Exploring the anti-inflammatory effects of postbiotic proteins from Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 on inflammatory bowel disease model

Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 is a promising health-promoting bacterium shown to alleviate intestinal inflammation. However, the specific bacterial components responsible for these effects remain largely unknown. Here, we demonstrated that consuming extractable proteins from the CIDCA 133 strain effectively relieved acute ulcerative colitis in mice. This postbiotic protein fraction reduced the disease activity index and prevented colon shortening in mice. Furthermore, histological analysis revealed colitis prevention with reduced inflammatory cell infiltration into the colon mucosa. Postbiotic consumption also induced an immunomodulatory profile in colitic mice, as evidenced by both mRNA transcript levels (Tlr2, Nfkb1, Nlpr3, Tnf, and Il6) and cytokines concentration (IL1β, TGFβ, and IL10). Additionally, it enhanced the levels of secretory IgA, upregulated the transcript levels of tight junction proteins (Hp and F11r), and improved paracellular intestinal permeability. More interestingly, the consumption of postbiotic proteins modulated the gut microbiota (Bacteroides, Arkkemansia, Dorea, and Oscillospira). Pearson correlation analysis indicated that IL10 and IL1β levels were positively associated with Bacteroides and Arkkemansia_Lactobacillus abundance. Our study reveals that CIDCA 133-derived proteins possess anti-inflammatory properties in colonic inflammation.

Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 fermented milk modulates inflammation and gut microbiota to alleviate acute colitis

Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. lactis CIDCA 133 is a health-promoting bacterium that can alleviate gut inflammation and improve the epithelial barrier in a mouse model of mucositis. Despite these beneficial effects, the protective potential of this strain in other inflammation models, such as inflammatory bowel disease, remains unexplored. Herein, we examined for the first time the efficacy of Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 incorporated into a fermented milk formulation in the recovery of inflammation, epithelial damage, and restoration of gut microbiota in mice with dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis. Oral administration of Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 fermented milk relieved colitis by decreasing levels of inflammatory factors (myeloperoxidase, N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase, toll-like receptor 2, nuclear factor-κB, interleukins 10 and 6, and tumor necrosis factor), secretory immunoglobulin A levels, and intestinal paracellular permeability. This immunobiotic also modulated the expression of tight junction proteins (zonulin and occludin) and the activation of short-chain fatty acids-related receptors (G-protein coupled receptors 43 and 109A). Colonic protection was effectively associated with acetate production and restoration of gut microbiota composition. Treatment with Lactobacillus delbrueckii CIDCA 133 fermented milk increased the abundance of Firmicutes members (Lactobacillus genus) while decreasing the abundance of Proteobacteria (Helicobacter genus) and Bacteroidetes members (Bacteroides genus). These promising outcomes influenced the mice's mucosal healing, colon length, body weight, and disease activity index, demonstrating that this immunobiotic could be explored as an alternative approach for managing inflammatory bowel disease.

Probiotic Bacillus licheniformis MCC2514 and Bifidobacterium breve NCIM 5671 Regulates GATA3 and Foxp3 Expression in the Elevated Disease Condition

TNBS-induced ulcerative colitis was evaluated using Bacillus licheniformis MCC 2514 (B. licheniformis) and Bifidobacterium breve NCIM 5671 (Bf. breve) as immune modulators. The study aims to analyze probiotic efficiency of ulcerative colitis induced by TNBS in Wistar rats. The tumor-like structure was found in the colon of TNBS inflammation-induced rats. Nitric oxide production was inhibited by about 65.2% fed with combination of bacteria and C-reactive protein, and decreased by 12% and 10.8% upon supplementing B. licheniformis and Bf. breve against the TNBS-treated rats, respectively. Liver damage was observed in the TNBS-treated rats; addition of probiotic bacteria reduced SGPT (75.4%) and SGOT (42.5%). On TNBS treatment, the transcriptional factor responsible for Th2 cell immune response (GATA3) was analyzed, and the elevation in gene expression (5.31-fold) was found. The FOXP-3 responsible for T-regulatory cells was expressed about 0.91-fold upon the treatment with a combination of bacteria. The expression of antioxidant genes such as iNOS (1.11-fold), GPx (1.29-fold), and PON1 (1.48-fold) has been increased when compared with that of the TNBS-treated group. The cytokines specific to Th2-driven immune response, such as IL-4, IL-5, and TNF-α, were reduced upon feeding the bacteria. It is observed that the B. licheniformis and Bf. breve used in the study have reduced Th2-driven immune response.

Resveratrol-loaded pH-responsive Mesona chinensis polysaccharides-zein nanoparticles for effective treatment of ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

Resveratrol (Res) is promising food functional factor with favorable antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, although its poor water solubility and low bioavailability limit extensive application. Therefore, in combination with another promising polysaccharide (Mesona chinensis polysaccharides, MCP), Res-loaded food nanocarriers (ResNPs) were developed to increase its water solubility, bioactivity and targeting properties. ResNPs were then applied to alleviate dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis.

RESULTS

Resveratrol can be well encapsulated in MCP-based nanoparticles in an amorphous state, improving its water solubility. ResNPs showed pH-response controlled release behavior in the gastrointestinal tract and increased the enrichment of Res in the colon. In vivo experiments of ResNPs against DSS-induced ulcerative colitis (UC) revealed that ResNPs significantly improved UC symptoms, modulated intestinal inflammation and down-regulated oxidative stress levels compared to free Res. ResNPs also play an positive role with respect to inhibiting the mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway and promoting the expression of tight junction proteins. In addition, ResNPs improved the species composition and relative abundance of intestinal flora in UC mice, which effectively regulated the balance of intestinal flora and promoted the production of short-chain fatty acids.

CONCLUSION

These results suggest that MCP-based nanoparticles can effectively improve the solubility of resveratrol and enhance its in vivo bioactivity. Moreover, the present study also provides a new strategy for the prevention and treatment of UC with food polyphenol. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Correlation of ex vivo cytokine secretion profiles with scoring indices in ulcerative colitis

BACKGROUND

In ulcerative colitis, the complexity of mucosal cytokine secretion profiles and how they correlate with endoscopic and clinical scores is still unclear.

METHODS

In this study, we collected fresh biopsies from UC patients to investigate which cytokines are produced in ex vivo culture conditions, a platform increasingly used for testing of novel drugs. Then, we correlated cytokine production with several scoring indices commonly used to assess the severity of the disease.

RESULTS

Increased levels of IL-1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-13, TNFα and IFNɣ were produced by biopsies of UC patients compared to non-IBD controls. Our results show a better correlation of cytokine levels with Mayo Endoscopic Subscore (MES) and Mayo score, than the more complex Ulcerative Colitis Endoscopic Index of Severity (UCEIS). Out of 10 measured cytokines, eight correlated with MES, six with Mayo score and only three with UCEIS, due to the partial increase in cytokine secretion observed in donors with UCEIS = 7-8. When we analysed individual subscores within the UCEIS, Vascular Network subscore showed a correlation similar to MES (7/10 cytokines), while Bleeding as well as Erosions and Ulcers subscores correlated with only 3/10 cytokines, similarly to the total UCEIS.

CONCLUSIONS

Our findings suggest that choosing biopsies from donors with MES = 2-3 and UCEIS = 2-6 from areas with no bleeding and no superficial and/or deep ulcers could enable a deeper insight into the cytokine profile of the inflamed tissue and represent a better tool for studying potential therapeutic targets and evaluation of novel therapies.

Comparison between local abdominal and transcutaneous tail vein photobiomodulation in experimental rat model of ulcerative colitis

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic autoimmune disease that impacts the quality of life, but current pharmacological treatments are limited. Photobiomodulation (PBM) is a light-based treatment that can be applied either locally or systemically. Here, we compare the effects of local and vascular PBM (VPBM) in an experimental rat model of UC. Male Wistar rats were induced with UC by rectal instillation of acetic acid and treated with either local abdominal PBM or VPBM to the tail vein using a 660-nm LED. The findings indicated that local PBM but not VPBM reduced intestinal histological scores. Both local and VPBM increased mucus production, decreased mast cell degranulation, and modulated TNF-α and IL-1 β levels in the intestines. Local PBM also affected the expression of the mRNAs for IL-6, TNF-α, and IFN-γ. In conclusion, we suggest that local PBM appears to be more promising than VPBM for treating UC. However, further research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms and to optimize the parameters of PBM for UC treatment.

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. volatile oil relieves acute ulcerative colitis via regulating gut microbiota and gut microbiota metabolism

Background

Atractylodes macrocephala Koidz. (AM) is a functional food with strong ant-colitis activity. AM volatile oil (AVO) is the main active ingredient of AM. However, no study has investigated the improvement effect of AVO on ulcerative colitis (UC) and the bioactivity mechanism also remains unknown. Here, we investigated whether AVO has ameliorative activity on acute colitis mice and its mechanism from the perspective of gut microbiota.

Methods

Acute UC was induced in C57BL/6 mice by dextran sulfate sodium and treated with the AVO. Body weight, colon length, colon tissue pathology, and so on were assessed. The gut microbiota composition was profiled using 16s rRNA sequencing and global metabolomic profiling of the feces was performed. The results showed that AVO can alleviate bloody diarrhea, colon damage, and colon inflammation in colitis mice. In addition, AVO decreased potentially harmful bacteria (Turicibacter, Parasutterella, and Erysipelatoclostridium) and enriched potentially beneficial bacteria (Enterorhabdus, Parvibacter, and Akkermansia). Metabolomics disclosed that AVO altered gut microbiota metabolism by regulating 56 gut microbiota metabolites involved in 102 KEGG pathways. Among these KEGG pathways, many metabolism pathways play an important role in maintaining intestine homeostasis, such as amino acid metabolism (especially tryptophan metabolism), bile acids metabolism, and retinol metabolism.

Conclusion

In conclusion, our study indicated that AVO can be expected as novel prebiotics to treat ulcerative colitis, and modulating the composition and metabolism of gut microbiota may be its pharmacological mechanism.

Acetic acid-induced colitis modulating potential of total crude alkaloidal extract of Picralima nitida seeds in rats

PURPOSE

The total crude alkaloidal extract of Picralima nitida seeds (PNE) is known to possess anti-inflammatory activity among other therapeutic benefits although its benefits in colitis has not been investigated. The current study therefore seeks to investigate the anti-colitis potential of PNE using acetic acid-induced colitis model in rats.

METHODS

Sprague Dawley rats were treated with oral 500 mg/kg sulphasalazine or 30, 100, and 300 mg/kg of PNE daily for 8 days with induction of colitis on the fourth day with acetic acid. Rats were killed 24 h after the last treatment and whole blood was obtained from the jugular vein for hematological analysis and biochemical assays. Colons were extirpated for assessment of macroscopic and histological damage to the colon.

RESULTS

Treatment with PNE protected against colonic injury induced with acetic acid by decreasing mucosal ulceration, epithelial erosion, inflammatory cell infiltration, and colonic edema. Thus, PNE preserved mucosal architecture and suppressed goblet cells depletion. Moreover, treatment with PNE was associated with improved hematological parameters and reductions in the expression of serum tumor necrosis factor-alpha, interleukin-1β, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase. Also, PNE treatment exerted antioxidant effects by reducing nitric oxide production and increasing glutathione levels. In addition, PNE inhibited colonic lipid peroxidation by decreasing myeloperoxidase activity and malondialdehyde production.

CONCLUSION

It can be concluded that PNE attenuates intestinal oxidative and inflammatory damages following intrarectal acetic acid challenge. Thus, demonstrates potential for use in chronic intestinal inflammatory diseases such as ulcerative colitis.

Loss of SLC26A3 Results in Colonic Mucosal Immune Dysregulation via Epithelial-Immune Cell Crosstalk

BACKGROUND & AIMS

Down-regulation of chloride transporter SLC26A3 or down-regulated in adenoma (DRA) in colonocytes has recently been linked to the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis (UC). Because exaggerated immune responses are one of the hallmarks of UC, these current studies were undertaken to define the mechanisms by which loss of DRA relays signals to immune cells to increase susceptibility to inflammation.

METHODS

NanoString Immunology Panel, fluorescence assisted cell sorting, immunoblotting, immunofluorescence, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assays were used in wild-type and DRA knockout (KO) mice. Interleukin (IL)-33 blocking was used to determine specific changes in immune cells and co-housing/broad spectrum antibiotics administration, and ex vivo studies in colonoids were conducted to rule out the involvement of microbiota. Colonoid-derived monolayers from healthy and UC patient biopsies were analyzed for translatability.

RESULTS

There was a marked induction of Th2 (>2-fold), CD4⁺ Th2 cells (∼8-fold), RORγt⁺ Th17, and FOXP3⁺ regulatory T cells (Tregs). DRA KO colons also exhibited a robust induction of IL-33 (>8-fold). In vivo studies using blocking of IL-33 established that T2 immune dysregulation (alterations in ILC2, Th2, and GATA3⁺ iTregs) in response to loss of DRA was due to altered epithelial-immune cell crosstalk via IL-33.

CONCLUSIONS

Loss of DRA in colonocytes triggers the release of IL-33 to drive a type 2 immune response. These observations emphasize the critical importance of DRA in mucosal immune homeostasis and its implications in the pathogenesis of UC.

The role of guggulsterone on the NF-κB pathway in inflammatory bowel disease: preclinical evidence

Guggulsterone, a phytosterol in the herb Commiphora wightii (Arn.) Bhandari, has been used in the treatment of diseases such as hyperlipidemia, arthritis and atherosclerosis. It has attracted significant research interest because of its pharmacological properties, especially its anti-inflammatory nature. It can be used for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), a disease characterized by chronic inflammation and damage in the gastrointestinal tract. In various preclinical studies, it inhibited NF-κB, an important pathway in the pathophysiology of IBD. This review summarizes the preclinical studies on this topic for providing more insights to the mechanism by which guggulsterone exerts its effect.

Topical phenytoin administration accelerates the healing of acetic acid-induced colitis in rats: evaluation of transforming growth factor-beta, platelet-derived growth factor, and vascular endothelial growth factor

Ulcerative colitis (UC), limited to the colon's innermost lining, has become a global health problem. Immunomodulatory and monoclonal antibodies are used to treat UC despite their side effects and limitations. Phenytoin is used to heal wounds owing to its effects on growth factors, collagen, and extracellular matrix synthesis. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of topical phenytoin administration in UC. Phenytoin was administered in two doses during the treatment. Eighty male Wistar rats (230-280 g) were divided randomly into ten groups of sham, control, hydrocortisone, phenytoin 1%, and 3% groups in 6- or 12-day treatment protocols. The UC model was induced by the administration of acetic acid 4% into the colon. Animals were killed on the 7th and 13th postoperative days. The main outcome measures included body weight loss, microscopic score, and ulcer index measured using specific criteria. Growth factors were measured by western blotting. Results illustrated that body weight loss was reversed in the treatment groups. Ulcer index had decreased on 6- and 12-day treatment protocols. Microscopic scores in 6-day enema treatment significantly decreased compared to the control groups. Transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) significantly increased in a time-dependent manner and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) significantly increased in a time- and dose-dependent manner in phenytoin 1% and 3% in the 6- and 12-day protocols. Phenytoin dose- and time-dependently reversed weight loss. In addition, histopathological parameters included microscopic scores, and the ulcer index was decreased through the induction of growth factors TGFβ, PDGF, and VEGF and consequently accelerated ulcer healing.

A review of the biological and pharmacological activities of mesalazine or 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA): an anti-ulcer and anti-oxidant drug

Mesalazine, also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), is a synthetic drug from the family of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) used for inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract. However, 5-ASA has also been used for various other diseases due to its pharmacological effects, but they are usually scattered across various publications, which may limit further research and clinical use of this drug. This review is a summary of published information on the biological and pharmacological effects of 5-ASA with the aim of identifying its anti-oxidant role and medicinal use. 5-ASA data have been collected from 1987 to February 2021 using major databases such as Web of Science, PubMed, Elsevier, Wiley Online Library, Springer, Google Scholar, etc. According to research, the pharmacological and biological effects of 5-ASA include treatment of inflammatory bowel disease, and anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, antifungal, anticancer, anti-amyloid, gastric protection (gastroprotective), and antidiverticulosis properties. Numerous pharmacological studies have shown that 5-ASA is an anti-oxidant and anti-ulcer compound with high therapeutic potential that, if the appropriate dose is discovered, its chemical structure changes and its effectiveness is optimized, 5-ASA has been used experimentally for other diseases.

Telfairia occidentalis mitigates dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis in rats via suppression of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and inflammation

Ulcerative colitis (UC), a subcategory of inflammatory bowel diseases, affects more than 2 million people globally. This study sought to investigate the curative ability of aqueous leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis (ATO) on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-mediated colitis in rats. UC was induced by 5% of DSS in drinking water, and the curative ability of ATO was assessed at 200 mg/kg by oral administration for 10 days. The effect of ATO was deduced on anti-inflammatory, preclinical features [disease activity index (DAI)], redox assays, and alterations both microscopic and macroscopic of the colonic mucosa. DSS mediated inflammation in colons of rats with a significant increase in nitric oxide, myeloperoxidase, IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α levels compared with a control group. Lipid peroxidation was also induced following exposure of rats to DSS. There is a marked decrease in antioxidant enzymes activities in DSS group. However, treatment with ATO markedly inhibited the colonic inflammation by reversing the elevated levels of inflammatory markers. Furthermore, ATO suppressed the lipid peroxidation chain reaction by reducing the level of malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide. ATO attenuates DSS-induced oxidative stress by increase the level of GSH and enhancing the activities of the cytoprotective enzymes (catalase, glutathione-S-transferase, and superoxide dismutase). Taken together, ATO reduced DAI score, inhibited inflammation, suppressed lipid peroxidation, attenuated oxidative stress, and enhanced the antioxidant enzymes activities. These therapeutic effects of ATO might be due to its phytochemicals as showed in gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy results. The findings of this study indicate that aqueous leaf extract of T. occidentalis has could be a drug candidate for the treatment of UC. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The study focused on the curative ability of aqueous leaf extract of Telfairia occidentalis on dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) mediated colitis in rats. The extract elicits beneficial effects against colitis via its ability to reduce mucosal inflammation, suppress lipid peroxidation, attenuate oxidative stress, enhance the antioxidant enzymes activities, and reduce both infiltration of inflammatory cells and mucosal damage in colon. This study provides scientific evidence to the therapeutic ability of aqueous leaf extract of T. occidentalis in the treatment of DSS-induced ulcerative colitis and could be a drug candidate for the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases in humans.

Maintaining infliximab induced clinical remission with azathioprine and 5-aminosalicylates in acute severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis has lower cost and high efficacy (MIRACLE): a multicenter study

Background/Aims

Infliximab (IFX) has been used to induce and maintain remission in patients with severe steroid-refractory ulcerative colitis (UC). Long-term use of biologics in developing countries is limited by high cost and frequent side effects. An optimal maintenance strategy in these patients needs to be established.

Methods

A retrospective analysis of maintenance of clinical remission with combination of azathioprine (AZA) and 5-aminosalicylates (5-ASA) in patients with severe steroid-refractory UC where IFX (5 mg/kg intravenously at weeks 0, 2, 6) had been used only as an induction therapy was done at 2 centers in India. Primary outcome was the proportion of patients maintaining corticosteroid-free sustained clinical remission (SCR) at the end of study period. Rates of relapse and cost of therapy were also analyzed.

Results

Of the 137 patients who received rescue IFX induction therapy, 77 (56.2%) achieved clinical remission (mean age 34.81 ± 13.32 years, 68.83% males, median follow-up 4 years, range 3 months to 6 years) and were included. Cumulative corticosteroid-free SCR was maintained in 68%, 59%, 42%, and 35% patients at 1, 2, 4, and 6 years respectively. Sixty-seven relapses were observed in 33 patients. Majority of the relapses (45/67, 67.16%) occurred within first 2 years of follow-up. Two relapses were managed with re-induction with IFX, one required colectomy, whereas all other responded to repeat course(s) of corticosteroids. Annual per capita maintenance therapy with 5-ASA and AZA was cheaper by US$ 4,526 compared to maintaining remission with IFX.

Conclusions

Clinical remission achieved with IFX induction therapy in severe steroid-refractory UC can be sustained over long time with a combination of AZA and 5-ASA.

Single Donor FMT Reverses Microbial/Immune Dysbiosis and Induces Clinical Remission in a Rat Model of Acute Colitis

Deviation in the gut microbial composition is involved in various pathologies, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Faecal microbiota transplant (FMT) can act as a promising approach to treat IBD by which changes in microbiome can be reversed and homeostasis restored. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of FMT on the remission of acute inflammatory response using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced rat colitis model. Faecal microbial communities were analysed using the 16S rRNA approach, and clinical manifestations together with histological/haematological/biochemical/immunological analyses were assessed. Our study demonstrated significant shifts in the dominant species of microbiota under inflammatory conditions induced by DSS and evident restoration effect of FMT treatment on microbial composition. These faecal microbial alterations in FMT-treated rats led to a relative restoration of colon length, and a significant decrease in both epithelium damage and disease severity, which was reflected in lower serum pro-inflammatory cytokine levels. Haematological/biochemical parameters in DSS-treated animals showed signs of anaemia with a significant reduction in red blood cell count together with increasing levels of total bilirubin, creatinine and phosphorus suggesting potential protective effect of FMT. These results support FMT as a valuable therapeutic strategy to control inflammation during acute colitis.

Salivary Stress/Immunological Markers in Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis

There is continuous and growing interest in research into new alternatives to standard biomarkers to detect and follow-up disease, reducing physical and psychological stress in patients needing regular and invasive medical examinations for the evaluation of pathologies, including inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). Saliva is one of the most promising body fluids in the research of new biomarkers, thanks to the large number of molecules it contains. Many molecules present in saliva are often directly correlated to their concentration in the blood but may be affected by the condition of the oral cavity. This means that a careful selection of a specific biomarker is required for each pathology, especially pathologies such as IBD, which may induce inflammation in the oral cavity. Here, we analyze the currently used and the proposed new salivary biomarkers (i.e., calprotectin, cytokines, IgA, cortisol, and oxidative stress markers) for the detection and follow-up of the main subtypes of IBD, known as ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease.

Inhibitory effect of Jangkanghwan (Korean traditional food) on experimental ulcerative colitis in mice

Jangkanghwan (JKH) can delay weight loss in mice, promote weight gain during recovery, and reduce colonic shortening and colon weight. In addition, the murine disease activity index was controlled after treatment using JKH. It can reduce the content of pro-inflammatory factors in serum and expression in tissues, such as interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, interferon-γ, cyclooxygenase-2, and nuclear factor kappa-B; in contrast, the content and expression of IL-10 and the inhibitor of nuclear factor kappa-B kinase-α in the serum and tissues were increased. The mRNA expression of the colitis characteristic biomarker monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and macrophage inflammatory protein-3α were reduced in colon tissues. Using next-generation sequencing technology, the Bacteroidetes phylum in the JKH group decreased, while the Firmicutes phylum increased, and the number of beneficial bacteria-Bifidobacteriaceae, Lactobacillaceae, and Akkermansiaceae-increased. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: JKH is a mixture of colonic healthy foods composed of Atractylodes macrocephala koidzumi, radish leaves, Viscum album var. coloratum, dried Zingiber officinale Roscoe, etc. According to UPLC-Q-TOF MS analysis, JKH consists mainly of 17 active substances, such as pheophorbide A, nabumetone alcohol, dehydrocostus lactone, plantamajoside, kaempferol 3, 7-dirhamnoside, quercetin 3-D-glucuronide, and viscumneoside III. We investigated the preventive effects of JKH on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced ulcerative colitis in a murine model and found that JKH can reduce the damage in mice caused by DSS treatment.

Composites of yeast glucan particles and curcumin lead to improvement of dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute bowel inflammation in rats

The goal of this work was to assess the usability of yeast glucan particles (GPs) as carriers for curcumin and determine the beneficial effect of a pharmacological composite of curcumin in GPs on dextran sulfate sodium induced colitis in rats. The assessment of the anti-inflammatory effect of particular substances was evaluated on the basis of the calculated disease activity index and by assessment of cytokines and enzymes from the gut tissue - tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), transforming growth factor β1, interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17, catalase, superoxide dismutase 2, myeloperoxidase (MPO), and matrix metalloproteinase 9. Composites of GPs with incorporated curcumin showed promising results with the capability to lower symptoms of colitis and significantly decrease the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and the activity of MPO, as well. The anti-inflammatory effect of the composites was greater than those of pure GPs or curcumin.

Ulcerative colitis: Gut microbiota, immunopathogenesis and application of natural products in animal models

Ulcerative colitis (UC) is an inflammatory bowel disease with increasing incidence in the world, especially in developing countries. Although knowledge of its pathogenesis has progressed over the last years, some details require clarification. Studies have highlighted the role of microbial dysbiosis and immune dysfunction as essential factors that may initiate the typical high-grade inflammatory outcome. In order to better understand the immunopathophysiological aspects of UC, experimental murine models are valuable tools. Some of the most commonly used chemicals to induce colitis are trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid, oxazolone and dextran sodium sulfate. These may also be used to investigate new ways of preventing or treating UC and therefore improving targeting in human studies. The use of functional foods or bioactive compounds from plants may constitute an innovative direction towards the future of alternative medicine. Considering the above, this review focused on updated information regarding the 1. gut microbiota and immunopathogenesis of UC; 2. the most utilized animal models of the disease and their relevance; and 3. experimental application of natural products, not yet tested in clinical trials.

Beneficial Propionibacteria within a Probiotic Emmental Cheese: Impact on Dextran Sodium Sulphate-Induced Colitis in Mice

BACKGROUNDS AND AIMS

Inflammatory Bowel Diseases (IBD), including Ulcerative Colitis (UC), coincide with alterations in the gut microbiota. Consumption of immunomodulatory strains of probiotic bacteria may induce or prolong remission in UC patients. Fermented foods, including cheeses, constitute major vectors for bacteria consumption. New evidences revealed anti-inflammatory effects in selected strains of Propionibacterium freudenreichii. We thus hypothesized that consumption of a functional cheese, fermented by such a strain, may exert a positive effect on IBD.

METHODS

We investigated the impact of cheese fermented by P. freudenreichii on gut inflammation. We developed an experimental single-strain cheese solely fermented by a selected immunomodulatory strain of P. freudenreichii, CIRM-BIA 129. We moreover produced, in industrial conditions, an Emmental cheese using the same strain, in combination with Lactobacillus delbrueckii CNRZ327 and Streptococcus thermophilus LMD-9, as starters. Consumption of both cheeses was investigated with respect to prevention of Dextran Sodium Sulphate (DSS)-induced colitis in mice.

RESULTS

Consumption of the single-strain experimental cheese, or of the industrial Emmental, both fermented by P. freudenreichii CIRM-BIA 129, reduced severity of subsequent DSS-induced colitis, weight loss, disease activity index and histological score. Both treatments, in a preventive way, reduced small bowel Immunoglobulin A (IgA) secretion, restored occludin gene expression and prevented induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor α (TNFα), Interferon γ (IFNγ) and Interleukin-17 (IL-17).

CONCLUSIONS

A combination of immunomodulatory strains of starter bacteria can be used to manufacture an anti-inflammatory cheese, as revealed in an animal model of colitis. This opens new perspectives for personalised nutrition in the context of IBD.

Ccr6 Deficiency Attenuates Spontaneous Chronic Colitis in Winnie

Background: The immune-modulator behaviour of the CCR6/CCL20 axis in multi -system pathophysiology and molecular signalling was investigated at two clinically significant time points, using a Ccr6—deficient mouse model of spontaneous colitis. Methods:Four groups of mice, (C57BL/6J, Ccr6−/− of C57BL/6J, Winnie × Ccr6−/− and Winnie) were utilized and (I) colonic clinical parameters (2) histology of colon, spleen, kidney and liver (3) T and B lymphocyte distribution in the spleen and MLN by flowcytometry (5) colonic CCL20, phosphorylated PI3K and phosphorylated Akt expression by immunohistochemistry and (6) colonic cytokine expression by RT-PCR were evaluated. Results: CCR6 deficiency was shown to attenuate inflammation in the spleen, liver and gut while renal histology remained unaffected. Marked focal lobular inflammation with reactive nuclear features were observed in hepatocytes and a significant neutrophil infiltration in red pulp with extra medullary hemopoiesis in the spleen existed in Winnie. These changes were considerably reduced in Winnie × Ccr6−/− with elevated goblet cell numbers and mucus production in the colonic epithelium. Conclusions: Results indicate that Ccr6-deficiency in the colitis model contributes towards resolution of disease. Our findings demonstrate an intricate networking role for CCR6 in immune activation, which is downregulated by Ccr6 deficiency, and could provide newer clinical therapies in colitis.

A Novel Topical PPARγ Agonist Induces PPARγ Activity in Ulcerative Colitis Mucosa and Prevents and Reverses Inflammation in Induced Colitis Models

BACKGROUND

Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) exerts anti-inflammatory effects and is therefore a potential target in ulcerative colitis (UC). A novel PPARγ agonist (AS002) developed for local action was evaluated ex vivo in biopsies from UC patients and in vivo in mice with low-grade dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)- and trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS)-induced colitis.

METHODS

Colonic biopsies from UC patients (n = 18) and healthy controls (n = 6) were incubated with AS002 or rosiglitazone (positive control) to measure mRNA expression of the PPARγ-responsive gene ADIPOPHILIN and protein levels of UC-related cytokines (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). AS002 absorption was determined in the colonic mucosa of UC patients. DSS-colitis mice received PPARγ agonists or vehicle daily by intrarectal administration starting 2 days before induction of colitis (preventive) or from days 3 to 8 (curative). Myeloperoxidase (MPO) and cytokine levels in colonic mucosa were determined. In addition, AS002 effects were studied in TNBS colitis.

RESULTS

AS002 displayed an absorption pattern of a lipophilic drug totally metabolized in the mucosa. AS002 and rosiglitazone increased ADIPOPHILIN mRNA expression (3-fold) and decreased TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-13 levels in human UC biopsies. In DSS, in both preventive and curative treatment and in TNBS colitis, AS002 protected against macroscopic and histological damage and lowered MPO and TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-13 levels.

CONCLUSIONS

AS002 triggers anti-inflammatory PPARγ activity in the human colonic mucosa of UC patients and prevents and reverses colitis in mice. Our data suggest that AS002 has potential for topical maintenance treatment of UC, which warrants further studies in vivo in patients.

Biomarker Development in Chronic Inflammatory Diseases

Chronic inflammatory diseases, such as inflammatory bowel disease—namely, Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis—psoriasis, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, and many others affect millions of people worldwide, causing a high burden of disease, socioeconomic impact, and healthcare cost. These diseases have common features including autoimmune pathogenesis and frequent co morbidity.

The treatment of these chronic inflammatory diseases usually requires long-term immunosuppressive therapies with undesirable side effects. The future of chronic inflammatory disease prevention, detection, and treatment will be greatly influenced by the use of more effective biomarkers with enhanced performance. Given the practical issues of collecting tissue samples in inflammatory diseases, biomarkers derived from body fluids have great potential for optimized patient management through the circumvention of the abovementioned limitations.

In this chapter, peripheral blood, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid biomarkers used in chronic inflammatory conditions are reviewed. In detail, this chapter reviews biomarkers to fore used or emerging to be used in patients with chronic inflammatory conditions. Those include inflammatory bowel diseases, chronic inflammatory conditions of the liver, biliary tract, pancreas, psoriasis, atopic disease, inflammatory skin diseases, rheumatic diseases, demyelination, and also the chronic inflammatory component of various other diseases in general medicine—including diabetes, cardiovascular disease, renal disease, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.

Development of personalized medicine is closely linked to biomarkers, which may serve as the basis for diagnosis, drug discovery, and monitoring of diseases.

Gleaning Insights from Fecal Microbiota Transplantation and Probiotic Studies for the Rational Design of Combination Microbial Therapies

Beneficial microorganisms hold promise for the treatment of numerous gastrointestinal diseases. The transfer of whole microbiota via fecal transplantation has already been shown to ameliorate the severity of diseases such as Clostridium difficile infection, inflammatory bowel disease, and others. However, the exact mechanisms of fecal microbiota transplant efficacy and the particular strains conferring this benefit are still unclear. Rationally designed combinations of microbial preparations may enable more efficient and effective treatment approaches tailored to particular diseases. Here we use an infectious disease, C. difficile infection, and an inflammatory disorder, the inflammatory bowel disease ulcerative colitis, as examples to facilitate the discussion of how microbial therapy might be rationally designed for specific gastrointestinal diseases. Fecal microbiota transplantation has already shown some efficacy in the treatment of both these disorders; detailed comparisons of studies evaluating commensal and probiotic organisms in the context of these disparate gastrointestinal diseases may shed light on potential protective mechanisms and elucidate how future microbial therapies can be tailored to particular diseases.

Gynostemma pentaphyllum saponins attenuate inflammation in vitro and in vivo by inhibition of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling

Recent advances in the development of anti-inflammatory agents have improved their therapeutic outcome in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), however, the presence of side effects and limited effectiveness hinder their widespread use. Therefore, novel compounds with strong anti-inflammatory efficacy are still required. In this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effect and potential mechanisms of Gynostemma pentaphyllum (Thunb.) Makino saponins (GpS), a major component of the herbal medicine widely used in Asian countries. In in vitro studies, we demonstrated that GpS dose dependently suppressed activation of macrophages, one of the main effectors in IBD. GpS also suppressed cytokine production and the activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in lipopolysaccharide-induced macrophages, without affecting their viability. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that GpS could ameliorate the weight loss, increased disease activity index, colon shortening and histological damage associated with dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in mice. In agreement with results from our in vitro experiments, GpS suppressed cytokine production and activation of NF-κB and STAT3 signaling in the colons of DSS-induced mice.

In this study, we present for the first time, evidence of the therapeutic effect of GpS in IBD, highlighting its potential as an effective therapeutic against the disease.

Cytokine production in vitro and in rat model of colitis in response to Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07

Over the past decade, it has become clear that specific probiotic lactobacilli are valuable in the prevention and treatment of infectious and inflammatory diseases of gastrointestinal tract but their successful application would benefit greatly from a better understanding of the mechanisms of individual strains. Hence, each probiotic strain should be characterized for their immune activity before being proposed for clinical applications. The aim of the study was to characterize the immunomodulatory activity of the strain Lactobacillus (L.) plantarum LS/07 in vitro using functional gut model and to study its anti-inflammatory potential in dextran sulphate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis in rats. We showed that L. plantarum LS/07 induced production of IL-10 in macrophages derived from blood monocytes as well as monocyte/macrophages cell line stimulated indirectly via enterocytes in vitro. In rat model of colitis, L. plantarum LS/07 attenuated the DSS-induced signs of inflammatory process in colon such as weight loss, diarrhoea, infiltration of inflammatory cells associated with decreased colon weight/length ratio, inhibited gut mucosa destruction and depletion of goblet cells. Moreover, the strain increased the concentration of anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 in mucosal tissue. In conclusion, the protective effects of L. plantarum LS/07 in the DSS-induced colitis model seem to be related to the stimulation of IL-10 and the restoration of goblet cells and indicate it as a good candidate to prevent and treat diseases associated with inflammation.

Successful Use of Tocilizumab in a Patient with Coexisting Rheumatoid Arthritis and Ulcerative Colitis

Tocilizumab is an interleukin-6 receptor inhibitor licensed for moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis (RA). We report a case of Tocilizumab monotherapy for severe active RA in a patient with coexisting ulcerative colitis (UC). The patient was intolerant to multiple disease-modifying drugs, so Tocilizumab monotherapy was commenced. We found clinical improvement in both RA and UC. There was no major adverse event after 2 years. Manufacturer advised caution in using Tocilizumab in patient with gastrointestinal ulceration due to an increased risk of bowel perforation. However, alternative treatments such as glucocorticoid and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs may carry a higher bowel perforation risk. The presence of gastrointestinal ulceration therefore should not constitute an absolute contraindication for Tocilizumab therapy. Future studies of registry data will inform clinician of the Tocilizumab-related risk of gastrointestinal toxicity in "real-life" settings. Contrary to previous case report, we found Tocilizumab therapy to have a positive effect on UC. Laboratory studies supported a role for interleukin-6 in the pathophysiology of UC. Further clinical trial to evaluate the therapeutic role of Tocilizumab in UC would be warranted.

Assessment of Disease-Related Therapeutic Protein Drug-Drug Interaction for Etrolizumab in Patients With Moderately to Severely Active Ulcerative Colitis

The efficacy and safety of etrolizumab, a humanized IgG1 mAb, were evaluated in patients with ulcerative colitis (UC) in a phase 2 study (EUCALYPTUS). The current study assessed the risk of therapeutic protein drug-drug interaction (TP-DDI) of etrolizumab on CYP3A activity in patients with UC. Literature review was performed to compare serum proinflammatory cytokine levels and pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters of CYP3A substrate drugs between patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and healthy subjects. Treatment effect of etrolizumab on CYP3A activity was evaluated by measuring colonic CYP3A4 mRNA expression and serum C-reactive protein (CRP) in EUCALYPTUS patients. Literature data suggested similar levels between IBD patients and healthy subjects for serum proinflammatory cytokines and PK parameters of CYP3A substrate drugs. Additionally, treatment with etrolizumab did not change colonic CYP3A4 mRNA expression or serum CRP levels in UC patients. In conclusion, our results indicate a low TP-DDI risk for etrolizumab in UC patients, particularly on medications metabolized by CYP3A.

Bayesian modeling suggests that IL-12 (p40), IL-13 and MCP-1 drive murine cytokine networks in vivo

Background

Cytokine-hormone network deregulations underpin pathologies ranging from autoimmune disorders to cancer, but our understanding of these networks in physiological/pathophysiological states remains patchy. We employed Bayesian networks to analyze cytokine-hormone interactions in vivo using murine lactation as a dynamic, physiological model system.

Results

Circulatory levels of estrogen, progesterone, prolactin and twenty-three cytokines were profiled in post partum mice with/without pups. The resultant networks were very robust and assembled about structural hubs, with evidence that interleukin (IL)-12 (p40), IL-13 and monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1 were the primary drivers of network behavior. Network structural conservation across physiological scenarios coupled with the successful empirical validation of our approach suggested that in silico network perturbations can predict in vivo qualitative responses. In silico perturbation of network components also captured biological features of cytokine interactions (antagonism, synergy, redundancy).

Conclusion

These findings highlight the potential of network-based approaches in identifying novel cytokine pharmacological targets and in predicting the effects of their exogenous manipulation in inflammatory/immune disorders.

Electronic supplementary material

The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-015-0226-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

Mycophenolate Mofetil Modulates Differentiation of Th1/Th2 and the Secretion of Cytokines in an Active Crohn's Disease Mouse Model

Mycophenolate mofetil (MMF) is an alternative immunosuppressive agent that has been reported to be effective and well tolerated for the treatment of refractory inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). The aim of this study was to investigate the therapeutic effect of MMF on intestinal injury and tissue inflammation, which were caused by Crohn’s disease (CD). Here, trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-relapsing (TNBS) colitis was induced in mice; then, we measured the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells in mouse splenocytes by flow cytometry and the secretion of cytokines in mice with TNBS-induced colitis by real-time polymerase chain reaction and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (RT-PCR/ELISA). The results show that MMF significantly inhibited mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-1β in mice with TNBS-induced colitis; however, MMF did not inhibit the expression of IL-10 mRNA. Additionally, ELISA showed that the serum levels of IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-12, IL-6, and IL-1β were down-regulated in a TNBS model of colitis. Flow cytometric analysis showed MMF markedly reduced the percentages of Th1 and Th2 splenocytes in the CD mouse model. Mycophenolic acid (MPA) also significantly decreased the percentages of splenic Th1 and Th2 cells in vitro. Furthermore, MMF treatment not only significantly ameliorated diarrhea, and loss of body weight but also abrogated the histopathologic severity and inflammatory response of inflammatory colitis, and increased the survival rate of TNBS-induced colitic mice. These results suggest that treatment with MMF may improve experimental colitis and induce inflammatory response remission of CD by down-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines via modulation of the differentiation of Th1/Th2 cells.

Why interleukin-10 supplementation does not work in Crohn’s disease patients

Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) such as Crohn’s disease (CD) or ulcerative colitis are chronic intestinal disorders, which are on the increase in “Westernised” countries. IBD can be caused by both genetic and environmental factors. Interleukin-10 (IL-10) is an immunoregulatory cytokine that has been identified as being involved in several diseases including IBD. Studies have shown that polymorphisms in the promoter region reduce serum levels of IL-10 and this reduction has been associated with some forms of IBD. Mouse models have shown promising results with IL-10 supplementation, as such IL-10 supplementation has been touted as being a possible alternative treatment for CD in humans. Clinical trials have shown that recombinant human IL-10 is safe and well tolerated up to a dose of 8 μg/kg. However, to date, the results of the clinical trials have been disappointing. Although CD activity was reduced as measured by the CD activity index, IL-10 supplementation did not result in significantly reduced remission rates or clinical improvements when compared to placebo. This review discusses why IL-10 supplementation is not effective in CD patients currently and what can be addressed to potentially make IL-10 supplementation a more viable treatment option in the future. Based on the current research we conclude that IL-10 supplementation is not a one size fits all treatment and if the correct population of patients is chosen then IL-10 supplementation could be of benefit.

Psychological issues in inflammatory bowel disease: an overview

Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) including Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic and disabling disease with unknown etiology. There have been some controversies regarding the role of psychological factors in the course of IBD. The purpose of this paper is to review that role. First the evidence on role of stress is reviewed focusing on perceived stress and patients' beliefs about it in triggering or exacerbating the course of IBD. The possible mechanisms by which stress could be translated into IBD symptoms, including changes in motor, sensory and secretory gastrointestinal function, increase intestinal permeability, and changes in the immune system are, then reviewed. The role of patients' concerns about psychological distress and their adjustment to disease, poor coping strategies, and some personality traits that are commonly associated with these diseases are introduced. The prevalence rate, the timing of onset, and the impact of anxiety and depression on health-related quality of life are then reviewed. Finally issues about illness behavior and the necessity of integrating psychological interventions with conventional treatment protocols are explained.