospondin, follistatin-like 1, frizzled-related protein 3, IGF-1, CTGF, dickkopf-3, BMP-2 and−4, apelin, IL-1β, placental growth factor, LIF, WISP-1, midkine, and adrenomedullin. In the future, it is likely that some of these proteins can serve as markers of cardiac remodeling and that the concept of endothelial function and dysfunction might have to be redefined as we learn more about other factors secreted by ECs besides NO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent F M Segers
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Dirk L Brutsaert
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Gilles W De Keulenaer
- Laboratory of Physiopharmacology, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium.,Department of Cardiology, Middelheim Hospital, Antwerp, Belgium
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West NE, Corrigan JP, Owen RH, Hoole SP, Brown AJ, Blatcher S, Newby AC. Percutaneous Sampling of Local Biomolecule Gradients Across Coronary Artery Atherosclerotic Plaques. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2017; 2:646-654. [PMID: 30062180 PMCID: PMC6058996 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2017.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2017] [Revised: 07/04/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
A percutaneous catheter device, the Liquid Biopsy System, was developed to sample the unstirred boundary layer of blood upstream and downstream of intact and disrupted human coronary atherosclerotic plaques. Using multiplexed proximity extension assays, release of 20 biomolecules was simultaneously detected in samples taken across plaques before balloon angioplasty, including the soluble form of the endothelial lectin-like oxidized LDL receptor. Additional biomolecules, including matrix metalloproteinase-12, were released after plaque disruption with angioplasty. These experiments demonstrate the power of the Liquid Biopsy System to yield new scientific insights and its ultimate potential to generate new biomarkers and surrogate endpoints for clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nick E.J. West
- Papworth Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Stephen P. Hoole
- Papworth Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Adam J. Brown
- Papworth Hospital National Health Service Foundation Trust, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Andrew C. Newby
- Bristol Heart Institute, School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Andrew C. Newby, British Heart Foundation, Research and Teaching Floor Level 7, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, United Kingdom.
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Green LA, Njoku V, Mund J, Case J, Yoder M, Murphy MP, Clauss M. Endogenous Transmembrane TNF-Alpha Protects Against Premature Senescence in Endothelial Colony Forming Cells. Circ Res 2016; 118:1512-24. [PMID: 27076598 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.308332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Transmembrane tumor necrosis factor-α (tmTNF-α) is the prime ligand for TNF receptor 2, which has been shown to mediate angiogenic and blood vessel repair activities in mice. We have previously reported that the angiogenic potential of highly proliferative endothelial colony-forming cells (ECFCs) can be explained by the absence of senescent cells, which in mature endothelial cells occupy >30% of the population, and that exposure to a chronic inflammatory environment induced premature, telomere-independent senescence in ECFCs. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was to determine the role of tmTNF-α in the proliferation of ECFCs. METHODS AND RESULTS Here, we show that tmTNF-α expression on ECFCs selects for higher proliferative potential and when removed from the cell surface promotes ECFC senescence. Moreover, the induction of premature senescence by chronic inflammatory conditions is blocked by inhibition of tmTNF-α cleavage. Indeed, the mechanism of chronic inflammation-induced premature senescence involves an abrogation of tmTNF/TNF receptor 2 signaling. This process is mediated by activation of the tmTNF cleavage metalloprotease TNF-α-converting enzyme via p38 MAP kinase activation and its concurrent export to the cell surface by means of increased iRhom2 expression. CONCLUSIONS Thus, we conclude that tmTNF-α on the surface of highly proliferative ECFCs plays an important role in the regulation of their proliferative capacity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden A Green
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, RLR VA Medical Center, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (L.A.G., M.P.M., M.C.), Department of Pediatrics (M.Y.), Department of Surgery (V.N., M.P.M.), and Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (J.M., J.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (M.C.).
| | - Victor Njoku
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, RLR VA Medical Center, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (L.A.G., M.P.M., M.C.), Department of Pediatrics (M.Y.), Department of Surgery (V.N., M.P.M.), and Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (J.M., J.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | - Julie Mund
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, RLR VA Medical Center, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (L.A.G., M.P.M., M.C.), Department of Pediatrics (M.Y.), Department of Surgery (V.N., M.P.M.), and Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (J.M., J.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | - Jaime Case
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, RLR VA Medical Center, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (L.A.G., M.P.M., M.C.), Department of Pediatrics (M.Y.), Department of Surgery (V.N., M.P.M.), and Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (J.M., J.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | - Mervin Yoder
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, RLR VA Medical Center, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (L.A.G., M.P.M., M.C.), Department of Pediatrics (M.Y.), Department of Surgery (V.N., M.P.M.), and Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (J.M., J.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | - Michael P Murphy
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, RLR VA Medical Center, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (L.A.G., M.P.M., M.C.), Department of Pediatrics (M.Y.), Department of Surgery (V.N., M.P.M.), and Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (J.M., J.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (M.C.)
| | - Matthias Clauss
- From the Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, RLR VA Medical Center, and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine (L.A.G., M.P.M., M.C.), Department of Pediatrics (M.Y.), Department of Surgery (V.N., M.P.M.), and Department of Pediatrics, Herman B Wells Center for Pediatric Research, and Indiana University Simon Cancer Center (J.M., J.C.), Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis; and Biomedical Sciences, University of Ulster, Coleraine, United Kingdom (M.C.)
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11
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Musa G, Engel FB, Niaudet C. Heart Development, Angiogenesis, and Blood-Brain Barrier Function Is Modulated by Adhesion GPCRs. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2016; 234:351-368. [PMID: 27832496 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41523-9_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The cardiovascular system in adult organisms forms a network of interconnected endothelial cells, supported by mural cells and displaying a high degree of hierarchy: arteries emerging from the heart ramify into arterioles and then capillaries, which return to the venous systems through venules and veins. The cardiovascular system allows blood circulation, which in turn is essential for hemostasis through gas diffusion, nutrient distribution, and cell trafficking. In this chapter, we have summarized the current knowledge on how adhesion GPCRs (aGPCRs) impact heart development, followed by their role in modulating vascular angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gentian Musa
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, Erlangen, 91054, Germany
| | - Felix B Engel
- Experimental Renal and Cardiovascular Research, Department of Nephropathology, Institute of Pathology, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Schwabachanlage 12, Erlangen, 91054, Germany.
| | - Colin Niaudet
- Department of Immunology, Genetics and Pathology, Rudbeck Laboratory, Uppsala University, Dag Hammarskjölds väg 20, Uppsala, 751 85, Sweden.
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12
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Basavarajappa HD, Lee B, Fei X, Lim D, Callaghan B, Mund JA, Case J, Rajashekhar G, Seo SY, Corson TW. Synthesis and mechanistic studies of a novel homoisoflavanone inhibitor of endothelial cell growth. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95694. [PMID: 24752613 PMCID: PMC3994091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Accepted: 03/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Preventing pathological ocular angiogenesis is key to treating retinopathy of prematurity, diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. At present there is no small molecule drug on the market to target this process and hence there is a pressing need for developing novel small molecules that can replace or complement the present surgical and biologic therapies for these neovascular eye diseases. Previously, an antiangiogenic homoisoflavanone was isolated from the bulb of a medicinal orchid, Cremastra appendiculata. In this study, we present the synthesis of a novel homoisoflavanone isomer of this compound. Our compound, SH-11052, has antiproliferative activity against human umbilical vein endothelial cells, and also against more ocular disease-relevant human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRECs). Tube formation and cell cycle progression of HRECs were inhibited by SH-11052, but the compound did not induce apoptosis at effective concentrations. SH-11052 also decreased TNF-α induced p38 MAPK phosphorylation in these cells. Intriguingly, SH-11052 blocked TNF-α induced IκB-α degradation, and therefore decreased NF-κB nuclear translocation. It decreased the expression of NF-κB target genes and the pro-angiogenic or pro-inflammatory markers VCAM-1, CCL2, IL8, and PTGS2. In addition SH-11052 inhibited VEGF induced activation of Akt but not VEGF receptor autophosphorylation. Based on these results we propose that SH-11052 inhibits inflammation induced angiogenesis by blocking both TNF-α and VEGF mediated pathways, two major pathways involved in pathological angiogenesis. Synthesis of this novel homoisoflavanone opens the door to structure-activity relationship studies of this class of compound and further evaluation of its mechanism and potential to complement existing antiangiogenic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Halesha D. Basavarajappa
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Bit Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Xiang Fei
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Daesung Lim
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Breedge Callaghan
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Mund
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Of America
| | - Jamie Case
- Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Of America
| | - Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Seung-Yong Seo
- College of Pharmacy, Gachon University, Incheon, South Korea
- * E-mail: (S-YS); (TWC)
| | - Timothy W. Corson
- Eugene and Marilyn Glick Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States Of America
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (S-YS); (TWC)
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13
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Green LA, Yi R, Petrusca D, Wang T, Elghouche A, Gupta SK, Petrache I, Clauss M. HIV envelope protein gp120-induced apoptosis in lung microvascular endothelial cells by concerted upregulation of EMAP II and its receptor, CXCR3. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2013; 306:L372-82. [PMID: 24318111 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00193.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic lung diseases, such as pulmonary emphysema, are increasingly recognized complications of infection with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Emphysema in HIV may occur independent of cigarette smoking, via mechanisms that are poorly understood but may involve lung endothelial cell apoptosis induced by the HIV envelope protein gp120. Recently, we have demonstrated that lung endothelial apoptosis is an important contributor to the development of experimental emphysema, via upregulation of the proinflammatory cytokine endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) in the lung. Here we investigated the role of EMAP II and its receptor, CXCR3, in gp120-induced lung endothelial cell apoptosis. We could demonstrate that gp120 induces a rapid and robust increase in cell surface expression of EMAP II and its receptor CXCR3. This surface expression occurred via a mechanism involving gp120 signaling through its CXCR4 receptor and p38 MAPK activation. Both EMAP II and CXCR3 were essentially required for gp120-induced apoptosis and exposures to low gp120 concentrations enhanced the susceptibility of endothelial cells to undergo apoptosis when exposed to soluble cigarette smoke extract. These data indicate a novel mechanism by which HIV infection causes endothelial cell loss involved in lung emphysema formation, independent but potentially synergistic with smoking, and suggest therapeutic targets for emphysema prevention and/or treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden A Green
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indianapolis, IN 46202.
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Palmitoylation of TNF alpha is involved in the regulation of TNF receptor 1 signalling. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2013; 1833:602-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2012.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 11/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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15
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Green LA, Petrusca D, Rajashekhar G, Gianaris T, Schweitzer KS, Wang L, Justice MJ, Petrache I, Clauss M. Cigarette smoke-induced CXCR3 receptor up-regulation mediates endothelial apoptosis. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2012; 47:807-14. [PMID: 22936405 PMCID: PMC3547093 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2012-0132oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 07/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Endothelial monocyte-activating polypeptide II (EMAP II) and interferon-inducible protein (IP)-10 are proinflammatory mediators, which in addition to their chemokine activities, selectively induce apoptosis in endothelial cells and are up-regulated in the lungs of cigarette smoke-exposed humans. Previously, we showed that EMAP II is an essential mediator of cigarette smoke-induced lung emphysema in mice linking endothelial cell apoptosis with inflammation. Here we addressed the role of the CXCR3 receptor in EMAP II-induced and IP-10-induced apoptosis in endothelial cells and its regulation by cigarette smoke. We found that both neutralizing antibodies and small inhibitory RNA to CXCR3 abrogated EMAP II-induced and IP-10-induced endothelial caspase-3 activation and DNA fragmentation. CXCR3 receptor surface expression in human lung microvascular endothelial cells and in lung tissue endothelium was up-regulated by exposure to cigarette smoke. In tissue culture conditions, EMAP II-induced and IP-10-induced apoptosis was enhanced by preincubation with cigarette smoke extract. Interestingly, serum starvation also induced CXCR3 up-regulation and enhanced EMAP II-induced endothelial apoptosis. Signal transduction via p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase activation was essential for CXCR3-induced cell death, but not for CXCR3 receptor up-regulation by cigarette smoke. In turn, protein nitration was required for CXCR3 receptor up-regulation by cigarette smoke and consequently for subsequent CXCR3-induced cell death. In conclusion, the concerted up-regulation of proinflammatory EMAP II, IP-10, and CXCR3 by cigarette smoke could sustain a cascade of cell death that may promote the alveolar tissue loss noted in human emphysema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden A. Green
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- R.L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Daniela Petrusca
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and
| | - Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine
| | - Tom Gianaris
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Kelly S. Schweitzer
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and
| | - Liang Wang
- R.L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Matthew J. Justice
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana; and
| | - Irina Petrache
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, and
- R.L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine
- R.L. Roudebush Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Green LA, Kim C, Gupta SK, Rajashekhar G, Rehman J, Clauss M. Pentoxifylline reduces tumor necrosis factor-α and HIV-induced vascular endothelial activation. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1207-15. [PMID: 22463742 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2011.0385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Untreated HIV infection is associated with endothelial dysfunction and subsequent cardiovascular disease, likely due to both direct effects of the virus and to indirect effects of systemic inflammation on the vasculature. We have recently shown that treatment with the antiinflammatory agent pentoxifylline (PTX) improved in vivo endothelial function and reduced circulating levels of the inflammatory markers vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) and interferon-gamma-induced protein (IP-10) in HIV-infected patients. To delineate the mechanisms underlying this therapeutic effect, we tested whether clinically relevant concentrations of PTX suppress VCAM-1 or IP-10 release in cultivated human lung microvascular endothelial cells. Indeed, we found that tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced VCAM-1 was reduced with concentrations of PTX in the low nanomolar range, comparable to plasma levels in PTX-treated groups. We also investigated the effect of HIV proteins and found that HIV transactivator of transcription (HIV-Tat) and HIV-envelope-derived recombinant gp120 enhanced TNF-α-induced VCAM-1 gene expression in lung microvascular and coronary macrovascular endothelial cells, respectively. In addition, PTX and a NF-κB-specific inhibitor reduced this enhanced VCAM-1 gene induction in microvascular and macrovascular endothelial cells. These results provide novel insights in how the antiinflammatory agent PTX can directly reduce HIV-associated proinflammatory endothelial activation, which may underlie vascular dysfunction and coronary vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linden Ann Green
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Chul Kim
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Samir K. Gupta
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Ophthalmology Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Jalees Rehman
- Section of Cardiology, Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Matthias Clauss
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology and Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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de Oliveira Alvim R, Santos PCJL, Dias RG, Rodrigues MV, de Sa Cunha R, Mill JG, Junior WN, Krieger JE, Pereira AC. Association between the C242T polymorphism in the p22phox gene with arterial stiffness in the Brazilian population. Physiol Genomics 2012; 44:587-92. [PMID: 22496489 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00122.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
NADPH oxidase p22phox subunit is responsible for the production of reactive oxygen species in the vascular tissue. The C242T polymorphism in the p22phox gene has been associated with diverse coronary artery disease phenotypes, but the findings about the protective or harmful effects of the T allele are still controversial. Our main aim was to assess the effect of p22phox C242T genotypes on arterial stiffness, a predictor of late morbidity and mortality, in individuals from the general population. We randomly selected 1,178 individuals from the general population of Vitoria City, Brazil. Genotypes for the C242T polymorphism were detected by PCR-RFLP, and pulse wave velocity (PWV) values were measured with a noninvasive automatic device Complior. p22phox and TNF-α gene expression were quantified by real-time PCR in human arterial mammary smooth muscle cells. In both the entire and nonhypertensive groups: individuals carrying the TT genotype had higher PWV values and higher risk for increased arterial stiffness [odds ratio (OR) 1.93, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.27-2.92 and OR 1.78, 95% CI 1.07-2.95, respectively] compared with individuals carrying CC+CT genotypes, even after adjustment for covariates. No difference in the p22phox gene expression according C242T genotypes was observed. However, TNF-α gene expression was higher in cells from individual carrying the T allele, suggesting that this genetic marker is associated with functional phenotypes at the gene expression level. In conclusion, we suggest that p22phox C242T polymorphism is associated with arterial stiffness evaluated by PWV in the general population. This genetic association shed light on the understanding of the genetic modulation on vascular dysfunction mediated by NADPH oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael de Oliveira Alvim
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Cardiology, Heart Institute-InCor, University of Sao Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Kim C, Gupta SK, Green L, Taylor BM, Deuter-Reinhard M, Desta Z, Clauss M. Abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir do not induce inflammatory, apoptotic or oxidative stress genes in coronary endothelial cells. Antivir Ther 2012; 16:1335-9. [PMID: 22155915 DOI: 10.3851/imp1891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of abacavir and didanosine in HAART has been associated with an increased risk of myocardial infarction in HIV-infected patients. The aim of this study was to address the development of endothelial dysfunction in cultivated coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs) in response to abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir. We examined the impact of these drugs on the expression levels of the proinflammatory, oxidative stress and apoptosis regulating genes in HCAECs. METHODS We tested gene and protein expression changes in HCAECs in response to abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir using quantitative real-time reverse transciptase PCR, FACS and ELISA. The assessed genes/proteins included the proinflammatory molecules VCAM-1, ICAM-1, MCP-1, RANTES and IL-6. In addition, we assessed the gene expression of the intracellular reactive oxygen producing NADPH oxidase subunit gp91(PHOX) and the apoptosis regulating molecules Bcl-2 and BAD. RESULTS Exposure of HCAECs to abacavir, didanosine and tenofovir resulted in no statistically significant changes in any of the tested genes/proteins at any time point or at any concentration. CONCLUSIONS We found no evidence that abacavir, didanosine or tenofovir had direct in vitro effects on coronary endothelial cell gene transcription and protein expression of the selected mediators. If abacavir or didanosine increase cardiovascular risk, it is likely not through the direct endothelial activation pathways tested in these experiments. However, further studies are needed to completely exclude the toxicity of abacavir or didanosine on endothelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chul Kim
- Department of Cellular & Integrative Physiology, Indiana Center for Vascular Biology & Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA
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Rajashekhar G, Gupta A, Marin A, Friedrich J, Willuweit A, Berg DT, Cramer MS, Sandusky GE, Sutton TA, Basile DP, Grinnell BW, Clauss M. Soluble thrombomodulin reduces inflammation and prevents microalbuminuria induced by chronic endothelial activation in transgenic mice. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2011; 302:F703-12. [PMID: 22129968 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00558.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease pathogenesis involves both tubular and vascular injuries. Despite abundant investigations to identify the risk factors, the involvement of chronic endothelial dysfunction in developing nephropathies is insufficiently explored. Previously, soluble thrombomodulin (sTM), a cofactor in the activation of protein C, has been shown to protect endothelial function in models of acute kidney injury. In this study, the role for sTM in treating chronic kidney disease was explored by employing a mouse model of chronic vascular activation using endothelial-specific TNF-α-expressing (tie2-TNF) mice. Analysis of kidneys from these mice after 3 mo showed no apparent phenotype, whereas 6-mo-old mice demonstrated infiltration of CD45-positive leukocytes accompanied by upregulated gene expression of inflammatory chemokines, markers of kidney injury, and albuminuria. Intervention with murine sTM with biweekly subcutaneous injections during this window of disease development between months 3 and 6 prevented the development of kidney pathology. To better understand the mechanisms of these findings, we determined whether sTM could also prevent chronic endothelial cell activation in vitro. Indeed, treatment with sTM normalized increased chemokines, adhesion molecule expression, and reduced transmigration of monocytes in continuously activated TNF-expressing endothelial cells. Our results suggest that vascular inflammation associated with vulnerable endothelium can contribute to loss in renal function as suggested by the tie2-TNF mice, a unique model for studying the role of vascular activation and inflammation in chronic kidney disease. Furthermore, the ability to restore the endothelial balance by exogenous administration of sTM via downregulation of specific adhesion molecules and chemokines suggests a potential for therapeutic intervention in kidney disease associated with chronic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Indiana Center for Vascular Biology and Medicine, IU School of Medicine, 975 W. Walnut St., Med. Lib./Rm. IB442B, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Rajashekhar G, Kamocka M, Marin A, Suckow MA, Wolter WR, Badve S, Sanjeevaiah AR, Pumiglia K, Rosen E, Clauss M. Pro-inflammatory angiogenesis is mediated by p38 MAP kinase. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:800-8. [PMID: 20803566 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is tightly linked to diseases associated with endothelial dysfunction including aberrant angiogenesis. To better understand the endothelial role in pro-inflammatory angiogenesis, we analyzed signaling pathways in continuously activated endothelial cells, which were either chronically exposed to soluble TNF or the reactive oxygen species (ROS) generating H2O2, or express active transmembrane TNF. Testing in an in vitro capillary sprout formation assay, continuous endothelial activation increased angiogenesis dependent on activation of p38 MAP kinase, NADPH oxidase, and matrix metalloproteinases (MMP). p38 MAP kinase- and MMP-9-dependent angiogenesis in our assay system may be part of a positive feed forward autocrine loop because continuously activated endothelial cells displayed up-regulated ROS production and subsequent endothelial TNF expression. The pro-angiogenic role of the p38 MAP kinase in continuously activated endothelial cells was in stark contrast to the anti-angiogenic activity of the p38 MAP kinase in unstimulated control endothelial cells. In vivo, using an experimental prostate tumor, pharmacological inhibition of p38 MAP kinase demonstrated a significant reduction in tumor growth and in vessel density, suggesting a pro-angiogenic role of the p38 MAP kinase in pathological angiogenesis in vivo. In conclusion, our results suggest that continuous activation of endothelial cells can cause a switch of the p38 MAP kinase from anti-angiogenic to pro-angiogenic activities in conditions which link oxidative stress and autocrine TNF production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gangaraju Rajashekhar
- Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana 46202, USA.
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Maciejewska-Rodrigues H, Al-Shamisi M, Hemmatazad H, Ospelt C, Bouton MC, Jäger D, Cope AP, Charles P, Plant D, Distler JHW, Gay RE, Michel BA, Knuth A, Neidhart M, Gay S, Jüngel A. Functional autoantibodies against serpin E2 in rheumatoid arthritis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010; 62:93-104. [DOI: 10.1002/art.25038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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22
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Sebastiani P, Solovieff N, Hartley SW, Milton JN, Riva A, Dworkis DA, Melista E, Klings ES, Garrett ME, Telen MJ, Ashley-Koch A, Baldwin CT, Steinberg MH. Genetic modifiers of the severity of sickle cell anemia identified through a genome-wide association study. Am J Hematol 2010; 85:29-35. [PMID: 20029952 DOI: 10.1002/ajh.21572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
We conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to discover single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with the severity of sickle cell anemia in 1,265 patients with either "severe" or "mild" disease based on a network model of disease severity. We analyzed data using single SNP analysis and a novel SNP set enrichment analysis (SSEA) developed to discover clusters of associated SNPs. Single SNP analysis discovered 40 SNPs that were strongly associated with sickle cell severity (odds for association >1,000); of the 32 that we could analyze in an independent set of 163 patients, five replicated, eight showed consistent effects although failed to reach statistical significance, whereas 19 did not show any convincing association. Among the replicated associations are SNPs in KCNK6 a K(+) channel gene. SSEA identified 27 genes with a strong enrichment of significant SNPs (P < 10(-6)); 20 were replicated with varying degrees of confidence. Among the novel findings identified by SSEA is the telomere length regulator gene TNKS. These studies are the first to use GWAS to understand the genetic diversity that accounts the phenotypic heterogeneity sickle cell anemia as estimated by an integrated model of severity. Additional validation, resequencing, and functional studies to understand the biology and reveal mechanisms by which candidate genes might have their effects are the future goals of this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sebastiani
- Department of Biostatistics, Boston University School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
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Shivanna M, Rajashekhar G, Srinivas SP. Barrier dysfunction of the corneal endothelium in response to TNF-alpha: role of p38 MAP kinase. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2009; 51:1575-82. [PMID: 19797215 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.09-4343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE TNF-alpha is elevated in the cornea and aqueous humor during allograft rejection and anterior uveitis. The authors investigated the involvement of p38 MAP kinase in the TNF-alpha-induced loss of barrier integrity in monolayers of cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells. METHODS Transendothelial electrical resistance (TER), a measure of barrier integrity, was determined by electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing. Barrier integrity was further assessed in terms of permeability to FITC dextran. Reorganization of the apical junctional complex (AJC) in response to TNF-alpha was visualized by immunofluorescence. The expression of TNF-alpha receptors was confirmed by RT-PCR. Activation of p38 MAP kinase in response to TNF-alpha was determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Exposure to TNF-alpha induced a continuous decline in TER that persisted for more than 20 hours. It also led to a significant increase in permeability to FITC dextran. At the AJC, the cytokine caused disassembly of microtubules, disruption of perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR), and dislocation of ZO-1 and cadherins. Western blot analysis showed that TNF-alpha also led to the activation of p38 MAP kinase. All these responses to the cytokine were opposed by treatment with SB-203580, a selective p38 MAP kinase inhibitor. TNFR1, but not TNFR2, was expressed in untreated cells with no change in the expression pattern on treatment with the cytokine. CONCLUSIONS TNF-alpha breaks down the barrier integrity of corneal endothelium, concomitant with the disruption of PAMR, remodeling of AJC, and disassembly of microtubules. These effects are mediated by transient activation of p38 MAP kinase. Thus, the TNF-alpha-induced barrier dysfunction in the corneal endothelium can be suppressed by inhibitors of p38 MAP kinase and agents downstream of the kinase that affect the cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shivanna
- School of Optometry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
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Microtubule stabilization opposes the (TNF-alpha)-induced loss in the barrier integrity of corneal endothelium. Exp Eye Res 2009; 89:950-9. [PMID: 19695246 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Revised: 08/06/2009] [Accepted: 08/07/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Microtubule disassembly breaks down the barrier integrity in a number of epithelial and endothelial monolayers. This study has investigated effects of TNF-alpha, which is implicated in corneal allograft rejection, on microtubules and barrier integrity in cultured bovine corneal endothelial cells. Exposure to TNF-alpha led to disassembly of the microtubules, and also caused disruption of the perijunctional actomyosin ring (PAMR). As a measure of barrier integrity, trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TER) was determined based on electrical cell-substrate impedance sensing in realtime. Exposure to TNF-alpha caused a slow decline in TER for > 20 h, and a similar exposure to cells grown on porous culture inserts led to a significant increase in permeability to FITC dextran. These changes, indicating a loss of barrier integrity, were also reflected by dislocation of ZO-1 at the cell border and disassembly of cadherins. These effects of TNF-alpha were inhibited upon stabilization of microtubules by pre-treatment with paclitaxel or epothilone B. Microtubule stabilization may be a useful strategy to overcome (TNF-alpha)-induced loss of the barrier integrity of corneal endothelium during inflammation associated with transplant rejection and uveitis.
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Zhang Y, Herbert BS, Rajashekhar G, Ingram DA, Yoder MC, Clauss M, Rehman J. Premature senescence of highly proliferative endothelial progenitor cells is induced by tumor necrosis factor-alpha via the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway. FASEB J 2009; 23:1358-65. [PMID: 19124561 PMCID: PMC2669419 DOI: 10.1096/fj.08-110296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Senescence of endothelial cells increases with systemic aging and is thought to contribute to the development of atherosclerosis. Cell therapy with highly proliferative endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) is an emerging therapeutic option to promote endothelial regeneration, but little is known about their senescence and their vulnerability to inflammatory stressors. We therefore studied the senescence of proliferative human EPCs and investigated the effects of the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) on their senescence. Human EPCs had a significantly lower rate of senescence at baseline, compared with that of mature endothelial cells. However, EPCs up-regulated the expression of the senescence-associated cell cycle arrest protein p16(INK4a) and markedly increased measured senescence levels when exposed to chronic TNF-alpha treatment. Analysis of telomere length showed that the increases in senescence were not related to changes in telomere length. Inhibition of the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway blocked the induction of p16(INK4a) and cellular senescence. In conclusion, highly proliferative EPCs have a low rate of intrinsic senescence but are vulnerable to premature senescence induction by chronic proinflammatory stimulation. These findings will lead to a better understanding of physiological endothelial regeneration as well as to targeted therapies with the aim of promoting endothelial regeneration through endothelial progenitor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmin Zhang
- Section of Cardiology, University of Chicago, Pritzker School of Medicine, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., Mail-Code 6080, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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