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Saeidi V, Doudican N, Carucci JA. Understanding the squamous cell carcinoma immune microenvironment. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1084873. [PMID: 36793738 PMCID: PMC9922717 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1084873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Primary cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common human cancer with a rising incidence of about 1.8 million in the United States annually. Primary cSCC is usually curable by surgery; however, in some cases, cSCC eventuates in nodal metastasis and death from disease specific death. cSCC results in up to 15,000 deaths each year in the United States. Until recently, non-surgical options for treatment of locally advanced or metastatic cSCC were largely ineffective. With the advent of checkpoint inhibitor immunotherapy, including cemiplimab and pembrolizumab, response rates climbed to 50%, representing a vast improvement over chemotherapeutic agents used previously. Herein, we discuss the phenotype and function of SCC associated Langerhans cells, dendritic cells, macrophages, myeloid derived suppressor cells and T cells as well as SCC-associated lymphatics and blood vessels. Possible role(s) of SCC-associated cytokines in progression and invasion are reviewed. We also discuss the SCC immune microenvironment in the context of currently available and pipeline therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahide Saeidi
- Section of Dermatologic Surgery, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Nicole Doudican
- Section of Dermatologic Surgery, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - John A Carucci
- Section of Dermatologic Surgery, Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University Langone Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
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2
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Ye Z, Kilic G, Dabelsteen S, Marinova IN, Thøfner JF, Song M, Rudjord-Levann AM, Bagdonaite I, Vakhrushev SY, Brakebusch CH, Olsen JV, Wandall HH. Characterization of TGF-β signaling in a human organotypic skin model reveals that loss of TGF-βRII induces invasive tissue growth. Sci Signal 2022; 15:eabo2206. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.abo2206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor–β (TGF-β) signaling regulates various aspects of cell growth and differentiation and is often dysregulated in human cancers. We combined genetic engineering of a human organotypic three-dimensional (3D) skin model with global quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics to dissect the importance of essential components of the TGF-β signaling pathway, including the ligands TGF-β1, TGF-β2, and TGF-β3, the receptor TGF-βRII, and the intracellular effector SMAD4. Consistent with the antiproliferative effects of TGF-β signaling, the loss of TGF-β1 or SMAD4 promoted cell cycling and delayed epidermal differentiation. The loss of TGF-βRII, which abrogates both SMAD4-dependent and SMAD4-independent downstream signaling, more strongly affected cell proliferation and differentiation than did loss of SMAD4, and it induced invasive growth. TGF-βRII knockout reduced cell-matrix interactions, and the production of matrix proteins increased the production of cancer-associated cell-cell adhesion proteins and proinflammatory mediators and increased mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling. Inhibiting the activation of the ERK and p38 MAPK pathways blocked the development of the invasive phenotype upon the loss of TGF-βRII. This study provides a framework for exploring TGF-β signaling pathways in human epithelial tissue homeostasis and transformation using genetic engineering, 3D tissue models, and high-throughput quantitative proteomics and phosphoproteomics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zilu Ye
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Gülcan Kilic
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Section of Oral Biology and Immunopathology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sally Dabelsteen
- Section of Oral Biology and Immunopathology, School of Dentistry, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Irina N. Marinova
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens F. B. Thøfner
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Song
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Asha M. Rudjord-Levann
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ieva Bagdonaite
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Sergey Y. Vakhrushev
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Cord H. Brakebusch
- Biotech Research and Innovation Centre, Biomedical Institute, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jesper V. Olsen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Hans H. Wandall
- Copenhagen Center for Glycomics, Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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3
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Trelford CB, Dagnino L, Di Guglielmo GM. Transforming growth factor-β in tumour development. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:991612. [PMID: 36267157 PMCID: PMC9577372 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.991612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGFβ) is a ubiquitous cytokine essential for embryonic development and postnatal tissue homeostasis. TGFβ signalling regulates several biological processes including cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, immune function, and tissue repair following injury. Aberrant TGFβ signalling has been implicated in tumour progression and metastasis. Tumour cells, in conjunction with their microenvironment, may augment tumourigenesis using TGFβ to induce epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, lymphangiogenesis, immune suppression, and autophagy. Therapies that target TGFβ synthesis, TGFβ-TGFβ receptor complexes or TGFβ receptor kinase activity have proven successful in tissue culture and in animal models, yet, due to limited understanding of TGFβ biology, the outcomes of clinical trials are poor. Here, we review TGFβ signalling pathways, the biology of TGFβ during tumourigenesis, and how protein quality control pathways contribute to the tumour-promoting outcomes of TGFβ signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles B. Trelford
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
- Department of Oncology, Children’s Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, London, ON, Canada
| | - Gianni M. Di Guglielmo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, Canada
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4
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Morris VK, Overman MJ, Lam M, Parseghian CM, Johnson B, Dasari A, Raghav K, Kee BK, Huey R, Wolff RA, Shen JP, Li J, Zorrilla I, Tzeng CWD, Tran Cao HS, Chun YS, Newhook TE, Vauthey N, Duose D, Luthra R, Haymaker C, Kopetz S. Bintrafusp alfa, an anti-PD-L1:TGF-β trap fusion protein, in patients with ctDNA-positive, liver-limited metastatic colorectal cancer. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:979-986. [PMID: 36382087 PMCID: PMC9648419 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-22-0194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Identification of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) following curative intent therapies is a surrogate for microscopic residual disease for patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). Preclinically, in micrometastatic microsatellite stable (MSS) CRC, increased TGF-β signaling results in exclusion of anti-tumor cytotoxic T cells from the tumor microenvironment. Bintrafusp alfa (BA) is a bifunctional fusion protein composed of the extracellular domain of the TGF-βRII receptor ("TGF-β trap") and anti-PD-L1 antibody. METHODS Patients with liver-limited, MSS mCRC and with detected ctDNA after complete resection of all known tumors and standard-of-care therapy were treated with 1200 mg of BA intravenously every 14 days for six doses. The primary endpoint was ctDNA clearance. Radiographic characteristics at recurrence were compared using independent t-tests to historical data from a similar cohort of patients with liver-limited mCRC who underwent observation. RESULTS Only 4 of 15 planned patients received BA before the study was stopped early for loss of equipoise. There was no grade ≥3 AE. None of the patients cleared ctDNA. All patients developed radiographic recurrence by the first planned restaging. Although not detectable at prior to treatment, TGFβ3 was found in circulation in all patients at cycle 2 day 1. Compared to a historical cohort, patients administered BA developed more metastases (15 versus 2, p=0.005) and greater tumor volumes (9 cm vs 2 cm, p=0.05). CONCLUSIONS Treatment with BA in patients with ctDNA-detected, liver-limited mCRC did not clear ctDNA and was associated with large-volume recurrence, highlighting the potential context-specific complexity of dual TGF-β and PD-L1 inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van K. Morris
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
- Corresponding Author: Van K. Morris, Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1400 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 426, Houston, TX 77030. Phone 713-792-2828. E-mail:
| | - Michael J. Overman
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Michael Lam
- Department of Medical Oncology and Cancer Services, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Christine M. Parseghian
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Benny Johnson
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Arvind Dasari
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Kanwal Raghav
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Bryan K. Kee
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ryan Huey
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Robert A. Wolff
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - John Paul Shen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - June Li
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Isabel Zorrilla
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Ching-Wei D. Tzeng
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Hop S. Tran Cao
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Yun Shin Chun
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Timothy E. Newhook
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Nicolas Vauthey
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Dzifa Duose
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Raja Luthra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Cara Haymaker
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - Scott Kopetz
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
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Martínez-Nieto GA, Teppo HR, Petrelius N, Izzi V, Devarajan R, Petäistö T, Liu H, Kim KS, Karppinen SM, Ruotsalainen H, Koivunen J, Mäki JM, Walker GC, Pihlajaniemi T, Gullberg D, Heljasvaara R. Upregulated integrin α11 in the stroma of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma promotes skin carcinogenesis. Front Oncol 2022; 12:981009. [PMID: 36003785 PMCID: PMC9393502 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.981009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Accepted: 07/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Integrin α11β1 is a collagen-binding integrin that is needed to induce and maintain the myofibroblast phenotype in fibrotic tissues and during wound healing. The expression of the α11 is upregulated in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in various human neoplasms. We investigated α11 expression in human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) and in benign and premalignant human skin lesions and monitored its effects on cSCC development by subjecting α11-knockout (Itga11−/−) mice to the DMBA/TPA skin carcinogenesis protocol. α11-deficient mice showed significantly decreased tumor cell proliferation, leading to delayed tumor development and reduced tumor burden. Integrin α11 expression was significantly upregulated in the desmoplastic tumor stroma of human and mouse cSCCs, and the highest α11 expression was detected in high-grade tumors. Our results point to a reduced ability of α11-deficient stromal cells to differentiate into matrix-producing and tumor-promoting CAFs and suggest that this is one causative mechanism underlying the observed decreased tumor growth. An unexpected finding in our study was that, despite reduced CAF activation, the α11-deficient skin tumors were characterized by the presence of thick and regularly aligned collagen bundles. This finding was attributed to a higher expression of TGFβ1 and collagen crosslinking lysyl oxidases in the Itga11-/- tumor stroma. In summary, our data suggest that α11β1 operates in a complex interactive tumor environment to regulate ECM synthesis and collagen organization and thus foster cSCC growth. Further studies with advanced experimental models are still needed to define the exact roles and molecular mechanisms of stromal α11β1 in skin tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo A. Martínez-Nieto
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hanna-Riikka Teppo
- Cancer Research and Translational Medicine Research Unit, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Medical Research Center, Oulu University Hospital and University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Department of Pathology, Oulu University Hospital, Oulu, Finland
| | - Noora Petrelius
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Valerio Izzi
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Research Unit of Biomedicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Finnish Cancer Institute, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Raman Devarajan
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Tiina Petäistö
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Hengshuo Liu
- Matrix Biology Group, Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Kris S. Kim
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Sanna-Maria Karppinen
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Heli Ruotsalainen
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Jarkko Koivunen
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Joni M. Mäki
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | | | - Taina Pihlajaniemi
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Donald Gullberg
- Matrix Biology Group, Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Ritva Heljasvaara
- ECM-Hypoxia Research Unit, Faculty of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
- Matrix Biology Group, Department of Biomedicine, Centre for Cancer Biomarkers, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- *Correspondence: Ritva Heljasvaara,
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6
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Synthesis, In Silico Study, and Anti-Cancer Activity of Thiosemicarbazone Derivatives. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101375. [PMID: 34680491 PMCID: PMC8533299 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Thiosemicarbazones are known for their biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, we have synthesized and characterized 3-Methoxybenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (3-MBTSc) and 4-Nitrobenzaldehyde thiosemicarbazone (4-NBTSc) using IR, 1HNMR and 13C NMR. The compound’s in vitro anticancer activities against different cell lines were evaluated. Molecular docking, Insilco ADMET, and drug-likeness prediction were also done. The test compounds showed a comparative IC50 and growth inhibition with the standard drug Doxorubicin. The IC50 ranges from 2.82 µg/mL to 14.25 µg/mL in 3-MBTSc and 2.80 µg/mL to 7.59 µg/mL in 4-NBTSc treated cells. The MTT assay result revealed, 3-MBTSc inhibits 50.42 and 50.31 percent of cell growth in B16-F0 and EAC cell lines, respectively. The gene expression showed that tumor suppressor genes such as PTEN and BRCA1 are significantly upregulated in 7.42 and 5.33 folds, and oncogenes, PKC, and RAS are downregulated −7.96 and −7.64 folds, respectively in treated cells. The molecular docking performed on the four targeted proteins (PARP, VEGFR-1, TGF-β1, and BRAFV600E) indicated that both 4-NBTSc and 3-MBTSc potentially bind to TGF-β1 with the best binding energy of −42.34 Kcal/mol and −32.13 Kcal/mol, respectively. In addition, the test compound possesses desirable ADMET and drug-likeness properties. Overall, both 3-MBTSc and 4-NBTSc have the potential to be multitargeting drug candidates for further study. Moreover, 3-MBTSc showed better activity than 4-NBTSc.
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Chandra Jena B, Sarkar S, Rout L, Mandal M. The transformation of cancer-associated fibroblasts: Current perspectives on the role of TGF-β in CAF mediated tumor progression and therapeutic resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 520:222-232. [PMID: 34363903 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years, the Transforming growth factor- β (TGF-β) has been significantly considered as an effective and ubiquitous mediator of cell growth. The cytokine, TGF-β is being increasingly recognized as the most potent inducer of cancer cell initiation, differentiation, migration as well as progression through both the SMAD-dependent and independent pathways. There is growing evidence that supports the role of secretory cytokine TGF-β as a crucial mediator of tumor-stroma crosstalk. Contextually, the CAFs are the prominent component of tumor stroma that helps in tumor progression and onset of chemoresistance. The interplay between the CAFs and the tumor cells through the paracrine signals is facilitated by cytokine TGF-β to induce the malignant progression. Here in this review, we have dissected the most recent advancements in understanding the mechanisms of TGF-β induced CAF activation, their multiple origins, and most importantly their role in conferring chemoresistance. Considering the pivotal role of TGF-β in tumor perogression and associated stemness, it is one the proven clinical targets We have also included the clinical trials going on, targeting the TGF-β and CAFs crosstalk with the tumor cells. Ultimately, we have underscored some of the outstanding issues that must be deciphered with utmost importance to unravel the successful strategies of anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikash Chandra Jena
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
| | - Siddik Sarkar
- CSIR-Indian Institue of Chemical Biology, Translational Research Unit of Excellence, Kolkata, West Bengal, India
| | - Lipsa Rout
- Department of Chemistry, Institute of Technical Education and Research, Siksha'O'Anusandhan Deemed to be University, Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
| | - Mahitosh Mandal
- School of Medical Science and Technology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, India.
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8
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Ultraviolet Radiation and Chronic Inflammation-Molecules and Mechanisms Involved in Skin Carcinogenesis: A Narrative Review. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11040326. [PMID: 33917793 PMCID: PMC8068112 DOI: 10.3390/life11040326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of skin carcinogenesis is still not fully understood. Both experimental and epidemiological evidence indicate that chronic inflammation is one of the hallmarks of microenvironmental-agent-mediated skin cancers and contributes to its development. Maintaining an inflammatory microenvironment is a condition leading to tumor formation. Multiple studies focus on the molecular pathways activating tumorigenesis by inflammation and indicate several biomarkers and factors that can improve diagnostic and prognostic processes in oncology and dermatology. Reactive oxygen species produced by ultraviolet radiation, oxidizers, or metabolic processes can damage cells and initiate pro-inflammatory cascades. Considering the potential role of inflammation in cancer development and metastasis, the identification of early mechanisms involved in carcinogenesis is crucial for clinical practice and scientific research. Moreover, it could lead to the progress of advanced skin cancer therapies. We focus on a comprehensive analysis of available evidence and on understanding how chronic inflammation and ultraviolet radiation can result in skin carcinogenesis. We present the inflammatory environment as complex molecular networks triggering tumorigenesis and constituting therapeutic targets.
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Twaroski K, Chen W, Pickett-Leonard M, Tolar J. Role of transforming growth factor-β1 in recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa squamous cell carcinoma. Exp Dermatol 2021; 30:664-675. [PMID: 33595864 DOI: 10.1111/exd.14304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 01/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) develops in more than 80% of individuals with the skin blistering disorder recessive dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa (RDEB). In contrast with UV-induced SCC, RDEB-SCC results from skin damage and has a high proliferative and metastatic rate with 5-year survival near zero. Our objective is to determine the mechanisms underlying the increased metastatic tendencies of RDEB-SCC. RDEB-SCC cultured cell lines were treated with RDEB and non-RDEB fibroblast conditioned media and assayed for migration and invasion with and without small molecule inhibitors for TGFβ and other downstream signal transduction pathways. TGFβ1 secreted by RDEB dermal fibroblasts has been found to induce migration and invasion and to increase expression of epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition markers in an RDEB-SCC line. These effects were reversed upon inhibition of TGFβ signalling and its downstream pathways MEK/ERK, P38 kinase and SMAD3. A number of small molecule inhibitors for these pathways are in different phases of various clinical trials and may be applicable to RDEB-SCC patients. Studying the mechanisms of the extreme form RDEB-SCC may inform studies of other types of SCC, as well as lead to better therapies for RDEB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirk Twaroski
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Weili Chen
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Michael Pickett-Leonard
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Jakub Tolar
- Stem Cell Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Blood and Marrow Transplantation, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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10
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Tissue-Specific Gene Expression during Productive Human Papillomavirus 16 Infection of Cervical, Foreskin, and Tonsil Epithelium. J Virol 2019; 93:JVI.00915-19. [PMID: 31189705 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.00915-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological data confirm a much higher incidence of high-risk human papillomavirus 16 (HPV16)-mediated carcinogenesis of the cervical epithelium than for other target sites. In order to elucidate tissue-specific responses to virus infection, we compared gene expression changes induced by productive HPV16 infection of cervical, foreskin, and tonsil organotypic rafts. These rafts closely mimic persistent HPV16 infection, long before carcinogenesis sets in. The total number of gene expression changes varied considerably across the tissue types, with only 32 genes being regulated in common. Among them, we confirmed the Kelch-like family protein KLHL35 and the laminin-5 complex to be upregulated and downregulated, respectively, in all the three tissues. HPV16 infection induces upregulation of genes involved in cell cycle control, cell division, mitosis, DNA replication, and DNA damage repair in all the three tissues, indicative of a hyperproliferative environment. In the cervical and tonsil epithelium, we observe significant downregulation of genes involved in epidermis development, keratinocyte differentiation, and extracellular matrix organization. On the other hand, in HPV16-positive foreskin (HPV16 foreskin) tissue, several genes involved in interferon-mediated innate immunity, cytokine signaling, and cellular defenses were downregulated. Furthermore, pathway analysis and experimental validations identified important cellular pathways like STAT1 and transforming growth factor β (TGF-β) to be differentially regulated among the three tissue types. The differential modulation of important cellular pathways like TGF-β1 and STAT1 can explain the sensitivity of tissues to HPV cancer progression.IMPORTANCE Although the high-risk human papillomavirus 16 infects anogenital and oropharyngeal sites, the cervical epithelium has a unique vulnerability to progression of cancer. Host responses during persistent infection and preneoplastic stages can shape the outcome of cancer progression in a tissue-dependent manner. Our study for the first time reports differential regulation of critical cellular functions and signaling pathways during productive HPV16 infection of cervical, foreskin, and tonsil tissues. While the virus induces hyperproliferation in infected cells, it downregulates epithelial differentiation, epidermal development, and innate immune responses, according to the tissue type. Modulation of these biological functions can determine virus fitness and pathogenesis and illuminate key cellular mechanisms that the virus employs to establish persistence and finally initiate disease progression.
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11
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Inhibition of HGF/MET signaling decreases overall tumor burden and blocks malignant conversion in Tpl2-related skin cancer. Oncogenesis 2019; 8:1. [PMID: 30631034 PMCID: PMC6328619 DOI: 10.1038/s41389-018-0109-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression locus 2 (Tpl2) is a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase kinase (MAP3K) family of serine/threonine kinases. Deletion of the Tpl2 gene is associated with a significantly higher number of papillomas and cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas (cSCCs). Overexpression of hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) and its receptor MET is abundant in cSCC and can lead to increased proliferation, migration, invasion or resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The aim of this study was to address whether the increased tumor burden in Tpl2−/− mice is due to aberrant HGF/MET signaling. C57Bl/6 wild type (WT) and Tpl2−/− mice were subjected to a two-stage chemical carcinogenesis protocol for one year. At the time of promotion half of the mice received 44 mg/kg capmatinib (INC 280), a pharmacological inihibitor of MET, in their diet. Tpl2−/− mice had signficantly higher tumor incidence and overall tumor burden compared to WT mice. Further, carcinogen-intiated Tpl2−/− mice could bypass the need for promotion, as 89% of Tpl2−/− mice given only DMBA developed papillomas. v-rasHa -transduced keratinocytes and SCCs from Tpl2−/− mice revealed an upregulation in HGF and p-MET signaling compared to WT animals. Long-term capmatinib treatment had no adverse effects in mice and capmatinib-fed Tpl2−/− mice had a 60% reduction in overall tumor burden. Further, no tumors from Tpl2−/− mice fed capmatinib underwent malignant conversion. In summary targeting MET may be a potential new strategy to combat cutaneous squamous cell carcinomas that result from dysregulation in MAPK signaling.
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12
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Yang HJ, Liu GL, Liu B, Liu T. GP73 promotes invasion and metastasis of bladder cancer by regulating the epithelial-mesenchymal transition through the TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling pathway. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:1650-1665. [PMID: 29349903 PMCID: PMC5824402 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2016] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the effects of Golgi membrane protein 73 (GP73) on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and on bladder cancer cell invasion and metastasis through the TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling pathway. Paired bladder cancer and adjacent tissue samples (102) and normal bladder tissue samples (106) were obtained. Bladder cancer cell lines (T24, 5637, RT4, 253J and J82) were selected and assigned to blank, negative control (NC), TGF-β, thrombospondin-1 (TSP-1), TGF-β1+ TSP-1, GP73-siRNA-1, GP73-siRNA-2, GP73-siRNA-1+ TSP-1, GP73-siRNA-1+ pcDNA-GP73, WT1-siRNA and WT1-siRNA + GP73-siRNA-1 groups. Expressions of GP73, TGF-β1, Smad2, p-Smad2, E-cadherin and vimentin were detected using RT-qPCR and Western blotting. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion were determined using MTT assay, scratch testing and Transwell assay, respectively. Compared with the blank and NC groups, levels of GP73, TGF-β1, Smad2, p-Smad2, N-cadherin and vimentin decreased, and levels of WT1 and E-cadherin increased in the GP73-siRNA-1 and GP73-siRNA-2 groups, while the opposite results were observed in the WT1 siRNA, TGF-β, TSP-1 and TGF-β + TSP-1 groups. Cell proliferation, migration and invasion notably decreased in the GP73-siRNA-1 and GP73-siRNA-2 groups in comparison with the blank and NC groups, while in the WT1 siRNA, TGF-β, TSP-1 and TGF-β + TSP-1 groups, cell migration, invasion and proliferation showed the reduction after the EMT. These results suggest that GP73 promotes bladder cancer invasion and metastasis by inducing the EMT through down-regulating WT1 levels and activating the TGF-β1/Smad2 signalling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Jie Yang
- Department of Urology, Pingxiang Affiliated, Southern Medical University, Pingxiang, China
| | - Ge-Liang Liu
- Department of Urology, Pingxiang Affiliated, Southern Medical University, Pingxiang, China
| | - Bo Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya 2nd Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Tian Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya 2nd Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, China
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13
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Citron F, Armenia J, Franchin G, Polesel J, Talamini R, D'Andrea S, Sulfaro S, Croce CM, Klement W, Otasek D, Pastrello C, Tokar T, Jurisica I, French D, Bomben R, Vaccher E, Serraino D, Belletti B, Vecchione A, Barzan L, Baldassarre G. An Integrated Approach Identifies Mediators of Local Recurrence in Head and Neck Squamous Carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2017; 23:3769-3780. [PMID: 28174235 PMCID: PMC7309652 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-16-2814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Revised: 12/05/2016] [Accepted: 01/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Purpose: Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas (HNSCCs) cause more than 300,000 deaths worldwide each year. Locoregional and distant recurrences represent worse prognostic events and accepted surrogate markers of patients' overall survival. No valid biomarker and salvage therapy exist to identify and treat patients at high-risk of recurrence. We aimed to verify if selected miRNAs could be used as biomarkers of recurrence in HNSCC.Experimental Design: A NanoString array was used to identify miRNAs associated with locoregional recurrence in 44 patients with HNSCC. Bioinformatic approaches validated the signature and identified potential miRNA targets. Validation experiments were performed using an independent cohort of primary HNSCC samples and a panel of HNSCC cell lines. In vivo experiments validated the in vitro results.Results: Our data identified a four-miRNA signature that classified HNSCC patients at high- or low-risk of recurrence. These miRNAs collectively impinge on the epithelial-mesenchymal transition process. In silico and wet lab approaches showed that miR-9, expressed at high levels in recurrent HNSCC, targets SASH1 and KRT13, whereas miR-1, miR-133, and miR-150, expressed at low levels in recurrent HNSCC, collectively target SP1 and TGFβ pathways. A six-gene signature comprising these targets identified patients at high risk of recurrences, as well. Combined pharmacological inhibition of SP1 and TGFβ pathways induced HNSCC cell death and, when timely administered, prevented recurrence formation in a preclinical model of HNSCC recurrence.Conclusions: By integrating different experimental approaches and competences, we identified critical mediators of recurrence formation in HNSCC that may merit to be considered for future clinical development. Clin Cancer Res; 23(14); 3769-80. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Citron
- Division of Molecular Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Joshua Armenia
- Division of Molecular Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Giovanni Franchin
- Oncologic Radiotherapy, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Jerry Polesel
- Cancer Epidemiology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Renato Talamini
- Cancer Epidemiology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sara D'Andrea
- Division of Molecular Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Sandro Sulfaro
- Division of Pathology, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria degli Angeli, Pordenone, Italy
| | - Carlo M Croce
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics/CCC, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
| | - William Klement
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - David Otasek
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Chiara Pastrello
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tomas Tokar
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Igor Jurisica
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Computer Science, University of Toronto, Canada
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Deborah French
- Faculty of Medicine and Psicology, Department of Clinical and molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Santo Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Bomben
- Clinical and Experimental Onco-Hematology Unit, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Emanuela Vaccher
- Medical Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Diego Serraino
- Cancer Epidemiology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Belletti
- Division of Molecular Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Andrea Vecchione
- Department of Cancer Biology and Genetics/CCC, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio.
- Faculty of Medicine and Psicology, Department of Clinical and molecular Medicine, University of Rome "La Sapienza," Santo Andrea Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Luigi Barzan
- Department of Surgery, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
| | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- Division of Molecular Oncology, CRO Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy.
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14
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Tan NS, Vázquez-Carrera M, Montagner A, Sng MK, Guillou H, Wahli W. Transcriptional control of physiological and pathological processes by the nuclear receptor PPARβ/δ. Prog Lipid Res 2016; 64:98-122. [PMID: 27665713 DOI: 10.1016/j.plipres.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nguan Soon Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, 61 Biopolis Drive, Proteos, Agency for Science Technology & Research, 138673, Singapore; KK Research Centre, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, 100 Bukit Timah Road, 229899, Singapore.
| | - Manuel Vázquez-Carrera
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Barcelona, Institute of Biomedicine of the University of Barcelona (IBUB), Pediatric Research Institute-Hospital Sant Joan de Déu, Spanish Biomedical Research Centre in Diabetes and Associated Metabolic Diseases (CIBERDEM), Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Ming Keat Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological University, 60 Nanyang Drive, 637551, Singapore; Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore
| | - Hervé Guillou
- INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - Walter Wahli
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Academia, 20 College Road, 169856, Singapore; INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331, Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex 3, France; Center for Integrative Genomics, University of Lausanne, Le Génopode, CH 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland.
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15
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Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) play pivotal roles in limiting the duration and magnitude of immune response against infectious agents and self-antigens. This is accomplished through contact-dependent and -independent mechanisms that involve crosstalk between Treg cells and other immune and tissue-specific cell types. The same machinery is employed by Tregs to regulate immune responses to cancer, limiting both pro-tumor inflammation and anti-tumor immunity. Factors produced by Treg cells also act directly on transformed epithelial cells and exert opposing effects during different stages of cancer development. Therefore, the immune regulatory cell population serves as a double-edged sword for the development, progression, and treatment of cancers. In this review, we summarize current knowledge on the roles of Treg lymphocytes during cancer development, as well as the underlying cellular and molecular mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kepeng Wang
- a Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , CT , USA
| | - Anthony T Vella
- a Department of Immunology , School of Medicine, University of Connecticut Health Center , Farmington , CT , USA
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16
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Cammareri P, Rose AM, Vincent DF, Wang J, Nagano A, Libertini S, Ridgway RA, Athineos D, Coates PJ, McHugh A, Pourreyron C, Dayal JHS, Larsson J, Weidlich S, Spender LC, Sapkota GP, Purdie KJ, Proby CM, Harwood CA, Leigh IM, Clevers H, Barker N, Karlsson S, Pritchard C, Marais R, Chelala C, South AP, Sansom OJ, Inman GJ. Inactivation of TGFβ receptors in stem cells drives cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. Nat Commun 2016; 7:12493. [PMID: 27558455 PMCID: PMC5007296 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms12493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma patients treated with oncogenic BRAF inhibitors can develop cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) within weeks of treatment, driven by paradoxical RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway activation. Here we identify frequent TGFBR1 and TGFBR2 mutations in human vemurafenib-induced skin lesions and in sporadic cSCC. Functional analysis reveals these mutations ablate canonical TGFβ Smad signalling, which is localized to bulge stem cells in both normal human and murine skin. MAPK pathway hyperactivation (through Braf(V600E) or Kras(G12D) knockin) and TGFβ signalling ablation (through Tgfbr1 deletion) in LGR5(+ve) stem cells enables rapid cSCC development in the mouse. Mutation of Tp53 (which is commonly mutated in sporadic cSCC) coupled with Tgfbr1 deletion in LGR5(+ve) cells also results in cSCC development. These findings indicate that LGR5(+ve) stem cells may act as cells of origin for cSCC, and that RAS/RAF/MAPK pathway hyperactivation or Tp53 mutation, coupled with loss of TGFβ signalling, are driving events of skin tumorigenesis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects
- Biopsy
- Carcinogenesis/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/chemically induced
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/genetics
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- DNA Mutational Analysis/methods
- Female
- Humans
- Indoles/adverse effects
- Male
- Melanoma/drug therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred Strains
- Mutation
- Neoplasms, Experimental/chemically induced
- Neoplasms, Experimental/genetics
- Neoplasms, Experimental/pathology
- Protein Serine-Threonine Kinases/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/antagonists & inhibitors
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins B-raf/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins p21(ras)/metabolism
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type I
- Receptor, Transforming Growth Factor-beta Type II
- Receptors, Transforming Growth Factor beta/genetics
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Skin Neoplasms/chemically induced
- Skin Neoplasms/genetics
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Stem Cells
- Sulfonamides/adverse effects
- Transforming Growth Factor beta/metabolism
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Vemurafenib
- Exome Sequencing
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Cammareri
- Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Switichback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Aidan M. Rose
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - David F. Vincent
- Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Switichback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Jun Wang
- Bioinformatics Unit, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Ai Nagano
- Bioinformatics Unit, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Silvana Libertini
- Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Switichback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Rachel A. Ridgway
- Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Switichback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Dimitris Athineos
- Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Switichback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Philip J. Coates
- Tayside Tissue Bank, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Angela McHugh
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Celine Pourreyron
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jasbani H. S. Dayal
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Jonas Larsson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Simone Weidlich
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Lindsay C. Spender
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Gopal P. Sapkota
- MRC Protein Phosphorylation Unit, School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 5EH, UK
| | - Karin J. Purdie
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Charlotte M. Proby
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
| | - Catherine A. Harwood
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Irene M. Leigh
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK
| | - Hans Clevers
- Hubrecht Institute, Utrecht 3584 CT, The Netherlands
| | - Nick Barker
- Institute of Medical Biology, Immunos 138648, Singapore
| | - Stefan Karlsson
- Molecular Medicine and Gene Therapy, Lund Strategic Center for Stem Cell Biology, Lund University, Lund 221 00, Sweden
| | - Catrin Pritchard
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 9HN, UK
| | - Richard Marais
- The Paterson Institute for Cancer Research, Manchester M20 4BX, UK
| | - Claude Chelala
- Bioinformatics Unit, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London EC1M 6BQ, UK
| | - Andrew P. South
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107, USA
| | - Owen J. Sansom
- Wnt Signaling and Colorectal Cancer Group, Cancer Research UK Beatson Institute, Institute of Cancer Sciences, Glasgow University, Garscube Estate, Switichback Road, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
| | - Gareth J. Inman
- Division of Cancer Research, School of Medicine, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, UK
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17
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Yamada S, Jinnin M, Kajihara I, Nakashima T, Aoi J, Harada M, Igata T, Masuguchi S, Fukushima S, Ihn H. Cytokine expression profiles in the sera of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma patients. Drug Discov Ther 2016; 10:172-6. [PMID: 27169370 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2016.01032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
We focused on the interaction of cytokines in squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and determined the expression profile of multiple cytokines in the serum of each patient with SCC in the present study. Serum samples were obtained from 12 SCC patients and 7 normal subjects. Four cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-6, GM-CSF, and TGF-β) were selected because they are reported to be involved in keratinocyte proliferation and SCC progression. Serum levels were measured using ELISA. We found a statistically significant increase of serum IFN-γ levels in SCC patients compared to those in normal subjects, and areas under the curve (AUC) of 0.82 for the serum levels of IFN-γ were higher than those for other cytokine levels according to ROC curve analysis. Patients with increased IFN-γ levels had a significantly more severe cancer stage. Furthermore, the combination of IFN-γ levels and TGF-β levels could improve the AUC to 0.84. We also found there was a significant correlation between IFN-γ levels and GM-CSF levels or between GM-CSF levels and TGF-β levels only in SCC patients. Our results suggest that the combination of IFN-γ levels and TGF-β levels is more effective to diagnose SCC, while serum levels of IFN-γ alone are useful to evaluate tumor progression. Furthermore, expression of these cytokines was not independent, but may be regulated by common upstream factors (e.g. cytokines or methylation) in SCC patients, and such factors may play some roles in the pathogenesis of SCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saori Yamada
- Department of Dermatology and Plastic Surgery, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University
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18
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is linked to the development and progression of multiple cancers, including those of the lung, stomach, liver, colon, breast and skin. Inflammation not only drives the oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells under the stress of chronic infection and autoimmune diseases, but also promotes the growth, progression and metastatic spread of cancers. Tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells are comprised of a diverse population of myeloid and immune cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells, and others. Different myeloid and lymphoid cells within tumor microenvironment exert diverse, often contradicting, effects during skin cancer development and progression. The nature of tumor-immune interaction determines the rate of cancer progression and the outcome of cancer treatment. Inflammatory environment within skin tumor also inhibits naturally occurring anti-tumor immunity and limits the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this article we aim to give an overview on the mechanism by which inflammation interferes with the development and therapeutic intervention of cancers, especially those of the skin.
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19
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TGF-β signaling links E-cadherin loss to suppression of nucleotide excision repair. Oncogene 2015; 35:3293-302. [PMID: 26477308 PMCID: PMC4837109 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2015.390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2015] [Revised: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 08/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule best known for its function in suppressing tumor progression and metastasis. Here we show that E-cadherin promotes nucleotide excision repair through positively regulating the expression of xeroderma pigmentosum complementation group C (XPC) and DNA damage-binding protein 1 (DDB1). Loss of E-cadherin activates the E2F4 and p130/107 transcription repressor complexes to suppress the transcription of both XPC and DDB1 through activating the TGF-β pathway. Adding XPC or DDB1, or inhibiting the TGF-β pathway, increases the repair of UV-induced DNA damage in E-cadherin-inhibited cells. In mouse skin and skin tumors UVB radiation down-regulates E-cadherin. In sun-associated premalignant and malignant skin neoplasia, E-cadherin is down-regulated in association with reduced XPC and DDB1 levels. These findings demonstrate a crucial role of E-cadherin in efficient DNA repair of UV-induced DNA damage, identify a new link between epithelial adhesion and DNA repair, and suggest a mechanistic link of early E-cadherin loss in tumor initiation.
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20
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Martin A, Salvador F, Moreno-Bueno G, Floristán A, Ruiz-Herguido C, Cuevas EP, Morales S, Santos V, Csiszar K, Dubus P, Haigh JJ, Bigas A, Portillo F, Cano A. Lysyl oxidase-like 2 represses Notch1 expression in the skin to promote squamous cell carcinoma progression. EMBO J 2015; 34:1090-109. [PMID: 25759215 DOI: 10.15252/embj.201489975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysyl oxidase-like 2 (LOXL2) is involved in a wide range of physiological and pathological processes, including fibrosis and tumor progression, implicating intracellular and extracellular functions. To explore the specific in vivo role of LOXL2 in physiological and tumor contexts, we generated conditional gain- and loss-of-function mouse models. Germ-line deletion of Loxl2 promotes lethality in half of newborn mice mainly associated to congenital heart defects, while Loxl2 overexpression triggers male sterility due to epididymal dysfunction caused by epithelial disorganization, fibrosis and acute inflammation. Remarkably, when challenged to chemical skin carcinogenesis, Loxl2-overexpressing mice increased tumor burden and malignant progression, while Loxl2-deficient mice exhibit the opposite phenotypes. Loxl2 levels in premalignant tumors negatively correlate with expression of epidermal differentiation markers and components of the Notch1 pathway. We show that LOXL2 is a direct repressor of NOTCH1. Additionally, we identify an exclusive expression pattern between LOXL2 and members of the canonical NOTCH1 pathway in human HNSCC. Our data identify for the first time novel LOXL2 roles in tissue homeostasis and support it as a target for SCC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Martin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Fernando Salvador
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gema Moreno-Bueno
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain Fundación MD Anderson International Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alfredo Floristán
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Eva P Cuevas
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Saleta Morales
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Vanesa Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Katalin Csiszar
- John A Burns School of Medicine, University of Hawaii, Honolulu HI, USA
| | - Pierre Dubus
- Histologie et pathologie moléculaire des tumeurs, Universitie Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Jody J Haigh
- Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, Monash University, Melbourne, Vic., Australia
| | - Anna Bigas
- Institut Hospital del Mar d'Investigacions Médiques (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Francisco Portillo
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
| | - Amparo Cano
- Departamento de Bioquímica, UAM, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas "Alberto Sols" CSIC-UAM, IdiPAZ, Madrid, Spain
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Montagner A, Delgado MB, Tallichet-Blanc C, Chan JSK, Sng MK, Mottaz H, Degueurce G, Lippi Y, Moret C, Baruchet M, Antsiferova M, Werner S, Hohl D, Al Saati T, Farmer PJ, Tan NS, Michalik L, Wahli W. Src is activated by the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor β/δ in ultraviolet radiation-induced skin cancer. EMBO Mol Med 2014; 6:80-98. [PMID: 24203162 PMCID: PMC3936491 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201302666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2013] [Revised: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Although non-melanoma skin cancer (NMSC) is the most common human cancer and its incidence continues to rise worldwide, the mechanisms underlying its development remain incompletely understood. Here, we unveil a cascade of events involving peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) β/δ and the oncogene Src, which promotes the development of ultraviolet (UV)-induced skin cancer in mice. UV-induced PPARβ/δ activity, which directly stimulated Src expression, increased Src kinase activity and enhanced the EGFR/Erk1/2 signalling pathway, resulting in increased epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) marker expression. Consistent with these observations, PPARβ/δ-null mice developed fewer and smaller skin tumours, and a PPARβ/δ antagonist prevented UV-dependent Src stimulation. Furthermore, the expression of PPARβ/δ positively correlated with the expression of SRC and EMT markers in human skin squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), and critically, linear models applied to several human epithelial cancers revealed an interaction between PPARβ/δ and SRC and TGFβ1 transcriptional levels. Taken together, these observations motivate the future evaluation of PPARβ/δ modulators to attenuate the development of several epithelial cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra Montagner
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria B Delgado
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Corinne Tallichet-Blanc
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy S K Chan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ming K Sng
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hélène Mottaz
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Gwendoline Degueurce
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Yannick Lippi
- GeT-TRiX Facility, INRA ToxAlim, UMR1331Chemin de Tournefeuille, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Catherine Moret
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Baruchet
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Maria Antsiferova
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichSchafmattstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH ZurichSchafmattstrasse, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV)Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Talal Al Saati
- INSERM/UPS, US006/CREFRE, Histopathology Facility, Place du Docteur BaylacCHU Purpan, Toulouse Cedex, France
| | - Pierre J Farmer
- Exploratory Biomarker Analysis, Biomarker Technologies, Bioinformatics, Non Clinical Development, Merck Serono International S.A. SwitzerlandChemin des Mines, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nguan S Tan
- School of Biological Sciences, Nanyang Technological UniversityNanyang Drive, Singapore, Singapore
- Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology, Biopolis DriveProteos, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Liliane Michalik
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- *Corresponding author: Tel: +41 21 692 41 10; Fax: +41 21 692 41 15; E-mail:
| | - Walter Wahli
- Center for Integrative Genomics, National Research Center Frontiers in Genetics, University of LausanneLe Genopode, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Imperial College London, Nanyang Technological UniversitySingapore, Singapore
- **Corresponding author: Tel: +41 21 692 41 10; Fax: +41 21 692 41 15; E-mail:
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Papagerakis S, Pannone G, Zheng L, About I, Taqi N, Nguyen NPT, Matossian M, McAlpin B, Santoro A, McHugh J, Prince ME, Papagerakis P. Oral epithelial stem cells - implications in normal development and cancer metastasis. Exp Cell Res 2014; 325:111-29. [PMID: 24803391 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Oral mucosa is continuously exposed to environmental forces and has to be constantly renewed. Accordingly, the oral mucosa epithelium contains a large reservoir of epithelial stem cells necessary for tissue homeostasis. Despite considerable scientific advances in stem cell behavior in a number of tissues, fewer studies have been devoted to the stem cells in the oral epithelium. Most of oral mucosa stem cells studies are focused on identifying cancer stem cells (CSC) in oral squamous cell carcinomas (OSCCs) among other head and neck cancers. OSCCs are the most prevalent epithelial tumors of the head and neck region, marked by their aggressiveness and invasiveness. Due to their highly tumorigenic properties, it has been suggested that CSC may be the critical population of cancer cells in the development of OSCC metastasis. This review presents a brief overview of epithelium stem cells with implications in oral health, and the clinical implications of the CSC concept in OSCC metastatic dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Papagerakis
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Periodontics and Oral Medicine, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Giuseppe Pannone
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Li Zheng
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Imad About
- Aix-Marseille Université, CNRS, ISM UMR 7287, 13288, Marseille cedex 09, France
| | - Nawar Taqi
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Nghia P T Nguyen
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Margarite Matossian
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Blake McAlpin
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Angela Santoro
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Jonathan McHugh
- Department of Pathology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Mark E Prince
- Department of Otolaryngology, Medical School, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Petros Papagerakis
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, School of Dentistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Center for Organogenesis, School of Medicine, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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