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Firsova MV, Risinskaya NV, Solovev MV, Obukhova TN, Kislitsyna MA, Nikulina EE, Yakutik IA, Abramova TV, Sudarikov AB, Kovrigina AM, Mendeleeva LP. Multiple myeloma with extramedullary plasmacytoma: pathogenesis and clinical case. ONCOHEMATOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.17650/1818-8346-2022-17-4-67-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background. Multiple myeloma complicated by extramedullary plasmacytoma is an unfavorable variant of the disease. It remains unknown what triggers tumor transformation. The review presents literature data on the pathogenesis of extramedullary disease, as well as a clinical example of a comprehensive study of the tumor substrate.Aim. To study the molecular and biological characteristics of the tumor substrate of the bone marrow and extramedullary plasmacytoma using various research methods.Materials and methods. A 55-year-old patient was admitted to National Medical Research Center for Hematology with a diagnosis of multiple myeloma occurring with extramedullary plasmacytoma of the retroperitoneal space. dNA was isolated from samples of different localization (blood plasma, Cd138+ bone marrow cells, plasmacytoma and buccal epithelial cells). The profile of short tandem dNA repeats (STR) from the obtained samples was studied by multiplex polymerase chain reaction followed by fragment analysis. fluorescent in situ hybridization (fISH) of bone marrow Cd138+ cells was performed using various dNA probes. Comparative genomic hybridization on a microarray (arrayCGH) plasmacytoma dNA was also performed. The mutation profile of the KRAS, NRAS, BRAF genes was studied by Sanger sequencing in tumor samples of various localizations.Results. The induction therapy (vCd (bortezomib + cyclophosphamide + dexamethasone), vRd (bortezomib + lenalidomide + dexamethasone), daratumumab therapy) was ineffective, death occurred 4 months after the first clinical manifestations appeared. Comparison of STR markers of circulating cell-free tumor dNA (cfdNA), Cd138+ bone marrow cells, and plasmacytoma revealed the largest number of involved loci exactly in plasmacytoma’ dNA. A mutation in the NRAS gene was found only in plasmacytoma’ dNA. This indicates the presence of another clone of tumor cells in the extra-medullary plasmacytoma. Molecular karyotyping of plasmacytoma using the arrayCGH method revealed rearrangements of many chromosomes. 1p32.3 bi-allelic deletion, amplification of 1q21, 8q24/MyC rearrangements and del17p13 were confirmed by arrayCGH molecular karyotyping and fISH studies in bone marrow and plasmacytoma.Conclusion. A comprehensive molecular genetic study of the extramedullary plasmacytoma’ substrate is necessary to understand the pathogenesis mechanisms and, on this basis, to develop differentiated therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. V. Firsova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - N. V. Risinskaya
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. V. Solovev
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - T. N. Obukhova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - M. A. Kislitsyna
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - E. E. Nikulina
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - I. A. Yakutik
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - T. V. Abramova
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A. B. Sudarikov
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - A. M. Kovrigina
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
| | - L. P. Mendeleeva
- National Research Center for Hematology, Ministry of Health of Russia
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Gupta R, Jit BP, Kumar S, Mittan S, Tanwer P, Ray MD, Mathur S, Perumal V, Kumar L, Rath GK, Sharma A. Leveraging epigenetics to enhance the efficacy of cancer-testis antigen: a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Epigenomics 2022; 14:865-886. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2021-0479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignancy in women. The phenotype is characterized by delayed diagnosis, recurrence and drug resistance. Inherent immunogenicity potential, oncogenic function and expression of cancer-testis/germline antigen (CTA) in ovarian cancer render them a potential candidate for immunotherapy. Revolutionary clinical findings indicate that tumor antigen-mediated T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches provide an excellent strategy for targeting tumors. Currently, dendritic cell vaccination for the treatment of B-cell lymphoma and CTA-based T-cell receptor transduced T-cell therapy involving MAGE-A4 and NY-ESO-1 are well documented and shown to be effective. This review highlighted the mechanical aspects of epigenetic drugs that can elicit a CTA-based humoral and cellular immune response and implicate T-cell and dendritic cell-based immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Bimal Prasad Jit
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Santosh Kumar
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Mittan
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, NY 10467, USA
| | - Pranay Tanwer
- Laboratory Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - M D Ray
- Department of Surgical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Sandeep Mathur
- Department of Pathology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Vanamail Perumal
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Lalit Kumar
- Department of Medical Oncology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - G K Rath
- Department of Radiotherapy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Ashok Sharma
- Department of Biochemistry, National Cancer Institute – India, Jhajjar Campus, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar, New Delhi, 110029, India
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Wang X, He L, Huang X, Zhang S, Cao W, Che F, Zhu Y, Dai J. Recent Progress of Exosomes in Multiple Myeloma: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, Prognosis and Therapeutic Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13071635. [PMID: 33915822 PMCID: PMC8037106 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13071635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary In the pathogenesis of multiple myeloma (MM), some exosomes act on different cells in the bone marrow microenvironment, which can create an environment conducive to the survival and growth of MM cells. In addition, due to the abnormal expression of cargos in the exosomes of MM patients, exosomes may help with the diagnosis and prognosis of MM. In contrast to traditional nanomaterials, exosomes exhibit very good safety, biocompatibility, stability and biodegradability, which shows their potential for delivering anti-cancer drugs and cancer vaccines. Given the research in recent decades, exosomes are becoming increasingly relevant to MM. Although exosomes have not been applied in the clinic for help with diagnosing, prognosticating or providing therapy for MM, they are very promising for clinical applications concerning MM, which will possibly materialize in the near future. Therefore, this review is worth reading for further understanding of the important roles of exosomes in MM.. Abstract Multiple myeloma (MM) is a hematological malignancy that is still incurable. The bone marrow microenvironment (BMM), with cellular and non-cellular components, can create a favorable environment for the survival, proliferation and migration of MM cells, which is the main reason for the failure of MM therapies. Many studies have demonstrated that exosomes play an important role in the tumor-supportive BMM. Exosomes are nanoscale vesicles that can be released by various cells. Some exosomes contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of MM. MM-derived exosomes act on different cells in the BMM, thereby creating an environment conducive to the survival and growth of MM cells. Owing to the important roles of exosomes in the BMM, targeting the secretion of exosomes may become an effective therapeutic strategy for MM. In addition, the abnormal expression of “cargos” in the exosomes of MM patients may be used to diagnose MM or used as part of a screen for the early prognoses of MM patients. Exosomes also have good biological properties, including safety, biocompatibility, stability and biodegradability. Therefore, the encapsulation of anti-cancer drugs in exosomes, along with surface modifications of exosomes with targeting molecules, are very promising strategies for cancer therapies—particularly for MM. In addition, DC-derived exosomes (DC-EXs) can express MHC-I, MHC-II and T cell costimulatory molecules. Therefore, DC-EXs may be used as a nanocarrier to deliver cancer vaccines in MM. This review summarizes the recent progress of exosome research regarding the pathogenesis of, diagnosis of, prognosis of and therapeutic strategies for MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Wang
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.W.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (S.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Lin He
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.W.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (S.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Xiaobing Huang
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.W.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (S.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Shasha Zhang
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.W.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (S.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Wanjun Cao
- School of Pharmacy, North Sichuan Medical College, Nanchong 637000, China;
| | - Feifei Che
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.W.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (S.Z.); (F.C.)
| | - Yizhun Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine & School of Pharmacy, Macau University of Science and Technology, Avenida Wai Long, Taipa, Macau 999078, China
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-15756317270 (J.D.)
| | - Jingying Dai
- Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine of University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, No. 32, West Section 2, First Ring Road, Qingyang District, Chengdu 610000, China; (X.W.); (L.H.); (X.H.); (S.Z.); (F.C.)
- Correspondence: (Y.Z.); (J.D.); Tel.: +86-15756317270 (J.D.)
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Khouri J, Faiman BM, Grabowski D, Mahfouz RZ, Khan SN, Wei W, Valent J, Dean R, Samaras C, Jha BK, Lazarus H, Campagnaro EL, Malek E, Reed J, Karam MA, Hamilton K, Fada S, Kalaycio M, Liu H, Sobecks R, Saunthararajah Y, Chew Y, Orloff M, Reu FJ. DNA methylation inhibition in myeloma: Experience from a phase 1b study of low-dose continuous azacitidine in combination with lenalidomide and low-dose dexamethasone in relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma. Semin Hematol 2020; 58:45-55. [PMID: 33509443 DOI: 10.1053/j.seminhematol.2020.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The DNA methyltransferase inhibitor azacytidine (aza) may reactivate pathways associated with plasma cell differentiation, cell cycle control, apoptosis, and immune recognition and thereby restore sensitivity to lenalidomide (len) and dexamethasone (dex) in relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM). We aimed to develop an aza regimen that reaches epigenetically active levels 8 times in 28 days with less bone marrow toxicity than the myeloid malignancy standard of 7 consecutive doses to enable safe combination with len. Aza was escalated from 30 mg/m2 once a week up to a predefined maximum of 50 mg/m2 twice a week in combination with GFR-adjusted len (≥ 60 mL/min: 25 mg, 3059 mL/min: 10 mg) day 1 to 21 every 28 days and dex 40 mg once a week followed by a limited expansion study to a total N of 23 at the highest tolerated dose. Fifty-one patients (pts) with RRMM were screened, 42 were treated and 41 were evaluable for response based on at least 1 response assessment or progression after treatment start. The median number of prior lines of therapy was 5 (1-11) and 81% (34) were refractory to len and/or pomalidomide (pom). Two DLTs occurred in different cohorts, 1 neutropenic fever in 1/6 pts on the aza 40 mg/m2 twice a week GFR ≥ 60 mL/min cohort and 1 GGT elevation in 1/6 pts on the aza 50 mg/m2 GFR 30-59 mL/min cohort. An MTD was not reached and aza 50 mg/m2 SC twice a week was chosen for the expansion study. At least possibly related Grade 3/4 AEs occurred in 28 pts (67%) with the following in > 1 pt: neutropenia (N = 16, 38%), anemia (N = 6, 14%), lymphopenia (N = 5, 12%), thrombocytopenia (N = 4, 10%), leukopenia (N = 4, 10%), febrile neutropenia (N = 4, 10%), fatigue (N = 3, 7%), fever (N = 2, 5%), and infection (N = 2, 5%). At a median follow up time for alive pts of 60.2 months (range: 36.1-82.5 months), the overall response rate (≥ partial response) and clinical benefit response rate (≥ minor response) was 22 and 32%, respectively, with 4 very good partial responses (10%), 5 partial responses (12%), and 4 minor responses (10%). The median PFS was 3.1 months (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.1-5.1 months), median TTP 2.7 months (95% CI: 2.1-7.5 months), and median OS 18.6 months (95% CI: 12.9-33.0 months). Achieving at least minor response and reaching TTP > 6 months was associated with approximately 35% lower median plasma levels of the enzyme that inactivates aza, plasma cytidine deaminase (CDA, P< .0001). Two of the len refractory pts achieved longer disease control than with any prior regimen and 1 responded immediately after progression on len, bortezomib, and prednisone. Analyses of the methylation state of over 480,000 CpG sites in purified myeloma cells at screening were possible in 11 pts and on day 28 in 8 of them. As in other studies, the majority of differentially methylated CpGs compared to normal plasma cells were hypomethylated in myeloma. Treatment decreased the number of CpGs that were differentially methylated in normal plasma cells by > 0.5% in 6 and by > 5% in 3 of the 8 pts, most pronounced in 2 pts with clinically convincing aza contribution who achieved a reduction in overall differentially methylated CpGs by 23 and 68%, respectively, associated with increased expression of immunoglobulin genes. The study demonstrated tolerability of twice a week SC aza at 50 mg/m2 with len and dex in RRMM and suggested aza may help overcome the len/pom refractory state, possibly by activating differentiation pathways. Relatively low response rates and association of clinical benefit with low plasma levels of the aza inactivating enzyme CDA suggest the aza regimen will need to be optimized further and pt selection may be required to maximize benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Khouri
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Beth M Faiman
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Dale Grabowski
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Reda Z Mahfouz
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Clinical Pathology, Menoufia University, Shebin-Elkom, Egypt
| | - Shahper N Khan
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Interdisciplinary Nanotechnology Centre, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India
| | - Wei Wei
- Taussig Cancer Institute, Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Jason Valent
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Robert Dean
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Christy Samaras
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Babal K Jha
- Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hillard Lazarus
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH
| | - Erica L Campagnaro
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH; University of Michigan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Ehsan Malek
- Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Seidman Cancer Center, University Hospitals, Cleveland, OH
| | - Janice Reed
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Mary Ann Karam
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Kimberly Hamilton
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Sherry Fada
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | - Matt Kalaycio
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Hien Liu
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Blood and Marrow Transplant and Cellular Immunotherapy, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL
| | - Ronald Sobecks
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH
| | - Yogen Saunthararajah
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH; Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH
| | | | - Mohammed Orloff
- Lerner Research Institute, Genomic Core Facility, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Epidemiology, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR; Rockefeller Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, AR
| | - Frederic J Reu
- Department of Hematologic Oncology and Blood Disorders, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cleveland, OH; Department of Translational Hematology and Oncology Research, Taussig Cancer Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH; Department of Malignant Hematology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL; Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.
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Khalaf WS, Garg M, Mohamed YS, Stover CM, Browning MJ. In vitro Generation of Cytotoxic T Cells With Potential for Adoptive Tumor Immunotherapy of Multiple Myeloma. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1792. [PMID: 31428094 PMCID: PMC6687956 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma is a life-threatening hematological malignancy, which is rarely curable by conventional therapies. Immunotherapy, using tumor antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes, may represent an alternative or additional treatment for multiple myeloma. In this study, we used hybrid cell lines, generated by fusion of an EBV B-lymphoblastoid cell line (B-LCL) and myeloma cells, to stimulate in vitro peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) from patients with multiple myeloma. We investigated induction of antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to the well-defined tumor associated antigens (TAAs) hTERT, MUC1, MAGE-C1 and CS1, which have been shown to be expressed in a high proportion of cases of multiple myeloma. HLA-A2-peptide pentamer staining, interferon-γ and perforin ELISpot assays, as well as cytotoxicity assays were used. Following several rounds of in vitro stimulation, the hybrid cell lines induced antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes to four candidate TAAs in PBLs from HLA-A2+ multiple myeloma patients, using known HLA-A2 restricted peptide epitopes of the TAAs. In contrast, the HLA-A2+ myeloma cell line U266 failed to induce antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in vitro. Our data indicate that B-LCL/myeloma hybrid cell lines induce antigen-specific, cytotoxic T-lymphocytes in PBLs isolated from multiple myeloma patients in vitro and may represent a novel strategy for use in adoptive immunotherapy of multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wafaa S Khalaf
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Mamta Garg
- Department of Haematology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Yehia S Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, Egypt.,Department of Microbiology, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Cordula M Stover
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J Browning
- Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Leicester University, Leicester, United Kingdom.,Department of Immunology, Leicester Royal Infirmary, University Hospitals of Leicester NHS Trust, Leicester, United Kingdom
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Xie K, Fu C, Wang S, Xu H, Liu S, Shao Y, Gong Z, Wu X, Xu B, Han J, Xu J, Xu P, Jia X, Wu J. Cancer-testis antigens in ovarian cancer: implication for biomarkers and therapeutic targets. J Ovarian Res 2019; 12:1. [PMID: 30609934 PMCID: PMC6318940 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-018-0475-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer remains the most fatal gynecologic malignancy worldwide due to delayed diagnosis as well as recurrence and drug resistance. Thus, the development of new tumor-related molecules with high sensitivity and specificity to replace or supplement existing tools is urgently needed. Cancer-testis antigens (CTAs) are exclusively expressed in normal testis tissues but abundantly found in several types of cancers, including ovarian cancer. Numerous novel CTAs have been identified by high-throughput sequencing techniques, and some aberrantly expressed CTAs are associated with ovarian cancer initiation, clinical outcomes and chemotherapy resistance. More importantly, CTAs are immunogenic and may be novel targets for antigen-specific immunotherapy in ovarian cancer. In this review, we attempt to characterize the expression of candidate CTAs in ovarian cancer and their clinical significance as biomarkers, activation mechanisms, function in malignant phenotypes and applications in immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaipeng Xie
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Chenyang Fu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Suli Wang
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Hanzi Xu
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Siyu Liu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Yang Shao
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Zhen Gong
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xiaoli Wu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Bo Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Institute of Toxicology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 211166, China
| | - Jing Han
- Jiangsu Institute of Cancer Research The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Juan Xu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Pengfei Xu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China
| | - Xuemei Jia
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China.
| | - Jiangping Wu
- The Affiliated Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital, Women's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210004, China.
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Personalized prediction of genes with tumor-causing somatic mutations based on multi-modal deep Boltzmann machine. Neurocomputing 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neucom.2018.02.096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Shires K, Van Wyk T. The role of Cancer/Testis Antigens in Multiple Myeloma pathogenesis and their application in disease monitoring and therapy. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2018; 132:17-26. [PMID: 30447924 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A unique group of genes, encoding tumour associated antigens, known as the Cancer/Testis Antigens (CTAs), have been explored as novel markers of disease progression and as targets of immunotherapy in several cancers, including the haematological malignancy Multiple Myeloma (MM). This review aims to update the knowledge of CTA involvement in MM pathogenesis and how their potential as biomarkers for disease monitoring and targets of immunotherapy has been explored in the MM disease arena. Despite the initial promise of these antigens, their use as immunotherapy targets has not been successful, yet with a greater understanding of their role in disease pathogenesis they may still have a significant role to play as biomarkers of disease and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Shires
- Division of Haematology, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town and National Health Laboratory Service/Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa.
| | - Teagan Van Wyk
- Department of Medicine, University of Cape Town, South Africa
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Chi Soh JE, Abu N, Jamal R. The potential immune-eliciting cancer testis antigens in colorectal cancer. Immunotherapy 2018; 10:1093-1104. [DOI: 10.2217/imt-2018-0044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The identification of cancer testis antigens (CTAs) has been an important finding in the search of potential targets for cancer immunotherapy. CTA is one of the subfamilies of the large tumor-associated antigens groups. It is aberrantly expressed in various types of human tumors but is absent in normal tissues except for the testis and placenta. This CTAs-restricted pattern of expression in human malignancies together with its potential immunogenic properties, has stirred the interest of many researchers to use CTAs as one of the ideal targets in cancer immunotherapy. To date, multiple studies have shown that CTAs-based vaccines can elicit clinical and immunological responses in different tumors, including colorectal cancer (CRC). This review details our current understanding of CTAs and CRC in regard to the expression and immunological responses as well as some of the critical hurdles in CTAs-based immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanne Ern Chi Soh
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Nadiah Abu
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Rahman Jamal
- UKM Medical Molecular Biology Institute (UMBI), UKM Medical Center, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Jalan Yaacob Latiff, Cheras, 56000 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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10
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Cosemans C, Oben B, Arijs I, Daniëls A, Declercq J, Vanhees K, Froyen G, Maes B, Mebis J, Rummens JL. Prognostic Biomarkers in the Progression From MGUS to Multiple Myeloma: A Systematic Review. CLINICAL LYMPHOMA MYELOMA & LEUKEMIA 2018; 18:235-248. [PMID: 29506935 DOI: 10.1016/j.clml.2018.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 01/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM), characterized by malignant plasma cells in the bone marrow, is consistently preceded by asymptomatic premalignant stage monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS). These MGUS patients have an annual risk of 1% to progress to MM. Clinical, imaging, and genomic (genetic and epigenetic) factors were identified, whose presence increased the risk of progression from MGUS to MM. In this systematic review we summarize the currently identified clinical, imaging, and genomic biomarkers suggested to increase the progression risk or shown to be differentially expressed/present between both cohorts of patients. Despite the wide range of proposed markers, there are still no reliable biomarkers to individually predict which MGUS patient will progress to MM and which will not. Research on biomarkers in the progression from MGUS to MM will give more insight in the unknown pathogenesis of this hematological malignancy. This would improve research by elucidating new pathways and potential therapeutic targets as well as clinical management by closer follow-up and earlier treatment of high-risk MGUS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Cosemans
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Bénedith Oben
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium.
| | - Ingrid Arijs
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Annick Daniëls
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Declercq
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Kimberly Vanhees
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; University Biobank Limburg (UBiLim) and Biobank Jessa, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Guy Froyen
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Clinical Biology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Brigitte Maes
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Clinical Biology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jeroen Mebis
- Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; Division of Medical Oncology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Jean-Luc Rummens
- Department of Experimental Hematology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium; Faculty of Medicine and Life Sciences, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium; University Biobank Limburg (UBiLim) and Biobank Jessa, Hasselt, Belgium; Department of Clinical Biology, Jessa Hospital, Hasselt, Belgium
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11
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Beppu S, Ito Y, Fujii K, Saida K, Takino H, Masaki A, Murase T, Kusafuka K, Iida Y, Onitsuka T, Yatabe Y, Hanai N, Hasegawa Y, Ijichi K, Murakami S, Inagaki H. Expression of cancer/testis antigens in salivary gland carcinomas with reference to MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 expression in adenoid cystic carcinoma. Histopathology 2017; 71:305-315. [PMID: 28370175 DOI: 10.1111/his.13226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Revised: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are detected in cancer cells but not in healthy normal tissues, with the exception of gametogenic tissues. CTAs are highly immunogenic proteins, and thus represent ideal targets for cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-mediated specific immune therapy. The aim of this study was to screen CTA expression in various types of salivary gland carcinoma and to clarify clinicopathological significance of MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 expression in adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCCs) of the salivary gland, which is one of the most common salivary gland carcinomas, and usually has a fatal outcome. METHODS AND RESULTS We used immunohistochemistry to examine the expression of four CTAs (MAGE-A, NY-ESO-1, CT7, and GAGE7) in various types of salivary gland carcinoma (n = 95). When carcinoma cases were divided into low-grade and intermediate/high-grade types, NY-ESO-1 and CT7 were expressed more frequently in intermediate/high-grade carcinomas. We then focused on MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 expression in a large cohort of adenoid cystic carcinomas (AdCCs) (n = 46). MAGE-A and NY-ESO-1 were frequently expressed in AdCC; specifically, MAGE-A was expressed in >60% of the AdCC cases. MAGE-A expression and tumour site (minor salivary gland) were identified as independent risk factors for locoregional tumour recurrence. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest that CTAs may be expressed in a variety of salivary gland carcinomas, especially in those with higher histological grades. In addition, MAGE-A, which is frequently expressed in AdCC cases, may be a useful prognostic factor for poorer locoregional recurrence-free survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Beppu
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan.,Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yohei Ito
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kana Fujii
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kosuke Saida
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisashi Takino
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Ayako Masaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Takayuki Murase
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kimihide Kusafuka
- Pathology Division, Shizuoka Cancer Centre, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Iida
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Centre, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Tetsuro Onitsuka
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Shizuoka Cancer Centre, Nagaizumi, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yasushi Yatabe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Aichi Cancer Centre Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Hanai
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Centre Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Hasegawa
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, Aichi Cancer Centre Hospital, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kei Ijichi
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Murakami
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Inagaki
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Diagnostics, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya City University, Nagoya, Japan
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12
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Expression of Cancer Testis Antigens in Colorectal Cancer: New Prognostic and Therapeutic Implications. DISEASE MARKERS 2016; 2016:1987505. [PMID: 27635108 PMCID: PMC5007337 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1987505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Background. While cancer/testis antigens (CTAs) are restricted in postnatal tissues to testes and germ line-derived cells, their role in cancer development and the clinical significance of their expression still remain to be better defined. Objective. The aim of this study was to investigate the level of CTA expression in colon samples from patients with colorectal cancer (CRC) in relation to patient clinical status. Methods. Forty-five patients with newly diagnosed colorectal cancer were included in the study. We selected a panel of 18 CTAs that were previously detected in CRC as well as some new gene candidates, and their expression was detected at the mRNA level by employing RQ-PCR. Additionally, we evaluated CTA expression in three colon cancer cell lines (CL-188, HTB-39, and HTB-37) after exposure to the DNA methylation-modifying drug 5-azacytidine. Results. We report that 6 out of 18 (33%) CTAs tested (MAGEA3, OIP5, TTK, PLU1, DKKL1, and FBXO39) were significantly (p < 0.05) overexpressed in tumor tissue compared with healthy colon samples isolated from the same patients. Conclusions. Moreover, we found that MAGEA3, PLU-1, and DKKL expression positively correlated with disease progression, evaluated according to the Dukes staging system. Finally, 5-azacytidine exposure significantly upregulated expression of CTAs on CRC cells, which indicates that this demethylation agent could be employed therapeutically to enhance the immune response against tumor cells.
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13
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Sticca T, Caberg JH, Wenric S, Poulet C, Herens C, Jamar M, Josse C, El Guendi S, Max S, Beguin Y, Gothot A, Caers J, Bours V. Genomic studies of multiple myeloma reveal an association between X chromosome alterations and genomic profile complexity. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2016; 56:18-27. [DOI: 10.1002/gcc.22397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tiberio Sticca
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | | | - Stephane Wenric
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Christophe Poulet
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Christian Herens
- Department of Human Genetics; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Mauricette Jamar
- Department of Human Genetics; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Claire Josse
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Sonia El Guendi
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
| | - Stéphanie Max
- Department of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Yves Beguin
- Laboratory of Hematology; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
- Department of Clinical Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - André Gothot
- Department of Hematology and Immuno-Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Jo Caers
- Laboratory of Hematology; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
- Department of Clinical Hematology; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
| | - Vincent Bours
- Laboratory of Human Genetics; University of Liège, GIGA-Research; Liège Belgium
- Department of Human Genetics; University Hospital (CHU); Liège Belgium
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14
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Ghafouri-Fard S, Seifi-Alan M, Shamsi R, Esfandiary A. Immunotherapy in Multiple Myeloma Using Cancer-Testis Antigens. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF CANCER PREVENTION 2015; 8:e3755. [PMID: 26634107 PMCID: PMC4667235 DOI: 10.17795/ijcp-3755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2015] [Revised: 08/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Context: Multiple myeloma (MM) is a B-cell malignancy characterized by monoclonal expansion of abnormal plasma cells in the bone marrow. It accounts for 10% of hematological malignancies. Although patients respond to a wide range of anticancer modalities, relapse occurs in a significant number of the cases. Immunotherapeutic approaches have been evolved to tackle this problem. Cancer-testis antigens CTAs as a group of tumor-associated antigens are appropriate targets for cancer immunotherapy as they have restricted expression pattern in normal tissues except for testis which is an immune-privileged site. Expression of these antigens has been assessed in different malignancies including MM. Evidence Acquisition: We performed a computerized search of the MEDLINE/PubMed databases with key words: multiple myeloma, cancer-testis antigen, and cancer stem cell and immunotherapy. Results: Several CTAs including NY-ESO-1, MAGE and GAGE family have been shown to be expressed in MM patients. Cellular and humoral immune responses against these antigens have been detected in MM patients. Conclusions: The frequent and high expression level of CTAs in MM patients shows that these antigens can be applied as cancer biomarkers as well as targets for immunotherapy in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soudeh Ghafouri-Fard
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Mahnaz Seifi-Alan
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Roshanak Shamsi
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
| | - Ali Esfandiary
- Department of Medical Genetics, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, IR Iran
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15
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Abstract
DNA vaccination has emerged as an attractive immunotherapeutic approach against cancer
due to its simplicity, stability, and safety. Results from numerous clinical trials have
demonstrated that DNA vaccines are well tolerated by patients and do not trigger major
adverse effects. DNA vaccines are also very cost effective and can be administered
repeatedly for long-term protection. Despite all the practical advantages, DNA vaccines
face challenges in inducing potent antigen specific cellular immune responses as a result
of immune tolerance against endogenous self-antigens in tumors. Strategies to enhance
immunogenicity of DNA vaccines against self-antigens have been investigated including
encoding of xenogeneic versions of antigens, fusion of antigens to molecules that activate
T cells or trigger associative recognition, priming with DNA vectors followed by boosting
with viral vector, and utilization of immunomodulatory molecules. This review will focus
on discussing strategies that circumvent immune tolerance and provide updates on findings
from recent clinical trials.
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Key Words
- APCs, antigen presenting cells
- CEA, carcinoembryonic antigen
- CIN, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia
- CT antigens, cancer-testis antigens
- CTLs, cytotoxic lymphocytes
- DNA vaccines
- DOM, fragment c domain
- EP, electroporation
- GITR, glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor family-related genes
- HER2, Her2/neu
- HSP70, heat shock protein 70
- IFNs, interferons
- IRF, interferon regulatory factor
- Id, idiotype
- MHC, major histocompatibility complex
- Mam-A, Mammaglobin-A
- NHP, non-human primate
- PAP, Prostatic acid phosphatase
- PMED, particle mediated epidermal delivery
- PSMA, prostate-specific membrane antigen
- SCT, single-chain trimer
- STING, stimulator of interferon genes
- TAAs, tumor-associated antigens
- TBK1, Tank-binding kinase 1
- TLRs, Toll-like receptors
- TT, tetanus toxin
- Trp2, tyrosinase related protein 2
- cellular immune response
- hTERT, human telomerase reverse transcriptase
- humoral immune response
- immune tolerance
- phTERT, optimized full-length hTERT
- tumor antigens
- vaccine delivery
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Yang
- a Department of Pathology ; Johns Hopkins University ; Baltimore , MD USA
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16
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Zilberberg J, Feinman R, Korngold R. Strategies for the identification of T cell-recognized tumor antigens in hematological malignancies for improved graft-versus-tumor responses after allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation. Biol Blood Marrow Transplant 2014; 21:1000-7. [PMID: 25459643 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbmt.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Accepted: 11/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Allogeneic blood and marrow transplantation (allo-BMT) is an effective immunotherapeutic treatment that can provide partial or complete remission for patients with hematological malignancies. Mature donor T cells in the donor inoculum play a central role in mediating graft-versus-tumor (GVT) responses by destroying residual tumor cells that persist after conditioning regimens. Alloreactivity towards minor histocompatibility antigens (miHA), which are varied tissue-related self-peptides presented in the context of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules on recipient cells, some of which may be shared on tumor cells, is a dominant factor for the development of GVT. Potentially, GVT can also be directed to tumor-associated antigens or tumor-specific antigens that are more specific to the tumor cells themselves. The full exploitation of allo-BMT, however, is greatly limited by the development of graft-versus-host disease (GVHD), which is mediated by the donor T cell response against the miHA expressed in the recipient's cells of the intestine, skin, and liver. Because of the significance of GVT and GVHD responses in determining the clinical outcome of patients, miHA and tumor antigens have been intensively studied, and one active immunotherapeutic approach to separate these two responses has been cancer vaccination after allo-BMT. The combination of these two strategies has an advantage over vaccination of the patient without allo-BMT because his or her immune system has already been exposed and rendered unresponsive to the tumor antigens. The conditioning for allo-BMT eliminates the patient's existing immune system, including regulatory elements, and provides a more permissive environment for the newly developing donor immune compartment to selectively target the malignant cells. Utilizing recent technological advances, the identities of many human miHA and tumor antigenic peptides have been defined and are currently being evaluated in clinical and basic immunological studies for their ability to produce effective T cell responses. The first step towards this goal is the identification of targetable tumor antigens. In this review, we will highlight some of the technologies currently used to identify tumor antigens and anti-tumor T cell clones in hematological malignancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Zilberberg
- Research Department and John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey.
| | - Rena Feinman
- Research Department and John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
| | - Robert Korngold
- Research Department and John Theurer Cancer Center, Hackensack University Medical Center, Hackensack, New Jersey
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17
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Wen J, Li H, Tao W, Savoldo B, Foglesong JA, King LC, Zu Y, Chang CC. High throughput quantitative reverse transcription PCR assays revealing over-expression of cancer testis antigen genes in multiple myeloma stem cell-like side population cells. Br J Haematol 2014; 166:711-9. [PMID: 24889268 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.12951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2013] [Accepted: 04/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) stem cells, proposed to be responsible for the tumourigenesis, drug resistance and recurrence of this disease, are enriched in the cancer stem cell-like side population (SP). Cancer testis antigens (CTA) are attractive targets for immunotherapy because they are widely expressed in cancers but only in limited types of normal tissues. We designed a high throughput assay, which allowed simultaneous relative quantifying expression of 90 CTA genes associated with MM. In the three MM cell lines tested, six CTA genes were over-expressed in two and LUZP4 and ODF1 were universally up-regulated in all three cell lines. Subsequent study of primary bone marrow (BM) from eight MM patients and four healthy donors revealed that 19 CTA genes were up-regulated in SP of MM compared with mature plasma cells. In contrast, only two CTA genes showed a moderate increase in SP cells of healthy BM. Furthermore, knockdown using small interfering RNA (siRNA) revealed that LUZP4 expression is required for colony-forming ability and drug resistance in MM cells. Our findings indicate that multiple CTA have unique expression profiles in MM SP, suggesting that CTA may serve as targets for immunotherapy that it specific for MM stem cells and which may lead to the long-term cure of MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianguo Wen
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
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18
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He L, Ji JN, Liu SQ, Xue E, Liang Q, Ma Z. Expression of cancer-testis antigen in multiple myeloma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 34:181-185. [PMID: 24710929 DOI: 10.1007/s11596-014-1255-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 02/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Recently, the immunotherapy has been highlighted among cancer treatments. Cancer-testis antigen (CTA) has been studied in a variety of solid tumors because of its specific expression in tumors, and testis, ovary and placenta tissues, but not in other normal tissues. In order to provide a new approach for multiple myeloma (MM) immunotherapy, we examined the CTA expression in MM cell lines, and primary myeloma cells in patients with MM. Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was used to detect the mRNA expression of MAGE-C1/CT7, SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4 in MM cell lines of RPMI-8226 and U266, and bone marrow (BM) cells of 25 MM patients and 18 healthy volunteers. The results showed that the 4 CTAs were expressed in RPMI-8226 and U266 cell lines. The positive expression rate of MAGE-C1/CT7, SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4 in the BM cells of 25 MM patients was 28% (7/25), 80% (20/25), 40% (10/25) and 68% (17/25), respectively. In contrast, the expression of any member of the CTAs was not detected in BM cells of 18 healthy volunteers. The expression of two or more CTAs was detected in 80% (20/25) MM patients, and that of at least one CTA in 88% (22/25). The mRNA expression levels of SSX1 and SSX4 were significantly higher in patients with MM at stage III than in those at stage I and II (P<0.05). No statistically significant differences were observed in the mRNA expression levels of MAGE-C1/CT7 and SSX2 in further stratified analyses by age, gender, MM types and percentage of MM cells in BM (P>0.05). In conclusion, our present study showed that MAGE-C1/CT7, SSX1, SSX2 and SSX4 were co-expressed in MM cell lines and the primary myeloma cells in MM patients, but not expressed in BM cells of healthy subjects. The mRNA levels of SSX1 and SSX4 are associated with MM clinical stage. This work may provide a new insight into MM immunotherapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li He
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Jing-Na Ji
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Shang-Qin Liu
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Er Xue
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qing Liang
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Zi Ma
- Department of Hematology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
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Kim JJ, Rajagopalan K, Hussain B, Williams BH, Kulkarni P, Mooney SM. CETN1 is a cancer testis antigen with expression in prostate and pancreatic cancers. Biomark Res 2013; 1:22. [PMID: 24252580 PMCID: PMC4177615 DOI: 10.1186/2050-7771-1-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The Cancer Testis Antigens (CTAs) are a group of genes that are highly expressed in the normal testis and several types of cancer. Due to their restricted expression in normal adult tissues, CTAs have been attractive targets for immunotherapy and biomarker development. In this work, we discovered that Centrin 1 (CETN1) which is found in the centrosome of all eukaryotes, may be a member of this group and is highly expressed in prostate and pancreatic cancer. Three members of the centrin family of calcium binding proteins (CETN) are localized to the centrosome in all eukaryotes with CDC31 being the sole yeast homolog. CETN1 is a retrogene that probably arose from a retrotransposition of CETN2, an X-linked gene. A previous mouse study shows that CETN1 is expressed solely in the testis, while CETN2 is expressed in all organs. RESULTS In this work, we show that CETN1 is a new member of the growing group of CTAs. Through the mining of publicly available microarray data, we discovered that human CETN1 expression but not CETN2 or CETN3 is restricted to the testis. In fact, CETN1 is actually down-regulated in testicular malignancies compared to normal testis. Using q-PCR, CETN1 expression is shown to be highly up-regulated in cancer of the prostate and in pancreatic xenografts. Unexpectedly however, CETN1 expression was virtually absent in various cell lines until they were treated with the DNA demethylation agent 5'AZA-2'Deoxycytidine (AZA) but showed no increased expression upon incubation with Histone deacetylase inhibitor Trichostatin-A (TSA) alone. Additionally, like most CTAs, CETN1 appears to be an intrinsically disordered protein which implies that it may occupy a hub position in key protein interaction networks in cancer. Neither CETN1 nor CETN2 could compensate for loss of CDC31 expression in yeast which is analogous to published data for CETN3. CONCLUSIONS This work suggests that CETN1 is a novel CTA with expression in cancer of the prostate and pancreas. In cell lines, the expression is probably regulated by promoter methylation, while the method of regulation in normal adult tissues remains unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kim
- Department of Urology, James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, 21287, USA.
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