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Zhu Z, Deng X, Xie W, Li H, Li Y, Deng Z. Pharmacological effects of bioactive agents in earthworm extract: A comprehensive review. Animal Model Exp Med 2024. [PMID: 38957072 DOI: 10.1002/ame2.12465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2024] [Accepted: 06/17/2024] [Indexed: 07/04/2024] Open
Abstract
This review compiles information from the literature on the chemical composition, pharmacological effects, and molecular mechanisms of earthworm extract (EE) and suggests possibilities for clinical translation of EE. We also consider future trends and concerns in this domain. We summarize the bioactive components of EE, including G-90, lysenin, lumbrokinase, antimicrobial peptides, earthworm serine protease (ESP), and polyphenols, and detail the antitumor, antithrombotic, antiviral, antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, wound-healing, antifibrotic, and hypoglycemic activities and mechanisms of action of EE based on existing in vitro and in vivo studies. We further propose the potential of EE for clinical translation in anticancer and lipid-modifying therapies, and its promise as source of a novel agent for wound healing and resistance to antibiotic tolerance. The earthworm enzyme lumbrokinase embodies highly effective anticoagulant and thrombolytic properties and has the advantage of not causing bleeding phenomena due to hyperfibrinolysis. Its antifibrotic properties can reduce the excessive accumulation of extracellular matrix. The glycolipoprotein extract G-90 can effectively scavenge reactive oxygen groups and protect cellular tissues from oxidative damage. Earthworms have evolved a well-developed defense mechanism to fight against microbial infections, and the bioactive agents in EE have shown good antibacterial, fungal, and viral properties in in vitro and in vivo experiments and can alleviate inflammatory responses caused by infections, effectively reducing pain. Recent studies have also highlighted the role of EE in lowering blood glucose. EE shows high medicinal value and is expected to be a source of many bioactive compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zihan Zhu
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Xinyi Deng
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Wenqing Xie
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Hengzhen Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yusheng Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Zhenhan Deng
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Wójcik-Mieszawska S, Lewtak K, Skwarek E, Dębowski D, Gitlin-Domagalska A, Nowak J, Wydrych J, Pawelec J, Fiołka MJ. Autophagy of Candida albicans cells after the action of earthworm Venetin-1 nanoparticle with protease inhibitor activity. Sci Rep 2023; 13:14228. [PMID: 37648723 PMCID: PMC10468520 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-41281-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The present studies show the effect of the Venetin-1 protein-polysaccharide complex obtained from the coelomic fluid of the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta on Candida albicans cells. They are a continuation of research on the mechanisms of action, cellular targets, and modes of cell death. After the action of Venetin-1, a reduced survival rate of the yeast cells was noted. The cells were observed to be enlarged compared to the controls and deformed. In addition, an increase in the number of cells with clearly enlarged vacuoles was noted. The detected autophagy process was confirmed using differential interference contrast, fluorescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. Autophagic vesicles were best visible after incubation of fungus cells with the Venetin-1 complex at a concentration of 50 and 100 µg mL-1. The changes in the vacuoles were accompanied by changes in the size of mitochondria, which is probably related to the previously documented oxidative stress. The aggregation properties of Venetin-1 were characterized. Based on the results of the zeta potential at the Venetin-1/KCl interface, the pHiep = 4 point was determined, i.e. the zeta potential becomes positive above pH = 4 and is negative below this value, which may affect the electrostatic interactions with other particles surrounding Venetin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Wójcik-Mieszawska
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Kinga Lewtak
- Department of Cell Biology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
| | - Ewa Skwarek
- Department of Radiochemistry and Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Dawid Dębowski
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agata Gitlin-Domagalska
- Department of Molecular Biochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Jakub Nowak
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, Kraków, Poland
| | - Jerzy Wydrych
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Jarosław Pawelec
- Department of Functional Anatomy and Cytobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland
| | - Marta J Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Lublin, Poland.
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Stephani L, Rahayu P, Retnoningrum D, Suhartono MT, Rachmawati H, Tjandrawinata RR. Purification and proteomic analysis of potent fibrinolytic enzymes extracted from Lumbricus rubellus. Proteome Sci 2023; 21:8. [PMID: 37158880 PMCID: PMC10165752 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-023-00206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lumbrokinase derived from earthworms, Lumbricus rubellus is known to have fibrinolytic enzymes that have potential as therapeutic drugs due to its ability to dissolve fibrin. The current study is aimed to purify the Lumbrokinase from L. rubellus and identify its protein component. METHODS Water extract of local earthworm Lumbricus rubellus revealed several proteins. Therefore, to identify its protein component, purification through HiPrep DEAE fast flow and proteomic analysis were conducted prior to identifications. A combination of two-dimension gel electrophoresis (2DE) and electrospray ionization mass spectrometry analysis was used to identify the purified fractions. RESULTS The purified fractions contain five protein bands, namely F25-1, F25-2, F85-1, F85-2, and F85-3, which displayed strong fibrinogenolytic activity. F25 fractions showed fibrinogenolytic activity of 974.85 U/mg, while F85 fractions showed higher activity of 1,484.11 U/mg. Fractions F85-1, F85-2, and F85-3 showed molecular weights of 42.6 kDa, 27.03 kDa, and 14 kDa, respectively and were identified as Lumbrokinase iso-enzymes. CONCLUSION This preliminary study indicates that the F25 and F85 fractions are similar to published fibrinolytic protease-1 and lumbrokinase, respectively, in terms of their amino acid sequence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentia Stephani
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Division, Research Innovation and Invention, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, PT Dexa Medica, Kawasan Industri Jababeka II, Industri Selatan V Block PP No. 7, Cikarang, 17550, Indonesia
| | - Puji Rahayu
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Division, Research Innovation and Invention, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, PT Dexa Medica, Kawasan Industri Jababeka II, Industri Selatan V Block PP No. 7, Cikarang, 17550, Indonesia
| | - Debbie Retnoningrum
- Research Group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Maggy Thenawidjaja Suhartono
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Bogor Agricultural University, Fateta Building, Kampus IPB Darmaga, Bogor, Indonesia
| | - Heni Rachmawati
- Research Group of Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
| | - Raymond R Tjandrawinata
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Division, Research Innovation and Invention, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, PT Dexa Medica, Kawasan Industri Jababeka II, Industri Selatan V Block PP No. 7, Cikarang, 17550, Indonesia.
- Faculty of Biotechnology, Atma Jaya Catholic University of Indonesia, Jalan Raya Cisauk-Lapan No. 10, Tangerang, 15345, Indonesia.
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Feng T, Zhang J, Wang Y, Wei D, Sun J, Yu H, Tao X, Mao X, Hu Q, Ji S. Purification and identification of thrombolytic peptides from enzymatic hydrolysate of Pheretima vulgaris. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14414. [PMID: 36121709 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 08/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Pheretima vulgaris has been prescribed for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases in China for several hundred years in the form of dried powder in the clinic. However, the peptides with the potential antithrombotic activity of this source have never been reported. The total active proteins from Pheretima vulgaris were hydrolyzed by eight different commercial proteases and the alcalase hydrolysate showed the strongest thrombolytic activity. Four original thrombolytic peptides were isolated and characterized using bioactivity-directed fractionation of the active hydrolysate. The amino acid sequences were identified as HEPLPEP (m/z 818.40076), EYPLPEP (m/z 844.39648), LGEPSVP (m/z 698.39648), and LLAPP (m/z 510.28043) by nanoLC-ESI-Orbitrap mass spectrometry with PEAKS software. HEPLPEP and EYPLPEP, containing the common -PLPEP residue, showed superior thrombolytic activity in plasmin assay and fibrinogen-thrombin time assay. This research confirmed that Pheretima vulgaris was a potential source of active peptides with thrombolytic activities and provided novel candidates for the thrombolytic agents. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Thrombosis has become the leading cause of mortality as it was the common underlying pathology of cardiovascular diseases, such as ischemic heart disease, and stroke. The demand for thrombolytics has increased gradually as the incidence trends of thrombosis-related diseases raise with the aging of the population. Four novel thrombolytic peptides were characterized from Pheretima vulgaris proteins hydrolysates, among which HEPLPEP and EYPLPEP could prevent the formation of thrombus and degrade existing thrombus in vitro. These peptides are promising to be meritorious templates for developing thrombolytic agents. The structure-function relationship of peptides resulting from the presence of specific residues in these sequences may contribute to extending the knowledge about their thrombolytic activity, which may be useful in designing novel thrombolytic agents. The present research based on a bioactivity-directed isolation strategy could also be applied to other animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines with proteins or peptides as their function basis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Feng
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China.,Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jingxian Zhang
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Dong Wei
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Jian Sun
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Hong Yu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiang Tao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiuhong Mao
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Hu
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China
| | - Shen Ji
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, Shanghai, China.,China State Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai, China
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A Strategy for Rapid Discovery of Marker Peptides Associated with Fibrinolytic Efficacy of Pheretima aspergillum Based on Bioinformatics Combined with Parallel Reaction Monitoring. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27092651. [PMID: 35566002 PMCID: PMC9100157 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Revised: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Quality control of animal-derived traditional Chinese medicines has improved dramatically as proteomics research advanced in the past few decades. However, it remains challenging to identify quality attributes with routine proteomics approaches since protein with fibrinolytic activity is rarely reported in pheretima, a typical animal-derived traditional medicine. A novel strategy based on bioinformatics combined with parallel reaction monitoring (PRM) was developed here to rapidly discover the marker peptides associated with a fibrinolytic effect. Potential marker peptides were found by lumbrokinase sequences’ alignment and in silico digestion. The fibrinogen zymography was used to visually identify fibrinolytic proteins in pheretima. As a result, it was found that the fibrinolytic activity varied among different portions of pheretima. Fibrinolytic proteins were distributed regionally in the anterior and anterior-mid portion and there was no significant fibrinogenolytic activity observed in the mid-posterior and posterior portion. Finally, PRM experiments were deployed to validate and quantify selected marker peptides and a total of 11 peptides were identified as marker peptides, which could be potentially used in quality control of pheretima. This strategy provides a robust workflow to benefit the quality control of other animal-derived traditional medicines.
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Liu H, Yang J, Li Y, Ma Y, Wang W, Zhong W, Li P, Du S. A Novel Fibrinolytic Protein From Pheretima vulgaris: Purification, Identification, Antithrombotic Evaluation, and Mechanisms Investigation. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 8:772419. [PMID: 35141276 PMCID: PMC8819685 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2021.772419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombotic diseases have been considered major causes of death around the world. Treatments with thrombolytic drugs, such as recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator, urokinase, and streptokinase, are reported to have a life-threatening bleeding tendency. On the contrary, lumbrokinase, identified from Lumbricus rubellus, is specific to fibrin and does not cause excessive bleeding. It possesses fibrinolytic activity and activation of plasminogen to dissolve fibrin. Hence, the purification of fibrinolytic protein monomer from earthworm and antithrombotic evaluation and investigation of mechanisms are needed. In this study, a novel fibrinolytic protein EPF3, with strong fibrinolytic activity, was purified from Pheretima vulgaris by ion exchange and size exclusion chromatography. SDS PAGE, bottom-up proteomics analysis, de novo sequencing, and circular dichroism (CD) analysis were carried out for identification and characterization of it. EPF3, with a molecular weight of 25136.24 Da, consisted of 241 amino acids and contained various forms of secondary structures, including α-helix (3.9%), β-sheet (42.8%), β-turn (21.2%), and random coil (32.1%). It was a trypsin-like serine protease and stable at pH 7.0 to 11.0 and below 40°C. EPF3 was confirmed to possess an antithrombotic effect by ex vivo clot lysis test and fibrinogen-thrombin time (Fib-TT) assay. The three-dimensional structure of EPF3 was predicted by SWISS-MODEL. Molecular docking analysis predicted that EPF3 could directly interact with antithrombotic target proteins (fibrin, fibrinogen, and plasminogen), which was further confirmed by further studies. The antithrombotic mechanism of EPF3 was clarified to be outstanding direct fibrinolysis, fibrinogenolytic activity, and certain activation of plasminogen. EPF3 possesses the potential to be developed into a promising antithrombotic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai Liu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Jianqiong Yang
- The First Clinical Medical College, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yamei Li
- College of Pharmacy, Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou, China
| | - Yunnan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wenjie Wang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Wanling Zhong
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Pengyue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengyue Li, ; Shouying Du,
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Pengyue Li, ; Shouying Du,
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Bioevaluation of Pheretima vulgaris Antithrombotic Extract, PvQ, and Isolation, Identification of Six Novel PvQ-Derived Fibrinolytic Proteases. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26164946. [PMID: 34443534 PMCID: PMC8402109 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26164946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Thrombosis is a disease that seriously endangers human health, with a high rate of mortality and disability. However, current treatments with thrombolytic drugs (such as recombinant tissue-plasminogen activator) and the oral anticoagulants (such as dabigatran and rivaroxaban) are reported to have a tendency of major or life-threatening bleeding, such as intracranial hemorrhage or massive gastrointestinal bleed with non-specific antidotes. In contrast, lumbrokinase is very specific to fibrin as a substrate and does not cause excessive bleeding. It can dissolve the fibrin by itself or convert plasminogen to plasmin by inducing endogenous t-PA activity to dissolve fibrin clots. Therefore, searching for potentially new therapeutic molecules from earthworms is significant. In this study, we first collected a strong fibrinolytic extract (PvQ) from the total protein of the Pheretima vulgaris with AKTA pure protein purification systems; its fibrinolytic bioactivity was verified by the fibrin plate assay and zebrafish thrombotic model of vascular damage. Furthermore, according to the cell culture model of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), the PvQ was proven to exhibit the ability to promote the secretion of tissue-type plasminogen activator (t-PA), which further illustrated that it has an indirect thrombolytic effect. Subsequently, extensive chromatographic techniques were applied to reveal the material basis of the extract. Fortunately, six novel earthworm fibrinolytic enzymes were obtained from the PvQ, and the primary sequences of those functional proteins were determined by LC-MS/MStranscriptome cross-identification and the Edman degradation assay. The secondary structures of these six fibrinolytic enzymes were determined by circular dichroism spectroscopy and the three-dimensional structures of these proteases were predicted by MODELLER 9.23 based on multi-template modelling. In addition, those six genes encoding blood clot-dissolving proteins were cloned from P. vulgaris by RT-PCR amplification, which further determined the accuracy of proteins primary sequences identifications and laid the foundation for subsequent heterologous expression.
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Effect of DLBS1033 on Functional Outcomes for Patients with Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. Stroke Res Treat 2021; 2021:5541616. [PMID: 33927846 PMCID: PMC8049819 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5541616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Revised: 03/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There are still some unmet needs for stroke management and safety. DLBS1033 is a protein fraction extracted from the earthworm Lumbricus rubellus that has shown fibrinolytic and fibrinogenolytic activities, reduces blood viscosity, and inhibits platelet aggregation that it can be considered an add-on therapy and potential medical breakthrough in acute ischemic stroke management. Objective This study is aimed at measuring the benefit of DLBS1033 in acute ischemic stroke management. Methods This was a randomized, open-label trial at a referral stroke center from November 2019 to December 2020. Subjects who met the inclusion criteria were randomly divided into a control group and an experimental group. The control group received standard therapy consisting of aspirin 100 mg once daily, atorvastatin 20 mg once daily, and vitamin B12 100 mg three times daily. The experimental group received standard therapy and DLBS1033 three times daily. The functional outcomes were measured using the National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS), Barthel Index (BI), and modified Rankin Scale (mRS) at baseline, hospital discharge, and day 30. Results Collected data from 180 subjects was analyzed. The NIHSS scores' improvements were significantly greater in the experimental group compared to the control group at both hospital discharge (-5.57 ± 2.16 vs. -3.64 ± 2.65; p < 0.001) and day 30 (-6.62 ± 2.64 vs. -5.14 ± 2.41; p = 0.001). Compared with the control group, the improvements in the BI scores were significantly better in the experimental group, at both hospital discharge (10.69 ± 5.36 vs. 6.64 ± 5.04; p < 0.001) and day 30 (10.9 ± 8.19 vs. 8.56 ± 7.45; p = 0.003). The distribution of mRS scores was improved in both groups during 30 days of follow-up and was more favorable in the experimental group. In both groups, a favorable outcome (mRS < 2) was achieved better at day 30 (86.7% vs. 80%; p = 0.302) than at baseline (0% vs. 6.7%; p = 0.028) and at hospital discharge (58.9% vs. 43.3%; p = 0.085). There was no clinically significant adverse event related to the study product. Conclusions DLBS1033 in addition to the standard care was more effective in improving functional status compared to standard care alone in acute ischemic stroke patients with a similar safety profile.
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Hussain G, Wang J, Rasul A, Anwar H, Qasim M, Zafar S, Aziz N, Razzaq A, Hussain R, de Aguilar JLG, Sun T. Current Status of Therapeutic Approaches against Peripheral Nerve Injuries: A Detailed Story from Injury to Recovery. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:116-134. [PMID: 31892850 PMCID: PMC6930373 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.35653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Peripheral nerve injury is a complex condition with a variety of signs and symptoms such as numbness, tingling, jabbing, throbbing, burning or sharp pain. Peripheral nerves are fragile in nature and can easily get damaged due to acute compression or trauma which may lead to the sensory and motor functions deficits and even lifelong disability. After lesion, the neuronal cell body becomes disconnected from the axon's distal portion to the injury site leading to the axonal degeneration and dismantlement of neuromuscular junctions of targeted muscles. In spite of extensive research on this aspect, complete functional recovery still remains a challenge to be resolved. This review highlights detailed pathophysiological events after an injury to a peripheral nerve and the associated factors that can either hinder or promote the regenerative machinery. In addition, it throws light on the available therapeutic strategies including supporting therapies, surgical and non-surgical interventions to ameliorate the axonal regeneration, neuronal survival, and reinnervation of peripheral targets. Despite the availability of various treatment options, we are still lacking the optimal treatments for a perfect and complete functional regain. The need for the present age is to discover or design such potent compounds that would be able to execute the complete functional retrieval. In this regard, plant-derived compounds are getting more attention and several recent reports validate their remedial effects. A plethora of plants and plant-derived phytochemicals have been suggested with curative effects against a number of diseases in general and neuronal injury in particular. They can be a ray of hope for the suffering individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ghulam Hussain
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Jing Wang
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021 China
| | - Azhar Rasul
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Haseeb Anwar
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Qasim
- Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Shamaila Zafar
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Nimra Aziz
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Aroona Razzaq
- Neurochemicalbiology and Genetics Laboratory (NGL), Department of Physiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Government College University, Faisalabad, 38000 Pakistan
| | - Rashad Hussain
- Department of Neurosurgery, Center for Translational Neuromedicine (SMD), School of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Rochester Medical Center, 601 Elmwood Ave, Box 645, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Jose-Luis Gonzalez de Aguilar
- Université de Strasbourg, UMR_S 1118, Strasbourg, France
- INSERM, U1118, Mécanismes Centraux et Péripheriques de la Neurodégénérescence, Strasbourg, France
| | - Tao Sun
- Center for Precision Medicine, School of Medicine and School of Biomedical Sciences, Huaqiao University, Xiamen, Fujian Province, 361021 China
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Wu Y, Ma Y, Hu S, Zhao B, Yang W, Sun Z, Zhu B, Lu Y, Li P, Du S. Transcriptomic-proteomics-anticoagulant bioactivity integrated study of Pheretima guillemi. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2019; 243:112101. [PMID: 31344481 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2019.112101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2019] [Revised: 07/16/2019] [Accepted: 07/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE Earthworms, a type of animal drugs from traditional Chinese medicine, have been used to treat coagulation for many years with less adverse effects and similar anticoagulant effects compared to the commonly used anticoagulants. There are four species of earthworms recorded in Chinese Pharmacopoeia, while few of them were studied and deficient information were involved in the NCBI and UniProt earthworm protein database. We have adopted a transcriptomic-proteomics-anticoagulant bioactivity integrated approach to investigate a seldom-studied Chinese Pharmacopoeia recorded species, Pheretima guillelmi. AIM OF THE STUDY In the present study, we aimed to reveal the anticoagulant bioactivity of Pheretima guillelmi, and identify its functional proteins via LC-MS/MS-transcriptome cross identification. METHODS AND RESULTS With the aid of fibrinogen-thrombin time assay, Pheretima guillelmi was found to possess strong anticoagulant activity, and the bioactivity was quite stable under 30-50 °C and near-neutral conditions. A comprehensive non-reference transcriptome assembly of P. guillelmi was first established to supplement the currently inadequate earthworm protein database and to illustrate the active proteins. Illumina RNA sequencing generated 25,931,175 of clean reads with over 97% high-quality clean reads (Q20) and assembled an average of 133,228 of transcript and 106,717 of unigenes. A total of 11,259 coding sequences were predicted via ESTScan (3.0.3). The P. guillelmi unigenes were searched and annotated against public database. The bioactive proteins in P. guillelmi were with broad distribution of molecular weight. With bottom-up proteomics analysis, ten proteins were identified against UniProt and NCBI earthworm database; and 31 proteins with high-confidence were matched against transcriptomic established P. guillelmi database. CONCLUSION This study illuminated the therapeutic potency of P. guillelmi for antithrombus and provide a new strategy to investigate animal drugs of Chinese materia medica.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Wu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yunnan Ma
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shaonan Hu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Bo Zhao
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Wanqing Yang
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Zongxi Sun
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Baochen Zhu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Yang Lu
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Pengyue Li
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
| | - Shouying Du
- School of Chinese Materia Medica, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, NO. 11 Beisanhuandong Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100029, China.
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11
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Rahayu P, Agustina L, Tjandrawinata RR. Tacorin, an extract from Ananas comosus stem, stimulates wound healing by modulating the expression of tumor necrosis factor α, transforming growth factor β and matrix metalloproteinase 2. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1017-1025. [PMID: 28680814 PMCID: PMC5494315 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Revised: 04/12/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Wound healing is a complex biological process that involves integration of hemostasis, inflammation, proliferation and tissue remodeling. An extract of pineapple (Ananas comosus) stem demonstrates several therapeutics properties, including acceleration of wound healing. Tacorin is a water crude extract derived from the stem of A. comosus with high protein content. The effect of tacorin on wound healing in vivo was examined using rats with an induced injury. Wound closure was faster with tacorin treatment than in the untreated group. An in vitro study was conducted on mammalian cells (3T3‐L1) to observe the effect of tacorin on cell proliferation. Tacorin was first heated to inactivate its proteolytic activity. It increased the viability of 3T3‐L1 cells in a dose‐dependent manner. Excessive inflammation was suppressed by tacorin as shown by decreased tumor necrosis factor α expression. Treatment with tacorin increased the expression of transforming growth factor β, a major player in tissue remodeling. Moreover, tacorin also reduced the expression of MMP‐2 to accelerate the recovery of the wound. Taken together, tacorin is able to accelerate the wound‐healing process by increasing cell proliferation, suppressing inflammation and accelerating tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Puji Rahayu
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Division Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences PT Dexa Medica Cikarang Indonesia
| | - Lia Agustina
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Division Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences PT Dexa Medica Cikarang Indonesia
| | - Raymond R Tjandrawinata
- Biopharmaceutical Technology Division Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences PT Dexa Medica Cikarang Indonesia
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Subroto E, Widjojokusumo E, Veriansyah B, Tjandrawinata RR. Supercritical CO 2 extraction of candlenut oil: process optimization using Taguchi orthogonal array and physicochemical properties of the oil. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2017; 54:1286-1292. [PMID: 28416879 PMCID: PMC5380625 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-017-2542-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 09/08/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A series of experiments was conducted to determine optimum conditions for supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of candlenut oil. A Taguchi experimental design with L9 orthogonal array (four factors in three levels) was employed to evaluate the effects of pressure of 25-35 MPa, temperature of 40-60 °C, CO2 flow rate of 10-20 g/min and particle size of 0.3-0.8 mm on oil solubility. The obtained results showed that increase in particle size, pressure and temperature improved the oil solubility. The supercritical carbon dioxide extraction at optimized parameters resulted in oil yield extraction of 61.4% at solubility of 9.6 g oil/kg CO2. The obtained candlenut oil from supercritical carbon dioxide extraction has better oil quality than oil which was extracted by Soxhlet extraction using n-hexane. The oil contains high unsaturated oil (linoleic acid and linolenic acid), which have many beneficial effects on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna Subroto
- Advanced Technology Development, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences (DLBS), PT Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V, Block PP No. 7, Jababeka Industrial Estate II, Cikarang, West Java 17550 Indonesia
| | - Edward Widjojokusumo
- Advanced Technology Development, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences (DLBS), PT Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V, Block PP No. 7, Jababeka Industrial Estate II, Cikarang, West Java 17550 Indonesia
| | - Bambang Veriansyah
- Advanced Technology Development, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences (DLBS), PT Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V, Block PP No. 7, Jababeka Industrial Estate II, Cikarang, West Java 17550 Indonesia
| | - Raymond R. Tjandrawinata
- Advanced Technology Development, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences (DLBS), PT Dexa Medica, Industri Selatan V, Block PP No. 7, Jababeka Industrial Estate II, Cikarang, West Java 17550 Indonesia
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13
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The fate of medications evaluated for ischemic stroke pharmacotherapy over the period 1995-2015. Acta Pharm Sin B 2016; 6:522-530. [PMID: 27818918 PMCID: PMC5071630 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 05/26/2016] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is a brain damage caused by a loss of blood supply to a portion of the brain, which requires prompt and effective treatment. The current pharmacotherapy for ischemic stroke primarily relies on thrombolysis using recombinant tissue plasminogen activators (rt-PAs) to breakdown blood clots. Neuroprotective agents that inhibit excitatory neurotransmitters are also used to treat ischemic stroke but have failed to translate into clinical benefits. This poses a major challenge in biomedical research to understand what causes the progressive brain cell death after stroke and how to develop an effective pharmacotherapy for stroke. This brief review analyzes the fate of about 430 potentially useful stroke medications over the period 1995–2015 and describes in detail those that successfully reached the market. Hopefully, the information from this analysis will shed light on how future stroke research can improve stroke drug discovery.
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Key Words
- ADP, adenosine diphosphate
- AMPA, α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid
- ASIC1a, acid-sensing ion channel 1a
- BDNF, brain-derived neurotrophic factor
- CFDA, the China Food and Drug Administration
- CNTF, ciliary neurotrophic factor
- GDNF, glial cell line–derived neurotrophic factor
- Ion channel
- Ischemic stroke
- MHRA, Medicine and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency
- NBP, butylphthalide/3-n-butylphthalide
- NGF, nerve growth factor
- NMDA, N-methyl-D-aspartate
- Neuroprotective agent
- Non-NMDA mechanism
- TCM, traditional Chinese medicine
- TRP, transient receptor potential
- TRPC, transient receptor potential canonical
- TRPM, transient receptor potential melastatin
- TRPV, transient receptor potential vanilloid
- Thrombosis
- Traditional Chinese medicine
- iGluRs, ionotropic glutamate receptors
- rt-Pas, recombinant tissue plasminogen activators
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Thrombus Degradation by Fibrinolytic Enzyme of Stenotrophomonas sp. Originated from Indonesian Soybean-Based Fermented Food on Wistar Rats. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2016; 2016:4206908. [PMID: 27635131 PMCID: PMC5011239 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4206908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2016] [Revised: 07/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective. To evaluate thrombus degrading effect of a fibrinolytic enzyme from food origin Stenotrophomonas sp. of Indonesia. Methods. Prior to animal study, the enzyme safety was tested using cell culture. The effect on expression of tissue plasminogen activator was also analysed in the cell culture. For in vivo studies, 25 Wistar rats were used: normal control, negative control, treatment groups with crude and semipurified enzyme given orally at 25 mg/kg, and positive control group which received Lumbrokinase at 25 mg/kg. Blood clot in the tail was induced by kappa carrageenan injection at 1 mg/kg BW. Results. Experiment with cell culture confirmed the enzyme safety at the concentration used and increased expression of tPA. Decreasing of thrombus was observed in the positive group down to 70.35 ± 23.11% of the negative control animals (100%). The thrombus observed in the crude enzyme treatment was down to 56.99 ± 15.95% and 71.5 ± 15.7% for semipurified enzyme. Scanning electron microscopy showed clearly that bood clots were found in the animals injected with kappa carrageenan; however, in the treatment and positive groups, the clot was much reduced. Conclusions. Oral treatment of enzyme from Stenotrophomonas sp. of Indonesian fermented food was capable of degrading thrombus induced in Wistar rats.
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Tjandrawinata RR, Trisina J, Rahayu P, Prasetya LA, Hanafiah A, Rachmawati H. Bioactive protein fraction DLBS1033 containing lumbrokinase isolated from Lumbricus rubellus: ex vivo, in vivo, and pharmaceutic studies. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2014; 8:1585-93. [PMID: 25284988 PMCID: PMC4181543 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s66007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
DLBS1033 is a bioactive protein fraction isolated from Lumbricus rubellus that tends to be unstable when exposed to the gastrointestinal environment. Accordingly, appropriate pharmaceutical development is needed to maximize absorption of the protein fraction in the gastrointestinal tract. In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo stability assays were performed to study the stability of the bioactive protein fraction in gastric conditions. The bioactive protein fraction DLBS1033 was found to be unstable at low pH and in gastric fluid. The "enteric coating" formulation showed no leakage in gastric fluid-like medium and possessed a good release profile in simulated intestinal medium. DLBS1033 was absorbed through the small intestine in an intact protein form, confirmed by sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE) analysis. This result confirmed that an enteric coating formula using methacrylic acid copolymer could protect DLBS1033 from the acidic condition of the stomach by preventing the release of DLBS1033 in the stomach, while promoting its release when reaching the intestine. From the blood concentration-versus-time curve, (99m)Tc-DLBS1033 showed a circulation half-life of 70 minutes. This relatively long biological half-life supports its function as a thrombolytic protein. Thus, an enteric delivery system is considered the best approach for DLBS1033 as an oral thrombolytic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jessica Trisina
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | - Puji Rahayu
- Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | | | | | - Heni Rachmawati
- School of Pharmacy, Bandung Institute of Technology, Bandung, Indonesia
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Karsono AH, Tandrasasmita OM, Tjandrawinata RR. Molecular effects of bioactive fraction of Curcuma mangga (DLBS4847) as a downregulator of 5α-reductase activity pathways in prostatic epithelial cells. Cancer Manag Res 2014; 6:267-78. [PMID: 24944518 PMCID: PMC4057330 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s61111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
DLBS4847 is a standardized bioactive fraction of Curcuma mangga. In this study, we used prostate cancer (PC)-3 as the cell line to study the effects of DLBS4847 on prostatic cell viability, as well as related molecular changes associated with the decreased cell number. The observation revealed that DLBS4847 inhibited the growth of PC3 cells through downregulation of the 5α-reductase (5AR) pathway. At the transcription level, 5AR1 and androgen-receptor gene expressions were downregulated in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, 5AR-1 and dihydrotestosterone expression were also downregulated at the protein level. A microarray study was also performed to see the effects of DLBS4847 on differential gene expressions in prostate cancer 3 cells. Among others, DLBS4847 downregulated genes related to prostate growth and hypertrophy. Our results suggested that DLBS4847 could potentially become an alternative treatment for prostate disorders, such as benign prostatic hyperplasia. In this regard, DLBS4847 exerts its growth inhibition partially through downregulation of the 5AR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agung Heru Karsono
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Innovation and Invention, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | - Olivia Mayasari Tandrasasmita
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Innovation and Invention, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
| | - Raymond R Tjandrawinata
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology, Research Innovation and Invention, Dexa Laboratories of Biomolecular Sciences, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
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Kim HK, Choi MJ, Cha SH, Koo YK, Jun SH, Cho S, Park Y. Earthworm extracts utilized in the green synthesis of gold nanoparticles capable of reinforcing the anticoagulant activities of heparin. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2013; 8:542. [PMID: 24369090 PMCID: PMC3877951 DOI: 10.1186/1556-276x-8-542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 12/11/2013] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles were obtained using a green synthesis approach with aqueous earthworm extracts without any additional reducing or capping agents. The gold nanoparticles were characterized using UV-visible spectrophotometry, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, field emission scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The anticoagulant activity of the gold nanoparticles was assessed using the activated partial thromboplastin time and was mildly enhanced by combining the gold nanoparticles with heparin. In addition to the generation of spherical nanoparticles with an average diameter of 6.13 ± 2.13 nm, cubic and block-shaped nanoparticles with an average aspect ratio, defined as the length divided by width, of 1.47 were also observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Kyeong Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Myung-Jin Choi
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Song-Hyun Cha
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Yean Kyoung Koo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hui Jun
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonho Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, 607 Obang-dong, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621-749, Republic of Korea
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul 151-744, Republic of Korea
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Tjandrawinata RR, Nailufar F, Arifin PF. Hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase activity inhibition and downregulation of its expression by bioactive fraction DLBS2411 from Cinnamomum burmannii in gastric parietal cells. Int J Gen Med 2013; 6:807-15. [PMID: 24101879 PMCID: PMC3790889 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s50134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
This study assessed the gastric acid antisecretory effect of DLBS2411 fractionated from Cinnamomum burmannii. Hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H+/K+ ATPase) activity and its gene expression were observed, and the antioxidant activity of DLBS2411 was also investigated. Treatment of DLBS2411 decreased the level of H+/K+ ATPase messenger RNA expression on human embryonic kidney 293 cells and rat gastric parietal cells in a dose-dependent manner, in vitro and ex vivo. DLBS2411 also acted as a competitive inhibitor by showing inhibition in gastric H+/K+ ATPase activity at various pHs. In gastric ulcer animal models induced with indomethacin and ethanol, DLBS2411showed a reduction in the number of petechiae, suggesting that the fraction also confers gastroprotective activity. Moreover, DLBS2411 was also found to have potent antioxidant activity. Taken together, DLBS2411 is a promising novel agent for the management of dyspepsia, a condition of hyperacidity and diseases in the stomach requiring gastroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond R Tjandrawinata
- Section of Molecular Pharmacology, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia ; Section of Animal Pharmacology, Dexa Medica, Cikarang, Indonesia
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Han L, Kim YS, Cho S, Park Y. Invertebrate Water Extracts as Biocompatible Reducing Agents for the Green Synthesis of Gold and Silver Nanoparticles. Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300800830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We report the use of water extracts of two invertebrates, snail body and earthworm, as biocompatible reducing agents for the green synthesis of gold and silver nanoparticles. The reaction conditions were optimized by varying the extract concentration, gold ion or silver ion concentration, reaction time, and reaction temperature. The gold and silver nanoparticles exhibited their characteristic surface plasmon resonance bands. Mostly spherical and amorphous shapes of the nanoparticles were synthesized. The average diameters of the gold and silver nanoparticles were 4.56 ± 1.81 nm and 11.12 ± 5.25 nm, respectively, when the extract of snail body was used as the reducing agent. The earthworm extracts produced gold and silver nanoparticles with average diameters of 6.70 ± 2.69 nm and 12.19 ± 4.28 nm, respectively. This report suggests that the invertebrate natural products have potential as biocompatible reducing agents for the green synthesis of metallic nanoparticles. This utility would open up novel applications of invertebrate natural products as nanocomposites and in nanomedicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Han
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Products Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–742, Republic of Korea
| | - Seonho Cho
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–744, Republic of Korea
| | - Youmie Park
- National Creative Research Initiatives (NCRI) Center for Isogeometric Optimal Design, Seoul National University, Seoul 151–744, Republic of Korea
- College of Pharmacy, Inje University, Gimhae, Gyeongnam 621–749, Republic of Korea
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Comparative proteomic analysis of the sun- and freeze-dried earthworm Eisenia fetida with differentially thrombolytic activities. J Proteomics 2013; 83:1-14. [PMID: 23517719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2013.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The dried earthworm is a traditional thrombolytic medicine in East Asia. Its thrombolytic mechanism has been extensively studied. However, the effects of drying process on thrombolysis were rarely investigated. Herein, we compared the thrombolytic activity of earthworm Eisenia fetida processed by sun-drying to that by freeze-drying. Fibrin plate and blood clot lysis assays showed that freeze-dried earthworms gave dramatically higher fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities than the sun-dried earthworms. To address the thrombolytic difference, comparative proteomic analysis was carried out using fibrin zymography and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). The freeze- and sun-dried earthworms generated remarkably different 2-DE protein spot patterns. A total of 126 differential protein spots were detected, 83 of them were identified by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry and database searching with 13 quantitative changes and 70 qualitative changes. Five of these differential proteins were identified as fibrinolytic proteases (lumbrokinases), responsible for dissolving fibrin, the main protein component of thrombus. The total abundance of these fibrinolytic proteases in the freeze-dried earthworms was significantly higher, consistent with the results of fibrin zymography. Therefore, the higher concentration of fibrinolytic enzymes along with their broad substrate specificity explained the stronger fibrinolytic and thrombolytic activities of the freeze-dried earthworms. This study suggests that freeze-drying represents an improved processing method for earthworm as the thrombolytic therapy in the future. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE Thrombosis has become one of the biggest concerns all over the world. The dried earthworms have been intensively used as thrombolytic agents. Its thrombotic mechanism has been studied by the modern pharmacological researches. However, the drying procedure of the earthworm and its effects on the thrombolysis were rarely investigated. The present study compared the thrombolytic effects of the freeze-dried and the normal dried earthworm E. fetida. To better understand the underlying mechanisms for differential thrombolytic effects, the fibrin zymography and the two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) were employed to identify sets of differential proteins. Therefore, this study provides not only the comparative proteomic analysis but also molecular mechanism underlying the differential thrombolytic effects.
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An effective degumming enzyme from Bacillus sp. Y1 and synergistic action of hydrogen peroxide and protease on enzymatic degumming of ramie fibers. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:212315. [PMID: 23586022 PMCID: PMC3613079 DOI: 10.1155/2013/212315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Enzymatic degumming, as an alternative to chemical processing, has attracted wide attention. However, to date, little information about other enzyme components with effective degumming except pectinase has been reported, and there is no report about the effect of bleaching agent (H2O2) on enzymatic degumming and combining enzymatic degumming and H2O2 bleaching process. In this study, we found that the crude enzyme of wild-type Bacillus sp. Y1 had a powerful and fast degumming ability. Its PGL activity was the highest at pH 9.6–10.0 and 60°C and stable at pH 7–10.5 and 30–50°C, having a wide scope of pH and temperature. Its PGL also had a high H2O2 tolerance, and the gum loss and brightness of fibers could be significantly improved when H2O2 was added into it for degumming. The synergistic action was also found between it and H2O2 on the degumming and bleaching of ramie fibers. All showed that it was very suitable for a joint process of enzymatic degumming and H2O2 bleaching. It also contained more proteins compared with a control pectinase, and its high protease content was further substantiated as a factor for effective degumming. Protease and pectinase also had a synergistic action on degumming.
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An extract from the earthworm Eisenia fetida non-specifically inhibits the activity of influenza and adenoviruses. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2012; 32:657-63. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(13)60088-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Fiołka M, Grzywnowicz K, Chlebiej K, Szczuka E, Mendyk E, Keller R, Rzymowska J. Anti-Candida albicansaction of the glyco-protein complex purified from metabolites of gut bacteriumRaoultella ornithinolyticaisolated from earthwormsDendrobaena veneta. J Appl Microbiol 2012; 113:1106-19. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2012.05407.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M.J. Fiołka
- Department of Immunobiology; Institute of Biology and Biochemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin; Poland
| | - K. Grzywnowicz
- Department of Biochemistry; Institute of Biology and Biochemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin; Poland
| | | | - E. Szczuka
- Department of Plant Anatomy and Cytology; Institute of Biology and Biochemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin; Poland
| | - E. Mendyk
- Analytical Laboratory; Faculty of Chemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin; Poland
| | - R. Keller
- Analytical Laboratory; Faculty of Chemistry; Maria Curie-Skłodowska University; Lublin; Poland
| | - J. Rzymowska
- Department of Biology and Genetics; Medical University; Lublin; Poland
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