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Aladag T, Acar G, Mogulkoc R, Baltaci AK. Improvement of neuronal and cognitive functions following treatment with 3',4' dihydroxyflavonol in experimental focal cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2024; 976:176670. [PMID: 38795755 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2024.176670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 05/22/2024] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/28/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ischemia/reperfusion is a pathological condition by the restoration of perfusion and oxygenation following a period of restricted blood flow to an organ. To address existing uncertainty in the literature regarding the effects of 3', 4'-dihydroxy flavonol (DiOHF) on cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury, our study aims to investigate the impact of DiOHF on neurological parameters, apoptosis (Caspase-3), aquaporin 4 (AQP4), and interleukin-10 (IL-10) levels in an experimental rat model of brain ischemia-reperfusion injury. MATERIALS/METHODS A total of 28 Wistar-albino male rats were used in this study. Experimental groups were formed as 1-Control, 2-Sham, 3-Ischemia-reperfusion, 4-Ischemia-reperfusion + DiOHF (10 mg/kg). The animals were anaesthetized, and the carotid arteries were ligated (ischemia) for 30 min, followed by reperfusion for 30 min. Following reperfusion, DiOHF was administered intraperitoneally to the animals at a dose of 10 mg/kg for 1 week. During the one-week period neurological scores and new object recognition tests were performed. Then, caspase 3 and AQP4 levels were determined by PCR method and IL-10 by ELISA method in hippocampus tissue samples taken from animals sacrificed under anaesthesia. RESULTS Brain ischemia reperfusion significantly increased both caspase 3 and AQP4 values in the hippocampus tissue, while decreasing IL-10 levels. However, 1-week DiOHF supplementation significantly suppressed increased caspase 3 and AQP4 levels and increased IL-10 values. While I/R also increased neurological score values, it suppressed the ability to recognize new objects, and the administered treatment effectively ameliorated the adverse effects observed, resulting in a positive outcome. CONCLUSIONS The results of the study show that brain ischemia caused by bilateral carotid occlusion in rats and subsequent reperfusion causes tissue damage, but 1-week DiOHF application has a healing effect on both hippocampus tissue and neurological parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tugce Aladag
- Selcuk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Gozde Acar
- Selcuk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey
| | - Rasim Mogulkoc
- Selcuk University, Medical Faculty, Department of Physiology, Konya, Turkey.
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Toader C, Tataru CP, Florian IA, Covache-Busuioc RA, Dumitrascu DI, Glavan LA, Costin HP, Bratu BG, Ciurea AV. From Homeostasis to Pathology: Decoding the Multifaceted Impact of Aquaporins in the Central Nervous System. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14340. [PMID: 37762642 PMCID: PMC10531540 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241814340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2023] [Revised: 09/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs), integral membrane proteins facilitating selective water and solute transport across cell membranes, have been the focus of extensive research over the past few decades. Particularly noteworthy is their role in maintaining cellular homeostasis and fluid balance in neural compartments, as dysregulated AQP expression is implicated in various degenerative and acute brain pathologies. This article provides an exhaustive review on the evolutionary history, molecular classification, and physiological relevance of aquaporins, emphasizing their significance in the central nervous system (CNS). The paper journeys through the early studies of water transport to the groundbreaking discovery of Aquaporin 1, charting the molecular intricacies that make AQPs unique. It delves into AQP distribution in mammalian systems, detailing their selective permeability through permeability assays. The article provides an in-depth exploration of AQP4 and AQP1 in the brain, examining their contribution to fluid homeostasis. Furthermore, it elucidates the interplay between AQPs and the glymphatic system, a critical framework for waste clearance and fluid balance in the brain. The dysregulation of AQP-mediated processes in this system hints at a strong association with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's Disease, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus, and Alzheimer's Disease. This relationship is further explored in the context of acute cerebral events such as stroke and autoimmune conditions such as neuromyelitis optica (NMO). Moreover, the article scrutinizes AQPs at the intersection of oncology and neurology, exploring their role in tumorigenesis, cell migration, invasiveness, and angiogenesis. Lastly, the article outlines emerging aquaporin-targeted therapies, offering a glimpse into future directions in combatting CNS malignancies and neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corneliu Toader
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Department of Vascular Neurosurgery, National Institute of Neurology and Neurovascular Diseases, 077160 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Calin Petru Tataru
- Department of Opthamology, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania
- Central Military Emergency Hospital “Dr. Carol Davila”, 010825 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ioan-Alexandru Florian
- Department of Neurosciences, “Iuliu Hatieganu” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 400012 Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Razvan-Adrian Covache-Busuioc
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - David-Ioan Dumitrascu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Luca Andrei Glavan
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Horia Petre Costin
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Bogdan-Gabriel Bratu
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
| | - Alexandru Vlad Ciurea
- Department of Neurosurgery, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 020021 Bucharest, Romania; (C.T.); (R.-A.C.-B.); (D.-I.D.); (L.A.G.); (H.P.C.); (B.-G.B.); (A.V.C.)
- Neurosurgery Department, Sanador Clinical Hospital, 010991 Bucharest, Romania
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Jiang H, Zhang Y, Wang ZZ, Chen NH. Connexin 43: An Interface Connecting Neuroinflammation to Depression. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28041820. [PMID: 36838809 PMCID: PMC9961786 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a leading chronic mental illness worldwide, characterized by anhedonia, pessimism and even suicidal thoughts. Connexin 43 (Cx43), mainly distributed in astrocytes of the brain, is by far the most widely and ubiquitously expressed connexin in almost all vital organs. Cx43 forms gap junction channels in the brain, which mediate energy exchange and effectively maintain physiological homeostasis. Increasing evidence suggests the crucial role of Cx43 in the pathogenesis of MDD. Neuroinflammation is one of the most common pathological features of the central nervous system dysfunctions. Inflammatory factors are abnormally elevated in patients with depression and are closely related to nearly all links of depression. After activating the inflammatory pathway in the brain, the release and uptake of glutamate and adenosine triphosphate, through Cx43 in the synaptic cleft, would be affected. In this review, we have summarized the association between Cx43 and neuroinflammation, the cornerstones linking inflammation and depression, and Cx43 abnormalities in depression. We also discuss the significant association of Cx43 in inflammation and depression, which will help to explore new antidepressant drug targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical, Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy, School of Chinese Medicine, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 102488, China
| | - Zhen-Zhen Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical, Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-Z.W.); (N.-H.C.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5182 (Z.-Z.W.); +86-10-63165177 (N.-H.C.)
| | - Nai-Hong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substances and Functions of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica & Neuroscience Center, Chinese Academy of Medical, Science and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- Correspondence: (Z.-Z.W.); (N.-H.C.); Tel.: +86-10-6316-5182 (Z.-Z.W.); +86-10-63165177 (N.-H.C.)
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Schreiner TG, Creangă-Murariu I, Tamba BI, Lucanu N, Popescu BO. In Vitro Modeling of the Blood–Brain Barrier for the Study of Physiological Conditions and Alzheimer’s Disease. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081136. [PMID: 36009030 PMCID: PMC9405874 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is an essential structure for the maintenance of brain homeostasis. Alterations to the BBB are linked with a myriad of pathological conditions and play a significant role in the onset and evolution of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease. Thus, a deeper understanding of the BBB’s structure and function is mandatory for a better knowledge of neurodegenerative disorders and the development of effective therapies. Because studying the BBB in vivo imposes overwhelming difficulties, the in vitro approach remains the main possible way of research. With many in vitro BBB models having been developed over the last years, the main aim of this review is to systematically present the most relevant designs used in neurological research. In the first part of the article, the physiological and structural–functional parameters of the human BBB are detailed. Subsequently, available BBB models are presented in a comparative approach, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Finally, the new perspectives related to the study of Alzheimer’s disease with the help of novel devices that mimic the in vivo human BBB milieu gives the paper significant originality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Neurology, “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21-23 Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Ioana Creangă-Murariu
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Str., No. 16, 700155 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ionel Tamba
- Advanced Research and Development Center for Experimental Medicine (CEMEX), “Grigore T. Popa” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Universitatii Str., No. 16, 700155 Iasi, Romania
| | - Nicolae Lucanu
- Department of Applied Electronics and Intelligent Systems, Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 21-23 Professor Dimitrie Mangeron Blvd., 700050 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Ovidiu Popescu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Neurology Department, Colentina Clinical Hospital, 020125 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Cell Biology, Neurosciences and Experimental Myology, “Victor Babes” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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The Blood–Brain Barrier—A Key Player in Multiple Sclerosis Disease Mechanisms. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12040538. [PMID: 35454127 PMCID: PMC9025898 DOI: 10.3390/biom12040538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decade, multiple sclerosis (MS), a chronic neuroinflammatory disease with severe personal and social consequences, has undergone a steady increase in incidence and prevalence rates worldwide. Despite ongoing research and the development of several novel therapies, MS pathology remains incompletely understood, and the prospect for a curative treatment continues to be unpromising in the near future. A sustained research effort, however, should contribute to a deeper understanding of underlying disease mechanisms, which will undoubtedly yield improved results in drug development. In recent years, the blood–brain barrier (BBB) has increasingly become the focus of many studies as it appears to be involved in both MS disease onset and progression. More specifically, neurovascular unit damage is believed to be involved in the critical process of CNS immune cell penetration, which subsequently favors the development of a CNS-specific immune response, leading to the classical pathological and clinical hallmarks of MS. The aim of the current narrative review is to merge the relevant evidence on the role of the BBB in MS pathology in a comprehensive and succinct manner. Firstly, the physiological structure and functions of the BBB as a component of the more complex neurovascular unit are presented. Subsequently, the authors review the specific alteration of the BBB encountered in different stages of MS, focusing on both the modifications of BBB cells in neuroinflammation and the CNS penetration of immune cells. Finally, the currently accepted theories on neurodegeneration in MS are summarized.
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Chistyakov DV, Astakhova AA, Goriainov SV, Sergeeva MG. Comparison of PPAR Ligands as Modulators of Resolution of Inflammation, via Their Influence on Cytokines and Oxylipins Release in Astrocytes. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249577. [PMID: 33339154 PMCID: PMC7765666 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Revised: 12/10/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a key process of many neurodegenerative diseases and other brain disturbances, and astrocytes play an essential role in neuroinflammation. Therefore, the regulation of astrocyte responses for inflammatory stimuli, using small molecules, is a potential therapeutic strategy. We investigated the potency of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) ligands to modulate the stimulating effect of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in the primary rat astrocytes on (1) polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFAs) derivative (oxylipins) synthesis; (2) cytokines TNFα and interleukin-10 (IL-10) release; (3) p38, JNK, ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPKs) phosphorylation. Astrocytes were exposed to LPS alone or in combination with the PPAR ligands: PPARα (fenofibrate, GW6471); PPARβ (GW501516, GSK0660); PPARγ (rosiglitazone, GW9662). We detected 28 oxylipins with mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS), classified according to their metabolic pathways: cyclooxygenase (COX), cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYP), lipoxygenase (LOX) and PUFAs: arachidonic (AA), docosahexaenoic (DHA), eicosapentaenoic (EPA). All tested PPAR ligands decrease COX-derived oxylipins; both PPARβ ligands possessed the strongest effect. The PPARβ agonist, GW501516 is a strong inducer of pro-resolution substances, derivatives of DHA: 4-HDoHE, 11-HDoHE, 17-HDoHE. All tested PPAR ligands decreased the release of the proinflammatory cytokine, TNFα. The PPARβ agonist GW501516 and the PPARγ agonist, rosiglitazone induced the IL-10 release of the anti-inflammatory cytokine, IL-10; the cytokine index, (IL-10/TNFα) was more for GW501516. The PPARβ ligands, GW501516 and GSK0660, are also the strongest inhibitors of LPS-induced phosphorylation of p38, JNK, ERK MAPKs. Overall, our data revealed that the PPARβ ligands are a potential pro-resolution and anti-inflammatory drug for targeting glia-mediated neuroinflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dmitry V. Chistyakov
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (M.G.S.)
- SREC PFUR, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-49-5939-4332
| | - Alina A. Astakhova
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (M.G.S.)
| | - Sergei V. Goriainov
- SREC PFUR, Peoples’ Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), 117198 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Marina G. Sergeeva
- Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.A.A.); (M.G.S.)
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Dumont U, Sanchez S, Olivier B, Chateil JF, Deffieux D, Quideau S, Pellerin L, Beauvieux MC, Bouzier-Sore AK, Roumes H. Maternal alcoholism and neonatal hypoxia-ischemia: Neuroprotection by stilbenoid polyphenols. Brain Res 2020; 1738:146798. [PMID: 32229200 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.146798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The impact of maternal nutrition on neurodevelopment and neonatal neuroprotection is a research topic with increasing interest. Maternal diet can also have deleterious effects on fetal brain development. Fetal exposure to alcohol is responsible for poor neonatal global development, and may increase brain vulnerability to hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy, one of the major causes of acute mortality and chronic neurological disability in newborns. Despite frequent prevention campaigns, about 10% of women in the general population drinks alcohol during pregnancy and breastfeeding. This study was inspired by this alarming fact. Its aim was to evaluate the beneficial effects of maternal supplementation with two polyphenols during pregnancy and breastfeeding, on hypoxic-ischemic neonate rat brain damages, sensorimotor and cognitive impairments, in a context of moderate maternal alcoholism. Both stilbenoid polyphenols, trans-resveratrol (RSV - 0.15 mg/kg/day), and its hydroxylated analog, trans-piceatannol (PIC - 0.15 mg/kg/day), were administered in the drinking water, containing or not alcohol (0.5 g/kg/day). In a 7-day post-natal rat model of hypoxia-ischemia (HI), our data showed that moderate maternal alcoholism does not increase brain lesion volumes measured by MRI but leads to higher motor impairments. RSV supplementation could not reverse the deleterious effects of HI coupled with maternal alcoholism. However, PIC supplementation led to a recovery of all sensorimotor and cognitive functions. This neuroprotection was obtained with a dose of PIC corresponding to the consumption of a single passion fruit per day for a pregnant woman.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ursule Dumont
- CRMSB, UMR 5536, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Stéphane Sanchez
- CRMSB, UMR 5536, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Benjamin Olivier
- CRMSB, UMR 5536, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-François Chateil
- CRMSB, UMR 5536, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | | | | | - Luc Pellerin
- CRMSB, UMR 5536, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France; Department of Physiology, 7 Rue du Bugnon, CH1005 Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | | | - Anne-Karine Bouzier-Sore
- CRMSB, UMR 5536, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
| | - Hélène Roumes
- CRMSB, UMR 5536, CNRS/University of Bordeaux, 146 Rue Léo Saignat, 33076 Bordeaux Cedex, France.
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Takahashi T, Shimohata T. Vascular Dysfunction Induced by Mercury Exposure. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2435. [PMID: 31100949 PMCID: PMC6566353 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20102435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Methylmercury (MeHg) causes severe damage to the central nervous system, and there is increasing evidence of the association between MeHg exposure and vascular dysfunction, hemorrhage, and edema in the brain, but not in other organs of patients with acute MeHg intoxication. These observations suggest that MeHg possibly causes blood-brain barrier (BBB) damage. MeHg penetrates the BBB into the brain parenchyma via active transport systems, mainly the l-type amino acid transporter 1, on endothelial cell membranes. Recently, exposure to mercury has significantly increased. Numerous reports suggest that long-term low-level MeHg exposure can impair endothelial function and increase the risks of cardiovascular disease. The most widely reported mechanism of MeHg toxicity is oxidative stress and related pathways, such as neuroinflammation. BBB dysfunction has been suggested by both in vitro and in vivo models of MeHg intoxication. Therapy targeted at both maintaining the BBB and suppressing oxidative stress may represent a promising therapeutic strategy for MeHg intoxication. This paper reviews studies on the relationship between MeHg exposure and vascular dysfunction, with a special emphasis on the BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tetsuya Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Nishiniigata Chuo Hospital, Niigata 950-2085, Japan.
| | - Takayoshi Shimohata
- Department of Neurology, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu 501-1194, Japan.
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Puech C, Hodin S, Forest V, He Z, Mismetti P, Delavenne X, Perek N. Assessment of HBEC-5i endothelial cell line cultivated in astrocyte conditioned medium as a human blood-brain barrier model for ABC drug transport studies. Int J Pharm 2018; 551:281-289. [PMID: 30240829 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2018.09.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 09/14/2018] [Accepted: 09/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Endothelial cells are main components of the Blood-Brain Barrier (BBB) and form a tight monolayer that regulates the passage of molecules, with the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters efflux pumps. We have developed a human in vitro model of HBEC-5i endothelial cells cultivated alone or with human astrocytes conditioned medium on insert. HBEC-5i cells showed a tight monolayer within 14 days, expressing ZO-1 and claudin 5, a low apparent permeability to small molecules, with a TEER stability during five days. The P-gp, BCRP, MRPs transporters were well expressed and functional. Accumulation and efflux ratio measurement with different ABC transporters substrates (Rhodamine 123, BCECF AM, Hoechst 33342) and inhibitors (verapamil, Ko143, probenecid and cyclosporin A) were conducted. At barrier level, the functionality of ABC transporters was three-fold enhanced in astrocyte conditioned medium. We validated our model by the transport of pharmacological substrates: caffeine, rivaroxaban, and methotrexate. The rivaroxaban and methotrexate were released with an efflux ratio >3 and were decreased by more than half with inhibitors. HBEC-5i model could be used as relevant tool in preclinical studies for assessing the permeability of therapeutic molecules to cross human BBB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Puech
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France.
| | - Sophie Hodin
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
| | - Valérie Forest
- Mines Saint-Etienne, Univ Lyon, Univ Jean Monnet, INSERM, U 1059 Sainbiose, Centre CIS, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Zhiguo He
- Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; EA 2521 Biologie, Ingénierie et Imagerie de la Greffe de Cornée (BIIGC), Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Patrick Mismetti
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; Unité de Recherche Clinique Innovation et Pharmacologie, CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint Etienne, France
| | - Xavier Delavenne
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France; Laboratoire de Pharmacologie Toxicologie, CHU Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint-Etienne, France
| | - Nathalie Perek
- INSERM, U1059 Sainbiose, Dysfonction Vasculaire et Hémostase, Saint-Etienne, France; Université de Lyon, Saint-Etienne, F-42023, France
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Kim M, Hong J, Shin HJ. Double-pulse laser illumination method for measuring fast cerebral blood flow velocities in the deep brain using a fiber-bundle-based endomicroscopy system. BIOMEDICAL OPTICS EXPRESS 2018; 9:2699-2715. [PMID: 30258684 PMCID: PMC6154180 DOI: 10.1364/boe.9.002699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
We present a new fiber-bundle-based endomicroscopy system to measure the fast cerebral blood flow (CBF) velocity in blood vessels located between the surface and the deep brain of living animals. The CBF velocity is obtained by measuring the displacement of the partially overlapped red blood cell images directly, using double-pulse 532-nm laser illumination. The proposed method could measure CBF in blood vessels with diameters ranging from 4 μm to 42 μm and could measure CBF velocities up to 3.2 μm/ms for different vessel diameters at a depth of 2.1 mm from the brain surface in a living mouse.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minkyung Kim
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
- Biomedical Engineering, KIST School, UST, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Jinki Hong
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
- Biomedical Engineering, KIST School, UST, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
| | - Hyun-joon Shin
- Center for Bionics, Biomedical Research Institute, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
- Biomedical Engineering, KIST School, UST, Korea University of Science and Technology, Seoul 02792, South Korea
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Anuncibay-Soto B, Pérez-Rodriguez D, Santos-Galdiano M, Font-Belmonte E, Ugidos IF, Gonzalez-Rodriguez P, Regueiro-Purriños M, Fernández-López A. Salubrinal and robenacoxib treatment after global cerebral ischemia. Exploring the interactions between ER stress and inflammation. Biochem Pharmacol 2018; 151:26-37. [PMID: 29499167 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2018.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Blood reperfusion of the ischemic tissue after stroke promotes increases in the inflammatory response as well as accumulation of unfolded/misfolded proteins in the cell, leading to endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Both Inflammation and ER stress are critical processes in the delayed death of the cells damaged after ischemia. The aim of this study is to check the putative synergic neuroprotective effect by combining anti-inflammatory and anti-ER stress agents after ischemia. METHODS The study was performed on a two-vessel occlusion global cerebral ischemia model. Animals were treated with salubrinal one hour after ischemia and with robenacoxib at 8 h and 32 h after ischemia. Parameters related to the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), such as matrix metalloproteinase 9 and different cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), were analyzed by qPCR at 24 h and 48 h after ischemia. Microglia and cell components of the neurovascular unit, including neurons, endothelial cells and astrocytes, were analyzed by immunofluorescence after 48 h and seven days of reperfusion. RESULTS Pharmacologic control of ER stress by salubrinal treatment after ischemia, revealed a neuroprotective effect over neurons that reduces the transcription of molecules involved in the impairment of the BBB. Robenacoxib treatment stepped neuronal demise forward, revealing a detrimental effect of this anti-inflammatory agent. Combined treatment with robenacoxib and salubrinal after ischemia prevented neuronal loss and changes in components of the neurovascular unit and microglia observed when animals were treated only with robenacoxib. CONCLUSION Combined treatment with anti-ER stress and anti-inflammatory agents is able to provide enhanced neuroprotective effects reducing glial activation, which opens new avenues in therapies against stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Irene F Ugidos
- Dpt. Biología Celular, Instituto Biomedicina. Universidad de León, Spain
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12
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Effects of a Propolis Extract on the Viability of and Levels of Cytoskeletal and Regulatory Proteins in Rat Brain Astrocytes: an In Vitro Study. NEUROPHYSIOLOGY+ 2017. [DOI: 10.1007/s11062-017-9680-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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13
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Bischel LL, Coneski PN, Lundin JG, Wu PK, Giller CB, Wynne J, Ringeisen BR, Pirlo RK. Electrospun gelatin biopapers as substrate for in vitro bilayer models of blood-brain barrier tissue. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 104:901-9. [PMID: 26650896 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2015] [Revised: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gaining a greater understanding of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is critical for improvement in drug delivery, understanding pathologies that compromise the BBB, and developing therapies to protect the BBB. In vitro human tissue models are valuable tools for studying these issues. The standard in vitro BBB models use commercially available cell culture inserts to generate bilayer co-cultures of astrocytes and endothelial cells (EC). Electrospinning can be used to produce customized cell culture substrates with optimized material composition and mechanical properties with advantages over off-the-shelf materials. Electrospun gelatin is an ideal cell culture substrate because it is a natural polymer that can aid cell attachment and be modified and degraded by cells. Here, we have developed a method to produce cell culture inserts with electrospun gelatin "biopaper" membranes. The electrospun fiber diameter and cross-linking method were optimized for the growth of primary human endothelial cell and primary human astrocyte bilayer co-cultures to model human BBB tissue. BBB co-cultures on biopaper were characterized via cell morphology, trans-endothelial electrical resistance (TEER), and permeability to FITC-labeled dextran and compared to BBB co-cultures on standard cell culture inserts. Over longer culture periods (up to 21 days), cultures on the optimized electrospun gelatin biopapers were found to have improved TEER, decreased permeability, and permitted a smaller separation between co-cultured cells when compared to standard PET inserts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren L Bischel
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC
| | - Peter N Coneski
- American Society for Engineering Education Postdoctoral Fellow at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, DC
| | - Jeffrey G Lundin
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
| | - Peter K Wu
- Department of Physics, Southern Oregon University, Ashland, Oregon
| | - Carl B Giller
- Contractor at the U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Leidos, Washington, DC
| | - James Wynne
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
| | - Brad R Ringeisen
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
| | - Russell K Pirlo
- U.S. Naval Research Laboratory, Chemistry Division, Washington, DC
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14
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Bake S, Okoreeh AK, Alaniz RC, Sohrabji F. Insulin-Like Growth Factor (IGF)-I Modulates Endothelial Blood-Brain Barrier Function in Ischemic Middle-Aged Female Rats. Endocrinology 2016; 157:61-9. [PMID: 26556536 PMCID: PMC4701884 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In comparison with young females, middle-aged female rats sustain greater cerebral infarction and worse functional recovery after stroke. These poorer stroke outcomes in middle-aged females are associated with an age-related reduction in IGF-I levels. Poststroke IGF-I treatment decreases infarct volume in older females and lowers the expression of cytokines in the ischemic hemisphere. IGF-I also reduces transfer of Evans blue dye to the brain, suggesting that this peptide may also promote blood-brain barrier function. To test the hypothesis that IGF-I may act at the blood-brain barrier in ischemic stroke, 2 approaches were used. In the first approach, middle-aged female rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion and treated with IGF-I after reperfusion. Mononuclear cells from the ischemic hemisphere were stained for CD4 or triple-labeled for CD4/CD25/FoxP3 and subjected to flow analyses. Both cohorts of cells were significantly reduced in IGF-I-treated animals compared with those in vehicle controls. Reduced trafficking of immune cells to the ischemic site suggests that blood-brain barrier integrity is better maintained in IGF-I-treated animals. The second approach directly tested the effect of IGF-I on barrier function of aging endothelial cells. Accordingly, brain microvascular endothelial cells from middle-aged female rats were cultured ex vivo and subjected to ischemic conditions (oxygen-glucose deprivation). IGF-I treatment significantly reduced the transfer of fluorescently labeled BSA across the endothelial monolayer as well as cellular internalization of fluorescein isothiocyanate-BSA compared with those in vehicle-treated cultures, Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that IGF-I improves blood-brain barrier function in middle-aged females.
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MESH Headings
- Aging
- Animals
- Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects
- Blood-Brain Barrier/immunology
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/pathology
- Brain Ischemia/drug therapy
- Brain Ischemia/immunology
- Brain Ischemia/metabolism
- Brain Ischemia/pathology
- Capillary Permeability/drug effects
- Cell Hypoxia/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cerebrum/drug effects
- Cerebrum/immunology
- Cerebrum/metabolism
- Cerebrum/pathology
- Drug Implants
- Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects
- Endothelium, Vascular/immunology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Hypoglycemia/etiology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/administration & dosage
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/genetics
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/pharmacology
- Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/therapeutic use
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/immunology
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism
- Leukocytes, Mononuclear/pathology
- Microvessels/drug effects
- Microvessels/immunology
- Microvessels/metabolism
- Microvessels/pathology
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/agonists
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/agonists
- Receptor, IGF Type 1/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology
- Recombinant Proteins/therapeutic use
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Stroke/drug therapy
- Stroke/immunology
- Stroke/metabolism
- Stroke/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shameena Bake
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program (S.B., A.K.O., F.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology (R.C.A.), Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807
| | - Andre K Okoreeh
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program (S.B., A.K.O., F.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology (R.C.A.), Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807
| | - Robert C Alaniz
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program (S.B., A.K.O., F.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology (R.C.A.), Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807
| | - Farida Sohrabji
- Women's Health in Neuroscience Program (S.B., A.K.O., F.S.), Department of Neuroscience and Experimental Therapeutics and Department of Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology (R.C.A.), Texas A&M University Health Science Center, Bryan, Texas 77807
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15
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Mendonça MCP, Soares ES, de Jesus MB, Ceragioli HJ, Ferreira MS, Catharino RR, da Cruz-Höfling MA. Reduced graphene oxide induces transient blood-brain barrier opening: an in vivo study. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:78. [PMID: 26518450 PMCID: PMC4628296 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0143-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The blood–brain barrier (BBB) is a complex physical and functional barrier protecting the central nervous system from physical and chemical insults. Nevertheless, it also constitutes a barrier against therapeutics for treating neurological disorders. In this context, nanomaterial-based therapy provides a potential alternative for overcoming this problem. Graphene family has attracted significant interest in nanomedicine because their unique physicochemical properties make them amenable to applications in drug/gene delivery and neural interface. Results In this study, reduced graphene oxide (rGO) systemically-injected was found mainly located in the thalamus and hippocampus of rats. The entry of rGO involved a transitory decrease in the BBB paracellular tightness, as demonstrated at anatomical (Evans blue dye infusion), subcellular (transmission electron microscopy) and molecular (junctional protein expression) levels. Additionally, we examined the usefulness of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) mass spectrometry imaging (MSI) as a new imaging method for detecting the temporal distribution of nanomaterials throughout the brain. Conclusions rGO was able to be detected and monitored in the brain over time provided by a novel application for MALDI-MSI and could be a useful tool for treating a variety of brain disorders that are normally unresponsive to conventional treatment because of BBB impermeability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monique Culturato Padilha Mendonça
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Edilene Siqueira Soares
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcelo Bispo de Jesus
- Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Helder José Ceragioli
- Department of Semiconductors, Instruments and Photonics, Faculty of Electrical and Computer Engineering, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Mônica Siqueira Ferreira
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rodrigo Ramos Catharino
- Department of Medicine and Experimental Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Maria Alice da Cruz-Höfling
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil. .,Department of Biochemistry and Tissue Biology, Institute of Biology, State University of Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
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Lost Polarization of Aquaporin4 and Dystroglycan in the Core Lesion after Traumatic Brain Injury Suggests Functional Divergence in Evolution. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:471631. [PMID: 26583111 PMCID: PMC4637040 DOI: 10.1155/2015/471631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 08/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Objective. To understand how aquaporin4 (AQP4) and dystroglycan (DG) polarized distribution change and their roles in brain edema formation after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods. Brain water content, Evans blue detection, real-time PCR, western blot, and immunofluorescence were used. Results. At an early stage of TBI, AQP4 and DG maintained vessel-like pattern in perivascular endfeet; M1, M23, and M1/M23 were increased in the core lesion. At a later stage of TBI, DG expression was lost in perivascular area, accompanied with similar but delayed change of AQP4 expression; expression of M1, M23, and DG and the ratio of M1/M2 were increased. Conclusion. At an early stage, AQP4 and DG maintained the polarized distribution. Upregulated M1 and M23 could retard the cytotoxic edema formation. At a later stage AQP4 and DG polarized expression were lost from perivascular endfeet and induced the worst cytotoxic brain edema. The alteration of DG expression could regulate that of AQP4 expression after TBI.
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17
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Polyphenols as Modulators of Aquaporin Family in Health and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:196914. [PMID: 26346093 PMCID: PMC4539495 DOI: 10.1155/2015/196914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are bioactive molecules widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages. Polyphenols in food sources are extensively studied for their role in the maintenance of human health and in the protection against development of chronic/degenerative diseases. Polyphenols act mainly as antioxidant molecules, protecting cell constituents against oxidative damage. The enormous number of polyphenolic compounds leads to huge different mechanisms of action not fully understood. Recently, some evidence is emerging about the role of polyphenols, such as curcumin, pinocembrin, resveratrol, and quercetin, in modulating the activity of some aquaporin (AQP) isoforms. AQPs are integral, small hydrophobic water channel proteins, extensively expressed in many organs and tissues, whose major function is to facilitate the transport of water or glycerol over cell plasma membranes. Here we summarize AQP physiological functions and report emerging evidence on the implication of these proteins in a number of pathophysiological processes. In particular, this review offers an overview about the role of AQPs in brain, eye, skin diseases, and metabolic syndrome, focusing on the ability of polyphenols to modulate AQP expression. This original analysis can contribute to elucidating some peculiar effects exerted by polyphenols and can lead to the development of an innovative potential preventive/therapeutic strategy.
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18
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Neuhaus W, Gaiser F, Mahringer A, Franz J, Riethmüller C, Förster C. The pivotal role of astrocytes in an in vitro stroke model of the blood-brain barrier. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:352. [PMID: 25389390 PMCID: PMC4211409 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Stabilization of the blood-brain barrier during and after stroke can lead to less adverse outcome. For elucidation of underlying mechanisms and development of novel therapeutic strategies validated in vitro disease models of the blood-brain barrier could be very helpful. To mimic in vitro stroke conditions we have established a blood-brain barrier in vitro model based on mouse cell line cerebEND and applied oxygen/glucose deprivation (OGD). The role of astrocytes in this disease model was investigated by using cell line C6. Transwell studies pointed out that addition of astrocytes during OGD increased the barrier damage significantly in comparison to the endothelial monoculture shown by changes of transendothelial electrical resistance as well as fluorescein permeability data. Analysis on mRNA and protein levels by qPCR, western blotting and immunofluorescence microscopy of tight junction molecules claudin-3,-5,-12, occludin and ZO-1 revealed that their regulation and localisation is associated with the functional barrier breakdown. Furthermore, soluble factors of astrocytes, OGD and their combination were able to induce changes of functionality and expression of ABC-transporters Abcb1a (P-gp), Abcg2 (bcrp), and Abcc4 (mrp4). Moreover, the expression of proteases (matrixmetalloproteinases MMP-2, MMP-3, MMP-9, and t-PA) as well as of their endogenous inhibitors (TIMP-1, TIMP-3, PAI-1) was altered by astrocyte factors and OGD which resulted in significant changes of total MMP and t-PA activity. Morphological rearrangements induced by OGD and treatment with astrocyte factors were confirmed at a nanometer scale using atomic force microscopy. In conclusion, astrocytes play a major role in blood-brain barrier breakdown during OGD in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winfried Neuhaus
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, University of Vienna Vienna, Austria ; Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Fabian Gaiser
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
| | - Anne Mahringer
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology and Biopharmacy, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology, University of Heidelberg Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jonas Franz
- Serend-ip GmbH, Centre for Nanotechnology Münster, Germany
| | | | - Carola Förster
- Department of Anesthesia and Critical Care, University Hospital Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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19
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Mohammadi MT, Dehghani GA. Nitric oxide as a regulatory factor for aquaporin-1 and 4 gene expression following brain ischemia/reperfusion injury in rat. Pathol Res Pract 2014; 211:43-9. [PMID: 25441658 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2014.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 06/29/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although the role of aquaporin-4 (AQP4) and aquaporin-1 (AQP1) channels in ischemia-induced brain edema has been previously reported, nitric oxide (NO) modulation of these channels has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to evaluate the NO modulation of AQPs gene expression after brain ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) in rats. The experiment was performed in three groups of rats: sham, control ischemic and L-NAME pretreated (1 mg/kg). Brain ischemia was induced by 60 min middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) under continuous recording of regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) followed by 12 h reperfusion. Brain edema was assessed by dry/wet method, and Quantitative RT-PCR was used for assessment of mRNA levels of AQPs. There was 80% reduction in rCBF during MCAO. Brain cerebral ischemia elevated the brain water content from 78.66±0.17% to 81.93±0.60%, and inhibition of NO production by L-NAME significantly reduced this elevation (79.74±0.79%). The mRNA expression of AQP1 increased, but AQP4 decreased in response to I/R. l-NAME pretreatment significantly decreased AQP1 mRNA and prevented the reduction of AQP4 mRNA. The findings of this study indicated that brain I/R injury provokes brain edema by alterations of AQPs expression, and the NO is the main signaling factor that modulates gene expression of these channels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Taghi Mohammadi
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, School of Medicine, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Golam Abbas Dehghani
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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20
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Badaut J, Fukuda AM, Jullienne A, Petry KG. Aquaporin and brain diseases. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1840:1554-65. [PMID: 24513456 PMCID: PMC3960327 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.10.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Revised: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The presence of water channel proteins, aquaporins (AQPs), in the brain led to intense research in understanding the underlying roles of each of them under normal conditions and pathological conditions. SCOPE OF REVIEW In this review, we summarize some of the recent knowledge on the 3 main AQPs (AQP1, AQP4 and AQP9), with a special focus on AQP4, the most abundant AQP in the central nervous system. MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AQP4 was most studied in several brain pathological conditions ranging from acute brain injuries (stroke, traumatic brain injury) to the chronic brain disease with autoimmune neurodegenerative diseases. To date, no specific therapeutic agents have been developed to either inhibit or enhance water flux through these channels. However, experimental results strongly underline the importance of this topic for future investigation. Early inhibition of water channels may have positive effects in prevention of edema formation in brain injuries but at later time points during the course of a disease, AQP is critical for clearance of water from the brain into blood vessels. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE Thus, AQPs, and in particular AQP4, have important roles both in the formation and resolution of edema after brain injury. The dual, complex function of these water channel proteins makes them an excellent therapeutic target. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Aquaporins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Badaut
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA; Univ Bordeaux, CNRS UMR 5287, 146 rue Leo Saignat33076 Bordeaux cedex.
| | - Andrew M Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Amandine Jullienne
- Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
| | - Klaus G Petry
- INSERM U1049 Neuroinflammation, Imagerie et Thérapie de la Sclérose en Plaques, F-33076 Bordeaux, France
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Chaitanya GV, Minagar A, Alexander JS. Neuronal and astrocytic interactions modulate brain endothelial properties during metabolic stresses of in vitro cerebral ischemia. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:7. [PMID: 24438487 PMCID: PMC3927849 DOI: 10.1186/1478-811x-12-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurovascular and gliovascular interactions significantly affect endothelial phenotype. Physiologically, brain endothelium attains several of its properties by its intimate association with neurons and astrocytes. However, during cerebrovascular pathologies such as cerebral ischemia, the uncoupling of neurovascular and gliovascular units can result in several phenotypical changes in brain endothelium. The role of neurovascular and gliovascular uncoupling in modulating brain endothelial properties during cerebral ischemia is not clear. Specifically, the roles of metabolic stresses involved in cerebral ischemia, including aglycemia, hypoxia and combined aglycemia and hypoxia (oxygen glucose deprivation and re-oxygenation, OGDR) in modulating neurovascular and gliovascular interactions are not known. The complex intimate interactions in neurovascular and gliovascular units are highly difficult to recapitulate in vitro. However, in the present study, we used a 3D co-culture model of brain endothelium with neurons and astrocytes in vitro reflecting an intimate neurovascular and gliovascular interactions in vivo. While the cellular signaling interactions in neurovascular and gliovascular units in vivo are much more complex than the 3D co-culture models in vitro, we were still able to observe several important phenotypical changes in brain endothelial properties by metabolically stressed neurons and astrocytes including changes in barrier, lymphocyte adhesive properties, endothelial cell adhesion molecule expression and in vitro angiogenic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonathan S Alexander
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Louisiana State University Health-Shreveport, Louisiana 71103, USA.
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22
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Fukuda AM, Adami A, Pop V, Bellone JA, Coats JS, Hartman RE, Ashwal S, Obenaus A, Badaut J. Posttraumatic reduction of edema with aquaporin-4 RNA interference improves acute and chronic functional recovery. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2013; 33:1621-32. [PMID: 23899928 PMCID: PMC3790933 DOI: 10.1038/jcbfm.2013.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 04/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is common in young children and adolescents and is associated with long-term disability and mortality. The neuropathologic sequelae that result from juvenile TBI are a complex cascade of events that include edema formation and brain swelling. Brain aquaporin-4 (AQP4) has a key role in edema formation. Thus, development of novel treatments targeting AQP4 to reduce edema could lessen the neuropathologic sequelae. We hypothesized that inhibiting AQP4 expression by injection of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting AQP4 (siAQP4) after juvenile TBI would decrease edema formation, neuroinflammation, neuronal cell death, and improve neurologic outcomes. The siAQP4 or a RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC)-free control siRNA (siGLO) was injected lateral to the trauma site after controlled cortical impact in postnatal day 17 rats. Magnetic resonance imaging, neurologic testing, and immunohistochemistry were performed to assess outcomes. Pups treated with siAQP4 showed acute (3 days after injury) improvements in motor function and in spatial memory at long term (60 days after injury) compared with siGLO-treated animals. These improvements were associated with decreased edema formation, increased microglial activation, decreased blood-brain barrier disruption, reduced astrogliosis and neuronal cell death. The effectiveness of our treatment paradigm was associated with a 30% decrease in AQP4 expression at the injection site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Fukuda
- 1] Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, California, USA [2] Department of Pediatrics, Loma Linda University Medical Center, Loma Linda, California, USA
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De Bock M, Kerrebrouck M, Wang N, Leybaert L. Neurological manifestations of oculodentodigital dysplasia: a Cx43 channelopathy of the central nervous system? Front Pharmacol 2013; 4:120. [PMID: 24133447 PMCID: PMC3783840 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2013.00120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 09/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The coordination of tissue function is mediated by gap junctions (GJs) that enable direct cell–cell transfer of metabolic and electric signals. GJs are formed by connexins of which Cx43 is most widespread in the human body. In the brain, Cx43 GJs are mostly found in astroglia where they coordinate the propagation of Ca2+ waves, spatial K+ buffering, and distribution of glucose. Beyond its role in direct intercellular communication, Cx43 also forms unapposed, non-junctional hemichannels in the plasma membrane of glial cells. These allow the passage of several neuro- and gliotransmitters that may, combined with downstream paracrine signaling, complement direct GJ communication among glial cells and sustain glial-neuronal signaling. Mutations in the GJA1 gene encoding Cx43 have been identified in a rare, mostly autosomal dominant syndrome called oculodentodigital dysplasia (ODDD). ODDD patients display a pleiotropic phenotype reflected by eye, hand, teeth, and foot abnormalities, as well as craniofacial and bone malformations. Remarkably, neurological symptoms such as dysarthria, neurogenic bladder (manifested as urinary incontinence), spasticity or muscle weakness, ataxia, and epilepsy are other prominent features observed in ODDD patients. Over 10 mutations detected in patients diagnosed with neurological disorders are associated with altered functionality of Cx43 GJs/hemichannels, but the link between ODDD-related abnormal channel activities and neurologic phenotype is still elusive. Here, we present an overview on the nature of the mutants conveying structural and functional changes of Cx43 channels and discuss available evidence for aberrant Cx43 GJ and hemichannel function. In a final step, we examine the possibilities of how channel dysfunction may lead to some of the neurological manifestations of ODDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marijke De Bock
- Physiology Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Ghent University Ghent, Belgium
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Veening JG, Olivier B. Intranasal administration of oxytocin: behavioral and clinical effects, a review. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1445-65. [PMID: 23648680 PMCID: PMC7112651 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the effects of IN-applied substances need more attention. The mechanisms involved in the brain-distribution of IN-OT are completely unexplored. The possibly cascading effects of IN-OT on the intrinsic OT-system require serious investigation. IN-OT induces clear and specific changes in neural activation. IN-OT is a promising approach to treat certain clinical symptoms.
The intranasal (IN-) administration of substances is attracting attention from scientists as well as pharmaceutical companies. The effects are surprisingly fast and specific. The present review explores our current knowledge about the routes of access to the cranial cavity. ‘Direct-access-pathways’ from the nasal cavity have been described but many additional experiments are needed to answer a variety of open questions regarding anatomy and physiology. Among the IN-applied substances oxytocin (OT) has an extensive history. Originally applied in women for its physiological effects related to lactation and parturition, over the last decade most studies focused on their behavioral ‘prosocial’ effects: from social relations and ‘trust’ to treatment of ‘autism’. Only very recently in a microdialysis study in rats and mice, the ‘direct-nose-brain-pathways’ of IN-OT have been investigated directly, implying that we are strongly dependent on results obtained from other IN-applied substances. Especially the possibility that IN-OT activates the ‘intrinsic’ OT-system in the hypothalamus as well needs further clarification. We conclude that IN-OT administration may be a promising approach to influence human communication but that the existing lack of information about the neural and physiological mechanisms involved is a serious problem for the proper understanding and interpretation of the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan G Veening
- Division of Pharmacology, Utrecht Institute for Pharmaceutical Sciences, Utrecht University, P.O. Box 80082, 3508 TB, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Anatomy (109), Radboud University of Medical Sciences, P.O. Box 9101, 6500 HB, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Fukuda AM, Badaut J. Aquaporin 4: a player in cerebral edema and neuroinflammation. J Neuroinflammation 2012; 9:279. [PMID: 23270503 PMCID: PMC3552817 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-9-279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2012] [Accepted: 12/07/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is a common pathological event observed in many different brain diseases, frequently associated with blood brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction and followed by cerebral edema. Neuroinflammation is characterized with microglia activation and astrogliosis, which is a hypertrophy of the astrocytes. Astrocytes express aquaporin 4, the water channel protein, involved in water homeostasis and edema formation. Aside from its function in water homeostasis, recent studies started to show possible interrelations between aquaporin 4 and neuroinflammation. In this review the roles of aquaporin 4 in neuroinflammation associated with BBB disruption and cerebral edema will be discussed with recent studies in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Fukuda
- Department of Physiology, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92354, USA
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