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王 娟, 杨 雯, 刘 进, 石 金, 肖 萍, 李 美. [Adiponectin improves endometrial receptivity in rats with polycystic ovary syndrome by upregulating the PPARα/HOXA10 pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2024; 44:298-307. [PMID: 38501415 PMCID: PMC10954532 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2024.02.12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Indexed: 03/20/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the role of the PPARα/HOXA10 signaling pathway in mediating the effect of adiponectin (APN) for improving endometrial receptivity in a rat model of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS Forty female SD rat models with letrozole-induced PCOS were randomized, with 10 normal rats as the control, into 4 equal groups for treatment with APN alone, APN combined with GW6471 (a specific PPARα inhibitor) or the vehicle for 20 days, or no further treatment (PCOS model group). GW6471 treatment (daily dose of 1 mg/kg) and vehicle treatment were initiated on the 11th day following the start of APN treatment, all administered via intraperitoneal injection. The rats were observed for changes in estrous cycle, body weight, ovarian index and morphology, uterine index and morphology, serum hormone levels and lipid metabolism parameters. Endometrial expressions of PPARα and HOXA10 were detected with immunohistochemistry and Western blotting. The development of endometrial pinopodes was observed under electron microscope, and pregnancies of the rats were recorded. RESULTS The rat models of PCOS exhibited obvious estrous cycle disorders with significantly prolonged estrous interval, increased body weight and ovarian index, decreased uterine index, disordered serum hormones and lipid metabolism (P < 0.05), and polycystic ovarian changes, and these changes were significantly improved by APN treatment. Endometrial expressions of PPARα and HOXA10 were significantly lowered in PCOS rats and effectively up-regulated after APN treatment, but GW6471 treatment obviously blocked the effect of APN (P < 0.05). APN showed strong protective effect against PCOS-induced impairment of endometrial pinopode development, and this effect was obviously attenuated by GW6471. APN also significantly increased the pregnancy rate and embryo number in PCOS rats, while GW6471 obviously reduced the embryo number and caused developmental retardation of the embryos. CONCLUSION APN can improve endometrial receptivity in PCOS rats by upregulating the PARα/HOXA10 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- 娟 王
- 南华大学衡阳医学院//组织胚胎学教研室//应用解剖与生殖医学研究所//显微形态实验中心,湖南 衡阳 421001Microscopic Morphology Experimental Center//The Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine// Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
- 湖南省人民医院生殖医学中心//湖南师范大学附属第一医院,湖南 长沙 410002Department of Reproductive Medical Center, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hunan Normal University, Changsha 410002, China
| | - 雯钦 杨
- 南华大学衡阳医学院//组织胚胎学教研室//应用解剖与生殖医学研究所//显微形态实验中心,湖南 衡阳 421001Microscopic Morphology Experimental Center//The Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine// Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - 进 刘
- 南华大学衡阳医学院//组织胚胎学教研室//应用解剖与生殖医学研究所//显微形态实验中心,湖南 衡阳 421001Microscopic Morphology Experimental Center//The Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine// Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - 金凤 石
- 南华大学衡阳医学院//组织胚胎学教研室//应用解剖与生殖医学研究所//显微形态实验中心,湖南 衡阳 421001Microscopic Morphology Experimental Center//The Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine// Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - 萍 肖
- 南华大学衡阳医学院//组织胚胎学教研室//应用解剖与生殖医学研究所//显微形态实验中心,湖南 衡阳 421001Microscopic Morphology Experimental Center//The Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine// Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
| | - 美香 李
- 南华大学衡阳医学院//组织胚胎学教研室//应用解剖与生殖医学研究所//显微形态实验中心,湖南 衡阳 421001Microscopic Morphology Experimental Center//The Institute of Clinical Anatomy and Reproductive Medicine// Department of Histology and Embryology, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, Hunan 421001, China
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Li X, Xiao H, Ma Y, Zhou Z, Chen D. Identifying novel genetic loci associated with polycystic ovary syndrome based on its shared genetic architecture with type 2 diabetes. Front Genet 2022; 13:905716. [PMID: 36105080 PMCID: PMC9464923 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2022.905716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several common variants associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). However, the etiology behind PCOS remains incomplete. Available evidence suggests a potential genetic correlation between PCOS and type 2 diabetes (T2D). The publicly available data may provide an opportunity to enhance the understanding of the PCOS etiology. Here, we quantified the polygenic overlap between PCOS and T2D using summary statistics of PCOS and T2D and then identified the novel genetic variants associated with PCOS behind this phenotypic association. A bivariate causal mixture model (MiXeR model) found a moderate genetic overlap between PCOS and T2D (Dice coefficient = 44.1% and after adjusting for body mass index, 32.1%). The conditional/conjunctional false discovery rate method identified 11 potential risk variants of PCOS conditional on associations with T2D, 9 of which were novel and 6 of which were jointly associated with two phenotypes. The functional annotation of these genetic variants supports a significant role for genes involved in lipid metabolism, immune response, and the insulin signaling pathway. An expression quantitative trait locus functionality analysis successfully repeated that 5 loci were significantly associated with the expression of candidate genes in many tissues, including the whole blood, subcutaneous adipose, adrenal gland, and cerebellum. We found that SCN2A gene is co-localized with PCOS in subcutaneous adipose using GWAS-eQTL co-localization analyses. A total of 11 candidate genes were differentially expressed in multiple tissues of the PCOS samples. These findings provide a new understanding of the shared genetic architecture between PCOS and T2D and the underlying molecular genetic mechanism of PCOS.
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Moghadam F, Hajian M, Rouhollahi Varnosfaderani S, Jafarpour F, Nasr Esfahani MH. Effect of rosiglitazone on developmental competence of mouse embryos treated with lipopolysaccharide. Theriogenology 2020; 161:57-64. [PMID: 33296744 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/27/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly reduces pre- and post-implantation developmental competence of embryos. One of the reason of this effect could be a consequence of TLR4-mediated inflammation. In this study, we assessed the anti-inflammatory effect of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor γ (PPAR γ) agonist, rosiglitazone (RGZ), in LPS-treated mouse embryos. Initially, the optimal doses of LPS, RGZ and GW9662 (a potent and selective PPARγ antagonist) were determined by treating the mouse zygotes up to blastocyst stage and assessment of compaction and blastocyst rates. Quantitative PCR was used to assess the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines. Immunostaining was used to study the translocation of PPARγ in blastocysts. Finally, the blastocysts were transferred to surrogate mouse to determine the post-implantation developmental competence. 0.0625 mg/mL of LPS significantly reduced the developmental competency by around 50% compared to control group. 10 μM of RGZ significantly ameliorated the toxic effect of LPS, which was also significantly reversed by 1.25 μM GW9662. Through immunostaining, it was shown that LPS could prevent the translocation of PPARγ to nucleus; and translocation was facilitated by RGZ and this effect was reversed by GW9662. A similar effect was also observed for the mRNA expression of inflammatory cytokines (Il-1β and Il-6). LPS significantly increased the expression of these cytokines, while RGZ significantly reduced their expression, which was also significantly reversed by GW9662. It was also shown that embryos exposed to LPS had significantly reduced post implantation developmental competence which was considerably improved by treatment with RGZ. In conclusion, these data may have clinical implications for ameliorating the adverse effects of LPS in dairy farming and infertility treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fariborz Moghadam
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran; Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran
| | - Mehdi Hajian
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Shiva Rouhollahi Varnosfaderani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Farnoosh Jafarpour
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Nasr Esfahani
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Biotechnology, ACECR, Isfahan, Iran.
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Nuclear Receptors as Regulators of Pituitary Corticotroph Pro-Opiomelanocortin Transcription. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040900. [PMID: 32272677 PMCID: PMC7226830 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2020] [Revised: 03/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis plays a critical role in adaptive stress responses and maintaining organism homeostasis. The pituitary corticotroph is the central player in the HPA axis and is regulated by a plethora of hormonal and stress related factors that synergistically interact to activate and temper pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) transcription, to either increase or decrease adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) production and secretion as needed. Nuclear receptors are a family of highly conserved transcription factors that can also be induced by various physiologic signals, and they mediate their responses via multiple targets to regulate metabolism and homeostasis. In this review, we summarize the modulatory roles of nuclear receptors on pituitary corticotroph cell POMC transcription, describe the unique and complex role these factors play in hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis (HPA) regulation and discuss potential therapeutic targets in disease states.
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Sakumoto R, Hayashi KG, Hosoe M, Iga K, Kizaki K. Pregnancy-associated changes of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta (PPARD) and cytochrome P450 family 21 subfamily A member 2 (CYP21A2) expression in the bovine corpus luteum. J Reprod Dev 2020; 66:205-213. [PMID: 32037375 PMCID: PMC7297635 DOI: 10.1262/jrd.2019-132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
We investigated gene expression profiles of the corpus luteum (CL) at the time of maternal recognition to evaluate the functional changes of the CL during early pregnancy in cows and help
improve reproductive efficiency and avoid defective fetuses. Microarray analyses using a 15 K bovine oligo DNA microarray detected 30 differentially expressed genes and 266 differentially
expressed genes (e.g., PPARD and CYP21A2) in the CL on pregnancy days 15 (P15) and 18 (P18), respectively, compared with the CL on day 15 (NP15) of
non-pregnancy (n = 4 for each group). PPARD expression was the highest while the CYP21A2 expression was the lowest in P15 and P18 compared with that of
NP15. These microarray results were validated by quantitative real-time PCR analysis. The addition of interferon-τ and supernatants derived from homogenized fetal trophoblast increased
ISG15 and MX1 expressions in the cultured luteal tissue (P < 0.01), but did not affect PPARD and CYP21A2 expressions.
PPARD expression in the luteal tissue was stimulated (P < 0.05) by GW0742, known as a selective PPARD agonist, and PPARD ligands (i.e., arachidonic, linoleic and
linolenic acids). In contrast, CYP21A2 mRNA expression was not affected by both agonist and ligands. The concentration of prostaglandin (PG) E2 and PGF2α decreased after
GW0742 stimulation and increased after arachidonic acid stimulation (P < 0.05). The addition of GW0742 and arachidonic acid increased progesterone (P4) concentration. Collectively, these
findings suggest that high expression levels of PPARD and low expression levels of CYP21A2 in the CL during early pregnancy may support P4 production by bovine luteal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Sakumoto
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Ken-Go Hayashi
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Misa Hosoe
- Division of Animal Breeding and Reproduction Research, Institute of Livestock and Grassland Science, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO), Ibaraki 305-0901, Japan
| | - Kosuke Iga
- Division of Livestock and Forage Research, Tohoku Agricultural Research Center, NARO, Morioka 020-0198, Japan
| | - Keiichiro Kizaki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Physiology, Iwate University, Iwate 020-8550, Japan
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Mousavi MS, Shahverdi A, Drevet J, Akbarinejad V, Esmaeili V, Sayahpour FA, Topraggaleh TR, Rahimizadeh P, Alizadeh A. Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors (PPARs) levels in spermatozoa of normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic men. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2019; 65:409-419. [PMID: 31675245 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2019.1677801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Interest in the role of male factor in infertility continues to mount with defects related to sperm movement considered as one of the more severe forms of subfertility. The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) primarily regulates the expression of target genes involved in energy control as well as lipid and glucose metabolism. Although the pivotal roles of these receptors on female fertility have been reported, there are limited studies addressing PPARs role(s) in the male. This study was designed to determine and compare PPARα, PPARβ and PPARγ mRNA expression in sperm cells of normozoospermic and asthenozoospermic men. In addition, flow cytometric analyses, immunofluorescence and western blot were used to evaluate PPARγ protein levels in spermatozoa. We have compared the sperm PPARs mRNA relative expression in 27 normozoospermic and 28 asthenozoospermic samples and monitored sperm PPARγ protein levels in 39 normozoospermic and 40 asthenozoospermic samples using flow cytometry. We have also assessed in a sub-group of seven normozoospermic and eight asthenozoospermic samples, PPARγ protein levels by western blotting. Relative expression of PPARγ mRNA in normozoospermic men was found to be significantly higher (P = 0.004) than in asthenozoospermic men while PPARα and PPARβ relative expression was similar in the two groups. Likewise, PPARγ showed a positive correlation with motility (r = 0.34; P < 0.05), sperm concentration (r = 0.33) and the percentage of progressive motile spermatozoa (r = 0.31). In agreement with the mRNA behavior, sperm PPARγ protein levels as measured by flow cytometry (P = 0.066) and western blot (P = 0.089) showed a tendency to be higher in normozoospermic than asthenozoospermic men. The present study proposes a link between PPARγ gene expression level and motility in human sperm.Abbreviations: PPARs: Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors; CASA: Computer Assisted Semen Analysis; TFA: Trans Fatty Acids; HTF: Human Tubal Fluid; PBS: Phosphate-Buffered Saline; PPP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway; PI3K: Phosphoinositide 3-Kinase; G6PDH: Glucose 6-Phosphate Dehydrogenase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motahareh Sadat Mousavi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolhossein Shahverdi
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.,Reproductive Epidemiology Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Joël Drevet
- GReD Laboratory, CNRS UMR6293- INSERM U1103, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Vahid Akbarinejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Vahid Esmaeili
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Forough Azam Sayahpour
- Department of Stem Cells and Developmental Biology, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tohid Rezaei Topraggaleh
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pegah Rahimizadeh
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
| | - AliReza Alizadeh
- Department of Embryology, Reproductive Biomedicine Research Center, Royan Institute for Reproductive Biomedicine, ACECR, Tehran, Iran
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Szczepańska AA, Łupicka M, Socha BM, Korzekwa AJ. The influence of arachidonic acid metabolites on PPAR and RXR expression in bovine uterine cells. Gen Comp Endocrinol 2018; 262:27-35. [PMID: 29510153 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2018.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated transcription factors belonging to the superfamily of nuclear receptors. Three isoforms have been described: alpha (PPARα), delta (PPARδ), and gamma (PPARγ). PPARs heterodimerize with retinoid X receptors (RXRs: RXRα, RXRβ and RXRγ). PPAR activity can be modulated by several ligands, including arachidonic acid (AA) metabolites. The aims of the study were to determine the effect of AA metabolites (prostaglandin [PG]E2, PGF2α, leukotriene [LT]B4, and LTC4) on mRNA (real-time PCR) and protein expression (Western blotting) of PPARα, PPARδ, and PPARγ, and on mRNA expression of RXRα, RXRβ, and RXRγ, in bovine epithelial, stromal, and myometrial primary uterine cells and in bovine stromal cells with silenced PPAR genes (N = 10). All PPAR and RXR isoforms were expressed. Prostaglandins affected expression of PPARs only in stromal cells, whereas LTs modulated PPARγ mRNA expression in epithelial and myometrial primary cells. Blockade of signal transduction through PPARs prevented interactions between AA metabolites and PPARs and changed RXR expression comparing with primary stromal cells. In primary stromal uterine cells, mRNA expression of RXRs was higher than that of PPARs. In uterine stromal cells in which intracellular signaling through PPARs was blocked, RXRs seem to take over the role of PPARs and are pivotal for cell functions. This study revealed the reaction of PPARs and RXRs to agonists which naturally occur in the bovine uterus.
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Affiliation(s)
- A A Szczepańska
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Tuwima St. 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - M Łupicka
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Tuwima St. 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - B M Socha
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Tuwima St. 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland
| | - A J Korzekwa
- Department of Biodiversity Protection, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Olsztyn, Tuwima St. 10, 10-747 Olsztyn, Poland. http://tbr.pan.olsztyn.pl/images/KSIAZKA_KONFERENCYJNA_TBR_30_08_17.pdf
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Mediating Roles of PPARs in the Effects of Environmental Chemicals on Sex Steroids. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:3203161. [PMID: 28819354 PMCID: PMC5551527 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3203161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 06/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are ligand-activated nuclear receptors that are widely involved in various physiological functions. They are widely expressed through the reproductive system. Their roles in the metabolism and function of sex steroids and thus the etiology of reproductive disorders receive great concern. Various kinds of exogenous chemicals, especially environmental pollutants, exert their adverse impact on the reproductive system through disturbing the PPAR signaling pathway. Chemicals could bind to PPARs and modulate the transcription of downstream genes containing PPRE (peroxisome proliferator response element). This will lead to altered expression of genes related to metabolism of sex steroids and thus the abnormal physiological function of sex steroids. In this review, various kinds of environmental ligands are summarized and discussed. Their interactions with three types of PPARs are classified by various data from transcript profiles, PPRE reporter in cell line, in silico docking, and gene silencing. The review will contribute to the understanding of the roles of PPARs in the reproductive toxicology of environmental chemicals.
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PPAR ligand association with prostaglandin F 2 α and E 2 synthesis in the pig corpus luteum—An in vitro study. Anim Reprod Sci 2016; 172:157-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2016.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Mostowy J, Montén C, Gudjonsdottir AH, Arnell H, Browaldh L, Nilsson S, Agardh D, Torinsson Naluai Å. Shared Genetic Factors Involved in Celiac Disease, Type 2 Diabetes and Anorexia Nervosa Suggest Common Molecular Pathways for Chronic Diseases. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0159593. [PMID: 27483138 PMCID: PMC4970800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0159593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Objectives Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified several genetic regions involved in immune-regulatory mechanisms to be associated with celiac disease. Previous GWAS also revealed an over-representation of genes involved in type 2 diabetes and anorexia nervosa associated with celiac disease, suggesting involvement of common metabolic pathways for development of these chronic diseases. The aim of this study was to extend these previous analyses to study the gene expression in the gut from children with active celiac disease. Material and Methods Thirty six target genes involved in type 2 diabetes and four genes associated with anorexia nervosa were investigated for gene expression in small intestinal biopsies from 144 children with celiac disease at median (range) age of 7.4 years (1.6–17.8) and from 154 disease controls at a median (range) age 11.4.years (1.4–18.3). Results A total of eleven of genes were differently expressed in celiac patients compared with disease controls of which CD36, CD38, FOXP1, SELL, PPARA, PPARG, AGT previously associated with type 2 diabetes and AKAP6, NTNG1 with anorexia nervosa remained significant after correction for multiple testing. Conclusion Shared genetic factors involved in celiac disease, type 2 diabetes and anorexia nervosa suggest common underlying molecular pathways for these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Mostowy
- Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Caroline Montén
- Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Audur H. Gudjonsdottir
- Institute of Clinical Sciences, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Arnell
- Department of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, Karolinska University Hospital and Division of Pediatrics, CLINTEC, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Browaldh
- Department of Clinical Science and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Sodersjukhuset, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Staffan Nilsson
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Daniel Agardh
- Diabetes and Celiac Disease Unit, Department of Clinical Sciences, Lund University, Malmö, Sweden
| | - Åsa Torinsson Naluai
- Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- * E-mail:
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Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in Female Reproduction and Fertility. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:4612306. [PMID: 27559343 PMCID: PMC4983391 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4612306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/01/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Reproductive functions may be altered by the exposure to a multitude of endogenous and exogenous agents, drug or environmental pollutants, which are known to affect gene transcription through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) activation. PPARs act as ligand activated transcription factors and regulate metabolic processes such as lipid and glucose metabolism, energy homeostasis, inflammation, and cell proliferation and differentiation. All PPARs isotypes are expressed along the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and are strictly involved in reproductive functions. Since female fertility and energy metabolism are tightly interconnected, the research on female infertility points towards the exploration of potential PPARs activating/antagonizing compounds, mainly belonging to the class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) and fibrates, as useful agents for the maintenance of metabolic homeostasis in women with ovarian dysfunctions. In the present review, we discuss the recent evidence about PPARs expression in the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and their involvement in female reproduction. Finally, the therapeutic potential of their manipulation through several drugs is also discussed.
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Mazidi M, Karimi E, Meydani M, Ghayour-Mobarhan M, Ferns GA. Potential effects of curcumin on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ in vitro and in vivo. World J Methodol 2016; 6:112-117. [PMID: 27019802 PMCID: PMC4804246 DOI: 10.5662/wjm.v6.i1.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 01/27/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Natural peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ) agonists are found in food and may be important for health through their anti-inflammatory properties. Curcumin (Cur) is a bright yellow spice, derived from the rhizome of Curcuma longa Linn. It has been shown to have many biological properties that appear to operate through diverse mechanisms. Some of these potentially beneficial effects of Cur are due to activation of the nuclear transcription factor PPAR-γ. It is reported (using in vitro and in vivo models) that Cur plays a potential role against several diseases. In this review article, we present the current literature on the effects of Cur on the modulation of inflammatory processes that are mediated through PPAR-γ.
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Ratnappan R, Ward JD, Yamamoto KR, Ghazi A. Nuclear hormone receptors as mediators of metabolic adaptability following reproductive perturbations. WORM 2016; 5:e1151609. [PMID: 27073739 DOI: 10.1080/21624054.2016.1151609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Revised: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we identified a group of nuclear hormone receptors (NHRs) that promote longevity in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans following germline-stem cell (GSC) loss. This group included NHR-49, the worm protein that performs functions similar to vertebrate PPARα, a key regulator of lipid metabolism. We showed that NHR-49/PPARα enhances mitochondrial β-oxidation and fatty acid desaturation upon germline removal, and through the coordinated enhancement of these processes allows the animal to retain lipid homeostasis and undergo lifespan extension. NHR-49/PPARα expression is elevated in GSC-ablated animals, in part, by DAF-16/FOXO3A and TCER-1/TCERG1, two other conserved, pro-longevity transcriptional regulators that are essential for germline-less longevity. In exploring the roles of the other pro-longevity NHRs, we discovered that one of them, NHR-71/HNF4, physically interacted with NHR-49/PPARα. NHR-71/HNF4 did not have a broad impact on the expression of β-oxidation and desaturation targets of NHR-49/PPARα. But, both NHR-49/PPARα and NHR-71/HNF4 were essential for the increased expression of DAF-16/FOXO3A- and TCER-1/TCERG1-downstream target genes. In addition, nhr-49 inactivation caused a striking membrane localization of KRI-1, the only known common upstream regulator of DAF-16/FOXO3A and TCER-1/TCERG1, suggesting that it may operate in a positive feedback loop to potentiate the activity of this pathway. These data underscore how selective interactions between NHRs that function as nodes in metabolic networks, confer functional specificity in response to different physiological stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ramesh Ratnappan
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jordan D Ward
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Keith R Yamamoto
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California , San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Arjumand Ghazi
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine , Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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Effects of clofibric acid alone and in combination with 17β-estradiol on mRNA abundance in primary hepatocytes isolated from rainbow trout. Toxicol In Vitro 2014; 28:1106-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2014.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2013] [Revised: 05/11/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/08/2022]
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15
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PPARs Integrate the Mammalian Clock and Energy Metabolism. PPAR Res 2014; 2014:653017. [PMID: 24693278 PMCID: PMC3945976 DOI: 10.1155/2014/653017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Accepted: 12/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs) are a group of nuclear receptors that function as transcription factors regulating the expression of numerous target genes. PPARs play an essential role in various physiological and pathological processes, especially in energy metabolism. It has long been known that metabolism and circadian clocks are tightly intertwined. However, the mechanism of how they influence each other is not fully understood. Recently, all three PPAR isoforms were found to be rhythmically expressed in given mouse tissues. Among them, PPARα and PPARγ are direct regulators of core clock components, Bmal1 and Rev-erbα, and, conversely, PPARα is also a direct Bmal1 target gene. More importantly, recent studies using knockout mice revealed that all PPARs exert given functions in a circadian manner. These findings demonstrated a novel role of PPARs as regulators in correlating circadian rhythm and metabolism. In this review, we summarize advances in our understanding of PPARs in circadian regulation.
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Dupont J, Reverchon M, Bertoldo MJ, Froment P. Nutritional signals and reproduction. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2014; 382:527-537. [PMID: 24084162 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
There is extensive evidence that nutrition influences reproductive function in various mammalian species (agricultural animals, rodents and human). However, the mechanisms underlying the relationship between nutrition, energy metabolism and reproductive function are poorly understood. This review considers nutrient sensors as a molecular link between food molecules and consequences for female and male fertility. It focuses on the roles and the molecular mechanisms of some of the relevant hormones, such as insulin and adipokines, and of energy substrates (glucose, fatty acids and amino acids), in the gonadotropic axis (central nervous system and gonads). A greater understanding of the interactions between nutrition and fertility is required for both better management of the physiological processes and the development of new molecules to prevent or cure metabolic diseases and their consequences for fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle Dupont
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - Maxime Reverchon
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Michael J Bertoldo
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - Pascal Froment
- UMR 7247, INRA-CNRS-Université de Tours-Haras Nationaux, 37380 Nouzilly, France
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17
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PPARγ Agonist Rosiglitazone Suppresses Renal mPGES-1/PGE2 Pathway in db/db Mice. PPAR Res 2013; 2013:612971. [PMID: 24489534 PMCID: PMC3892750 DOI: 10.1155/2013/612971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Revised: 11/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence had shown the detrimental effect of prostaglandin (PG) E2 in diabetic nephropathy (DN) of STZ-induced type-1 diabetes but its role in the development of DN of type-2 diabetes remains uncertain. The present study was undertaken to investigate the regulation of PGE2 synthetic pathway and the interaction between peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) γ and PGE2 synthesis in the kidneys of db/db mice. Strikingly, urinary PGE2 was remarkably elevated in db/db mice paralleled with the increased protein expressions of COX-2 and mPGES-1. In contrast, the protein expressions of COX-1, mPGES-2, cPGES, and 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) were not altered. Following 1-week rosiglitazone (Rosi) therapy, urinary PGE2, but not other prostanoids, was reduced by 57% in parallel with significant reduction of mPGES-1 protein and EP4 mRNA expressions. By immunohistochemistry, mPGES-1 was significantly induced in the glomeruli of db/db mice, which was almost entirely abolished by Rosi. In line with the reduction of glomerular mPGES-1, the glomerular injury score showed a tendency of improvement after 1 week of Rosi therapy. Collectively, the present study demonstrated an inhibitory effect of PPAR γ activation on renal mPGES-1/PGE2/EP4 pathway in type-2 diabetes and suggested that mPGES-1 may potentially serve as a therapeutic target for treating type-2 diabetes-associated DN.
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Bogacka I, Bogacki M, Wasielak M. The effect of embryo presence on the expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) genes in the porcine reproductive system during periimplantation. Acta Vet Hung 2013; 61:405-15. [PMID: 23921352 DOI: 10.1556/avet.2013.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to determine the effect of the presence of embryos in the uterine horn on peroxisome proliferator activated receptors (PPARs; A, D, G) gene expression in the reproductive tissues of gilts subjected to a surgical procedure. The uterus consisted of one intact horn connected to the uterine corpus and the second horn detached from the uterine corpus but connected with the contiguous ovary. The gilts were hormonally stimulated and divided into two groups: the first group, inseminated (pregnant) and the second group (cyclic), with surgical procedure but not inseminated. The animals of both groups were slaughtered on day 14 of pregnancy or on day 14 of the oestrous cycle, respectively. PPARs mRNA abundance in the endometrium and the corpus luteum (CL) was analysed by quantitative real-time PCR. During pregnancy, PPARA and PPARD μmRNA abundance in the porcine endometrium was significantly higher in the horn containing embryos than in the contralateral horn, where embryos were absent. The endometrial PPARG1 mRNA abundance did not differ between the two horns during pregnancy and the oestrous cycle, but a higher level of the transcript was observed during pregnancy when compared to the oestrous cycle. In the CL, there were no significant differences in PPARA and PPARDμ mRNA abundance between horns in pregnant or cyclic sows. However, there was a significant increase of PPARA and PPARD transcript level in the CL from cyclic compared with pregnant sows. The results of our study suggest that PPARA and PPARD have regulatory functions in early pregnancy, and they indicate that increased levels of endometrial gene expression are correlated with the presence of embryos in the uterine horn. Higher levels of PPARA and PPARD expression in the porcine CL on day 14 of the oestrous cycle than on day 14 of pregnancy suggest that both forms are involved in the regulation of CL functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iwona Bogacka
- 1 University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn Department of Animal Physiology 10-719 Olsztyn Oczapowskiego 2 Poland
| | - Marek Bogacki
- 2 Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences Olsztyn Poland
| | - Marta Wasielak
- 2 Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research of Polish Academy of Sciences Olsztyn Poland
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Vasquez YM, DeMayo FJ. Role of nuclear receptors in blastocyst implantation. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2013; 24:724-35. [PMID: 23994285 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2013.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The regulation of blastocyst implantation in the uterus is orchestrated by the ovarian hormones estrogen and progesterone. These hormones act via their nuclear receptors to direct the transcriptional activity of the endometrial compartments and create a defined period in which the uterus is permissive to embryo implantation termed the "window of receptivity". Additional members of the nuclear receptor family have also been described to have a potential role in endometrial function. Much of what we know about the function of these nuclear receptors during implantation we have learned from the use of mouse models. Transgenic murine models with targeted gene ablation have allowed us to identify a complex network of paracrine signaling between the endometrial epithelium and stroma. While some of the critical molecules have been identified, the mechanism underlying the intricate communication between endometrial compartments during the implantation window has not been fully elucidated. Defining this mechanism will help identify markers of a receptive uterine environment, ultimately providing a useful tool to help improve the fertility outlook for reproductively challenged couples. The aim of this review is to outline our current understanding of how nuclear receptors and their effector molecules regulate blastocyst implantation in the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y M Vasquez
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
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20
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FAM3A is a target gene of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:4160-70. [PMID: 23562554 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2012] [Revised: 03/05/2013] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To date, the biological function of FAM3A, the first member of FAM3 gene family, remains unknown. We aimed to investigate whether the expression of FAM3A in liver cells is regulated by peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPARs). METHODS AND RESULTS The transcriptional activity of human and mouse FAM3A gene promoters was determined by luciferase reporter assay system. PPARγ agonist rosiglitazone induced FAM3A expression in primary cultured mouse hepatocytes and human HepG2 cells. PPARγ antagonism blocked rosiglitazone-induced FAM3A expression, whereas PPARγ overexpression stimulated FAM3A expression in HepG2 cells. In contrast, PPARα agonist fenofibrate or PPARβ agonist GW0742 failed to affect FAM3A expression in HepG2 cells. The transcriptional activities of human and mouse FAM3A promoters were markedly stimulated by PPARγ activation, but not by PPARα and PPARβ activation. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay revealed a direct binding of PPARγ to the putative peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) located at -1258/-1246 in the human FAM3A promoter. Site-directed mutagenesis of this PPRE-like motif abolished PPARγ's stimulatory effect on the transcriptional activity of human FAM3A promoter. In vivo, oral rosiglitazone treatment upregulated FAM3A expression in the livers of C57BL/6 mice and db/db mice. Moreover, upregulation of FAM3A by PPARγ activation was correlated with increased level of phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) in liver cells. CONCLUSIONS FAM3A as a novel target gene of PPARγ. Upregulation of FAM3A by PPARγ activation is correlated with increased pAkt level in liver cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Upregulation of FAM3A might contribute to PPARγ's metabolic effects in the liver.
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Bogacka I, Bogacki M, Boruszewska D, Wasielak M. Expression of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) genes in porcine endometrium exposed in vitro to IL-6 and INFγ. Reprod Biol 2012; 12:157-70. [DOI: 10.1016/s1642-431x(12)60083-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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PPARγ as a therapeutic target in diabetic nephropathy and other renal diseases. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2012; 21:97-105. [PMID: 22143250 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0b013e32834de526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) is a ligand-activated nuclear transcription factor that regulates many important physiological processes including glucose and lipid metabolism, energy homeostasis, cell proliferation, inflammation, immunity and reproduction. The current review aims to summarize and discuss recent findings evaluating the protective effects of PPARγ against kidney diseases with a focus on diabetic nephropathy. We will also delineate the potential underlying mechanisms. RECENT FINDINGS PPARγ plays important roles in renal physiology and pathophysiology. Agonists of PPARγ exert protective effects against various kidney diseases including diabetic nephropathy, ischemic renal injury, IgA nephropathy, chemotherapy-associated kidney damage, polycystic kidney diseases and age-related kidney diseases via both systemic and renal actions. SUMMARY PPARγ agonists are effective in delaying and even preventing the progression of many renal diseases, especially diabetic nephropathy. PPARγ may represent a promising target for the treatment of renal diseases.
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Bishop-Bailey D, Bystrom J. Emerging roles of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta/delta in inflammation. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 124:141-50. [PMID: 19615407 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2009] [Accepted: 06/22/2009] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-beta/delta is a member of the PPAR nuclear hormone receptor family. The PPARs are a family of 3 ligand-activated transcription factors: PPARalpha (NR1C1), PPARbeta/delta (NR1C2), and PPARgamma (NR1C3). All the PPARs play important roles in the regulation of metabolic pathways, including those of lipid of biosynthesis and glucose metabolism, as well as in a variety of cell differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis pathways. Recently, there has been a great deal of interest in the involvement of PPARs in the inflammatory processes. In particular, PPARalpha and PPARgamma inhibit the activation of inflammatory gene expression and can negatively interfere with pro-inflammatory transcription factor signalling pathways in vascular and inflammatory cells. In contrast, the roles of PPARbeta/delta regulating inflammation and immunity are only just emerging. This review will focus on these emerging roles of PPARbeta/delta in regulating inflammatory processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Bishop-Bailey
- Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and The London, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK.
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Abbott BD. Review of the expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors alpha (PPAR alpha), beta (PPAR beta), and gamma (PPAR gamma) in rodent and human development. Reprod Toxicol 2008; 27:246-257. [PMID: 18996469 DOI: 10.1016/j.reprotox.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2008] [Revised: 09/17/2008] [Accepted: 10/01/2008] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR) belong to the nuclear hormone receptor superfamily and there are three primary subtypes, PPARalpha, beta, and gamma. These receptors regulate important physiological processes that impact lipid homeostasis, inflammation, adipogenesis, reproduction, wound healing, and carcinogenesis. These nuclear receptors have important roles in reproduction and development and their expression may influence the responses of an embryo exposed to PPAR agonists. PPARs are relevant to the study of the biological effects of the perfluorinated alkyl acids as these compounds, including perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), activate PPARalpha. Exposure of the rodent to PFOA or PFOS during gestation results in neonatal deaths, developmental delay and growth deficits. Studies in PPARalpha knockout mice demonstrate that the developmental effects of PFOA, but not PFOS, depend on expression of PPARalpha. This review provides an overview of PPARalpha, beta, and gamma protein and mRNA expression during mouse, rat, and human development. The review presents the results from many published studies and the information is organized by organ system and collated to show patterns of expression at comparable developmental stages for human, mouse, and rat. The features of the PPAR nuclear receptor family are introduced and what is known or inferred about their roles in development is discussed relative to insights from genetically modified mice and studies in the adult.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara D Abbott
- Reproductive Toxicology Division, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC 27711, United States.
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