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de Boer E, Marcelis C, Neveling K, van Beusekom E, Hoischen A, Klein WM, de Leeuw N, Mantere T, Melo US, van Reeuwijk J, Smeets D, Spielmann M, Kleefstra T, van Bokhoven H, Vissers LE. A complex structural variant near SOX3 causes X-linked split-hand/foot malformation. HGG ADVANCES 2023; 4:100200. [PMID: 37216008 PMCID: PMC10196709 DOI: 10.1016/j.xhgg.2023.100200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is a congenital limb defect most typically presenting with median clefts in hands and/or feet, that can occur in a syndromic context as well as in isolated form. SHFM is caused by failure to maintain normal apical ectodermal ridge function during limb development. Although several genes and contiguous gene syndromes are implicated in the monogenic etiology of isolated SHFM, the disorder remains genetically unexplained for many families and associated genetic loci. We describe a family with isolated X-linked SHFM, for which the causative variant could be detected after a diagnostic journey of 20 years. We combined well-established approaches including microarray-based copy number variant analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled with optical genome mapping and whole genome sequencing. This strategy identified a complex structural variant (SV) comprising a 165-kb gain of 15q26.3 material ([GRCh37/hg19] chr15:99795320-99960362dup) inserted in inverted position at the site of a 38-kb deletion on Xq27.1 ([GRCh37/hg19] chrX:139481061-139518989del). In silico analysis suggested that the SV disrupts the regulatory framework on the X chromosome and may lead to SOX3 misexpression. We hypothesize that SOX3 dysregulation in the developing limb disturbed the fine balance between morphogens required for maintaining AER function, resulting in SHFM in this family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elke de Boer
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Carlo Marcelis
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Kornelia Neveling
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ellen van Beusekom
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Alexander Hoischen
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine and Radboud Center for Infectious Diseases, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Willemijn M. Klein
- Department of Medical Imaging, Radiology, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicole de Leeuw
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Tuomo Mantere
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Laboratory of Cancer Genetics and Tumor Biology, Cancer and Translational Medicine Research Unit and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Uirá S. Melo
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Institute for Medical and Human Genetics, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jeroen van Reeuwijk
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominique Smeets
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Malte Spielmann
- Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, RG Development & Disease, Berlin, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospitals Schleswig-Holstein, University of Lübeck and Kiel University, 23562 Lübeck, Kiel, Germany
- DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Lübeck, Germany
| | - Tjitske Kleefstra
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Center of Excellence for Neuropsychiatry, Vincent van Gogh Institute for Psychiatry, Venray, the Netherlands
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Radboudumc, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Lisenka E.L.M. Vissers
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboudumc University Medical Center, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
- Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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2
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Zhou X, Zhang C, Fan L, Wu S, Yao S, Wang L, Zhong W, Ma L, Pan Y. A TP63 mutation identified in a Han Chinese family with ectodermal dysplasia. Arch Oral Biol 2023; 152:105731. [PMID: 37257258 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2023.105731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/16/2023] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The purpose of this study was to identify a pathogenic mutation located in TP63 in a nuclear Han Chinese family. DESIGN Whole-exome sequencing and Sanger sequencing were performed to identify candidate variants. The AlphaFold and PyMOL predicted the three-dimensional structure of the protein. Single-cell RNA-sequencing data and spatiotemporal transcriptomic atlas were used to generate the dissection of candidate gene expression at single-cell resolution. Significant genes (Pearson's coefficient ≥0.8 and P < 0.05) were identified for Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) pathways analysis. RESULTS A heterozygous missense variant at TP63 exon 8 (c.1010 G>A:p.Arg337Gln) was identified in the proband. This variant was predicted deleterious and likely to impair the local stability of the protein. In addition, single-cell RNA-sequencing indicated that TP63 was highly expressed in skin tissues. Furthermore, spatial transcriptome data of mice embryos showed TP63 was mainly enriched in the mucosal epithelium, thymus, epidermis, mesenchyme, and surface ectoderm. GO and KEGG pathway annotation analysis revealed that TP63 played a positive role in the process of ectoderm via the TGF-beta signaling pathway. CONCLUSIONS The missense variant of TP63 (c.1010 G>A:p.Arg337Gln) was associated with ectodermal dysplasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Liwen Fan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Shanshan Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyue Yao
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China
| | - Weijie Zhong
- Department of Stomatology, Dushu Lake Hospital Affiliated to Soochow University, China; Department of Stomatology, Medical Center of Soochow University, China.
| | - Lan Ma
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, China.
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China; Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, China; Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, China.
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3
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Sena IFG, Rocha BGS, Picoli CC, Santos GSP, Costa AC, Gonçalves BOP, Garcia APV, Soltani-Asl M, Coimbra-Campos LMC, Silva WN, Costa PAC, Pinto MCX, Amorim JH, Azevedo VAC, Resende RR, Heller D, Cassali GD, Mintz A, Birbrair A. C(3)1-TAg in C57BL/6 J background as a model to study mammary tumor development. Histochem Cell Biol 2021; 156:165-182. [PMID: 34003355 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-021-01995-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diagnosis and prognosis of breast cancer is based on disease staging identified through histopathological and molecular biology techniques. Animal models are used to gain mechanistic insights into the development of breast cancer. C(3)1-TAg is a genetically engineered mouse model that develops mammary cancer. However, carcinogenesis caused by this transgene was characterized in the Friend Virus B (FVB) background. As most genetic studies are done in mice with C57BL/6 J background, we aimed to define the histological alterations in C3(1)-TAg C57BL/6 J animals. Our results showed that C3(1)-TAg animals with C57BL/6 J background develop solid-basaloid adenoid cystic carcinomas with increased fibrosis, decreased area of adipocytes, and a high proliferative index, which are triple-negative for progesterone, estrogen, and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) receptors. Our results also revealed that tumor development is slower in the C57BL/6 J background when compared with the FVB strain, providing a better model to study the different stages in breast cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isadora F G Sena
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Beatriz G S Rocha
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Caroline C Picoli
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Gabryella S P Santos
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Alinne C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Bryan O P Gonçalves
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula V Garcia
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Maryam Soltani-Asl
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | | | - Walison N Silva
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Pedro A C Costa
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Mauro C X Pinto
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology and Neurochemistry, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Goiás, Goiânia, GO, Brazil
| | - Jaime H Amorim
- Center of Biological Sciences and Health, Federal University of West Bahia, Barreiras, BA, Brazil
| | - Vasco A C Azevedo
- Cellular and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Ecology and Evolution, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo R Resende
- Department of Biochemistry and Immunology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Debora Heller
- Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil.,Cruzeiro Do Sul University, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geovanni D Cassali
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil
| | - Akiva Mintz
- Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Birbrair
- Department of Pathology, Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil. .,Department of Radiology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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4
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Asatsuma-Okumura T, Ito T, Handa H. Molecular Mechanisms of the Teratogenic Effects of Thalidomide. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2020; 13:ph13050095. [PMID: 32414180 PMCID: PMC7281272 DOI: 10.3390/ph13050095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 05/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Thalidomide was sold worldwide as a sedative over 60 years ago, but it was quickly withdrawn from the market due to its teratogenic effects. Thalidomide was later found to have therapeutic effects in several diseases, although the molecular mechanisms remained unclear. The discovery of cereblon (CRBN), the direct target of thalidomide, a decade ago greatly improved our understanding of its mechanism of action. Accumulating evidence has shown that CRBN functions as a substrate of Cullin RING E3 ligase (CRL4CRBN), whose specificity is controlled by ligands such as thalidomide. For example, lenalidomide and pomalidomide, well-known thalidomide derivatives, degrade the neosubstrates Ikaros and Aiolos, resulting in anti-proliferative effects in multiple myeloma. Recently, novel CRBN-binding drugs have been developed. However, for the safe handling of thalidomide and its derivatives, a greater understanding of the mechanisms of its adverse effects is required. The teratogenic effects of thalidomide occur in multiple tissues in the developing fetus and vary in phenotype, making it difficult to clarify this issue. Recently, several CRBN neosubstrates (e.g., SALL4 (Spalt Like Transcription Factor 4) and p63 (Tumor Protein P63)) have been identified as candidate mediators of thalidomide teratogenicity. In this review, we describe the current understanding of molecular mechanisms of thalidomide, particularly in the context of its teratogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Takumi Ito
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-3-9323-3250; Fax: +81-3-9323-3251
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5
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Kantaputra PN, Carlson BM. Genetic regulatory pathways of split-hand/foot malformation. Clin Genet 2018; 95:132-139. [PMID: 30101460 DOI: 10.1111/cge.13434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM) is caused by mutations in TP63, DLX5, DLX6, FGF8, FGFR1, WNT10B, and BHLHA9. The clinical features of SHFM caused by mutations of these genes are not distinguishable. This implies that in normal situations these SHFM-associated genes share an underlying regulatory pathway that is involved in the development of the central parts of the hands and feet. The mutations in SHFM-related genes lead to dysregulation of Fgf8 in the central portion of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) and subsequently lead to misexpression of a number of downstream target genes, failure of stratification of the AER, and thus SHFM. Syndactyly of the remaining digits is most likely the effects of dysregulation of Fgf-Bmp-Msx signaling on apoptotic cell death. Loss of digit identity in SHFM is hypothesized to be the effects of misexpression of HOX genes, abnormal SHH gradient, or the loss of balance between GLI3A and GLI3R. Disruption of canonical and non-canonical Wnt signaling is involved in the pathogenesis of SHFM. Whatever the causative genes of SHFM are, the mutations seem to lead to dysregulation of Fgf8 in AER cells of the central parts of the hands and feet and disruption of Wnt-Bmp-Fgf signaling pathways in AER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piranit N Kantaputra
- Center of Excellence in Medical Genetics Research, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Division of Pediatric Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.,Dentaland Clinic, Chiang Mai, Thailand
| | - Bruce M Carlson
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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6
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Parsons CLM, Tucker HLM, Akers RM, Daniels KM. Technical note: p40 antibody as a replacement for p63 antibody in bovine mammary immunohistochemistry. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:7614-7617. [PMID: 29729907 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 03/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Tumor protein 63 (p63) is a nuclear antigen found in basal epithelial cells. To date, 10 isoforms of p63 have been identified, falling into 2 major groups identified by presence or absence of an N-terminal transactivation domain (TAp63 and ΔNp63, respectively). Literature suggests that ΔNp63 is the predominant form expressed in basal epithelial cells and myoepithelial cells (MYEC). The mouse anti-p63 antibody, clone 4B1E12, has been used as a specific nuclear marker for bovine MYEC. Unfortunately, this antibody is no longer commercially available. A new mouse monoclonal antibody, clone BC28, specific to ΔNp63 (designated p40) has been developed. We hypothesized that the p40 antibody would be an appropriate substitution as a MYEC and epithelial basal cell marker. An array of archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded bovine tissues were subjected to immunohistochemical staining for either p40 or p63, with a subset being dual stained for direct comparison. Positive staining for p40 and p63 was observed in serial sections of mammary, skin, rumen, salivary gland, ureter, and bladder. As predicted, negative staining for p40 and p63 was observed in testis and intestine. Dual staining for p40 and p63 in calf mammary (n = 4), lactating mammary (n = 4), rumen (n = 4), and skin (n = 4) showed nearly 100% agreement. Thus, we established that the mouse monoclonal antibody, clone BC28, is a suitable replacement for anti-p63, clone 4B1E12, as a marker of MYEC and basal epithelial cells in bovine tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L M Parsons
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - H L M Tucker
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
| | - R M Akers
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061.
| | - K M Daniels
- Dairy Science Department, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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7
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Kataoka K, Matsushima T, Ito Y, Sato T, Yokoyama S, Asahara H. Bhlha9 regulates apical ectodermal ridge formation during limb development. J Bone Miner Metab 2018; 36:64-72. [PMID: 28324176 PMCID: PMC6324935 DOI: 10.1007/s00774-017-0820-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Split hand/foot malformation (SHFM) and SHFM combined with long-bone deficiency (SHFLD) are congenital dysgeneses of the limb. Although six different loci/mutations (SHFM1-SHFM6) have been found from studies on families with SHFM, the causes and associated pathogenic mechanisms for a large number of patients remain unidentified. On the basis of the identification of a duplicated gene region involving BHLHA9 in some affected families, BHLHA9 was identified as a novel SHFM/SHFLD-related gene. Although Bhlha9 is predicted to participate in limb development as a transcription factor, its precise function is unclear. Therefore, to study its physiological function, we generated a Bhlha9-knockout mouse and investigated gene expression and the associated phenotype in the limb bud. Bhlha9-knockout mice showed syndactyly and poliosis in the limb. Moreover, some apical ectodermal ridge (AER) formation related genes, including Trp63, exhibited an aberrant expression pattern in the limb bud of Bhlha9-knockout mice; TP63 (Trp63) was regulated by Bhlha9 on the basis of in vitro analysis. These observations suggest that Bhlha9 regulates AER formation during limb/finger development by regulating the expression of some AER-formation-related genes and abnormal expression of Bhlha9 leads to SHFM and SHFLD via dysregulation of AER formation and associated gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kensuke Kataoka
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Takahide Matsushima
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Shigetoshi Yokoyama
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-0074, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
- Department of Systems Biomedicine, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, 2-10-1 Okura, Setagaya, Tokyo, 157-0074, Japan.
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8
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3q27.3 Microdeletion syndrome: further delineation of the second region of overlap and atopic dermatitis as a phenotypic feature. Clin Dysmorphol 2017; 26:154-156. [DOI: 10.1097/mcd.0000000000000177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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9
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Abstract
The limb is a commonly used model system for developmental biology. Given the need for precise control of complex signalling pathways to achieve proper patterning, the limb is also becoming a model system for gene regulation studies. Recent developments in genomic technologies have enabled the genome-wide identification of regulatory elements that control limb development, yielding insights into the determination of limb morphology and forelimb versus hindlimb identity. The modulation of regulatory interactions - for example, through the modification of regulatory sequences or chromatin architecture - can lead to morphological evolution, acquired regeneration capacity or limb malformations in diverse species, including humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Petit
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,University of Lille, CHU Lille, EA 7364-RADEME, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Karen E Sears
- School of Integrative Biology, Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
| | - Nadav Ahituv
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA.,Institute for Human Genetics, University of California San Francisco, California 94158, USA
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10
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Conte D, Garaffo G, Lo Iacono N, Mantero S, Piccolo S, Cordenonsi M, Perez-Morga D, Orecchia V, Poli V, Merlo GR. The apical ectodermal ridge of the mouse model of ectrodactyly Dlx5;Dlx6-/- shows altered stratification and cell polarity, which are restored by exogenous Wnt5a ligand. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 25:740-54. [PMID: 26685160 PMCID: PMC4743692 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The congenital malformation split hand/foot (SHFM) is characterized by missing central fingers and dysmorphology or fusion of the remaining ones. Type-1 SHFM is linked to deletions/rearrangements of the DLX5–DLX6 locus and point mutations in the DLX5 gene. The ectrodactyly phenotype is reproduced in mice by the double knockout (DKO) of Dlx5 and Dlx6. During limb development, the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is a key-signaling center responsible for early proximal–distal growth and patterning. In Dlx5;6 DKO hindlimbs, the central wedge of the AER loses multilayered organization and shows down-regulation of FGF8 and Dlx2. In search for the mechanism, we examined the non-canonical Wnt signaling, considering that Dwnt-5 is a target of distalless in Drosophila and the knockout of Wnt5, Ryk, Ror2 and Vangl2 in the mouse causes severe limb malformations. We found that in Dlx5;6 DKO limbs, the AER expresses lower levels of Wnt5a, shows scattered β-catenin responsive cells and altered basolateral and planar cell polarity (PCP). The addition of Wnt5a to cultured embryonic limbs restored the expression of AER markers and its stratification. Conversely, the inhibition of the PCP molecule c-jun N-terminal kinase caused a loss of AER marker expression. In vitro, the addition of Wnt5a on mixed primary cultures of embryonic ectoderm and mesenchyme was able to confer re-polarization. We conclude that the Dlx-related ectrodactyly defect is associated with the loss of basoapical and PCP, due to reduced Wnt5a expression and that the restoration of the Wnt5a level is sufficient to partially reverts AER misorganization and dysmorphology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Human Genome Department, Istituto Tecnologie Biomediche, CNR Milano, Italy
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova, Padova, Italy and
| | | | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Valeria Orecchia
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Valeria Poli
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giorgio R Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy,
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11
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Restelli M, Molinari E, Marinari B, Conte D, Gnesutta N, Costanzo A, Merlo GR, Guerrini L. FGF8, c-Abl and p300 participate in a pathway that controls stability and function of the ΔNp63α protein. Hum Mol Genet 2015; 24:4185-97. [PMID: 25911675 PMCID: PMC4492388 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddv151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The p63 transcription factor, homolog to the p53 tumor suppressor gene, plays a crucial role in epidermal and limb development, as its mutations are associated to human congenital syndromes characterized by skin, craniofacial and limb defects. While limb and skin-specific p63 transcriptional targets are being discovered, little is known of the post-translation modifications controlling ΔNp63α functions. Here we show that the p300 acetyl-transferase physically interacts in vivo with ΔNp63α and catalyzes its acetylation on lysine 193 (K193) inducing ΔNp63α stabilization and activating specific transcriptional functions. Furthermore we show that Fibroblast Growth Factor-8 (FGF8), a morphogenetic signaling molecule essential for embryonic limb development, increases the binding of ΔNp63α to the tyrosine kinase c-Abl as well as the levels of ΔNp63α acetylation. Notably, the natural mutant ΔNp63α-K193E, associated to the Split-Hand/Foot Malformation-IV syndrome, cannot be acetylated by this pathway. This mutant ΔNp63α protein displays promoter-specific loss of DNA binding activity and consequent altered expression of development-associated ΔNp63α target genes. Our results link FGF8, c-Abl and p300 in a regulatory pathway that controls ΔNp63α protein stability and transcriptional activity. Hence, limb malformation-causing p63 mutations, such as the K193E mutation, are likely to result in aberrant limb development via the combined action of altered protein stability and altered promoter occupancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Restelli
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Elisa Molinari
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Barbara Marinari
- Dermatology Unit, NESMOS Department, Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00189 Rome, Italy and
| | - Daniele Conte
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Università di Torino, I-10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Nerina Gnesutta
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Dermatology Unit, NESMOS Department, Università di Roma La Sapienza, I-00189 Rome, Italy and
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, Università di Torino, I-10126 Torino, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy,
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12
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Kouwenhoven EN, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H. Gene regulatory mechanisms orchestrated by p63 in epithelial development and related disorders. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-GENE REGULATORY MECHANISMS 2015; 1849:590-600. [PMID: 25797018 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagrm.2015.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2014] [Revised: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 belongs to the p53 family and is a key regulator in epithelial commitment and development. Mutations in p63 give rise to several epithelial related disorders with defects in skin, limb and orofacial structures. Since the discovery of p63, efforts have been made to identify its target genes using individual gene approaches and to understand p63 function in normal epithelial development and related diseases. Recent genome-wide approaches have identified tens of thousands of potential p63-regulated target genes and regulatory elements, and reshaped the concept of gene regulation orchestrated by p63. These data also provide insights into p63-related disease mechanisms. In this review, we discuss the regulatory role of p63 in normal and diseased epithelial development in light of these novel findings. We also propose future perspectives for dissecting the molecular mechanism of p63-mediated epithelial development and related disorders as well as for potential therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn N Kouwenhoven
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Radboud University, Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands; Radboud university medical center, Department of Human Genetics, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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13
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Sp6 and Sp8 transcription factors control AER formation and dorsal-ventral patterning in limb development. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004468. [PMID: 25166858 PMCID: PMC4148220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation and maintenance of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) is critical for the outgrowth and patterning of the vertebrate limb. The induction of the AER is a complex process that relies on integrated interactions among the Fgf, Wnt, and Bmp signaling pathways that operate within the ectoderm and between the ectoderm and the mesoderm of the early limb bud. The transcription factors Sp6 and Sp8 are expressed in the limb ectoderm and AER during limb development. Sp6 mutant mice display a mild syndactyly phenotype while Sp8 mutants exhibit severe limb truncations. Both mutants show defects in AER maturation and in dorsal-ventral patterning. To gain further insights into the role Sp6 and Sp8 play in limb development, we have produced mice lacking both Sp6 and Sp8 activity in the limb ectoderm. Remarkably, the elimination or significant reduction in Sp6;Sp8 gene dosage leads to tetra-amelia; initial budding occurs, but neither Fgf8 nor En1 are activated. Mutants bearing a single functional allele of Sp8 (Sp6−/−;Sp8+/−) exhibit a split-hand/foot malformation phenotype with double dorsal digit tips probably due to an irregular and immature AER that is not maintained in the center of the bud and on the abnormal expansion of Wnt7a expression to the ventral ectoderm. Our data are compatible with Sp6 and Sp8 working together and in a dose-dependent manner as indispensable mediators of Wnt/βcatenin and Bmp signaling in the limb ectoderm. We suggest that the function of these factors links proximal-distal and dorsal-ventral patterning. In this report we examined the functional roles of Sp6 and Sp8 during limb development using compound loss-of-function mutants. Sp6 and Sp8, two members of the Sp gene family, are expressed in the limb bud ectoderm and function downstream of WNT/βcatenin signaling for Fgf8 induction. The analysis of the allelic series shows that the progressive reduction in the dose of Sp6 and Sp8 gene products leads to predictable morphology, from syndactyly, to split hand/foot malformation, oligodactyly, truncation and finally amelia, indicating that these two factors act in a complementary manner. The molecular characterization of the mutant limbs reveal that Sp6/Sp8 are required in a dose-dependent manner for Fgf8 and En1 induction, thereby placing them as an important link between the induction of the AER and the establishment of dorsal-ventral patterning during limb development.
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14
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Costanzo A, Pediconi N, Narcisi A, Guerrieri F, Belloni L, Fausti F, Botti E, Levrero M. TP63 and TP73 in cancer, an unresolved "family" puzzle of complexity, redundancy and hierarchy. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2590-9. [PMID: 24983500 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.06.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Revised: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 06/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
TP53 belongs to a small gene family that includes, in mammals, two additional paralogs, TP63 and TP73. The p63 and p73 proteins are structurally and functionally similar to p53 and their activity as transcription factors is regulated by a wide repertoire of shared and unique post-translational modifications and interactions with regulatory cofactors. p63 and p73 have important functions in embryonic development and differentiation but are also involved in tumor suppression. The biology of p63 and p73 is complex since both TP63 and TP73 genes are transcribed into a variety of different isoforms that give rise to proteins with antagonistic properties, the TA-isoforms that act as tumor-suppressors and DN-isoforms that behave as proto-oncogenes. The p53 family as a whole behaves as a signaling "network" that integrates developmental, metabolic and stress signals to control cell metabolism, differentiation, longevity, proliferation and death. Despite the progress of our knowledge, the unresolved puzzle of complexity, redundancy and hierarchy in the p53 family continues to represent a formidable challenge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Costanzo
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Natalia Pediconi
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Italy; Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Narcisi
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Guerrieri
- Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Belloni
- Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Francesca Fausti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Botti
- Dermatology Unit, Department of Neuroscience, Mental Health and Sensory Organs (NESMOS), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Levrero
- Center for Life Nanosciences (CNLS) - IIT/Sapienza, Rome, Italy; Laboratory of Gene Expression, Department of Internal Medicine (DMISM), Sapienza University of Rome, Italy.
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15
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Alves LU, Pardono E, Otto PA, Mingroni Netto RC. A novel c.1037C > G (p.Ala346Gly) mutation in TP63 as cause of the ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome. Genet Mol Biol 2014; 38:37-41. [PMID: 25983622 PMCID: PMC4415559 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-475738120140125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly – ectodermal dysplasia and cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome (OMIM 604292)
is a rare disorder determined by mutations in the TP63 gene. Most
cases of EEC syndrome are associated to mutations in the DNA binding domain (DBD)
region of the p63 protein. Here we report on a three-generation Brazilian family with
three individuals (mother, son and grandfather) affected by EEC syndrome, determined
by a novel mutation c.1037C > G (p.Ala346Gly). The disorder in this family
exhibits a broad spectrum of phenotypes: two individuals were personally examined,
one presenting the complete constellation of EEC syndrome manifestations and the
other presenting an intermediate phenotype; the third affected, a deceased individual
not examined personally and referred to by his daughter, exhibited only the
split-hand/foot malformation (SHFM). Our findings contribute to elucidate the complex
phenotype-genotype correlations in EEC syndrome and other related
TP63-mutation syndromes. The possibility of the mutation c.1037C
> G being related both to acro-dermato-ungual-lacrimal-tooth (ADULT) syndrome and
SHFM is also raised by the findings here reported.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Ucela Alves
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Eliete Pardono
- Faculdade de São Paulo, Grupo Educacional UNIESP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Otto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Regina Célia Mingroni Netto
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Evolutiva, Instituto de Biociências, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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16
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Nissimov JN, Das Chaudhuri AB. Hair curvature: a natural dialectic and review. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2014; 89:723-66. [PMID: 24617997 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Although hair forms (straight, curly, wavy, etc.) are present in apparently infinite variations, each fibre can be reduced to a finite sequence of tandem segments of just three types: straight, bent/curly, or twisted. Hair forms can thus be regarded as resulting from genetic pathways that induce, reverse or modulate these basic curvature modes. However, physical interconversions between twists and curls demonstrate that strict one-to-one correspondences between them and their genetic causes do not exist. Current hair-curvature theories do not distinguish between bending and twisting mechanisms. We here introduce a multiple papillary centres (MPC) model which is particularly suitable to explain twisting. The model combines previously known features of hair cross-sectional morphology with partially/completely separated dermal papillae within single follicles, and requires such papillae to induce differential growth rates of hair cortical material in their immediate neighbourhoods. The MPC model can further help to explain other, poorly understood, aspects of hair growth and morphology. Separate bending and twisting mechanisms would be preferentially affected at the major or minor ellipsoidal sides of fibres, respectively, and together they exhaust the possibilities for influencing hair-form phenotypes. As such they suggest dialectic for hair-curvature development. We define a natural-dialectic (ND) which could take advantage of speculative aspects of dialectic, but would verify its input data and results by experimental methods. We use this as a top-down approach to first define routes by which hair bending or twisting may be brought about and then review evidence in support of such routes. In particular we consider the wingless (Wnt) and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathways as paradigm pathways for molecular hair bending and twisting mechanisms, respectively. In addition to the Wnt canonical pathway, the Wnt/Ca(2+) and planar cell polarity (PCP) pathways, and others, can explain many alternatives and specific variations of hair bending phenotypes. Mechanisms for hair papilla budding or its division by bisection or fission can explain MPC formation. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal (EMT) and mesenchymal-to-epithelial (MET) transitions, acting in collaboration with epithelial-mesenchymal communications are also considered as mechanisms affecting hair growth and its bending and twisting. These may be treated as sub-mechanisms of an overall development from neural-crest stem cell (NCSC) lineages to differentiated hair follicle (HF) cell types, thus providing a unified framework for hair growth and development.
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17
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Restelli M, Lopardo T, Lo Iacono N, Garaffo G, Conte D, Rustighi A, Napoli M, Del Sal G, Perez-Morga D, Costanzo A, Merlo GR, Guerrini L. DLX5, FGF8 and the Pin1 isomerase control ΔNp63α protein stability during limb development: a regulatory loop at the basis of the SHFM and EEC congenital malformations. Hum Mol Genet 2014; 23:3830-42. [PMID: 24569166 PMCID: PMC4065156 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddu096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly, or Split-Hand/Foot Malformation (SHFM), is a congenital condition characterized by the loss of central rays of hands and feet. The p63 and the DLX5;DLX6 transcription factors, expressed in the embryonic limb buds and ectoderm, are disease genes for these conditions. Mutations of p63 also cause the ectodermal dysplasia–ectrodactyly–cleft lip/palate (EEC) syndrome, comprising SHFM. Ectrodactyly is linked to defects of the apical ectodermal ridge (AER) of the developing limb buds. FGF8 is the key signaling molecule in this process, able to direct proximo-distal growth and patterning of the skeletal primordial of the limbs. In the limb buds of both p63 and Dlx5;Dlx6 murine models of SHFM, the AER is poorly stratified and FGF8 expression is severely reduced. We show here that the FGF8 locus is a downstream target of DLX5 and that FGF8 counteracts Pin1–ΔNp63α interaction. In vivo, lack of Pin1 leads to accumulation of the p63 protein in the embryonic limbs and ectoderm. We show also that ΔNp63α protein stability is negatively regulated by the interaction with the prolyl-isomerase Pin1, via proteasome-mediated degradation; p63 mutant proteins associated with SHFM or EEC syndromes are resistant to Pin1 action. Thus, DLX5, p63, Pin1 and FGF8 participate to the same time- and location-restricted regulatory loop essential for AER stratification, hence for normal patterning and skeletal morphogenesis of the limb buds. These results shed new light on the molecular mechanisms at the basis of the SHFM and EEC limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Restelli
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Teresa Lopardo
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Nadia Lo Iacono
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Daniele Conte
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | | | - Marco Napoli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Center for Genetics & Genomics, and Center for Stem Cell & Developmental Biology, MD Anderson, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Giannino Del Sal
- Molecular Oncology Unit, LNCIB Area Science Park, Trieste I-34149, Italy
| | - David Perez-Morga
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Moléculaire, IBMM-DBM, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Gosselies B-6041, Belgium and
| | - Antonio Costanzo
- Department of Dermatology, University of Rome 'Tor Vergata', Rome I-00133, Italy
| | - Giorgio Roberto Merlo
- Telethon Laboratory, Department of Molecular Biotechnologies and Health Sciences, University of Torino, Torino I-10126, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano I-20133, Italy
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18
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Mahfuz I, Darling T, Wilkins S, White S, Cheng W. New insights into the pathogenesis of bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex. J Pediatr Urol 2013; 9:996-1005. [PMID: 23743131 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpurol.2013.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Bladder exstrophy-epispadias complex (BEEC) is a complex and debilitating congenital disease. Familial and twin studies suggest a possible genetic component in BEEC pathogenesis. Bladder mesenchyme (detrusor) development requires induction by a signal from bladder urothelium, and we and others have shown the Shh-Gli-Bmp4 signalling pathway is likely to be involved. P63 is a master regulator in epithelial stratification and is expressed in urothelium. We have shown that p63 knock-out mice undergo excessive urothelial apoptosis. Failure of mesenchymal induction by epithelium leads to BEEC. We further demonstrated that insertion/deletion (in/del) polymorphisms (1 base pair (bp) ins and 4 bp ins., and 12 bp del) in the ΔNP63 promoter reduce transcriptional efficiency, and are associated with a statistically significant increase in the risk of BEEC in humans. Furthermore, a Genome-Wide Expression Profiling (GWEP) study suggests possible involvement of PERP in human BEEC. Intriguingly, PERP is a direct target of p63 during development, and is also involved in epithelial stratification. PERP co-localizes with desmosome, and both PERP and desmosome are essential for maintaining tissue integrity by cellular adhesion and epithelial stratification. A recent study showed that PERP and desmosome expression levels are abnormal in human BEEC patients. This review describes the role of the P63 > PERP > desmosome pathway in the development of human bladder during embryogenesis. We hypothesize that disruption of this pathway may increase the risk of BEEC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Istiak Mahfuz
- Monash Institute of Medical Research, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Australia
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19
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Insights from human genetic studies into the pathways involved in osteoarthritis. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2013; 9:573-83. [DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2013.121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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20
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Vieux-Rochas M, Bouhali K, Mantero S, Garaffo G, Provero P, Astigiano S, Barbieri O, Caratozzolo MF, Tullo A, Guerrini L, Lallemand Y, Robert B, Levi G, Merlo GR. BMP-mediated functional cooperation between Dlx5;Dlx6 and Msx1;Msx2 during mammalian limb development. PLoS One 2013; 8:e51700. [PMID: 23382810 PMCID: PMC3558506 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Dlx and Msx homeodomain transcription factors play important roles in the control of limb development. The combined disruption of Msx1 and Msx2, as well as that of Dlx5 and Dlx6, lead to limb patterning defects with anomalies in digit number and shape. Msx1;Msx2 double mutants are characterized by the loss of derivatives of the anterior limb mesoderm which is not observed in either of the simple mutants. Dlx5;Dlx6 double mutants exhibit hindlimb ectrodactyly. While the morphogenetic action of Msx genes seems to involve the BMP molecules, the mode of action of Dlx genes still remains elusive. Here, examining the limb phenotypes of combined Dlx and Msx mutants we reveal a new Dlx-Msx regulatory loop directly involving BMPs. In Msx1;Dlx5;Dlx6 triple mutant mice (TKO), beside the expected ectrodactyly, we also observe the hallmark morphological anomalies of Msx1;Msx2 double mutants suggesting an epistatic role of Dlx5 and Dlx6 over Msx2. In Msx2;Dlx5;Dlx6 TKO mice we only observe an aggravation of the ectrodactyly defect without changes in the number of the individual components of the limb. Using a combination of qPCR, ChIP and bioinformatic analyses, we identify two Dlx/Msx regulatory pathways: 1) in the anterior limb mesoderm a non-cell autonomous Msx-Dlx regulatory loop involves BMP molecules through the AER and 2) in AER cells and, at later stages, in the limb mesoderm the regulation of Msx2 by Dlx5 and Dlx6 occurs also cell autonomously. These data bring new elements to decipher the complex AER-mesoderm dialogue that takes place during limb development and provide clues to understanding the etiology of congenital limb malformations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maxence Vieux-Rochas
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Kamal Bouhali
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Stefano Mantero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Garaffo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paolo Provero
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Simonetta Astigiano
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedale Università San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
| | - Ottavia Barbieri
- Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Azienda Ospedale Università San Martino, IST Istituto Nazionale per la Ricerca sul Cancro, Genova, Italy
- Department of Experimental Medicine, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Apollonia Tullo
- Institute for Biomedical Technologies, National Research Council, Bari, Italy
| | - Luisa Guerrini
- Department of Biosciences, University of Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - Yvan Lallemand
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental Biology, Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA-2578, Paris, France
| | - Benoît Robert
- Institut Pasteur, Department of Developmental Biology, Centre national de la recherche scientifique URA-2578, Paris, France
| | - Giovanni Levi
- Evolution des Régulations Endocriniennes, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, UMR-7221, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Giorgio R. Merlo
- Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- Dulbecco Telethon Institute, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
- * E-mail:
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21
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Abstract
Tissue fusion events during embryonic development are crucial for the correct formation and function of many organs and tissues, including the heart, neural tube, eyes, face and body wall. During tissue fusion, two opposing tissue components approach one another and integrate to form a continuous tissue; disruption of this process leads to a variety of human birth defects. Genetic studies, together with recent advances in the ability to culture developing tissues, have greatly enriched our knowledge of the mechanisms involved in tissue fusion. This review aims to bring together what is currently known about tissue fusion in several developing mammalian organs and highlights some of the questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Ray
- HHMI, Department of Pediatrics, Cell Biology Stem Cells and Development Graduate Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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