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Tahir Aleem M, Munir F, Shakoor A, Ud Din Sindhu Z, Gao F. Advancement in the development of DNA vaccines against Trypanosoma brucei and future perspective. Int Immunopharmacol 2024; 140:112847. [PMID: 39088922 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2024.112847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/22/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/03/2024]
Abstract
Trypanosomes are the extracellular protozoan parasites that cause human African trypanosomiasis disease in humans and nagana disease in animals. Tsetse flies act as a vector for the transmission of the disease in African countries. Animals infected with these parasites become useless or workless, and if not treated, disease can be fatal. There are many side effects associated with old treatments and some of them result in death in 5% of cases. There is a major surface glycoprotein in the parasite known as variant surface glycoprotein. The immune system of the host develops antibodies against this antigen but due to antigenic variation, parasites evade the immune response. Currently, no vaccine is available that provides complete protection. In murine models, only partial protection was observed using certain antigens. In order to develop vaccines against trypanosomes, molecular biology and immunology tools have been used. Immunization is the sole method for the control of disease because the eradication of the vector from endemic areas is an impossible task. Genetic vaccines can carry multiple genes encoding different antigens of the same parasite or different parasites. DNA immunization induces the activation of both cellular immune response and humoral immune response along with the generation of memory. This review highlights the importance of DNA vaccines and advances in the development of DNA vaccines against T. brucei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Tahir Aleem
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China; Center for Gene Regulation in Health and Disease, Department of Biological, Geological, and Environmental Sciences, College of Sciences and Health Professions, Cleveland State University, Cleveland, OH 44115, USA.
| | - Furqan Munir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Amna Shakoor
- Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 9, 38040, Pakistan
| | - Zia Ud Din Sindhu
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad 38040, Pakistan
| | - Fenfei Gao
- Department of Pharmacology, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515041, China.
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Wendo JK, Mbaria JM, Nyariki JN, Isaac AO. Ginkgo biloba attenuated detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense in mice treated with melarsoprol. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2024; 18:e0012103. [PMID: 38620045 PMCID: PMC11045140 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0012103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The severe late stage Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) caused by Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense (T.b.r) is characterized by damage to the blood brain barrier, severe brain inflammation, oxidative stress and organ damage. Melarsoprol (MelB) is currently the only treatment available for this disease. MelB use is limited by its lethal neurotoxicity due to post-treatment reactive encephalopathy. This study sought to assess the potential of Ginkgo biloba (GB), a potent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant, to protect the integrity of the blood brain barrier and ameliorate detrimental inflammatory and oxidative events due to T.b.r in mice treated with MelB. METHODOLOGY Group one constituted the control; group two was infected with T.b.r; group three was infected with T.b.r and treated with 2.2 mg/kg melarsoprol for 10 days; group four was infected with T.b.r and administered with GB 80 mg/kg for 30 days; group five was given GB 80mg/kg for two weeks before infection with T.b.r, and continued thereafter and group six was infected with T.b.r, administered with GB and treated with MelB. RESULTS Co-administration of MelB and GB improved the survival rate of infected mice. When administered separately, MelB and GB protected the integrity of the blood brain barrier and improved neurological function in infected mice. Furthermore, the administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced microcytic hypochromic anaemia and thrombocytopenia, as well as T.b.r-driven downregulation of total WBCs. Glutathione analysis showed that co-administration of MelB and GB prevented T.b.r-induced oxidative stress in the brain, spleen, heart and lungs. Notably, GB averted peroxidation and oxidant damage by ameliorating T.b.r and MelB-driven elevation of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the brain, kidney and liver. In fact, the co-administered group for the liver, registered the lowest MDA levels for infected mice. T.b.r-driven elevation of serum TNF-α, IFN-γ, uric acid and urea was abrogated by MelB and GB. Co-administration of MelB and GB was most effective in stabilizing TNFα levels. GB attenuated T.b.r and MelB-driven up-regulation of nitrite. CONCLUSION Utilization of GB as an adjuvant therapy may ameliorate detrimental effects caused by T.b.r infection and MelB toxicity during late stage HAT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janet Khatenje Wendo
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - James Mucunu Mbaria
- The University of Nairobi, Department of Public Health, Pharmacology and Toxicology, Kangemi (Nairobi), Kenya
| | - James Nyabuga Nyariki
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Alfred Orina Isaac
- The Technical University of Kenya, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya
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Chauhan R, Tiwari M, Chaudhary A, Sharan Thakur R, Pande V, Das J. Chemokines: A key driver for inflammation in protozoan infection. Int Rev Immunol 2023; 43:211-228. [PMID: 37980574 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2023.2281566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 11/21/2023]
Abstract
Chemokines belong to the group of small proteins within the cytokine family having strong chemo-attractant properties. In most cases, the strong immuno-modulatory role of chemokines is crucial for generating the immune response against pathogens in various protozoan diseases. In this review, we have given a brief update on the classification, characterization, homeostasis, transcellular migration, and immuno-modulatory role of chemokines. Here we will evaluate the potential role of chemokines and their regulation in various protozoan diseases. There is a significant direct relationship between parasitic infection and the recruitment of effector cells of the immune response. Chemokines play an indispensable role in mediating several defense mechanisms against infection, such as leukocyte recruitment and the generation of innate and cell-mediated immunity that aids in controlling/eliminating the pathogen. This process is controlled by the chemotactic movement of chemokines induced as a primary host immune response. We have also addressed that chemokine expressions during infection are time-dependent and orchestrated in a systematic pattern that ultimately assists in generating a protective immune response. Taken together, this review provides a systematic understanding of the complexity of chemokines profiles during protozoan disease conditions and the rationale of targeting chemokines for the development of therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rubika Chauhan
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Mrinalini Tiwari
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Amrendra Chaudhary
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Reva Sharan Thakur
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
| | - Veena Pande
- Biotechnology Department, Kumaun University, Nainital, India
| | - Jyoti Das
- Parasite-Host Biology, National Institute of Malaria Research, Dwarka, New Delhi, India
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Infection and Immunity. Clin Immunol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-818006-8.00007-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Silva J, Silva B, Silva L, Queiroz W, Coelho M, Silva B, Marcusso P, Baêta B, Machado RZ. First detection of Trypanosoma vivax in dairy cattle from the northwest region of Minas Gerais, Brazil. ARQ BRAS MED VET ZOO 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1678-4162-12791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- J.B. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - B.M. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - L.T. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - W.C.C. Queiroz
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - M.R. Coelho
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | - B.T. Silva
- Universidade Federal do Vale do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brazil
| | | | - B.A. Baêta
- Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Dias-Guerreiro T, Palma-Marques J, Mourata-Gonçalves P, Alexandre-Pires G, Valério-Bolas A, Gabriel Á, Nunes T, Antunes W, da Fonseca IP, Sousa-Silva M, Santos-Gomes G. African Trypanosomiasis: Extracellular Vesicles Shed by Trypanosoma brucei brucei Manipulate Host Mononuclear Cells. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9081056. [PMID: 34440259 PMCID: PMC8394715 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9081056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/13/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis or sleeping sickness is a zoonotic disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei, a protozoan parasite transmitted by Glossina spp. (tsetse fly). Parasite introduction into mammal hosts triggers a succession of events, involving both innate and adaptive immunity. Macrophages (MΦ) have a key role in innate defence since they are antigen-presenting cells and have a microbicidal function essential for trypanosome clearance. Adaptive immune defence is carried out by lymphocytes, especially by T cells that promote an integrated immune response. Like mammal cells, T. b. brucei parasites release extracellular vesicles (TbEVs), which carry macromolecules that can be transferred to host cells, transmitting biological information able to manipulate cell immune response. However, the exact role of TbEVs in host immune response remains poorly understood. Thus, the current study examined the effect elicited by TbEVs on MΦ and T lymphocytes. A combined approach of microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, multiparametric flow cytometry, colourimetric assays and detailed statistical analyses were used to evaluate the influence of TbEVs in mouse mononuclear cells. It was shown that TbEVs can establish direct communication with cells of innate and adaptative immunity. TbEVs induce the differentiation of both M1- and M2-MΦ and elicit the expansion of MHCI+, MHCII+ and MHCI+MHCII+ MΦ subpopulations. In T lymphocytes, TbEVs drive the overexpression of cell-surface CD3 and the nuclear factor FoxP3, which lead to the differentiation of regulatory CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Moreover, this study indicates that T. b. brucei and TbEVs seem to display opposite but complementary effects in the host, establishing a balance between parasite growth and controlled immune response, at least during the early phase of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Dias-Guerreiro
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Joana Palma-Marques
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Patrícia Mourata-Gonçalves
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Graça Alexandre-Pires
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.A.-P.); (I.P.d.F.)
| | - Ana Valério-Bolas
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Áurea Gabriel
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
| | - Telmo Nunes
- Microscopy Center, Faculty of Sciences, University of Lisbon, Campo Grande, 1749-016 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Wilson Antunes
- Unidade Militar Laboratorial de Defesa Biológica e Química (UMLDBQ), Laboratório de Imagem Nano-Morfológica e Espectroscopia de Raios-X, 1100-471 Lisboa, Portugal;
| | - Isabel Pereira da Fonseca
- Centro de Investigação Interdisciplinar em Sanidade Animal, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade de Lisboa, 1300-477 Lisboa, Portugal; (G.A.-P.); (I.P.d.F.)
| | - Marcelo Sousa-Silva
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Analises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59078-970, Brazil
| | - Gabriela Santos-Gomes
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine (GHTM), Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT), Universidade Nova de Lisboa (UNL), 1349-008 Lisboa, Portugal; (T.D.-G.); (J.P.-M.); (P.M.-G.); (A.V.-B.); (Á.G.); (M.S.-S.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +351-21-365-26-00; Fax: +351-21-363-21-05
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Agina OA, Cheah KT, Sayuti NSA, Shaari MR, Isa NMM, Ajat M, Zamri-Saad M, Mazlan M, Hamzah H. High Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony Stimulating Factor to Interleukin 10 Ratio and Marked Antioxidant Enzyme Activities Predominate in Symptomatic Cattle Naturally Infected with Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos, Theileria orientalis, Theileria sinensis and Trypanosoma evansi. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11082235. [PMID: 34438696 PMCID: PMC8388426 DOI: 10.3390/ani11082235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to measure the serum proinflammatory (IL-12, GM-CSF & IFN-γ) to anti-inflammatory (IL-10, IL-4) cytokine ratio, oxidant (MDA) level and antioxidant enzyme (SOD; GPx) activities after blood parasite infections. The blood and serum samples were obtained from 130 cattle and screened for identity of the infecting blood parasites by conventional PCR. The following blood parasite species were detected: Candidatus Mycoplasma haemobos (70/130); Theileria orientalis (65/130); Theileria sinensis (32/130); Anaplasma marginale (49/130); Anaplasma platys (7/130); and Trypanosoma evansi (4/130). The GM-CSF/IL-10 ratio showed significantly higher values in all the symptomatic blood parasite infected cattle groups except for symptomatic A. platys infected cattle groups. Anti-inflammatory cytokine immune responses were notable findings in symptomatic and asymptomatic cattle infected with C. M. haemobos and T. orientalis characterized by low serum IL-12:IL-10, IFN-γ:IL-10, IL-12:IL-4 and IFN-γ:IL-4 (p < 0.05). Therefore, high serum GM-CSF:IL:10 in the symptomatic blood parasite infected cattle, low serum IL-12:IL-10, IFN-γ:IL-10, IL-12:IL-4 and IFN-γ:IL-4 ratios in asymptomatic cattle, high MDA level, and increased antioxidant enzyme activities could be useful predictive tools for outcome of natural blood parasite infections in cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Onyinyechukwu Ada Agina
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.T.C.); (N.S.A.S.); (N.M.M.I.); (M.M.)
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Nigeria, Nsukka 410001, Nigeria
- Correspondence: (O.A.A.); (H.H.); Tel.: +234-70-3901-0464 (O.A.A.); +60-19-2846-897 (H.H.)
| | - Kim Tho Cheah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.T.C.); (N.S.A.S.); (N.M.M.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Nurul Syahirah Ahmad Sayuti
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.T.C.); (N.S.A.S.); (N.M.M.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Mohd Rosly Shaari
- Animal Science Research Centre, Malaysian Agricultural Research and Development Institute, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Nur Mahiza Md Isa
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.T.C.); (N.S.A.S.); (N.M.M.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Mokrish Ajat
- Department of Pre-Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mohd Zamri-Saad
- Centre for Ruminant Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia;
| | - Mazlina Mazlan
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.T.C.); (N.S.A.S.); (N.M.M.I.); (M.M.)
| | - Hazilawati Hamzah
- Department of Veterinary Pathology and Microbiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang 43400, Malaysia; (K.T.C.); (N.S.A.S.); (N.M.M.I.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (O.A.A.); (H.H.); Tel.: +234-70-3901-0464 (O.A.A.); +60-19-2846-897 (H.H.)
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Jurecka P, Wiegertjes GF, Dietrich M, Forlenza M, Kamińska-Gibas T, Pilarczyk A, Savelkoul HFJ, Ciereszko A, Irnazarow I. Differences in growth of Trypanoplasma borreli in carp serum is dependent on transferrin genotype. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2021; 114:58-64. [PMID: 33864945 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2021.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Kinetoplastid parasites require transferrin (Tf), being the main source of iron, for growth and multiplication. This group of parasites developed a unique receptor-mediated system for acquiring host Tf which bears no structural homology with the host transferrin receptor. Trypanoplasma borreli, a blood parasite of common carp, probably uses a similar mechanism to sequester iron from host transferrin. In this study, we demonstrate a critical role of Tf for parasite growth. For in vitro studies we isolated and purified Tf from carp homozygous for the D or G allele of Tf. We obtained Tf-depleted serum using specific antibodies to carp Tf and studied gene expression in vivo during T. borreli infection with Real Time-quantitative PCR. We demonstrate that T. borreli cannot survive in medium supplemented with Tf-depleted serum while reconstitution with Tf restores normal growth. The critical role of Tf for parasite survival was shown in incomplete medium (medium without serum): addition of purified Tf significantly increased parasite survival. We also demonstrate that Tf polymorphism has a significant impact on T. borreli multiplication. Cultured parasites die more quickly in an environment containing D-typed Tf, as compared to medium with G-typed Tf. Gene expression during T. borreli infection in carp did not show an acute phase response. We could, however, observe an increased transcription of Tf in the head kidney, which may be associated with an immunological function of the Tf protein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrycja Jurecka
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Geert F Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708WD, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Mariola Dietrich
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Maria Forlenza
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708WD, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Teresa Kamińska-Gibas
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Andrzej Pilarczyk
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland
| | - Huub F J Savelkoul
- Cell Biology & Immunology Group, Department of Animal Science, Wageningen University & Research, De Elst 1, 6708WD, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Andrzej Ciereszko
- Department of Gamete and Embryo Biology, Institute of Animal Reproduction and Food Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Tuwima 10, 10-748, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Ilgiz Irnazarow
- Polish Academy of Sciences, Institute of Ichthyobiology and Aquaculture in Gołysz, Zaborze, 43-520, Chybie, Poland.
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Souza KM, Mendes IC, Dall'Igna DM, Repolês BM, Resende BC, Moreira RS, Miletti LC, Machado CR, Vogel CIG. Bioinformatics and expression analysis of the Xeroderma Pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) of Trypanosoma evansi in Trypanosoma cruzi cells. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e243910. [PMID: 34190757 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.243910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Nucleotide excision repair (NER) acts repairing damages in DNA, such as lesions caused by cisplatin. Xeroderma Pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) protein is involved in recognition of global genome DNA damages during NER (GG-NER) and it has been studied in different organisms due to its importance in other cellular processes. In this work, we studied NER proteins in Trypanosoma cruzi and Trypanosoma evansi, parasites of humans and animals respectively. We performed three-dimensional models of XPC proteins from T. cruzi and T. evansi and observed few structural differences between these proteins. In our tests, insertion of XPC gene from T. evansi (TevXPC) in T. cruzi resulted in slower cell growth under normal conditions. After cisplatin treatment, T. cruzi overexpressing its own XPC gene (TcXPC) was able to recover cell division rates faster than T. cruzi expressing TevXPC gene. Based on these tests, it is suggested that TevXPC (being an exogenous protein in T. cruzi) interferes negatively in cellular processes where TcXPC (the endogenous protein) is involved. This probably occurred due interaction of TevXPC with some endogenous molecules or proteins from T.cruzi but incapacity of interaction with others. This reinforces the importance of correctly XPC functioning within the cell.
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Souza
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Lages, SC, Brasil
| | - I C Mendes
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - D M Dall'Igna
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Lages, SC, Brasil.,Universidade do Planalto Catarinense, Lages, SC, Brasil
| | - B M Repolês
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - B C Resende
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - R S Moreira
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Lages, SC, Brasil.,Instituto Federal de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Ensino, Pesquisa e Extensão, Lages, SC, Brasil
| | - L C Miletti
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Lages, SC, Brasil
| | - C R Machado
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Bioquímica e Imunologia, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brasil
| | - C I G Vogel
- Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, Departamento de Produção Animal e Alimentos, Lages, SC, Brasil
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Kasozi KI, Zirintunda G, Ssempijja F, Buyinza B, Alzahrani KJ, Matama K, Nakimbugwe HN, Alkazmi L, Onanyang D, Bogere P, Ochieng JJ, Islam S, Matovu W, Nalumenya DP, Batiha GES, Osuwat LO, Abdelhamid M, Shen T, Omadang L, Welburn SC. Epidemiology of Trypanosomiasis in Wildlife-Implications for Humans at the Wildlife Interface in Africa. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:621699. [PMID: 34222391 PMCID: PMC8248802 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.621699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
While both human and animal trypanosomiasis continue to present as major human and animal public health constraints globally, detailed analyses of trypanosome wildlife reservoir hosts remain sparse. African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT) affects both livestock and wildlife carrying a significant risk of spillover and cross-transmission of species and strains between populations. Increased human activity together with pressure on land resources is increasing wildlife–livestock–human infections. Increasing proximity between human settlements and grazing lands to wildlife reserves and game parks only serves to exacerbate zoonotic risk. Communities living and maintaining livestock on the fringes of wildlife-rich ecosystems require to have in place methods of vector control for prevention of AAT transmission and for the treatment of their livestock. Major Trypanosoma spp. include Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, and Trypanosoma cruzi, pathogenic for humans, and Trypanosoma vivax, Trypanosoma congolense, Trypanosoma evansi, Trypanosoma brucei brucei, Trypanosoma dionisii, Trypanosoma thomasbancrofti, Trypanosma elephantis, Trypanosoma vegrandis, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma irwini, Trypanosoma copemani, Trypanosoma gilletti, Trypanosoma theileri, Trypanosoma godfreyi, Trypansoma simiae, and Trypanosoma (Megatrypanum) pestanai. Wildlife hosts for the trypansomatidae include subfamilies of Bovinae, Suidae, Pantherinae, Equidae, Alcephinae, Cercopithecinae, Crocodilinae, Pteropodidae, Peramelidae, Sigmodontidae, and Meliphagidae. Wildlife species are generally considered tolerant to trypanosome infection following centuries of coexistence of vectors and wildlife hosts. Tolerance is influenced by age, sex, species, and physiological condition and parasite challenge. Cyclic transmission through Glossina species occurs for T. congolense, T. simiae, T. vivax, T. brucei, and T. b. rhodesiense, T. b. gambiense, and within Reduviid bugs for T. cruzi. T. evansi is mechanically transmitted, and T. vixax is also commonly transmitted by biting flies including tsetse. Wildlife animal species serve as long-term reservoirs of infection, but the delicate acquired balance between trypanotolerance and trypanosome challenge can be disrupted by an increase in challenge and/or the introduction of new more virulent species into the ecosystem. There is a need to protect wildlife, animal, and human populations from the infectious consequences of encroachment to preserve and protect these populations. In this review, we explore the ecology and epidemiology of Trypanosoma spp. in wildlife.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keneth Iceland Kasozi
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.,School of Medicine, Kabale University, Kabale, Uganda
| | - Gerald Zirintunda
- Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University Arapai Campus, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Fred Ssempijja
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Bridget Buyinza
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Khalid J Alzahrani
- Department of Clinical Laboratories Sciences, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kevin Matama
- School of Pharmacy, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Helen N Nakimbugwe
- Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University Arapai Campus, Soroti, Uganda.,Department of Agriculture, Faculty of Vocational Studies, Kyambogo University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Luay Alkazmi
- Biology Department, Faculty of Applied Sciences, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - David Onanyang
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Gulu University, Gulu, Uganda
| | - Paul Bogere
- Faculty of Agriculture and Environmental Science, Muni University, Arua, Uganda
| | - Juma John Ochieng
- Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Kampala International University Western Campus, Bushenyi, Uganda
| | - Saher Islam
- Department of Biotechnology, Lahore College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Wycliff Matovu
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David Paul Nalumenya
- College of Veterinary Medicine Animal Resources and Biosecurity, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Gaber El-Saber Batiha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Egypt
| | | | - Mahmoud Abdelhamid
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Aswan University, Aswan, Egypt
| | - Tianren Shen
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
| | - Leonard Omadang
- Department of Animal Production and Management, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Sciences, Busitema University Arapai Campus, Soroti, Uganda
| | - Susan Christina Welburn
- Infection Medicine, Deanery of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine and Veterinary Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Scotland, United Kingdom.,Zhejiang University-University of Edinburgh Institute, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Haining, China
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11
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Narita K, Suganuma K, Murata T, Kondo R, Satoh H, Watanabe K, Sasaki K, Inoue N, Yoshimura Y. Synthesis and evaluation of trypanocidal activity of derivatives of naturally occurring 2,5-diphenyloxazoles. Bioorg Med Chem 2021; 42:116253. [PMID: 34130218 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2021.116253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
African trypanosomiasis is a zoonotic protozoan disease affecting the nervous system. Various natural products reportedly exhibit trypanocidal activity. Naturally occurring 2,5-diphenyloxazoles present in Oxytropis lanata, and their derivatives, were synthesized. The trypanocidal activities of the synthesized compounds were evaluated against Trypanosoma brucei brucei, T. b. gambiense, T. b. rhodesiense, T. congolense, and T. evansi. Natural product 1 exhibited trypanocidal activity against all the species/subspecies of trypanosomes, exhibiting half-maximal inhibitory concentrations (IC50) of 1.1-13.5 μM. Modification of the oxazole core improved the trypanocidal activity. The 1,3,4-oxadiazole (7) and 2,4-diphenyloxazole (9) analogs exhibited potency superior to that of 1. However, these compounds exhibited cytotoxicity in Madin-Darby bovine kidney cells. The O-methylated analog of 1 (12) was non-cytotoxic and exhibited selective trypanocidal activity against T. congolense (IC50 = 0.78 µM). Structure-activity relationship studies of the 2,5-diphenyloxazole analogs revealed aspects of the molecular structure critical for maintaining selective trypanocidal activity against T. congolense.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koichi Narita
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan.
| | - Keisuke Suganuma
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Murata
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Ryutaro Kondo
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Hiroka Satoh
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Watanabe
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Kenroh Sasaki
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
| | - Noboru Inoue
- National Research Center for Protozoan Diseases, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
| | - Yuichi Yoshimura
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku Medical and Pharmaceutical University, 4-4-1 Komatsushima, Aoba-ku, Sendai 981-8558, Japan
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12
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Ayawa NG, Ramon-Yusuf SB, Wada YA, Oniye SJ, Shehu DM. Toxicity study and anti-trypanosomal activities of aqueous and methanol whole plant extracts of Brillantaisia owariensis on Trypanosoma brucei-induced infection in BALB/c mice. CLINICAL PHYTOSCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s40816-021-00267-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The problem of drug resistance and toxicity in trypanosomiasis is ever-increasing, thereby creating a need to search for efficacious and safer alternatives that are of plant origin. We designed the present study to assess the oral acute toxicity, and anti-trypanosomal activity of Brillantaisia owariensis in mice.
Methods
Fifty-eight BALB/c mice were used for this study. For toxicity assessment, eighteen mice were divided into two groups of nine mice each, and acute single oral administration of the aqueous and methanol whole plant extracts of B. owariensis was assessed for each group as per Lorke’s method. Mice were observed for signs of toxicity of liver and kidney organs after two weeks of oral administration. For the anti-trypanosomal activity, forty mice were divided into eight groups of five mice. Mouse in each group was inoculated with 0.1 mL containing106T. brucei /mL. Following patency of 3 days, mice were treated at different dosages of methanol and aqueous extracts. Pre-infection, post-infection, and post-treatment data for rectal temperature, body weight, parasiteamia level, packed cell volume, and daily survival were monitored.
Results
The acute oral toxicity studies (LD50) for methanol and aqueous plant extracts in this study were calculated as 3535 mg/kg/body weight, and are non-toxic. No obvious histopathologic observation in the liver and kidney tissues. The mean daily rectal temperature and mean weights of all the treated mice were restored to normal values and significant (P, 0.05) in comparison to the positive control.
Parasitaemia clearance by both extracts was suppressive. The mean PCV values were significantly increased following treatment, and there was prolonged survival especially in mice treated with methanol extracts.
Conclusion
The study concludes that the extracts of B. owariensis are relatively non-toxic with a good safety margin when administered to mice orally. Crude methanol extract exhibited better suppressive and haematinic antitrypanosomal activities than the aqueous extract, and it has a promising effect by its ability to reduce anaemia in mice challenged with T. brucei brucei, and prolonged survival.
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13
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Alfituri OA, Quintana JF, MacLeod A, Garside P, Benson RA, Brewer JM, Mabbott NA, Morrison LJ, Capewell P. To the Skin and Beyond: The Immune Response to African Trypanosomes as They Enter and Exit the Vertebrate Host. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1250. [PMID: 32595652 PMCID: PMC7304505 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
African trypanosomes are single-celled extracellular protozoan parasites transmitted by tsetse fly vectors across sub-Saharan Africa, causing serious disease in both humans and animals. Mammalian infections begin when the tsetse fly penetrates the skin in order to take a blood meal, depositing trypanosomes into the dermal layer. Similarly, onward transmission occurs when differentiated and insect pre-adapted forms are ingested by the fly during a blood meal. Between these transmission steps, trypanosomes access the systemic circulation of the vertebrate host via the skin-draining lymph nodes, disseminating into multiple tissues and organs, and establishing chronic, and long-lasting infections. However, most studies of the immunobiology of African trypanosomes have been conducted under experimental conditions that bypass the skin as a route for systemic dissemination (typically via intraperitoneal or intravenous routes). Therefore, the importance of these initial interactions between trypanosomes and the skin at the site of initial infection, and the implications for these processes in infection establishment, have largely been overlooked. Recent studies have also demonstrated active and complex interactions between the mammalian host and trypanosomes in the skin during initial infection and revealed the skin as an overlooked anatomical reservoir for transmission. This highlights the importance of this organ when investigating the biology of trypanosome infections and the associated immune responses at the initial site of infection. Here, we review the mechanisms involved in establishing African trypanosome infections and potential of the skin as a reservoir, the role of innate immune cells in the skin during initial infection, and the subsequent immune interactions as the parasites migrate from the skin. We suggest that a thorough identification of the mechanisms involved in establishing African trypanosome infections in the skin and their progression through the host is essential for the development of novel approaches to interrupt disease transmission and control these important diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omar A. Alfituri
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Juan F. Quintana
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Annette MacLeod
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Garside
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Robert A. Benson
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James M. Brewer
- Wellcome Centre for Integrative Parasitology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Neil A. Mabbott
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Liam J. Morrison
- Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Capewell
- College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
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14
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Screening for Small Molecule Modulators of Trypanosoma brucei Hsp70 Chaperone Activity Based upon Alcyonarian Coral-Derived Natural Products. Mar Drugs 2020; 18:md18020081. [PMID: 32012664 PMCID: PMC7074166 DOI: 10.3390/md18020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Trypanosoma brucei Hsp70/J-protein machinery plays an essential role in survival, differentiation, and pathogenesis of the protozoan parasite, and is an emerging target against African Trypanosomiasis. This study evaluated a set of small molecules, inspired by the malonganenones and nuttingins, as modulators of the chaperone activity of the cytosolic heat inducible T. brucei Hsp70 and constitutive TbHsp70.4 proteins. The compounds were assessed for cytotoxicity on both the bloodstream form of T. b. brucei parasites and a mammalian cell line. The compounds were then investigated for their modulatory effect on the aggregation suppression and ATPase activities of the TbHsp70 proteins. A structure-activity relationship for the malonganenone-class of alkaloids is proposed based upon these results.
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15
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Onyilagha C, Uzonna JE. Host Immune Responses and Immune Evasion Strategies in African Trypanosomiasis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2738. [PMID: 31824512 PMCID: PMC6883386 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 11/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasites, including African trypanosomes, utilize several immune evasion strategies to ensure their survival and completion of their life cycles within their hosts. The defense factors activated by the host to resolve inflammation and restore homeostasis during active infection could be exploited and/or manipulated by the parasites in an attempt to ensure their survival and propagation. This often results in the parasites evading the host immune responses as well as the host sustaining some self-inflicted collateral tissue damage. During infection with African trypanosomes, both effector and suppressor cells are activated and the balance between these opposing arms of immunity determines susceptibility or resistance of infected host to the parasites. Immune evasion by the parasites could be directly related to parasite factors, (e.g., antigenic variation), or indirectly through the induction of suppressor cells following infection. Several cell types, including suppressive macrophages, myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs), and regulatory T cells have been shown to contribute to immunosuppression in African trypanosomiasis. In this review, we discuss the key factors that contribute to immunity and immunosuppression during T. congolense infection, and how these factors could aid immune evasion by African trypanosomes. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms that influence resistance and/or susceptibility during African trypanosomiasis could be beneficial in designing effective vaccination and therapeutic strategies against the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Jude Ezeh Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
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16
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Horáková E, Faktorová D, Kraeva N, Kaur B, Van Den Abbeele J, Yurchenko V, Lukeš J. Catalase compromises the development of the insect and mammalian stages of Trypanosoma brucei. FEBS J 2019; 287:964-977. [PMID: 31593329 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Catalase is a widespread heme-containing enzyme, which converts hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) to water and molecular oxygen, thereby protecting cells from the toxic effects of H2 O2 . Trypanosoma brucei is an aerobic protist, which conspicuously lacks this potent enzyme, present in virtually all organisms exposed to oxidative stress. To uncover the reasons for its absence in T. brucei, we overexpressed different catalases in procyclic and bloodstream stages of the parasite. The heterologous enzymes originated from the related insect-confined trypanosomatid Crithidia fasciculata and the human. While the trypanosomatid enzyme (cCAT) operates at low temperatures, its human homolog (hCAT) is adapted to the warm-blooded environment. Despite the presence of peroxisomal targeting signal in hCAT, both human and C. fasciculata catalases localized to the cytosol of T. brucei. Even though cCAT was efficiently expressed in both life cycle stages, the enzyme was active in the procyclic stage, increasing cell's resistance to the H2 O2 stress, yet its activity was suppressed in the cultured bloodstream stage. Surprisingly, following the expression of hCAT, the ability to establish the T. brucei infection in the tsetse fly midgut was compromised. In the mouse model, hCAT attenuated parasitemia and, consequently, increased the host's survival. Hence, we suggest that the activity of catalase in T. brucei is beneficial in vitro, yet it becomes detrimental for parasite's proliferation in both invertebrate and vertebrate hosts, leading to an inability to carry this, otherwise omnipresent, enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Horáková
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Drahomíra Faktorová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Natalia Kraeva
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Binnypreet Kaur
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
| | - Jan Van Den Abbeele
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Vyacheslav Yurchenko
- Life Science Research Centre, Faculty of Science, University of Ostrava, Czech Republic.,Martsinovsky Institute of Medical Parasitology, Tropical and Vector Borne Diseases, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Julius Lukeš
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology Centre, Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice (Budweis), Czech Republic
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17
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Kariuki CK, Stijlemans B, Magez S. The Trypanosomal Transferrin Receptor of Trypanosoma Brucei-A Review. Trop Med Infect Dis 2019; 4:tropicalmed4040126. [PMID: 31581506 PMCID: PMC6958415 DOI: 10.3390/tropicalmed4040126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron is an essential element for life. Its uptake and utility requires a careful balancing with its toxic capacity, with mammals evolving a safe and bio-viable means of its transport and storage. This transport and storage is also utilized as part of the iron-sequestration arsenal employed by the mammalian hosts’ ‘nutritional immunity’ against parasites. Interestingly, a key element of iron transport, i.e., serum transferrin (Tf), is an essential growth factor for parasitic haemo-protozoans of the genus Trypanosoma. These are major mammalian parasites causing the diseases human African trypanosomosis (HAT) and animal trypanosomosis (AT). Using components of their well-characterized immune evasion system, bloodstream Trypanosoma brucei parasites adapt and scavenge for the mammalian host serum transferrin within their broad host range. The expression site associated genes (ESAG6 and 7) are utilized to construct a heterodimeric serum Tf binding complex which, within its niche in the flagellar pocket, and coupled to the trypanosomes’ fast endocytic rate, allows receptor-mediated acquisition of essential iron from their environment. This review summarizes current knowledge of the trypanosomal transferrin receptor (TfR), with emphasis on the structure and function of the receptor, both in physiological conditions as well as in conditions where the iron supply to parasites is being limited. Potential applications using current knowledge of the parasite receptor are also briefly discussed, primarily focused on potential therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher K. Kariuki
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Interactions (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium;
- Department of Tropical and Infectious Diseases, Institute of Primate Research (IPR), 00502 Nairobi, Kenya
- Correspondence: (C.K.K.); (S.M.); Tel.: +322-629-1975 (C.K.K.); +82-32626-4207 (S.M.)
| | - Benoit Stijlemans
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Interactions (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium;
- Myeloid Cell Immunology Lab, VIB Center for Inflammation Research, Brussels, 9052 Gent, Belgium
| | - Stefan Magez
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Interactions (CMIM), Vrije Universiteit Brussels, Brussels, 1050 Ixelles, Belgium;
- Laboratory for Biomedical Research, Ghent University Global Campus, Yeonsu-Gu, Incheon 219220, Korea
- Correspondence: (C.K.K.); (S.M.); Tel.: +322-629-1975 (C.K.K.); +82-32626-4207 (S.M.)
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18
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Onyilagha C, Kuriakose S, Ikeogu N, Kung SKP, Uzonna JE. NK Cells Are Critical for Optimal Immunity to Experimental Trypanosoma congolense Infection. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 203:964-971. [PMID: 31243088 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1900103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NK cells are key innate immune cells that play critical roles in host defense. Although NK cells have been shown to regulate immunity to some infectious diseases, their role in immunity to Trypanosoma congolense has not been investigated. NK cells are vital sources of IFN-γ and TNF-α; two key cytokines that are known to play important roles in resistance to African trypanosomes. In this article, we show that infection with T. congolense leads to increased levels of activated and functional NK cells in multiple tissue compartments. Systemic depletion of NK cells with anti-NK1.1 mAb led to increased parasitemia, which was accompanied by significant reduction in IFN-γ production by immune cells in the spleens and liver of infected mice. Strikingly, infected NFIL3-/- mice (which genetically lack NK cell development and function) on the normally resistant background were highly susceptible to T. congolense infection. These mice developed fulminating and uncontrolled parasitemia and died significantly earlier (13 ± 1 d) than their wild-type control mice (106 ± 26 d). The enhanced susceptibility of NFIL3-/- mice to infection was accompanied by significantly impaired cytokine (IFN-γ and TNF-α) response by CD3+ T cells in the spleens and liver. Adoptive transfer of NK cells into NFIL3-/- mice before infection rescued them from acute death in a perforin-dependent manner. Collectively, these studies show that NK cells are critical for optimal resistance to T. congolense, and its deficiency leads to enhanced susceptibility in infected mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chukwunonso Onyilagha
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Shiby Kuriakose
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Nnamdi Ikeogu
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Sam K P Kung
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and
| | - Jude E Uzonna
- Department of Immunology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0T5, Canada; and .,Department of Medical Microbiology, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 0J9, Canada
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19
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Moreno CJG, Temporão A, Torres T, Sousa Silva M. Trypanosoma brucei Interaction with Host: Mechanism of VSG Release as Target for Drug Discovery for African Trypanosomiasis. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20061484. [PMID: 30934540 PMCID: PMC6471236 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20061484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The protozoan Trypanosoma brucei, responsible for animal and human trypanosomiasis, has a family of major surface proteases (MSPs) and phospholipase-C (PLC), both involved in some mechanisms of virulence during mammalian infections. During parasitism in the mammalian host, this protozoan is exclusively extracellular and presents a robust mechanism of antigenic variation that allows the persistence of infection. There has been incredible progress in our understanding of how variable surface glycoproteins (VSGs) are organised and expressed, and how expression is switched, particularly through recombination. The objective of this manuscript is to create a reflection about the mechanisms of antigenic variation in T. brucei, more specifically, in the process of variable surface glycoprotein (VSG) release. We firstly explore the mechanism of VSG release as a potential pathway and target for the development of anti-T. brucei drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cláudia Jassica Gonçalves Moreno
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, Brazil.
| | - Adriana Temporão
- Instituto de Tecnologia Química e Biológica António Xavier, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 2775-412 Oeiras, Portugal.
| | - Taffarel Torres
- Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Universidade Federal Rural de Semi-árido, Mossoró 59625-900, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Sousa Silva
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Bioquímica, Centro de Biociências, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59064-741, Brazil.
- Departamento de Análises Clínicas e Toxicológicas, Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal 59012-570, Brazil.
- Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, 1349-008 Lisbon, Portugal.
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20
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Wamiti LG, Khamis FM, Abd-Alla AMM, Ombura FLO, Akutse KS, Subramanian S, Odiwuor SO, Ochieng SJ, Ekesi S, Maniania NK. Metarhizium anisopliae infection reduces Trypanosoma congolense reproduction in Glossina fuscipes fuscipes and its ability to acquire or transmit the parasite. BMC Microbiol 2018; 18:142. [PMID: 30470175 PMCID: PMC6251101 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-018-1277-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tsetse fly-borne trypanosomiasis remains a significant problem in Africa despite years of interventions and research. The need for new strategies to control and possibly eliminate trypanosomiasis cannot be over-emphasized. Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) infect their hosts through the cuticle and proliferate within the body of the host causing death in about 3–14 days depending on the concentration. During the infection process, EPF can reduce blood feeding abilities in hematophagous arthropods such as mosquitoes, tsetse flies and ticks, which may subsequently impact the development and transmission of parasites. Here, we report on the effects of infection of tsetse fly (Glossina fuscipes fuscipes) by the EPF, Metarhizium anisopliae ICIPE 30 wild-type strain (WT) and green fluorescent protein-transformed strain (GZP-1) on the ability of the flies to harbor and transmit the parasite, Trypanosoma congolense. Results Teneral flies were fed T. congolense-infected blood for 2 h and then infected using velvet carpet fabric impregnated with conidia covered inside a cylindrical plastic tube for 12 h. Control flies were fed with T. congolense-infected blood but not exposed to the fungal treatment via the carpet fabric inside a cylindrical plastic tube. Insects were dissected at 2, 3, 5 and 7 days post-fungal exposure and the density of parasites quantified. Parasite load decreased from 8.7 × 107 at day 2 to between 8.3 × 104 and 1.3 × 105 T. congolense ml− 1 at day 3 post-fungal exposure in fungus-treated (WT and GZP-1) fly groups. When T. congolense-infected flies were exposed to either fungal strain, they did not transmit the parasite to mice whereas control treatment flies remained capable of parasite transmission. Furthermore, M. anisopliae-inoculated flies which fed on T. congolense-infected mice were not able to acquire the parasites at 4 days post-fungal exposure while parasite acquisition was observed in the control treatment during the same period. Conclusions Infection of the vector G. f. fuscipes by the entomopathogenic fungus M. anisopliae negatively affected the multiplication of the parasite T. congolense in the fly and reduced the vectorial capacity to acquire or transmit the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lawrence G Wamiti
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,Mount Kenya University, P.O. Box 324-01000, Thika, Kenya
| | - Fathiya M Khamis
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Adly M M Abd-Alla
- Insect Pest Control Laboratory, Joint FAO/IAEA Division of Nuclear Techniques in Food and Agriculture, International Atomic Energy Agency, Wagramerstraße 5, A-1400, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fidelis L O Ombura
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Komivi S Akutse
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sevgan Subramanian
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | - Shem J Ochieng
- Medical Physiology Department, Kenyatta University, P.O. Box 43844-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Sunday Ekesi
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Nguya K Maniania
- International Centre of Insect Physiology and Ecology (icipe), P.O. Box 30772-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.
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21
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Bonnet J, Garcia C, Leger T, Couquet MP, Vignoles P, Vatunga G, Ndung'u J, Boudot C, Bisser S, Courtioux B. Proteome characterization in various biological fluids of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense-infected subjects. J Proteomics 2018; 196:150-161. [PMID: 30414516 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2018.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a neglected tropical disease that is endemic in sub-Saharan Africa. Control of the disease has been recently improved by better screening and treatment strategies, and the disease is on the WHO list of possible elimination. However, some physiopathological aspects of the disease transmission and progression remain unclear. We propose a new proteomic approach to identify new targets and thus possible new biomarkers of the disease. We also focused our attention on fluids classically associated with HAT (serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)) and on the more easily accessible biological fluids urine and saliva. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) established the proteomic profile of patients with early and late stage disease. The serum, CSF, urine and saliva of 3 uninfected controls, 3 early stage patients and 4 late stage patients were analyzed. Among proteins identified, in CSF, urine and saliva, respectively, 37, 8 and 24 proteins were differentially expressed and showed particular interest with regards to their function. The most promising proteins (Neogenin, Neuroserpin, secretogranin 2 in CSF; moesin in urine and intelectin 2 in saliva) were quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in a confirmatory cohort of 14 uninfected controls, 23 patients with early stage disease and 43 patients with late stage disease. The potential of two proteins, neuroserpin and moesin, with the latter present in urine, were further characterized. Our results showed the potential of proteomic analysis to discover new biomarkers and provide the basis of the establishment of a new proteomic catalogue applied to HAT-infected subjects and controls. SIGNIFICANCE: Sleeping sickness, also called Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT), is a parasitic infection caused by a parasitic protozoan, Trypanosoma brucei gambiense or T. b. rhodesiense which are transmitted via an infected tsetse fly: Glossina. For both, the haemolymphatic stage (or first stage) signs and symptoms are intermittent fever, lymphadenopathy, hepatosplenomegaly, headaches, pruritus, and for T. b. rhodesiense infection a chancre is often formed at the bite site. Meningoencephalitic stage (or second stage) occurs when parasites invade the CNS, it is characterised by neurological signs and symptoms such as altered gait, tremors, neuropathy, somnolence which can lead to coma and death if untreated. first stage of the disease is characterizing by fevers, headaches, itchiness, and joint pains and progressive lethargy corresponding to the second stage with confusion, poor coordination, numbness and trouble sleeping. Actually, diagnosing HAT requires specialized expertise and significant resources such as well-equipped health centers and qualified staff. Such resources are lacking in many endemic areas that are often in rural locales, so many individuals with HAT die before the diagnosis is established. In this study, we analysed by mass spectrometry the entire proteome of serum, CSF, urine and saliva samples from infected and non-infected Angolan individuals to define new biomarkers of the disease. This work of proteomics analysis is a preliminary stage to the characterization of the whole proteome, of these 4 biological fluids, of HAT patients. We have identified 69 new biomarkers. Five of them have been thoroughly investigated by ELISA quantification. Neuroserpine and Moesin are respectively promising new biomarkers in CSF and urine's patient for a better diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonnet
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Camille Garcia
- Jacques Monod Institute, Proteomics Facility, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France..
| | - Thibaut Leger
- Jacques Monod Institute, Proteomics Facility, University Paris Diderot Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France..
| | - Marie-Pauline Couquet
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Philippe Vignoles
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Gedeao Vatunga
- Instituto de Combate e controlo das Tripanossomiases (ICCT), Luanda, Angola.
| | - Joseph Ndung'u
- Foundation for Innovative New Diagnostics (FIND), Geneva, Switzerland.
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
| | - Sylvie Bisser
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France; Pasteur Institute in French Guiana, 23 Boulevard Pasteur, 973006, Cayenne Cedex, French Guiana.
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, School of Medicine, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, University of Limoges, INSERM UMR 1094 Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France.
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22
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Yayeh M, Dagnachew S, Tilahun M, Melaku A, Mitiku T, Yesuf M, Seyoum Z, Kefyalew H. Comparative experimental studies on Trypanosoma isolates in mice and response to diminazene aceturate and isometamidium chloride treatment. Heliyon 2018; 4:e00528. [PMID: 29560448 PMCID: PMC5857639 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2018.e00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2018] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The current study was undertaken from December 2015 to May 2016 with the aim of determining and comparing the pathogenicity and response to diminazene aceturate (DA) and isometamidium chloride (ISM) treatment in experimentally infected mice with trypanosome isolates from Jawi and Birsheleko areas of northwest Ethiopia. A total of 42 mice were used for the experiment. These mice were randomly assigned in to 7 groups of 6 mice per group. Three of the groups (Group 1, 4 and 5) were inoculated with trypanosome isolated from Jawi and three other groups (Group-2, 6 and 7) were inoculated with trypanosome isolated from Birsheleko and the remaining one group (Group 3) was negative control. Each experimental mice were received 0.3 ml of positive blood at the 105 parasites/ml from donor animals intraperitoneally while negative control group were received 0.3 ml sterile water. The mice were clinically observed daily during the study period. Parameters including level of parasitaemia, body weight, PCV and hemoglobin value were recorded once per week for ten consecutive weeks post infection. Trypanocidal treatment was given on day 21 post infection when peak parasitaemia was detected in groups (Group 4-DA-Jawi, 5-ISM-Jawi, 6-DA-BRSH and 7-ISM-BRSH). The treatment doses for DA was at 28 mg/kg and for ISM at 4 mg/kg. In all experimental groups during study period when the mice showed severe clinical signs and at the end of the experiment they were euthanized with 70% ethanol for gross and histopathological examinations. The parameters measured during the study period revealed markers leading to pathological changes in all infected groups. Parasitaemia were detected early in the Jawi isolate infected groups compared to the Birsheleko groups. All infected mice showed clear clinical manifestation of depression, weight loss, reduction in feed intake and huddled together in the corner of the cage. Significant (P < 0.05) reduction was observed in the mean PCV and hemoglobin value of s infected mice compared to the negative control. The mean PCV values of Birsheleko isolate infected group was significantly (P < 0.05) lower than Jawi isolate infected group. This study showed that treatment with either DA or ISM were unable to clear parasitaemia indicating the presence of drug resistance problems for both isolates. Relative improvement in clinical and pathological changes was observed as compared with untreated infected groups. Gross and histopathological lesions were observed in infected groups. In conclusion, the current study suggests the presence of strain difference in virulence between isolates and the drugs unable to cure infections indicating the presence of resistance problems necessitate further molecular characterization of the strains and drug resistance detection in the natural host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muluken Yayeh
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Shimelis Dagnachew
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Meseret Tilahun
- University of Gondar, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Achenef Melaku
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Tadegegn Mitiku
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Mohamed Yesuf
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Zewdu Seyoum
- University of Gondar, College of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Sciences, P. O. Box 196, Gondar, Ethiopia
| | - Habtamu Kefyalew
- Bahir Dar Animal Health and Disease Investigation Center, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
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23
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Bakari SM, Ofori JA, Kusi KA, Aning GK, Awandare GA, Carrington M, Gwira TM. Serum biochemical parameters and cytokine profiles associated with natural African trypanosome infections in cattle. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:312. [PMID: 28655350 PMCID: PMC5488482 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2255-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Animal African trypanosomiasis (AAT) greatly affects livestock production in sub-Saharan Africa. In Ghana prevalence of AAT is estimated to range between 5 and 50%. Studies have reported serum biochemical aberrations and variability in cytokine profiles in animals during infection. However, information regarding the biochemical parameters and cytokine profiles associated with natural infections are limited. This study was therefore aimed at investigating changes in the levels of serum biochemical parameters and inflammatory cytokines during a natural infection. Methods Nested internal transcribed spacer (ITS)-based PCR and sequencing were used to characterise trypanosome infection in cattle at two areas in Ghana (Adidome and Accra) of different endemicities. The cattle were sampled at four to five-week intervals over a period of six months. Levels of serum biochemical parameters, including creatinine, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatase (ALP), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin and total protein and cytokines (interleukin 10, interleukin 4, interleukin 12, interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha) were measured in serum samples and then compared between infected cattle and uninfected controls. Results The predominant trypanosome species detected in Accra (non-endemic) and Adidome (endemic) were Trypanosoma theileri and Trypanosoma vivax, respectively. Serum biochemical parameters were similar between infected and uninfected cattle in Accra. Infected cattle at Adidome however, had significantly higher levels of ALP, creatinine, total protein and total bilirubin (P < 0.05) and significantly lower levels of cholesterol (P < 0.05) at specific time points. At basal levels and during infection, significantly higher pro-inflammatory to anti-inflammatory (Th1/Th2) cytokine ratios were observed in cattle at Adidome compared to Accra (P < 0.05), indicating a shift towards Th1 immune response in Adidome. Levels of IL-10 were, however, significantly elevated in infected cattle in Accra (P < 0.05), suggesting high anti-inflammatory cytokine response in Accra. Conclusion These results suggests that cattle in an endemic area repeatedly infected with trypanosomes of different species or different antigenic types demonstrate high pro-inflammatory (Th1) immune response and biochemical alterations whereas cattle in a non-endemic area with predominantly chronic T. theileri infections demonstrate high anti-inflammatory response and no biochemical alterations. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13071-017-2255-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soale Majeed Bakari
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Jennifer Afua Ofori
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Kwadwo Asamoah Kusi
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Immunology, Noguchi Memorial Institute for Medical Research, College of Health Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - George Kwame Aning
- School of Veterinary Medicine, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Gordon Akanzuwine Awandare
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana
| | - Mark Carrington
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Theresa Manful Gwira
- West African Centre for Cell Biology of Infectious Pathogens, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana. .,Department of Biochemistry, Cell and Molecular Biology, College of Basic and Applied Sciences, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana.
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24
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Fernandes CFC, Pereira SDS, Luiz MB, Zuliani JP, Furtado GP, Stabeli RG. Camelid Single-Domain Antibodies As an Alternative to Overcome Challenges Related to the Prevention, Detection, and Control of Neglected Tropical Diseases. Front Immunol 2017. [PMID: 28649245 PMCID: PMC5465246 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Due mainly to properties such as high affinity and antigen specificity, antibodies have become important tools for biomedical research, diagnosis, and treatment of several human diseases. When the objective is to administer them for therapy, strategies are used to reduce the heterologous protein immunogenicity and to improve pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics. Size minimization contributes to ameliorate these characteristics, while preserving the antigen-antibody interaction site. Since the discovery that camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains, studies have proposed the use of single domains for biosensors, monitoring and treatment of tumors, therapies for inflammatory and neurodegenerative diseases, drug delivery, or passive immunotherapy. Despite an expected increase in antibody and related products in the pharmaceutical market over the next years, few research initiatives are related to the development of alternatives for helping to manage neglected tropical diseases (NTDs). In this review, we summarize developments of camelid single-domain antibodies (VHH) in the field of NTDs. Particular attention is given to VHH-derived products, i.e., VHHs fused to nanoparticles, constructed for the development of rapid diagnostic kits; fused to oligomeric matrix proteins for viral neutralization; and conjugated with proteins for the treatment of human parasites. Moreover, paratransgenesis technology using VHHs is an interesting approach to control parasite development in vectors. With enormous biotechnological versatility, facility and low cost for heterologous production, and greater ability to recognize different epitopes, VHHs have appeared as an opportunity to overcome challenges related to the prevention, detection, and control of human diseases, especially NTDs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Marcos B Luiz
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | - Juliana P Zuliani
- Fundação Oswaldo Cruz, Fiocruz Rondônia, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil
| | | | - Rodrigo G Stabeli
- Departamento de Medicina da Universidade Federal de Rondônia, UNIR, Porto Velho, Rondônia, Brazil.,Plataforma Bi-Institucional de Medicina Translacional (Fiocruz-USP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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25
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Winter I, Lockhauserbäumer J, Lallinger-Kube G, Schobert R, Ersfeld K, Biersack B. Anti-trypanosomal activity of cationic N -heterocyclic carbene gold(I) complexes. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2017; 214:112-120. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2016] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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26
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Kim SJ, Ka S, Ha JW, Kim J, Yoo D, Kim K, Lee HK, Lim D, Cho S, Hanotte O, Mwai OA, Dessie T, Kemp S, Oh SJ, Kim H. Cattle genome-wide analysis reveals genetic signatures in trypanotolerant N'Dama. BMC Genomics 2017; 18:371. [PMID: 28499406 PMCID: PMC5427609 DOI: 10.1186/s12864-017-3742-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Indigenous cattle in Africa have adapted to various local environments to acquire superior phenotypes that enhance their survival under harsh conditions. While many studies investigated the adaptation of overall African cattle, genetic characteristics of each breed have been poorly studied. RESULTS We performed the comparative genome-wide analysis to assess evidence for subspeciation within species at the genetic level in trypanotolerant N'Dama cattle. We analysed genetic variation patterns in N'Dama from the genomes of 101 cattle breeds including 48 samples of five indigenous African cattle breeds and 53 samples of various commercial breeds. Analysis of SNP variances between cattle breeds using wMI, XP-CLR, and XP-EHH detected genes containing N'Dama-specific genetic variants and their potential associations. Functional annotation analysis revealed that these genes are associated with ossification, neurological and immune system. Particularly, the genes involved in bone formation indicate that local adaptation of N'Dama may engage in skeletal growth as well as immune systems. CONCLUSIONS Our results imply that N'Dama might have acquired distinct genotypes associated with growth and regulation of regional diseases including trypanosomiasis. Moreover, this study offers significant insights into identifying genetic signatures for natural and artificial selection of diverse African cattle breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo-Jin Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sojeong Ka
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Woo Ha
- Clova, NAVER Corp., Seongnam, 13561, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaemin Kim
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - DongAhn Yoo
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwondo Kim
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 66414, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Division of Animal Genomics and Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 55365, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK.,International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research Institute, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Stephen Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute, Box 30709-00100, Nairobi, Kenya.,The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Sung Jong Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Wanju, 55365, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heebal Kim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,C&K Genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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27
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Kim J, Hanotte O, Mwai OA, Dessie T, Bashir S, Diallo B, Agaba M, Kim K, Kwak W, Sung S, Seo M, Jeong H, Kwon T, Taye M, Song KD, Lim D, Cho S, Lee HJ, Yoon D, Oh SJ, Kemp S, Lee HK, Kim H. The genome landscape of indigenous African cattle. Genome Biol 2017; 18:34. [PMID: 28219390 PMCID: PMC5319050 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1153-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The history of African indigenous cattle and their adaptation to environmental and human selection pressure is at the root of their remarkable diversity. Characterization of this diversity is an essential step towards understanding the genomic basis of productivity and adaptation to survival under African farming systems. RESULTS We analyze patterns of African cattle genetic variation by sequencing 48 genomes from five indigenous populations and comparing them to the genomes of 53 commercial taurine breeds. We find the highest genetic diversity among African zebu and sanga cattle. Our search for genomic regions under selection reveals signatures of selection for environmental adaptive traits. In particular, we identify signatures of selection including genes and/or pathways controlling anemia and feeding behavior in the trypanotolerant N'Dama, coat color and horn development in Ankole, and heat tolerance and tick resistance across African cattle especially in zebu breeds. CONCLUSIONS Our findings unravel at the genome-wide level, the unique adaptive diversity of African cattle while emphasizing the opportunities for sustainable improvement of livestock productivity on the continent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaemin Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Olivier Hanotte
- The University of Nottingham, School of Life Sciences, Nottingham, NG7 2RD, UK
- International Livestock Research institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Okeyo Ally Mwai
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709 -00100, Nairobi, Kenya
| | - Tadelle Dessie
- International Livestock Research institute (ILRI), P. O. Box 5689, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia
| | - Salim Bashir
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Khartoum, 13314, Khartoum North, Sudan
| | - Boubacar Diallo
- National Coordinateur RGA, Ministère Elevage - Productions Animales, B.P. 559, Conakry, Guinea
| | - Morris Agaba
- Nelson Mandela African Institution of Science and Technology, Nelson Mandela Road. P. O. Box 447, Arusha, Tanzania
| | - Kwondo Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea
| | - Woori Kwak
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Samsun Sung
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Minseok Seo
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonsoo Jeong
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Taehyung Kwon
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Mengistie Taye
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
- College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, Bahir Dar University, P. O. Box 79, Bahir Dar, Ethiopia
| | - Ki-Duk Song
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea
| | - Dajeong Lim
- Division of Animal Genomics & Bioinformatics, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Seoae Cho
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun-Jeong Lee
- Interdisciplinary Program in Bioinformatics, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-741, Republic of Korea
- Animal Nutritional & Physiology Team, National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Duhak Yoon
- Department of Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju, 742-711, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Jong Oh
- National Institute of Animal Science, RDA, Jeonju, 565-851, Republic of Korea
| | - Stephen Kemp
- International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Box 30709 -00100, Nairobi, Kenya
- The Centre for Tropical Livestock Genetics and Health, The Roslin Institute, The University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush Campus, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Hak-Kyo Lee
- The Animal Molecular Genetics and Breeding Center, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 54896, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Animal Biotechnology, Chonbuk National University, Jeonju, 561-756, Republic of Korea.
| | - Heebal Kim
- C&K genomics, Seoul National University Research Park, Seoul, 151-919, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology and Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea.
- Institute for Biomedical Sciences, Shinshu University, Nagano, Japan.
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Mallo N, DeFelipe AP, Folgueira I, Sueiro RA, Lamas J, Leiro JM. Combined antiparasitic and anti-inflammatory effects of the natural polyphenol curcumin on turbot scuticociliatosis. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2017; 40:205-217. [PMID: 27334368 DOI: 10.1111/jfd.12503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/17/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The histiophagous scuticociliate Philasterides dicentrarchi is the aetiological agent of scuticociliatosis, a parasitic disease of farmed turbot. Curcumin, a polyphenol from Curcuma longa (turmeric), is known to have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. We investigated the in vitro effects of curcumin on the growth of P. dicentrarchi and on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in turbot leucocytes activated by parasite cysteine proteases. At 100 μm, curcumin had a cytotoxic effect and completely inhibited the growth of the parasite. At 50 μm, curcumin inhibited the protease activity of the parasite and expression of genes encoding two virulence-associated proteases: leishmanolysin-like peptidase and cathepsin L-like. At concentrations between 25 and 50 μm, curcumin inhibited the expression of S-adenosyl-L-homocysteine hydrolase, an enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of the amino acids methionine and cysteine. At 100 μm, curcumin inhibited the expression of the cytokines tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β) produced in turbot leucocytes activated by parasite proteases. Results show that curcumin has a dual effect on scuticociliatosis: an antiparasitic effect on the catabolism and anabolism of ciliate proteins, and an anti-inflammatory effect that inhibits the production of proinflammatory cytokines in the host. The present findings suggest the potential usefulness of this polyphenol in treating scuticociliatosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Mallo
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - A P DeFelipe
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - I Folgueira
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - R A Sueiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J Lamas
- Departamento de Biología Celular y Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Instituto de Acuicultura, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - J M Leiro
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, Instituto de Investigación y Análisis Alimentarios, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Karaaslan C, Kaiser M, Brun R, Göker H. Synthesis and potent antiprotozoal activity of mono/di amidino 2-anilinobenzimidazoles versus Plasmodium falciparum and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4038-4044. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/23/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Bonnet J, Boudot C, Courtioux B. Overview of the Diagnostic Methods Used in the Field for Human African Trypanosomiasis: What Could Change in the Next Years? BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:583262. [PMID: 26504815 PMCID: PMC4609347 DOI: 10.1155/2015/583262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sleeping sickness is a parasitic infection caused by two species of trypanosomes (Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and rhodesiense), transmitted by the tsetse fly. The disease eventually affects the central nervous system, resulting in severe neurological symptoms. Without treatment, death is inevitable. During the first stage of the disease, infected patients are mildly symptomatic and early detection of infection allows safer treatment (administered on an outpatient basis) which can avoid death; routine screening of the exposed population is necessary, especially in areas of high endemicity. The current therapeutic treatment of this disease, especially in stage 2, can cause complications and requires a clinical surveillance for several days. A good stage diagnosis of the disease is the cornerstone for delivering the adequate treatment. The task faced by the medical personnel is further complicated by the lack of support from local health infrastructure, which is at best weak, but often nonexistent. Therefore it is crucial to look for new more efficient technics for the diagnosis of stage which are also best suited to use in the field, in areas not possessing high-level health facilities. This review, after an overview of the disease, summarizes the current diagnosis procedures and presents the advances in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julien Bonnet
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Université de Limoges, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Clotilde Boudot
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Université de Limoges, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
| | - Bertrand Courtioux
- INSERM, U1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Limoges, France
- UMR_S 1094, Tropical Neuroepidemiology, Institute of Neuroepidemiology and Tropical Neurology, Université de Limoges, CNRS FR 3503 GEIST, 87000 Limoges, France
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Kumar P, Kumar R, Manuja BK, Singha H, Sharma A, Virmani N, Yadav SC, Manuja A. CpG-ODN Class C Mediated Immunostimulation in Rabbit Model of Trypanosoma evansi Infection. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0127437. [PMID: 26039713 PMCID: PMC4454682 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0127437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
CpG oligodeoxynucleotides (CpG-ODN) stimulate immune cells from a wide spectrum of mammalian species. Class C CpG-ODN is relatively stable and has the combined immune effects of both A and B classes of CpG-ODN. Trypanosoma evansi produces the state of immuno-suppression in the infected hosts. The current chemotherapeutic agents against this parasite are limited in number and usually associated with severe side effects. The present work aimed to determine the immunostimulatory effects of CpG-ODN class C in T. evansi infected rabbits. Rabbits inoculated with CpG C and challenged with T. evansi resulted in delayed onset of clinical signs with reduced severity in comparison to that of T. evansi infected rabbits. The treatment also enhanced humoral immune responses. Histopathological findings in liver and spleen revealed enhancement of mononuclear cell infiltration and secondary B cell follicles. These results demonstrate that CpG-ODN class C, has immunostimulatory properties in rabbit model of trypanosomosis. The use of booster doses or sustained delivery of CpG-ODN will further elucidate the prolonged CpG-ODN generated immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parveen Kumar
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa road, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Harisankar Singha
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa road, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | - Anshu Sharma
- Lala Lajpat Rai University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | - Nitin Virmani
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa road, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
| | | | - Anju Manuja
- National Research Centre on Equines, Sirsa road, Hisar-125001, Haryana, India
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
African trypanosomes have been around for more than 100 million years, and have adapted to survival in a very wide host range. While various indigenous African mammalian host species display a tolerant phenotype towards this parasitic infection, and hence serve as perpetual reservoirs, many commercially important livestock species are highly disease susceptible. When considering humans, they too display a highly sensitive disease progression phenotype for infections with Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense or Trypanosoma brucei gambiense, while being intrinsically resistant to infections with other trypanosome species. As extracellular trypanosomes proliferate and live freely in the bloodstream and lymphatics, they are constantly exposed to the immune system. Due to co-evolution, this environment however no longer poses a hostile threat, but has become the niche environment where trypanosomes thrive and obligatory await transmission through the bites of tsetse flies or other haematophagic vectors, ideally without causing severe side infection-associated pathology to their host. Hence, African trypanosomes have acquired various mechanisms to manipulate and control the host immune response, evading effective elimination. Despite the extensive research into trypanosomosis over the past 40 years, many aspects of the anti-parasite immune response remain to be solved and no vaccine is currently available. Here we review the recent work on the different escape mechanisms employed by African Trypanosomes to ensure infection chronicity and transmission potential.
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Trypanosomosis, Its Risk Factors, and Anaemia in Cattle Population of Dale Wabera District of Kellem Wollega Zone, Western Ethiopia. J Vet Med 2014; 2014:374191. [PMID: 26464928 PMCID: PMC4590855 DOI: 10.1155/2014/374191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cross-sectional study was conducted in Dale Wabera district of Kellem Wollega zone, Western Ethiopia, to determine the prevalence of bovine trypanosomosis and to evaluate association of bovine trypanosomosis to anaemia. Blood samples collected from 384 randomly selected cattle were subjected to parasitological and haematological analysis. For the parasitological survey, blood samples were examined using a buffy coat technique. The packed cell volume (PCV) value of each animal was also measured using hematocrit reader. The overall prevalence of trypanosomosis was 2.86%. The most common trypanosome species identified were Trypanosoma congolense (63.64%) followed by T. vivax (27.27%) and T. brucei (9%). The prevalence showed no significant difference in susceptibility between sex categories, age groups, and different body conditioned animals. The overall anaemia prevalence in the area was 19.27%. The anaemia prevalence was significantly higher in trypanosome positive cattle (54.54%) than in noninfected animals (18.23%) (P < 0.05). The mean PCV value of the infected animals was lower (22.36% ± 7.39%) compared to noninfected animals (27.86 ± 5.38%). There was statistically significant difference (P < 0.05) in the PCV values of infected and noninfected animals. In conclusion, this study confirmed that trypanosomosis poses a threat to cattle production in the area and also contributed to the occurrence of anaemia.
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CpG-ODN class C-mediated immunostimulation and its potential against Trypanosoma evansi in equines. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 22:366-70. [PMID: 25066759 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma evansi is the causative agent of surra, which is the most common and widespread trypansomal disease. The infection is mainly restricted to animals, but it has also been documented in human. Trypanosomes possess the thick immunogenic surface coat known as variant surface glycoprotein (VSG). The parasite modifies the VSG constantly resulting in continuous antigenic variations and thus evades the host immune response. Due to antigenic variations, vaccination against trypanosomosis is not useful. Therefore, alternate strategies to augment the immune response are required. CpG-ODN class-C has combined immune effects of both A and B classes of CpG-ODN. In this study, we observed that CpG-ODN class-C stimulated horse peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) induce the expression of interferon-α (IFN-α), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), IL-12 and nitric oxide (NO) indicating enhanced innate immune response. We have for the first time demonstrated that co-culture of CpG-ODN with T. evansi antigen induces lymphocyte proliferative responses and result in a synergistic effect in eliciting the immune response.
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Insect stage-specific receptor adenylate cyclases are localized to distinct subdomains of the Trypanosoma brucei Flagellar membrane. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2014; 13:1064-76. [PMID: 24879126 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00019-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Increasing evidence indicates that the Trypanosoma brucei flagellum (synonymous with cilium) plays important roles in host-parasite interactions. Several studies have identified virulence factors and signaling proteins in the flagellar membrane of bloodstream-stage T. brucei, but less is known about flagellar membrane proteins in procyclic, insect-stage parasites. Here we report on the identification of several receptor-type flagellar adenylate cyclases (ACs) that are specifically upregulated in procyclic T. brucei parasites. Identification of insect stage-specific ACs is novel, as previously studied ACs were constitutively expressed or confined to bloodstream-stage parasites. We show that procyclic stage-specific ACs are glycosylated, surface-exposed proteins that dimerize and possess catalytic activity. We used gene-specific tags to examine the distribution of individual AC isoforms. All ACs examined localized to the flagellum. Notably, however, while some ACs were distributed along the length of the flagellum, others specifically localized to the flagellum tip. These are the first transmembrane domain proteins to be localized specifically at the flagellum tip in T. brucei, emphasizing that the flagellum membrane is organized into specific subdomains. Deletion analysis reveals that C-terminal sequences are critical for targeting ACs to the flagellum, and sequence comparisons suggest that differential subflagellar localization might be specified by isoform-specific C termini. Our combined results suggest insect stage-specific roles for a subset of flagellar adenylate cyclases and support a microdomain model for flagellar cyclic AMP (cAMP) signaling in T. brucei. In this model, cAMP production is compartmentalized through differential localization of individual ACs, thereby allowing diverse cellular responses to be controlled by a common signaling molecule.
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Babokhov P, Sanyaolu AO, Oyibo WA, Fagbenro-Beyioku AF, Iriemenam NC. A current analysis of chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of human African trypanosomiasis. Pathog Glob Health 2014; 107:242-52. [PMID: 23916333 DOI: 10.1179/2047773213y.0000000105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the recent advances in drug research, finding a safe, effective, and easy to use chemotherapy for human African trypanosomiasis (HAT) remains a challenging task. The four current anti-trypanosomiasis drugs have major disadvantages that limit more widespread use of these drugs in the endemic regions of sub-Saharan Africa. Pentamidine and suramin are limited by their effectiveness against the only first stage of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense, respectively. In addition, melarsoprol and eflornithine (two second stage drugs) each have disadvantages of their own. The former is toxic and has increasing treatment failures while the latter is expensive, laborious to administer, and lacks efficacy against T. b. rhodesiense. Furthermore, melarsoprol's toxicity and decreasing efficacy are glaring problems and phasing out the drug as a frontline treatment against T. b. gambiense is now possible with the emergence of competent, safe combination chemotherapies such as nifurtimox-eflornithine combination treatment (NECT). The future of eflornithine, on the other hand, is more promising. The drug is useful in the context of combination chemotherapy and potential orally administered analogues. Due to the limits of monotherapies, greater emphasis should be placed on the research and development of combination chemotherapies, based on the successful clinical tests with NECT and its current use as a frontline anti-trypanosomiasis treatment. This review discussed the current and future chemotherapy strategies for the treatment of HAT.
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Abimbola AM, Baba IA, Yenusa EZ, Omanibe SJ, Oladimeji IH. Anti-trypanosomal effect of Peristrophe bicalyculata extract on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 2013; 3:523-31. [PMID: 23835905 DOI: 10.1016/s2221-1691(13)60107-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the in vitro and in vivo effect of whole plant extracts of Peristrophe bicalyculata on Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. METHODS THE EXPERIMENT WAS DIVIDED INTO TWO PHASES: In the first phase, the anti-trypanosomal activity of the hot water, cold water, methanol and butanol extracts of the whole plant were determined by incubating with Trypanosoma brucei brucei. The cold water extract was partially-purified and the anti-trypanosomal activity of the fractions determined. In the second phase, Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats were treated with fraction 2c for nine days. Packed cell volume (PCV), high density lipoprotein (HDL), low density lipoprotein (LDL), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferases (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), total and direct bilirubin levels were determined at the end of the experiment. RESULTS Cold water extract immobilized 90% of the parasites after 60 min of incubation, and fraction 2c completely immobilized the parasites after 35 min. It significantly increased PCV in Trypanosoma brucei brucei-infected rats. Decreased TC, TAG, HDL and LDL levels of infected rats increased significantly when rats were treated with the fraction, while elevated levels of total bilirubin and ALT also decreased. The difference in urea, direct bilirubin and ALP was not significant when infected rats were compared to rats in other groups. CONCLUSIONS The ability of the plant to ameliorate the infection-induced biochemical changes calls for detailed investigation of the potentials of the plant for antitrypanosomiasis drug delivery.
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MacLean L, Reiber H, Kennedy PGE, Sternberg JM. Stage progression and neurological symptoms in Trypanosoma brucei rhodesiense sleeping sickness: role of the CNS inflammatory response. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2012; 6:e1857. [PMID: 23145191 PMCID: PMC3493381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0001857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 08/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human African trypanosomiasis progresses from an early (hemolymphatic) stage, through CNS invasion to the late (meningoencephalitic) stage. In experimental infections disease progression is associated with neuroinflammatory responses and neurological symptoms, but this concept requires evaluation in African trypanosomiasis patients, where correct diagnosis of the disease stage is of critical therapeutic importance. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS This was a retrospective study on a cohort of 115 T.b.rhodesiense HAT patients recruited in Eastern Uganda. Paired plasma and CSF samples allowed the measurement of peripheral and CNS immunoglobulin and of CSF cytokine synthesis. Cytokine and immunoglobulin expression were evaluated in relation to disease duration, stage progression and neurological symptoms. Neurological symptoms were not related to stage progression (with the exception of moderate coma). Increases in CNS immunoglobulin, IL-10 and TNF-α synthesis were associated with stage progression and were mirrored by a reduction in TGF-β levels in the CSF. There were no significant associations between CNS immunoglobulin and cytokine production and neurological signs of disease with the exception of moderate coma cases. Within the study group we identified diagnostically early stage cases with no CSF pleocytosis but intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis and diagnostically late stage cases with marginal CSF pleocytosis and no detectable trypanosomes in the CSF. CONCLUSIONS Our results demonstrate that there is not a direct linkage between stage progression, neurological signs of infection and neuroinflammatory responses in rhodesiense HAT. Neurological signs are observed in both early and late stages, and while intrathecal immunoglobulin synthesis is associated with neurological signs, these are also observed in cases lacking a CNS inflammatory response. While there is an increase in inflammatory cytokine production with stage progression, this is paralleled by increases in CSF IL-10. As stage diagnostics, the CSF immunoglobulins and cytokines studied do not have sufficient sensitivity to be of clinical value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorna MacLean
- Centre for Immunology and Infection, Department of Biology, Hull York Medical School, University of York, York, United Kingdom
| | | | - Peter G. E. Kennedy
- Institute of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, College of Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy M. Sternberg
- Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
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Awuoche E. Tsetse fly saliva: Could it be useful in fly infection when feeding in chronically aparasitemic mammalian hosts. Open Vet J 2012; 2:95-105. [PMID: 26623300 PMCID: PMC4655765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2012] [Accepted: 08/04/2012] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sleeping sickness and nagana are two important diseases cuased by African trypanosomes in humans and animals respectively, in tropical african countries. A number of trypanosome species are implicated in these diseases, but it is the Trypanosoma brucei group that is responsible for the chronic form of sleeping sickness. During the course of this chronic infection the parasite shows a clear tropism for organs and tissues and only sporadically appears in the blood stream. Notwithstanding this feature, tsetse flies normally get infected from chronically infected apparasitemic hosts. For some pathogens like the microfilaria, it has already shown that the saliva of the vector, black fly saliva contribute to orient the pathogen to the site of the vector bite. Chemotaxis of tsetse saliva may perhaps stimulate movement of Trypanosoma brucei parasites from tissues to the bloodstream and via the vascular to the tsetse feeding site, and could explain the relatively high infection rate of tsetse flies feeding on chronically infected animals. This review paper looks into the possible role of trypanosome-vector saliva in ensuring parasite acquisition and its application in the tsetse - trypanosome interaction at the host skin interphase.
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Affiliation(s)
- E.O. Awuoche
- School of Health Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. P. O Box 190 – 50100, Kakamega. Kenya,Kisii University College. Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resource Management, P. O Box 408 – 40200, Kisii. Kenya,Corresponding Author: Erick Otieno Awuoche, School of Health Sciences, Masinde Muliro University of Science and Technology. P. O Box 190 – 50100, Kakamega, Kenya.
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Contribution of Innate Immune Responses towards Resistance to African Trypanosome Infections. Scand J Immunol 2011; 75:5-15. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2011.02619.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Three mitochondrial DNA polymerases are essential for kinetoplast DNA replication and survival of bloodstream form Trypanosoma brucei. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:734-43. [PMID: 21531873 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05008-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Trypanosoma brucei, the causative agent of human African trypanosomiasis, has a complex life cycle that includes multiple life cycle stages and metabolic changes as the parasite switches between insect vector and mammalian host. The parasite's single mitochondrion contains a unique catenated mitochondrial DNA network called kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) that is composed of minicircles and maxicircles. Long-standing uncertainty about the requirement of kDNA in bloodstream form (BF) T. brucei has recently eroded, with reports of posttranscriptional editing and subsequent translation of kDNA-encoded transcripts as essential processes for BF parasites. These studies suggest that kDNA and its faithful replication are indispensable for this life cycle stage. Here we demonstrate that three kDNA replication proteins (mitochondrial DNA polymerases IB, IC, and ID) are required for BF parasite viability. Silencing of each polymerase was lethal, resulting in kDNA loss, persistence of prereplication DNA monomers, and collapse of the mitochondrial membrane potential. These data demonstrate that kDNA replication is indeed crucial for BF T. brucei. The contributions of mitochondrial DNA polymerases IB, IC, and ID to BF parasite viability suggest that these and other kDNA replication proteins warrant further investigation as a new class of targets for the development of antitrypanosomal drugs.
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