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Kim SM, Kim YH, Han GU, Kim SG, Kim BJ, Moon SH, Shin SH, Ryu BY. Elucidating the mechanisms and mitigation strategies for six-phthalate-induced toxicity in male germ cells. Front Cell Dev Biol 2024; 12:1398176. [PMID: 39050888 PMCID: PMC11266291 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2024.1398176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2024] [Accepted: 06/18/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are primary plasticizers and endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) that are extensively used in numerous everyday consumer products. Although the adverse effects of single PAEs have been studied, our understanding of the effect of multiple phthalate exposure on male germ cell vitality remains limited. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the collective effects of a mixture of PAEs (MP) comprising diethyl-, bis (2-ethylhexyl)-, dibutyl-, diisononyl-, diisobutyl-, and benzyl butyl-phthalates in the proportions of 35, 21, 15, 15, 8, and 5%, respectively, on differentiated male germ cells using GC-1 spermatogonia (spg) cells. As a mixture, MP substantially hindered GC-1 spg cell proliferation at 3.13 μg/mL, with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration of 16.9 μg/mL. Treatment with 25 μg/mL MP significantly induced reactive oxygen species generation and promoted apoptosis. Furthermore, MP activated autophagy and suppressed phosphorylation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase, protein kinase B, and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR). The triple inhibitor combination treatment comprising parthenolide, N-acetylcysteine, and 3-methyladenine effectively reversed MP-induced GC-1 spg cell proliferation inhibition, mitigated apoptosis and autophagy, and restored mTOR phosphorylation. This study is the first to elucidate the mechanism underlying MP-induced male germ cell toxicity and the restoration of male germ cell proliferation mediated by chemical inhibitors. Therefore, it provides valuable insights into the existing literature by proposing a combinatorial toxicity mitigation strategy to counteract male germ cell toxicity induced by various EDCs exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seok-Man Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- AttisLab Inc., Anyang-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Un Han
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul Gi Kim
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Bang-Jin Kim
- Department of Surgery, Division of Surgical Sciences, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, United States
| | - Sung-Hwan Moon
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Hee Shin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
| | - Buom-Yong Ryu
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, Chung-Ang University, Anseong-Si, Gyeonggi-Do, Republic of Korea
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Wang XH, Shen CP, Wang TT, Huang Y, Jin Y, Zhou MY, Zhang MY, Gu SL, Wang MQ, Liu ZC, Li R, Cai L. Shikonin suppresses rheumatoid arthritis by inducing apoptosis and autophagy via modulation of the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 signaling pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 128:155512. [PMID: 38460357 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2024.155512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Revised: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/01/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The overproliferation of fibroblast-like synoviocytes (FLS) contributes to synovial hyperplasia, a pivotal pathological feature of rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Shikonin (SKN), the active compound from Lithospermum erythrorhizon, exerts anti-RA effects by diverse means. However, further research is needed to confirm SKN's in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative functions and reveal the underlying specific molecular mechanisms. PURPOSE This study revealed SKN's anti-proliferative effects by inducing both apoptosis and autophagic cell death in RA FLS and adjuvant-induced arthritis (AIA) rat synovium, with involvement of regulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway. METHODS SKN's influences on RA FLS were assessed for proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy with immunofluorescence staining (Ki67, LC3B, P62), EdU incorporation assay, staining assays of Hoechst, Annexin V-FITC/PI, and JC-1, transmission electron microscopy, mCherry-GFP-LC3B puncta assay, and western blot. In AIA rats, SKN's anti-arthritic effects were assessed, and its impacts on synovial proliferation, apoptosis, and autophagy were studied using Ki67 immunohistochemistry, TUNEL, and western blot. The involvement of AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway was examined via western blot. RESULTS SKN suppressed RA FLS proliferation with reduced cell viability and decreased Ki67-positive and EdU-positive cells. SKN promoted RA FLS apoptosis, as evidenced by apoptotic nuclear fragmentation, increased Annexin V-FITC/PI-stained cells, reduced mitochondrial potential, elevated Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, and increased cleaved-caspase 3 and cleaved-PARP protein levels. SKN also enhanced RA FLS autophagy, featuring increased LC3B, reduced P62, autophagosome formation, and activated autophagic flux. Autophagy inhibition by 3-MA attenuated SKN's anti-proliferative roles, implying that SKN-induced autophagy contributes to cell death. In vivo, SKN mitigated the severity of rat AIA while also reducing Ki67 expression, inducing apoptosis, and enhancing autophagy within AIA rat synovium. Mechanistically, SKN modulated the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway in RA FLS and AIA rat synovium, as shown by elevated P-AMPK and P-ULK-1 expression and decreased P-mTOR expression. This regulation was supported by the reversal of SKN's in vitro and in vivo effects upon co-administration with the AMPK inhibitor compound C. CONCLUSION SKN exerted in vitro and in vivo anti-proliferative properties by inducing apoptosis and autophagic cell death via modulating the AMPK/mTOR/ULK-1 pathway. Our study revealed novel molecular mechanisms underlying SKN's anti-RA effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Hua Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Chuan-Pu Shen
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Tian-Tian Wang
- Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Yuan Jin
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Meng-Yuan Zhou
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Man-Yu Zhang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Sheng-Long Gu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Meng-Qing Wang
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China
| | - Zhi-Cheng Liu
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China.
| | - Rong Li
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China; Institute of Health and Medicine, Hefei Comprehensive National Science Center, Hefei, Anhui Province 230026, PR China.
| | - Li Cai
- Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, School of Pharmacy, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China; Department of Pathology, School of Basic Medicine, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230032, PR China.
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Radomska D, Szewczyk-Roszczenko OK, Marciniec K, Książek M, Kusz J, Roszczenko P, Szymanowska A, Radomski D, Bielawski K, Czarnomysy R. Evaluation of anticancer activity of novel platinum(II) bis(thiosemicarbazone) complex against breast cancer. Bioorg Chem 2024; 148:107486. [PMID: 38788367 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2024.107486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
The study aims to synthesize a novel bis(thiosemicarbazone) derivative based on platinum (thioPt) and evaluate its anticancer properties against MFC-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. A new platinum complex was synthesised by reacting K2PtCl4 with 2,2'-(1,2-diphenylethane-1,2-diylidene)bis(hydrazine-1-carbothioamide) in ethanol in the presence of K2CO3. In the obtained complex, the platinum atom is coordinated by a conjugated system = N-NC-S-The structures of the new compound were characterised using NMR spectroscopy, HR MS, IR, and X-ray structural analysis. The obtained results of the cytotoxicity assay indicate that compound thioPt had potent anticancer activity (MCF-7: 61.03 ± 3.57 µM, MDA-MB-231: 60.05 ± 5.40 µM) with less toxicity against normal MCF-10A breast epithelial cells, even compared to the reference compound (cisplatin). In addition, subsequent experiments found that thioPt induces apoptosis through both an extrinsic (↑caspase 8 activity) and intrinsic (↓ΔΨm) pathway, which ultimately leads to an increase in active caspase 3/7 levels. The induction of autophagy and levels of proteins involved in this process (LC3A/B and Beclin-1) were examined in MCF-7 and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells exposed to tested compounds (thio, thioPt, cisPt) at a concentration of 50 µM for 24 h. Based on these results, it can be concluded that thio and thioPt do not significantly affect the autophagy process. This demonstrates their superiority over cisplatin, which can stimulate cancer cell survival through its effect on stimulation of autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominika Radomska
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | | | - Krzysztof Marciniec
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellonska 4, 41‑200 Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Maria Książek
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Joachim Kusz
- Institute of Physics, University of Silesia, 75 Pulku Piechoty 1, 41-500 Chorzow, Poland
| | - Piotr Roszczenko
- Department of Biotechnology, Medical University of Bialystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Anna Szymanowska
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77054, USA
| | - Dominik Radomski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Bielawski
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Robert Czarnomysy
- Department of Synthesis and Technology of Drugs, Medical University of Bialystok, Jana Kilinskiego 1, 15-089 Bialystok, Poland.
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Caram DA, Inserra PIF, Vitullo AD, Leopardo NP. Autophagy favors survival of corpora lutea during the long-lasting pregnancy of the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus (Rodentia, Caviomorpha). Sci Rep 2024; 14:11220. [PMID: 38755206 PMCID: PMC11099099 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-61478-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 05/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/18/2024] Open
Abstract
The corpus luteum (CL) is a transient endocrine gland that plays a crucial role in establishing and maintaining pregnancy. Although autophagy and apoptosis have been suggested as cooperative mechanisms, their interaction within the CL of pregnant mammals has not been thoroughly investigated. To understand the collaborative function of autophagy and apoptosis in the CL, we analyzed both mechanisms during pregnancy in the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. This rodent undergoes a decline in progesterone levels during mid-gestation, a reactivation of the hypothalamus-hypophysis-gonadal axis, and the incorporation of new functional secondary CL. Our analysis of autophagy markers BECLIN 1 (BECN1), SEQUESTOSOME1 (SQSTM1), Microtubule-associated protein light chain 3 (LC3B), and lysosomal-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1) and anti- and pro-apoptotic markers BCL2 and ACTIVE CASPASE 3 (A-C3) revealed interactive behaviors between both processes. Healthy primary and secondary CL exhibited positive expression of BECN1, SQSTM1, LC3B, and LAMP1, while regressed CL displayed enhanced expression of these autophagy markers along with nuclear A-C3. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a significant formation of autophagic vesicles in regressed CL during full-term pregnancy, whereas healthy CL exhibited a low number of autophagy vesicles. The co-localization between LC3B and SQSTM1 and LC3B with LAMP1 was observed in both healthy and regressed CL during pregnancy, while co-localization of BECN1 and BCL2 was only detected in healthy CL. LC3B and ACTIVE CASPASE 3 co-localization were detected in a subset of luteal cells within the regressing CL. We propose that autophagy could act as a survival mechanism in the CL, allowing the pregnancy to progress until full-term, while also serving as a mechanism to eliminate remnants of regressed CL, thereby providing the necessary space for subsequent follicular maturation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daira A Caram
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Pablo I F Inserra
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Alfredo D Vitullo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Noelia P Leopardo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos, Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina.
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina.
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Hasan A, Khamjan N, Lohani M, Mir SS. Targeted Inhibition of Hsp90 in Combination with Metformin Modulates Programmed Cell Death Pathways in A549 Lung Cancer Cells. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023; 195:7338-7378. [PMID: 37000353 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04424-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of lung cancer is dependent on the dysregulation in the apoptotic and autophagic pathways. The intricate link between apoptosis and autophagy through shared signaling pathways complicates our understanding of how lung cancer pathophysiology is regulated. As drug resistance is the primary reason behind treatment failure, it is crucial to understand how cancer cells may respond to different therapies and integrate crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy in response to them, leading to cell death or survival. Thus, in this study, we have tried to evaluate the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis in A549 lung cancer cell line that could be modulated by employing a combination therapy of metformin (6 mM), an anti-diabetic drug, with gedunin (12 µM), an Hsp90 inhibitor, to provide insights into the development of new cancer therapeutics. Our results demonstrated that metformin and gedunin were cytotoxic to A549 lung cancer cells. Combination of metformin and gedunin generated ROS and promoted MMP loss and DNA damage. The combination further increased the expression of AMPKα1 and promoted the nuclear localization of AMPKα1/α2. The expression of Hsp90 was downregulated, further decreasing the expression of its clients, EGFR, PIK3CA, AKT1, and AKT3. Inhibition of the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway upregulated TP53 and inhibited autophagy. The combination was promoting nuclear localization of p53; however, some cytoplasmic signals were also detected. Further increase in the expression of caspase 9 and caspase 3 was observed. Thus, we concluded that the combination of metformin and gedunin upregulates apoptosis by inhibiting the EGFR/PI3K/AKT pathway and autophagy in A549 lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India
- Current Address: Cancer Prevention and Control Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA, 19111, USA
| | - Nizar Khamjan
- Department of Medical Laboratories Technology, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, 45142, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Medical Research Center, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
- Emergency Medical Services, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Kursi Road, Lucknow, 226026, India.
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Xu W, Sun Y, Zhao S, Zhao J, Zhang J. Identification and validation of autophagy-related genes in primary open-angle glaucoma. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:287. [PMID: 37968618 PMCID: PMC10648356 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01722-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 10/31/2023] [Indexed: 11/17/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As the most common type of glaucoma, the etiology of primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) has not been unified. Autophagy may affect the occurrence and development of POAG, while the specific mechanism and target need to be further explored. METHODS The GSE27276 dataset from the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database and the autophagy gene set from the GeneCards database were selected to screen differentially expressed autophagy-related genes (DEARGs) of POAG. Hub DEARGs were selected by constructing protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks and utilizing GSE138125 dataset. Subsequently, immune cell infiltration analysis, genome-wide association study (GWAS) analysis, gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) and other analyses were performed on the hub genes. Eventually, animal experiments were performed to verify the mRNA levels of the hub genes by quantitative real time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). RESULTS A total of 67 DEARGs and 2 hub DEARGs, HSPA8 and RPL15, were selected. The hub genes were closely related to the level of immune cell infiltration. GWAS analysis confirmed that the causative regions of the 2 hub genes in glaucoma were on chromosome 11 and chromosome 3, respectively. GSEA illustrated that pathways enriched for highly expressed HSPA8 and RPL15 contained immunity, autophagy, gene expression and energy metabolism-related pathways. qRT-PCR confirmed that the expression of Hspa8 and Rpl15 in the rat POAG model was consistent with the results of bioinformatics analysis. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that HSPA8 and RPL15 may affect the progression of POAG by regulating autophagy and provided new ideas for the pathogenesis and treatment of POAG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanjing Xu
- Ophthalmology Department of QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yuhao Sun
- Otolaryngology Department of QingPu Branch of Zhongshan Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuang Zhao
- Graduate School of Shandong First Medical University, Jinan, China
| | - Jun Zhao
- Ophthalmology Department of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
| | - Juanmei Zhang
- Ophthalmology Department of Linyi People's Hospital, Linyi, China
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Gu L, Wang Y, Xie S, Liu Y, Yan J, Yin W, Luo C. UvATG6 Interacts with BAX Inhibitor 1 Proteins and Plays Critical Roles in Growth, Conidiation, and Virulence in Ustilaginoidea virens. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0489822. [PMID: 37102873 PMCID: PMC10269921 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04898-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2023] [Indexed: 04/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and apoptosis are evolutionarily conserved catabolic processes involved in regulating development and cellular homeostasis. Bax inhibitor 1 (BI-1) and autophagy protein 6 (ATG6) perform essential functions in these roles, such as cellular differentiation and virulence in various filamentous fungi. However, the functions of ATG6 and BI-1 proteins in development and virulence in the rice false smut fungus Ustilaginoidea virens are still poorly understood. In this study, UvATG6 was characterized in U. virens. The deletion of UvATG6 almost abolished autophagy in U. virens and reduced growth, conidial production and germination, and virulence. Stress tolerance assays showed that UvATG6 mutants were sensitive to hyperosmotic, salt, and cell wall integrity stresses but were insensitive to oxidative stress. Furthermore, we found that UvATG6 interacted with UvBI-1 or UvBI-1b and suppressed Bax-induced cell death. We previously found that UvBI-1 could suppress Bax-induced cell death and was a negative regulator of mycelial growth and conidiation. Unlike UvBI-1, UvBI-1b could not suppress cell death. UvBI-1b-deleted mutants exhibited decreased growth and conidiation, while the UvBI-1 and UvBI-1b double deletion reduced the phenotype, indicating that UvBI-1 and UvBI-1b antagonistically regulate mycelial growth and conidiation. In addition, the UvBI-1b and double mutants exhibited decreased virulence. Our results provide evidence of the cross talk of autophagy and apoptosis in U. virens and give clues for studying other phytopathogenic fungi. IMPORTANCE Ustilaginoidea virens causes destructive panicle disease in rice, significantly threatening agricultural production. UvATG6 is required for autophagy and contributes to growth, conidiation, and virulence in U. virens. Additionally, it interacts with the Bax inhibitor 1 proteins UvBI-1 and UvBI-1b. UvBI-1 suppresses cell death induced by Bax, unlike UvBI-1b. UvBI-1 negatively regulates growth and conidiation, while UvBI-1b is required for these phenotypes. These results indicate that UvBI-1 and UvBI-1b may antagonistically regulate growth and conidiation. In addition, both of them contribute to virulence. Additionally, our results suggest cross talk between autophagy and apoptosis, contributing to the development, adaptability, and virulence of U. virens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lifan Gu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yufu Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Songlin Xie
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yueran Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jiali Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Weixiao Yin
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Chaoxi Luo
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Plant Pathology, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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8
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Naksawat M, Norkaew C, Charoensedtasin K, Roytrakul S, Tanyong D. Anti-leukemic effect of menthol, a peppermint compound, on induction of apoptosis and autophagy. PeerJ 2023; 11:e15049. [PMID: 36923503 PMCID: PMC10010179 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.15049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Menthol, a natural compound in peppermint leaves, has several biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, antibacterial and anticancer properties. This study revealed the anti-leukemic effects and its underlying mechanisms of the menthol related apoptosis signaling pathway and autophagy in both NB4 and Molt-4 leukemic cell lines. Methods Both leukemic cells were treated with menthol in various concentration. Cell viability was assessed using MTT assay, whereas apoptosis and autophagy were analyzed by flow cytometry using Annexin V-FITC/PI and anti-LC3/FITC antibodies staining, respectively. Apoptotic and autophagic related gene and protein expression were detected using RT-qPCR and western blot analysis, respectively. Moreover, STITCH database was used to predicts the interaction between menthol and proposed proteins. Results Menthol significantly decreased cell viability in NB4 and Molt-4 cell lines in dose dependent manner. In combination of menthol and daunorubicin, synergistic cytotoxic effects were observed in leukemic cells. However, there was a minimal effect found on normal, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). Moreover, menthol significantly induced apoptosis induction via upregulation of caspase-3, BAX, p53 and downregulation of MDM2 mRNA expression. Autophagy was also induced by menthol through upregulating ATG3 and downregulating mTOR mRNA expression. For protein expression, menthol significantly increased caspase-3 whereas decreased mTOR in both leukemic cells. Conclusions. These results suggest that menthol exhibits cytotoxic activities by inhibition of cell proliferation, induction of apoptosis and autophagy through activating the caspase cascade, altering BAX and p53/MDM2, and regulating autophagy via the ATG3/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mashima Naksawat
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Chosita Norkaew
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Kantorn Charoensedtasin
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
| | - Sittiruk Roytrakul
- Functional Proteomics Technology Laboratory, Functional Ingredients and Food Innovation Research Group, National Center for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, National Science and Technology for Development Agency, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| | - Dalina Tanyong
- Department of Clinical Microscopy, Faculty of Medical Technology, Mahidol University, Nakhon Pathom, Thailand
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Martelli A, Omrani M, Zarghooni M, Citi V, Brogi S, Calderone V, Sureda A, Lorzadeh S, da Silva Rosa SC, Grabarek BO, Staszkiewicz R, Los MJ, Nabavi SF, Nabavi SM, Mehrbod P, Klionsky DJ, Ghavami S. New Visions on Natural Products and Cancer Therapy: Autophagy and Related Regulatory Pathways. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:5839. [PMID: 36497321 PMCID: PMC9738256 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Macroautophagy (autophagy) has been a highly conserved process throughout evolution and allows cells to degrade aggregated/misfolded proteins, dysfunctional or superfluous organelles and damaged macromolecules, in order to recycle them for biosynthetic and/or energetic purposes to preserve cellular homeostasis and health. Changes in autophagy are indeed correlated with several pathological disorders such as neurodegenerative and cardiovascular diseases, infections, cancer and inflammatory diseases. Conversely, autophagy controls both apoptosis and the unfolded protein response (UPR) in the cells. Therefore, any changes in the autophagy pathway will affect both the UPR and apoptosis. Recent evidence has shown that several natural products can modulate (induce or inhibit) the autophagy pathway. Natural products may target different regulatory components of the autophagy pathway, including specific kinases or phosphatases. In this review, we evaluated ~100 natural compounds and plant species and their impact on different types of cancers via the autophagy pathway. We also discuss the impact of these compounds on the UPR and apoptosis via the autophagy pathway. A multitude of preclinical findings have shown the function of botanicals in regulating cell autophagy and its potential impact on cancer therapy; however, the number of related clinical trials to date remains low. In this regard, further pre-clinical and clinical studies are warranted to better clarify the utility of natural compounds and their modulatory effects on autophagy, as fine-tuning of autophagy could be translated into therapeutic applications for several cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alma Martelli
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzieh Omrani
- Department of Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants and Drugs Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran 1983969411, Iran
| | - Maryam Zarghooni
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathobiology, University of Toronto Alumna, Toronto, ON M5S 3J3, Canada
| | - Valentina Citi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Simone Brogi
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Calderone
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Via Bonanno 6, 56126 Pisa, Italy
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group in Community Nutrition, Oxidative Stress and Health Research Institute of the Balearic Islands (IdISBa), University of Balearic Islands, 07122 Palma de Mallorca, Spain
- CIBER Physiopathology of Obesity and Nutrition (CIBEROBN), Instituto de Salud Carlos III (ISCIII), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Shahrokh Lorzadeh
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Simone C. da Silva Rosa
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
| | - Beniamin Oscar Grabarek
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- GynCentrum, Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Virology, 40-851 Katowice, Poland
| | - Rafał Staszkiewicz
- Department of Histology, Cytophysiology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academy of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Department of Neurosurgery, 5th Military Clinical Hospital with the SP ZOZ Polyclinic in Krakow, 30-901 Krakow, Poland
| | - Marek J. Los
- Biotechnology Centre, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Seyed Fazel Nabavi
- Nutringredientes Research Center, Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology (IFCE), Baturite 62760-000, Brazil
| | - Seyed Mohammad Nabavi
- Advanced Medical Pharma (AMP-Biotec), Biopharmaceutical Innovation Centre, Via Cortenocera, 82030 San Salvatore Telesino, Italy
| | - Parvaneh Mehrbod
- Influenza and Respiratory Viruses Department, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran 1316943551, Iran
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
| | - Saeid Ghavami
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, Max Rady College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
- Faculty of Medicine in Zabrze, Academia of Silesia, 41-800 Zabrze, Poland
- Research Institute of Oncology and Hematology, Cancer Care Manitoba, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3T 2N2, Canada
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Pompili S, Vetuschi A, Sferra R, Cappariello A. Extracellular Vesicles and Resistance to Anticancer Drugs: A Tumor Skeleton Key for Unhinging Chemotherapies. Front Oncol 2022; 12:933675. [PMID: 35814444 PMCID: PMC9259994 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.933675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Although surgical procedures and clinical care allow reaching high success in fighting most tumors, cancer is still a formidable foe. Recurrence and metastatization dampen the patients’ overall survival after the first diagnosis; nevertheless, the large knowledge of the molecular bases drives these aspects. Chemoresistance is tightly linked to these features and is mainly responsible for the failure of cancer eradication, leaving patients without a crucial medical strategy. Many pathways have been elucidated to trigger insensitiveness to drugs, generally associated with the promotion of tumor growth, aggressiveness, and metastatisation. The main mechanisms reported are the expression of transporter proteins, the induction or mutations of oncogenes and transcription factors, the alteration in genomic or mitochondrial DNA, the triggering of autophagy or epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition, the acquisition of a stem phenotype, and the activation of tumor microenvironment cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can directly transfer or epigenetically induce to a target cell the molecular machinery responsible for the acquisition of resistance to drugs. In this review, we resume the main body of knowledge supporting the crucial role of EVs in the context of chemoresistance, with a particular emphasis on the mechanisms related to some of the main drugs used to fight cancer.
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11
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Hasan A, Rizvi SF, Parveen S, Pathak N, Nazir A, Mir SS. Crosstalk Between ROS and Autophagy in Tumorigenesis: Understanding the Multifaceted Paradox. Front Oncol 2022; 12:852424. [PMID: 35359388 PMCID: PMC8960719 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.852424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer formation is a highly regulated and complex process, largely dependent on its microenvironment. This complexity highlights the need for developing novel target-based therapies depending on cancer phenotype and genotype. Autophagy, a catabolic process, removes damaged and defective cellular materials through lysosomes. It is activated in response to stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation, hypoxia, and oxidative stress. Oxidative stress is induced by excess reactive oxygen species (ROS) that are multifaceted molecules that drive several pathophysiological conditions, including cancer. Moreover, autophagy also plays a dual role, initially inhibiting tumor formation but promoting tumor progression during advanced stages. Mounting evidence has suggested an intricate crosstalk between autophagy and ROS where they can either suppress cancer formation or promote disease etiology. This review highlights the regulatory roles of autophagy and ROS from tumor induction to metastasis. We also discuss the therapeutic strategies that have been devised so far to combat cancer. Based on the review, we finally present some gap areas that could be targeted and may provide a basis for cancer suppression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adria Hasan
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Suroor Fatima Rizvi
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Sana Parveen
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, India
| | - Neelam Pathak
- Department of Biochemistry, Dr. RML Avadh University, Faizabad, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Neuroscience and Ageing Biology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Molecular Cell Biology Laboratory, Integral Information and Research Centre-4 (IIRC-4), Integral University, Lucknow, India.,Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, India
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12
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Suppressed PLIN3 frequently occurs in prostate cancer, promoting docetaxel resistance via intensified autophagy, an event reversed by chloroquine. Med Oncol 2021; 38:116. [PMID: 34410522 PMCID: PMC8374126 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01566-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Lipid metabolism reprogramming is one of the adaptive events that drive tumor development and survival, and may account for resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. Perilipins are structural proteins associated with lipophagy and lipid droplet integrity, and their overexpression is associated with tumor aggressiveness. Here, we sought to explore the role of lipid droplet-related protein perilipin-3 (PLIN3) in prostate cancer (PCa) chemotherapy. We investigated the role of PLIN3 suppression in docetaxel cytotoxic activity in PCa cell lines. Additional effects of PLIN3 depletion on autophagy-related proteins and gene expression patterns, apoptotic potential, proliferation rate, and ATP levels were examined. Depletion of PLIN3 resulted in docetaxel resistance, accompanied by enhanced autophagic flux. We further assessed the synergistic effect of autophagy suppression with chloroquine on docetaxel cytotoxicity. Inhibition of autophagy with chloroquine reversed chemoresistance of stably transfected shPLIN3 PCa cell lines, with no effect on the parental ones. The shPLIN3 cell lines also exhibited reduced Caspase-9 related apoptosis initiation. Moreover, we assessed PLIN3 expression in a series of PCa tissue specimens, were complete or partial loss of PLIN3 expression was frequently noted in 70% of the evaluated specimens. Following PLIN3 silencing, PCa cells were characterized by impaired lipophagy and acquired an enhanced autophagic response upon docetaxel-induced cytotoxic stress. Such an adaptation leads to resistance to docetaxel, which could be reversed by the autophagy blocker chloroquine. Given the frequent loss of PLIN3 expression in PCa specimens, we suggest that combination of docetaxel with chloroquine may improve the efficacy of docetaxel treatment in PLIN3-deficient cancer patients.
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Sargazi S, Sheervalilou R, Rokni M, Shirvaliloo M, Shahraki O, Rezaei N. The role of autophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2 infection: An overview on virophagy-mediated molecular drug targets. Cell Biol Int 2021; 45:1599-1612. [PMID: 33818861 PMCID: PMC8251464 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy-dependent cell death is a prominent mechanism that majorly contributes to homeostasis by maintaining the turnover of organelles under stressful conditions. Several viruses, including coronaviruses (CoVs), take advantage of cellular autophagy to facilitate their own replication. Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is a beta-coronavirus (β-CoVs) that mediates its replication through a dependent or independent ATG5 pathway using specific double-membrane vesicles that can be considered as similar to autophagosomes. With due attention to several mutations in NSP6, a nonstructural protein with a positive regulatory effect on autophagosome formation, a potential correlation between SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis mechanisms and autophagy can be expected. Certain medications, albeit limited in number, have been indicated to negatively regulate autophagy flux, potentially in a way similar to the inhibitory effect of β-CoVs on the process of autophagy. However, there is no conclusive evidence to support their direct antagonizing effect on CoVs. Off-target accumulation of a major fraction of FDA-approved autophagy modulating drugs may result in adverse effects. Therefore, medications that have modulatory effects on autophagy could be considered as potential lead compounds for the development of new treatments against this virus. This review discusses the role of autophagy/virophagy in controlling SARS-CoV-2, focusing on the potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sargazi
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Resistant Tuberculosis InstituteZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | | | - Mohsen Rokni
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
| | - Milad Shirvaliloo
- Student Research CommitteeTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
- Faculty of MedicineTabriz University of Medical SciencesTabrizIran
| | - Omolbanin Shahraki
- Pharmacology Research CenterZahedan University of Medical SciencesZahedanIran
| | - Nima Rezaei
- Department of Immunology, School of MedicineTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
- Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA)Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN)TehranIran
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical CenterTehran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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14
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Ebrahim AS, Hailat Z, Bandyopadhyay S, Neill D, Kandouz M. The Value of EphB2 Receptor and Cognate Ephrin Ligands in Prognostic and Predictive Assessments of Human Breast Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158098. [PMID: 34360867 PMCID: PMC8348398 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2021] [Revised: 07/22/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell–cell communication proteins Eph and ephrin constitute the largest family of receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs). They are distinguished by the fact that both receptors and ligands are membrane-bound, and both can drive intracellular signaling in their respective cells. Ever since these RTKs have been found to be involved in cancer development, strategies to target them therapeutically have been actively pursued. However, before this goal can be rationally achieved, the contributions of either Eph receptors or their ephrin ligands to cancer development and progression should be scrutinized in depth. To assess the clinical pertinence of this concern, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of the prognostic/predictive value of EphB2 and its multiple cognate ephrin ligands in breast cancer. We found that EphB2 has prognostic value, as indicated by the association of higher EphB2 expression levels with lower distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS), and the association of lower EphB2 expression levels with poorer relapse-free survival (RFS). We also found that higher EphB2 expression could be a prognostic factor for distant metastasis, specifically in the luminal subtypes of breast cancer. EFNB2 showed a marked correlation between higher expression levels and shorter DMFS. EFNA5 or EFNB1 overexpression is correlated with longer RFS. Increased EFNB1 expression is correlated with longer OS in lymph node (LN)-negative patients and the luminal B subtype. Higher levels of EFNB2 or EFNA5 are significantly correlated with shorter RFS, regardless of LN status. However, while this correlation with shorter RFS is true for EFNB2 in all subtypes except basal, it is also true for EFNA5 in all subtypes except HER2+. The analysis also points to possible predictive value for EphB2. In systemically treated patients who have undergone either endocrine therapy or chemotherapy, we found that higher expression of EphB2 is correlated with better rates of RFS. Bearing in mind the limitations inherent to any mRNA-based profiling method, we complemented our analysis with an immunohistochemical assessment of expression levels of both the EphB2 receptor and cognate ephrin ligands. We found that the latter are significantly more expressed in cancers than in normal tissues, and even more so in invasive and metastatic samples than in ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). Finally, in an in vitro cellular model of breast cancer progression, based on H-Ras-transformation of the MCF10A benign mammary cell line, we observed dramatic increases in the mRNA expression of EphB2 receptor and EFNB1 and EFNB2 ligands in transformed and invasive cells in comparison with their benign counterparts. Taken together, these data show the clinical validity of a model whereby EphB2, along with its cognate ephrin ligands, have dual anti- and pro-tumor progression effects. In so doing, they reinforce the necessity of further biological investigations into Ephs and ephrins, prior to using them in targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Shukkur Ebrahim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual & Anatomical Sciences, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Zeyad Hailat
- Department of Computer Science, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA;
| | - Sudeshna Bandyopadhyay
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.B.); (D.N.)
| | - Daniel Neill
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.B.); (D.N.)
| | - Mustapha Kandouz
- Department of Pathology, Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI 48201, USA; (S.B.); (D.N.)
- Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48201, USA
- Correspondence:
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Banoon SR, Ghasemian A. The Characters of Graphene Oxide Nanoparticles and Doxorubicin Against HCT-116 Colorectal Cancer Cells In Vitro. J Gastrointest Cancer 2021; 53:410-414. [PMID: 33742370 DOI: 10.1007/s12029-021-00625-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Colorectal cancer (CRC) is among the leading causes of cancer death worldwide. Graphene oxide (GO) plus doxorubicin (DOX) have low toxicity and facilitate drug carriage and provide enough surface. The GO-DOX anticancer effects against HCT-116 human CRC cells were compared with that of pure GO and DOX compounds. METHODS Different concentrations of graphene oxide (GO), doxorubicin (DOX), and graphene oxide plus doxorubicin (GO-DOX) were prepared. The MTT test was conducted to determine the viability of cells and flow cytometry was performed following DOX, GO, and GO-DOX exposure. Expressions of caspase 3, Bax, and ATG5 autophagy-related genes were investigated using RT-qPCR technique. RESULTS In the MTT test, DOX and GO at 100 µg/mL and 40 µg/mL exerted 50% cell death (LC50) against the HCT-116 cells. We observed significant differences in GO-DOX LC50 at concentrations of 1 (p = 0.003), 2.5 (p = 0.003), 5 (p = 0.00009), and 10 µg/mL (p = 0.0001). The rate of apoptosis following GO, DOX, and GO-DOX included 24%, 31%, and 56%, respectively. The GO-DOX significantly increased the ATG5 (3.1-fold, p < 0.0001), caspase 3 (4.7-fold, p < 0.0001), and Bax (4.3-fold, p < 0.0001) gene expression. CONCLUSION The GO-DOX exerted anticancer effects against the HCT-116 cells via inducing the apoptosis and autophagy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdolmajid Ghasemian
- Department of Biology, Central Tehran Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran.
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Li K, Wang C, Yang F, Cao W, Zhu Z, Zheng H. Virus-Host Interactions in Foot-and-Mouth Disease Virus Infection. Front Immunol 2021; 12:571509. [PMID: 33717061 PMCID: PMC7952751 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.571509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) is a highly contagious disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has been regarded as a persistent challenge for the livestock industry in many countries. Foot-and-mouth disease virus (FMDV) is the etiological agent of FMD that can spread rapidly by direct and indirect transmission. FMDV is internalized into host cell by the interaction between FMDV capsid proteins and cellular receptors. When the virus invades into the cells, the host antiviral system is quickly activated to suppress the replication of the virus and remove the virus. To retain fitness and host adaptation, various viruses have evolved multiple elegant strategies to manipulate host machine and circumvent the host antiviral responses. Therefore, identification of virus-host interactions is critical for understanding the host defense against virus infections and the pathogenesis of the viral infectious diseases. This review elaborates on the virus-host interactions during FMDV infection to summarize the pathogenic mechanisms of FMD, and we hope it can provide insights for designing effective vaccines or drugs to prevent and control the spread of FMD and other diseases caused by picornaviruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangli Li
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Congcong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Fan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Weijun Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Zixiang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
| | - Haixue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, National Foot and Mouth Diseases Reference Laboratory, Key Laboratory of Animal Virology of Ministry of Agriculture, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Lanzhou, China
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Khan I, Baig MH, Mahfooz S, Rahim M, Karacam B, Elbasan EB, Ulasov I, Dong JJ, Hatiboglu MA. Deciphering the Role of Autophagy in Treatment of Resistance Mechanisms in Glioblastoma. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031318. [PMID: 33525678 PMCID: PMC7865981 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process essential for cellular energy consumption, survival, and defense mechanisms. The role of autophagy in several types of human cancers has been explicitly explained; however, the underlying molecular mechanism of autophagy in glioblastoma remains ambiguous. Autophagy is thought to be a “double-edged sword”, and its effect on tumorigenesis varies with cell type. On the other hand, autophagy may play a significant role in the resistance mechanisms against various therapies. Therefore, it is of the utmost importance to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms deriving the autophagy-mediated therapeutic resistance and designing improved treatment strategies for glioblastoma. In this review, we discuss autophagy mechanisms, specifically its pro-survival and growth-suppressing mechanisms in glioblastomas. In addition, we try to shed some light on the autophagy-mediated activation of the cellular mechanisms supporting radioresistance and chemoresistance in glioblastoma. This review also highlights autophagy’s involvement in glioma stem cell behavior, underlining its role as a potential molecular target for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imran Khan
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Mohammad Hassan Baig
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
| | - Sadaf Mahfooz
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Moniba Rahim
- Department of Biosciences, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh 226026, India;
| | - Busra Karacam
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
| | - Elif Burce Elbasan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Ilya Ulasov
- Group of Experimental Biotherapy and Diagnostic, Institute for Regenerative Medicine, World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119991 Moscow, Russia;
| | - Jae-June Dong
- Department of Family Medicine, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul 06273, Korea;
- Correspondence: (J.-J.D.); (M.A.H.)
| | - Mustafa Aziz Hatiboglu
- Department of Molecular Biology, Beykoz Institute of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Bezmialem Vakif University, Yalıköy Mahallesi, Beykoz, 34820 Istanbul, Turkey; (I.K.); (S.M.); (B.K.)
- Department of Neurosurgery, Bezmialem Vakif University Medical School, Vatan Street, Fatih, 34093 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Correspondence: (J.-J.D.); (M.A.H.)
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Bekker M, Abrahams S, Loos B, Bardien S. Can the interplay between autophagy and apoptosis be targeted as a novel therapy for Parkinson's disease? Neurobiol Aging 2020; 100:91-105. [PMID: 33516928 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2020.12.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Development of efficacious treatments for Parkinson's disease (PD) demands an improved understanding of mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration. Two cellular death pathways postulated to play key roles in PD are autophagy and apoptosis. Molecular overlap between these pathways was investigated through identifying studies that used therapeutic compounds to alter expression of specific molecular components of the pathways. Bcl-2 was identified as an important protein with the ability to suppress autophagy and apoptosis through inhibiting Beclin-1 and Bax, respectively. Involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinases (JNK) and p38, was evident in the activation of apoptosis through increasing the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio. JNK-mediated phosphorylation also suppresses the inhibiting functions of Bcl-2, indicating an ability to induce not only apoptosis but also autophagy. Additionally, a p38-mediated increase in heme oxygenase-1 expression inhibits apoptosis. Moreover, besides inhibiting mammalian target of rapamycin, Akt is associated with decreased Bax expression, thereby acting as both an autophagy inducer and apoptosis inhibitor. Ultimately, manipulation of molecular components involved in autophagy and apoptosis regulation could be targeted as possible therapies for PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minke Bekker
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shameemah Abrahams
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ben Loos
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Soraya Bardien
- Division of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, South Africa; Department of Psychiatry, South African Medical Research Council/Stellenbosch University Genomics of Brain Disorders Research Unit, Cape Town, South Africa.
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Arunkumar R, Abraham AN, Shukla R, Drummond CJ, Greaves TL. Cytotoxicity of protic ionic liquids towards the HaCat cell line derived from human skin. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2020.113602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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NMK-BH2, a novel microtubule-depolymerising bis (indolyl)-hydrazide-hydrazone, induces apoptotic and autophagic cell death in cervical cancer cells by binding to tubulin at colchicine - site. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2020; 1867:118762. [PMID: 32502617 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2020.118762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microtubules, the key components of the eukaryotic cytoskeleton and mitotic spindle, are one of the most sought-after targets for cancer chemotherapy, especially due to their indispensible role in mitosis. Cervical cancer is a prevalent malignancy among women of developing countries including India. In spite of the remarkable therapeutic advancement, the non-specificity of chemotherapeutic drugs adversely affect the patients' survival and well-being, thus, necessitating the quest for novel indole-based anti-microtubule agent against cervical cancer, with high degree of potency and selectivity. METHODS For in vitro studies, we used MTT assay, confocal microscopy, fluorescence microscopy, flow cytometry and Western blot analysis. Study in cell free system was accomplished by spectrophotometry, fluorescence spectroscopy and TEM and computational analysis was done by AutodockTools 1.5.6. RESULTS NMK-BH2 exhibited significant and selective anti-proliferative activity against cervical cancer HeLa cells (IC50 = 1.5 μM) over normal cells. It perturbed the cytoskeletal and spindle microtubules of HeLa cells leading to mitotic block and cell death by apoptosis and autophagy. Furthermore, NMK-BH2 targeted the tubulin-microtubule system through fast and strong binding to the αβ-tubulin heterodimers at colchicine-site. CONCLUSION This study identifies and characterises NMK-BH2 as a novel anti-microtubule agent and provides insights into its key anti-cancer mechanism through two different cell death pathways: apoptosis and autophagy, which are mutually independent. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE It navigates the potential of the novel bis (indolyl)-hydrazide-hydrazone, NMK-BH2, to serve as lead for development of new generation microtubule-disrupting chemotherapeutic with improved efficacy and remarkable selectivity towards better cure of cervical cancer.
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A dual death/survival role of autophagy in the adult ovary of Lagostomus maximus (Mammalia- Rodentia). PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232819. [PMID: 32469908 PMCID: PMC7259749 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular atresia is a cell death event that occurs in the great majority of follicles before ovulation in the mature mammalian ovary. Germ cell loss has been mainly associated to apoptosis although autophagy also seems to be at play. Aimed to increase our understanding on the possible cooperating role of autophagy and apoptosis in follicular atresia and/or follicular survival, we analyzed both programmed cell death mechanisms in a rodent model, the South American plains vizcacha, Lagostomus maximus. Female vizcacha shows highly suppressed apoptosis-dependent follicular atresia in the adult ovary, with continuous folliculogenesis and massive polyovulation. This strategy of massive ovulation requires a permanent remodeling of the ovarian architecture to maintain the availability of quiescent primordial follicles throughout the individual's reproductive lifespan. We report here our analysis of autophagy (BECN1, LAMP1 and LC3B-I/II) and apoptosis (BCL2 and ACTIVE CASPASE-3) markers which revealed interactive behaviors between both processes, with autophagy promoting survival or cell death depending on the ovarian structure. Strong BECN1, LC3B-II and LAMP1 staining was observed in atretic follicles and degenerating corpora lutea that also expressed nuclear ACTIVE CASPASE-3. Healthy follicles showed a slight expression of autophagy proteins but a strong expression of BCL2 and no detectable ACTIVE CASPASE-3. Transmission electron microscopy revealed a high formation of autophagosomes, autolysosomes and lysosomes in atretic follicles and degenerating corpora lutea and a low number of autophagic vesicles in normal follicles. The co-expression of LC3B-BECN1, LC3B-LAMP1 and LC3B-ACTIVE CASPASE-3 was only detected in atretic follicles and degenerating corpora lutea, while co-expression of BCL2-BECN1 was only observed in normal follicles. We propose that autophagy could act as a mechanism to eliminate altered follicles and remnant corpora lutea providing the necessary space for maturation of primordial follicles that continuously enter the growing follicular pool to sustain massive ovulation.
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Dasari S, Bakthavachalam V, Chinnapaka S, Venkatesan R, Samy ALPA, Munirathinam G. Neferine, an alkaloid from lotus seed embryo targets HeLa and SiHa cervical cancer cells via pro-oxidant anticancer mechanism. Phytother Res 2020; 34:2366-2384. [PMID: 32364634 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.6687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis and autophagy are important processes that control cellular homeostasis and have been highlighted as promising targets for novel anticancer drugs. This study aims to investigate the inhibitory effects and mechanisms of Neferine (Nef), an alkaloid from the lotus seed embryos of Nelumbo nucifera (N. nucifera), as a dual inducer of apoptosis and autophagy through the reactive oxygen species (ROS) activation in cervical cancer cells. Nef and N. nucifera extract suppressed the cell viability of HeLa and SiHa cells in a dose-dependent manner. Importantly, Nef showed minimal toxicity to normal cells. Furthermore, Nef inhibited anchorage-independent growth, colony formation and migration ability of cervical cancer cells. Nef induces mitochondrial apoptosis by increasing pro-apoptotic protein bax, cytochrome-c, cleaved caspase-3 and caspase-9, poly-ADP ribose polymerase (PARP) cleavage, DNA damage (pH2 AX) while downregulating Bcl-2, procaspase-3 and procaspase-9, and TCTP. Of note, apoptotic effect by Nef was significantly attenuated in the presence of N-acetylcysteine (NAC), suggesting pro-oxidant activity of this compound. Nef also promoted autophagy induction through increasing beclin-1, atg-4, atg-5 and atg-12, LC-3 activation, and P 62/SQSTM1 as determined by western blot analysis. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Nef is a potent anticancer compound against cervical cancer cells through inducing apoptosis and autophagic pathway involving ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanyam Dasari
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Velavan Bakthavachalam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Somaiah Chinnapaka
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Reshmii Venkatesan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Angela L P A Samy
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois, USA
| | - Gnanasekar Munirathinam
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Rockford, Illinois, USA
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Liang S, Wang F, Bao C, Han J, Guo Y, Liu F, Zhang Y. BAG2 ameliorates endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell apoptosis in Mycobacterium tuberculosis-infected macrophages through selective autophagy. Autophagy 2019; 16:1453-1467. [PMID: 31711362 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2019.1687214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BAG2 (BCL2 associated athanogene 2) is associated with cell fate determination in response to various pathological conditions. However, the effects of BAG2 on M. tuberculosis-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remain elusive. Herein, we report that M. tuberculosis infection of macrophages triggered ER stress and downregulated BAG2 expression. Overexpression of BAG2 enhanced autophagic flux and activated macroautophagy/autophagy targeted to the ER (reticulophagy). In addition, through increasingly localizing SQSTM1 to the ER in BAG2-overexpressing macrophages, we found that the autophagy receptor protein SQSTM1/p62 (sequestosome 1) is associated with the BAG2-induced reticulophagy. Our data also confirmed that BAG2 could render cells resistant to M. tuberculosis-induced cellular damage, and the anti-apoptotic effects of BAG2 in M. tuberculosis-treated macrophages were partially abolished by the autophagic flux inhibitor bafilomycin A1. Furthermore, the dissociation of BECN1 and BCL2 mediated by activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) was responsible for BAG2-activated autophagy. In addition, XBP1 downstream of the ERN1/IRE1 signaling pathway was bound to the Bag2 promoter region and transcriptionally inhibited BAG2 expression. Collectively, these results indicated that BAG2 has anti-apoptotic effects on M. tuberculosis-induced ER stress, which is dependent on the promotion of autophagic flux and the induction of selective autophagy. We revealed a potential host defense mechanism that links BAG2 to ER stress and autophagy during M. tuberculosis infection. ABBREVIATIONS ATF6: activating transcription factor 6; BECN1: beclin 1; Baf A1: bafilomycin A1; CASP3: caspase 3; DDIT3/CHOP/GADD153: DNA damage inducible transcript 3; DAPI: 4',6-diamidino-2-phenylindole; EIF2AK3/PERK: eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 3; ER: endoplasmic reticulum; ERN1/IRE1: endoplasmic reticulum to nucleus signaling 1; HSPA5/GRP78/BiP: heat shock protein 5; MAP1LC3B/LC3B: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3 beta; MAPK/ERK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; SQSTM1/p62: sequestosome 1; UPR: unfolded protein response; XBP1: x-box binding protein 1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuxin Liang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fengyu Wang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Changlei Bao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jing Han
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Ying Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fayang Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China.,Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Northwest A&F University , Yangling, Shaanxi, China
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Kamil M, Haque E, Mir SS, Irfan S, Hasan A, Sheikh S, Alam S, Ansari KM, Nazir A. Hydroxyl Group Difference between Anthraquinone Derivatives Regulate Different Cell Death Pathways via Nucleo-Cytoplasmic Shuttling of p53. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2019; 19:184-193. [PMID: 30370860 DOI: 10.2174/1871520618666181029133041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite a number of measures having been taken for cancer management, it is still the second leading cause of death worldwide. p53 is the protein principally being targeted for cancer treatment. Targeting p53 localization may be an effective strategy in chemotherapy as it controls major cell death pathways based on its cellular localization. Anthraquinones are bioactive compounds widely being considered as potential anticancer agents but their mechanism of action is yet to be explored. It has been shown that the number and position of hydroxyl groups within the different anthraquinones like Emodin and Chrysophanol reflects the number of intermolecular hydrogen bonds which affect its activity. Emodin contains an additional OH group at C-3, in comparison to Chrysophanol and may differentially regulate different cell death pathways in cancer cell. OBJECTIVE The present study was aimed to investigate the effect of two anthraquinones Emodin and Chrysophanol on induction of different cell death pathways in human lung cancer cells (A549 cell line) and whether single OH group difference between these compounds differentially regulate cell death pathways. METHODS The cytotoxic effect of Emodin and Chrysophanol was determined by the MTT assay. The expression of autophagy and apoptosis marker genes at mRNA and protein level after treatment was checked by the RT-PCR and Western Blot, respectively. For cellular localization of p53 after treatment, we performed immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS We observed that both compounds depicted a dose-dependent cytotoxic response in A549 cells which was in concurrence with the markers associated with oxidative stress such as an increase in ROS generation, decrease in MMP and DNA damage. We also observed that both compounds up-regulated the p53 expression where Emodin causes nuclear p53 localization, which leads to down-regulation in mTOR expression and induces autophagy while Chrysophanol inhibits p53 translocation into nucleus, up-regulates mTOR expression and inhibits autophagy. CONCLUSION From this study, it may be concluded that the structural difference of single hydroxyl group may switch the mechanism from one pathway to another which could be useful in the future to improve anticancer treatment and help in the development of new selective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Kamil
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Ejazul Haque
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Snober S Mir
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Safia Irfan
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Adria Hasan
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Saba Sheikh
- Department of Biosciences, Faculty of Science, Integral University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Shamshad Alam
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kausar M Ansari
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Aamir Nazir
- Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Molecular Toxicology, Division of Toxicology, CSIR-Central Drug Research Institute, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Zhuo J, Wang X. Combination of targeting CD24 and inhibiting autophagy suppresses the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of colorectal cancer cells. Mol Med Rep 2019; 20:539-548. [PMID: 31180548 PMCID: PMC6579989 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2019.10288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
CD24 can regulate angiogenesis, drug sensitivity and the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, whether CD24 regulates autophagy and apoptosis in CRC cells remains to be fully elucidated. The present study investigated the functional role of the altered expression of CD24 in the autophagy and apoptosis of HCT116 and HT29 human CRC cells. The results revealed lower expression levels of CD24 in HCT116 cells but higher levels in HT29 cells. Inducing the overexpression or the knockdown of CD24 did not affect the viability or spontaneous apoptosis of HCT116 and HT29 cells, respectively. Induction of the overexpression of CD24 significantly decreased the relative expression levels of Beclin‑1, autophagy‑related (Atg)3 and Atg5, and the numbers of microtubule‑associated protein‑1 light chain‑3 (LC3)‑positive puncta, but increased the expression of p62 in HCT116 cells. By contrast, CD24 silencing increased the expression of Beclin‑1, Atg3 and Atg5, and the numbers of LC3‑positive puncta, but decreased the expression of p62 in HT29 cells. Treatment with 3‑methyladenine, or the knockdown of Atg5 by specific small interfering RNA to attenuate autophagy significantly enhanced the viability of CD24‑overexpressing HCT116 cells, but reduced the viability of CD24‑silenced HT29 cells, relative to their controls. As a result, the attenuation of autophagy significantly decreased the frequency of apoptotic CD24‑overexpressing HCT116 cells, but increased the percentages of apoptotic CD24‑silenced HT29 cells. The overexpression of CD24 promoted the activation of nuclear factor (NF)‑κBp65, whereas CD24 silencing attenuated its activation in CRC cells. Inhibition of the activation of NF‑κB enhanced the CD24 overexpression‑induced decrease in autophagy, but attenuated the CD24 silencing‑induced increase in autophagy in CRC cells. Therefore, CD24 inhibited the autophagy of CRC cells, and the combination of targeting CD24 and inhibiting autophagy promoted the apoptosis of CRC cells. Conceivably, these findings may aid in the design of novel therapies for the intervention of CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwei Zhuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
| | - Xinying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510280, P.R. China
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Zhong C, Shu M, Ye J, Wang X, Chen X, Liu Z, Zhao W, Zhao B, Zheng Z, Yin Z, Gao M, Zhao H, Wang K, Zhao S. Oncogenic Ras is downregulated by ARHI and induces autophagy by Ras/AKT/mTOR pathway in glioblastoma. BMC Cancer 2019; 19:441. [PMID: 31088402 PMCID: PMC6515631 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-019-5643-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioblastoma is a disease with high heterogeneity that has long been difficult for doctors to identify and treat. ARHI is a remarkable tumor suppressor gene in human ovarian cancer and many other cancers. We found over-expression of ARHI can also inhibit cancer cell proliferation, decrease tumorigenicity, and induce autophagic cell death in human glioma and inhibition of the late stage of autophagy can further enhance the antitumor effect of ARHI through inducing apoptosis in vitro or vivo. METHODS Using MTT assay to detect cell viability. The colony formation assay was used to measure single cell clonogenicity. Autophagy associated morphological changes were tested by transmission electron microscopy. Flow cytometry and TUNEL staining were used to measure the apoptosis rate. Autophagy inhibitor chloroquine (CQ) was used to study the effects of inhibition at late stage of autophagy on ARHI-induced autophagy and apoptosis. Protein expression were detected by Western blot, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemical analyses. LN229-derived xenografts were established to observe the effect of ARHI in vivo. RESULTS ARHI induced autophagic death in glioma cells, and blocking late-stage autophagy markedly enhanced the antiproliferative activites of ARHI. In our research, we observed the inhibition of RAS-AKT-mTOR signaling in ARHI-glioma cells and blockade of autophagy flux at late stage by CQ enhanced the cytotoxicity of ARHI, caused accumulation of autophagic vacuoles and robust apoptosis. As a result, the inhibition of RAS augmented autophagy of glioma cells. CONCLUSION ARHI may also be a functional tumor suppressor in glioma. And chloroquine (CQ) used as an auxiliary medicine in glioma chemotherapy can enhance the antitumor effect of ARHI, and this study provides a novel mechanistic basis and strategy for glioma therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Department of Pharmacology, The State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, College of Pharmacy of Harbin Medical University, No. 157 Baojian Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Mengting Shu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Junyi Ye
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhendong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Wenyang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Boxian Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhixing Zheng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhiqin Yin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Haiqi Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Kaikai Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
| | - Shiguang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Brain Science, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Sino-Russian Medical Research Center, Harbin Medical University, No. 23 Youzheng Street, Nangang District, Harbin, 150001 Heilongjiang Province People’s Republic of China
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Isoliquiritigenin-mediated p62/SQSTM1 induction regulates apoptotic potential through attenuation of caspase-8 activation in colorectal cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2018; 841:90-97. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2018.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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28
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Li S, Hua W, Wang K, Gao Y, Chen S, Liu W, Song Y, Wu X, Tu J, Kang L, Zhao K, Xiong L, Zhang Y, Yang C. Autophagy attenuates compression-induced apoptosis of human nucleus pulposus cells via MEK/ERK/NRF1/Atg7 signaling pathways during intervertebral disc degeneration. Exp Cell Res 2018; 370:87-97. [PMID: 29908161 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2018.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy dysfunction has been observed in intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD) cells, a main contributing factor to cell death, but the precise role of autophagy during IVDD is still controversial. This study aimed to investigate the role of autophagy involved in the pathogenesis of human IVDD and determine the signal transduction pathways responsible for compression-induced autophagy in human nucleus pulposus (NP) cells. Autophagy, suppressing the induction of apoptosis, was activated in NP cells exposed to compression. Molecular analysis showed that compression promoted the activity of NRF1, a transcription regulator increasing Atg7 expression by binding to its promoter, through activating the Ras/MEK/ERK signaling in NP cells. Loss- and gain-of-function studies demonstrate that NRF1 induced autophagy and dampened the apoptotic response by promoting Atg7 expression in NP cells subjected to compression. This study confirmed that compression-induced autophagy could be induced by Ras via MEK/ERK/NRF1/Atg7 signaling pathways, while inhibiting Ras/MEK/ERK/NRF1/Atg7 signaling pathways attenuated this autophagic process, implicating a promising therapeutic strategy for IVDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Wenbin Hua
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kun Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yong Gao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou City 450052, China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Orthopedics, First Hospital of Wuhan, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yu Song
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Xinghuo Wu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Ji Tu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liang Kang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Kangcheng Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Liming Xiong
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Yukun Zhang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cao Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China.
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Zhao L, Lin H, Chen S, Chen S, Cui M, Shi D, Wang B, Ma K, Shao Z. Hydrogen peroxide induces programmed necrosis in rat nucleus pulposus cells through the RIP1/RIP3-PARP-AIF pathway. J Orthop Res 2018; 36:1269-1282. [PMID: 28960436 DOI: 10.1002/jor.23751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to systematically investigate whether programmed necrosis contributes to H2 O2 -induced nucleus pulposus (NP) cells death and to further explore the underlying mechanism involved. Rat NP cells were subjected to different concentrations of H2 O2 for various time periods. The cell viability was measured using a cell counting kit-8, and the death rate was detected by Hoechst 33258/propidium iodide (PI) staining. The programmed necrosis-related molecules receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1), receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3), poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP), and apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting, respectively. The morphologic and ultrastructural changes were examined by phasecontrast microscopy and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the necroptosis inhibitor Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1), the PARP inhibitor diphenyl-benzoquinone (DPQ) and small interfering RNA (siRNA) technology were used to indirectly evaluate programmed necrosis. Our results indicated that H2 O2 induced necrotic morphologic and ultrastructural changes and an elevated PI positive rate in NP cells; these effects were mediated by the upregulation of RIP1 and RIP3, hyperactivation of PARP, and translocation of AIF from mitochondria to nucleus. Additionally, NP cells necrosis was significantly attenuated by Nec-1, DPQ pretreatment and knockdown of RIP3 and AIF, while knockdown of RIP1 produced the opposite effects. In conclusion, these results suggested that under oxidative stress, RIP1/RIP3-mediated programmed necrosis, executed through the PARP-AIF pathway, played an important role in NP cell death. Protective strategies aiming to regulate programmed necrosis may exert a beneficial effect for NP cells survival, and ultimately retard intervertebral disc (IVD) degeneration. © 2017 Orthopaedic Research Society. Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Orthop Res 36:1269-1282, 2018.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Hui Lin
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Songfeng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Min Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Deyao Shi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Baichuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Kaige Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
| | - Zengwu Shao
- Department of Orthopaedics, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430022, China
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30
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Zhu J, Tian S, Li KT, Chen Q, Jiang Y, Lin HD, Yu LH, Bai DQ. Inhibition of breast cancer cell growth by methyl pyropheophenylchlorin photodynamic therapy is mediated though endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced autophagy in vitro and vivo. Cancer Med 2018; 7:1908-1920. [PMID: 29577663 PMCID: PMC5943539 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.1418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2017] [Revised: 01/13/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy and ER stress participated in the inhibition of MPPa‐PDT on tumor growth, but the molecular links between them remain undefined. We just explore the molecular mechanism between them in vitro and vivo. CCK‐8 assay and flow cytometer were used to detect the cytotoxicity and mode of cell death after MPPa‐PDT. Furthermore, the role of autophagy was verified in MPPa‐PDT. Confocal microscopy was used to show the intracellular distribution of MPPa. ER stress markers and PERK signaling pathway were detected by western blot. While in vivo, tumor histology and immunohistochemistry were performed to show the effect of MPPa‐PDT in mice. After MPPa‐PDT, cells viability decreased in dose‐dependent manner. Besides, the cell apoptosis increased along with the increasing of Beclin‐1and LC3B II but declining of P62. When pretreated with 3‐MA, LC3B II formation and the cytotoxicity declined. MPPa‐PDT caused increasing of ER stress markers (GRP78, CHOP) as MPPa accumulated in ER. However, pretreatment with ER stress inhibitor 4PBA, the expression of GRP78 and LC3B II was blocked but the PERK signaling pathway activated and the expression of P62 increased. In vivo, the tumor growth was significantly inhibited by MPPa‐PDT. Besides, the appearance of ER stress and autophagy was further demonstrated by immunohistochemistry. Our findings demonstrate that autophagy mediated by MPPa‐PDT was regulated by ER stress, via PERK signaling pathway, to kill MDA‐MB‐231 cells in vitro and vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Zhu
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Department of Rehabilitation, Southwest University Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Si Tian
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kai-Ting Li
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Hai-Dan Lin
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Le-Hua Yu
- Department of Rehabilitation, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Ding-Qun Bai
- Department of Rehabilitation, the First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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31
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Lai SL, Mustafa MR, Wong PF. Panduratin A induces protective autophagy in melanoma via the AMPK and mTOR pathway. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2018; 42:144-151. [PMID: 29655680 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2018.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Targeting autophagy is emerging as a promising strategy in cancer therapeutics in recent years. Autophagy can be modulated to drive cancer cell deaths that are notoriously resistant to apoptotic-inducing drugs. In addition, autophagy has been implicated as a prosurvival mechanism in mediating cancer chemoresistance. Our previous study has demonstrated that Panduratin A (PA), a plant-derived active compound exploits ER-stress-mediated apoptosis as its cytotoxic mechanism on melanoma. PURPOSE Our previous proteomics analysis revealed that treatment with PA resulted in the upregulation of an autophagy marker, LC3B in melanoma cells. Therefore, the present study sought to investigate the role of PA-induced autophagy in melanoma cells. METHODS Transmission electron microscopy was performed for examination of autophagic ultra-structures in PA-treated A375 cells. Cytoplasmic LC3B and p62/SQSMT1 punctate structures were detected using immunofluorescene staining. Expression levels of LC3B II, p62/SQSMT1, ATG 12, Beclin 1, phospho S6 (ser235/236), phospho AMPK (Thr172) and cleaved PARP were evaluated by western blotting. RESULTS Autophagosomes, autolysosomes and punctuates of LC3 proteins could be observed in PA-treated A375 cells. PA-induced autophagy in A375 melanoma cells was found to be mediated through the inhibition of mTOR signaling and activation of AMPK pathway. Furthermore, we showed that PA-induced apoptosis was increased in the presence of an autophagy inhibitor, signifying the cytoprotective effect of PA-induced autophagy in melanoma cells. CONCLUSION Taken together, results from the present study suggest that the inhibition of autophagy by targeting mTOR and AMPK could potentiate the cytotoxicity effects of PA on melanoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siew-Li Lai
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Rais Mustafa
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; Center for Natural Products and Drug Research (CENAR), University of Malaya, Malaysia
| | - Pooi-Fong Wong
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia.
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32
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Zhao H, Li D, Zhang B, Qi Y, Diao Y, Zhen Y, Shu X. PP2A as the Main Node of Therapeutic Strategies and Resistance Reversal in Triple-Negative Breast Cancer. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122277. [PMID: 29261144 PMCID: PMC6149800 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2017] [Revised: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), is defined as a type of tumor lacking the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR) and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2). The ER, PR and HER2 are usually the molecular therapeutic targets for breast cancers, but they are ineffective for TNBC because of their negative expressions, so chemotherapy is currently the main treatment strategy in TNBC. However, drug resistance remains a major impediment to TNBC chemotherapeutic treatment. Recently, the protein phosphatase 2A (PP2A) has been found to regulate the phosphorylation of some substrates involved in the relevant target of TNBC, such as cell cycle control, DNA damage responses, epidermal growth factor receptor, immune modulation and cell death resistance, which may be the effective therapeutic strategies or influence drug sensitivity to TNBCs. Furthermore, PP2A has also been found that could induce ER re-expression in ER-negative breast cancer cells, and which suggests PP2A could promote the sensitivity of tamoxifen to TNBCs as a resistance reversal agent. In this review, we will summarize the potential therapeutic value of PP2A as the main node in developing targeting agents, disrupting resistance or restoring drug sensitivity in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Henan Zhao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Duojiao Li
- Kamp Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Changsha 410008, China.
| | - Baojing Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yan Qi
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yunpeng Diao
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yuhong Zhen
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Xiaohong Shu
- College of Pharmacy, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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33
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Xia T, Wang J, Wang Y, Wang Y, Cai J, Wang M, Chen Q, Song J, Yu Z, Huang W, Fang J. Inhibition of autophagy potentiates anticancer property of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rh2 by promoting mitochondria-dependent apoptosis in human acute lymphoblastic leukaemia cells. Oncotarget 2017; 7:27336-49. [PMID: 27027340 PMCID: PMC5053654 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/01/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL) is the most prevalent childhood malignancy. Although most children with ALL are cured, there is still a group of patients for which therapy fails owing to severe toxicities and drug resistance. Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2), a major bioactive component isolated from Panax ginseng, has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on some tumors. However, the molecular mechanisms of cell death induced by 20(S)-GRh2 in ALL cells remains unclear. In this study, we showed that 20(S)-GRh2 inhibited the cell growth and induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis and autophagy. But it has no cytotoxic effect on human normal blood cells. Furthermore, autophagy plays a protective role in 20(S)-GRh2-induced apoptosis in ALL cell lines and human primary ALL cells. We demonstrated that either genetic or pharmacologic inhibition of autophagy could be more effective in reducing viability and enhancing 20(S)-GRh2-induced toxicity than 20(S)-GRh2 treatment alone. In addition, inhibition of autophagy could aggravate mitochondrial ROS generation and mitochondrial damage, and then accelerate mitochondria-dependent apoptosis. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibition of autophagy can sensitize ALL cells towards 20(S)-GRh2. The appropriate inhibition of autophagy could provide a powerful strategy to increase the potency of 20(S)-GRh2 as a novel anticancer agent for ALL therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Xia
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jiancheng Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yingnan Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Yuanyuan Wang
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Jianye Cai
- Center for Stem Cell Biology and Tissue Engineering, Key Laboratory for Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
| | - Min Wang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Qidan Chen
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, Zhuhai College, Jilin University, Zhuhai, P.R. China
| | - Jia Song
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Ziqi Yu
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Wei Huang
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jianpei Fang
- Department of Pediatrics, Sun Yat-sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China.,Key Laboratory of Malignant Tumor Gene Regulation and Target Therapy of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China
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Liu J, Kang Y, Yin S, Song B, Wei L, Chen L, Shao L. Zinc oxide nanoparticles induce toxic responses in human neuroblastoma SHSY5Y cells in a size-dependent manner. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:8085-8099. [PMID: 29138564 PMCID: PMC5677299 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s149070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to the widespread applications of zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs), the potential exposure of workers, consumers, and scientists to these particles has increased. This potential for exposure has attracted extensive attention in the science community. Many studies have examined the toxicological profile of ZnO NPs in the immune system, digestive system, however, information regarding the toxicity of ZnO NPs in the nervous system is scarce. In this study, we detected the cytotoxicity of two types of ZnO NPs of various sizes - ZnOa NPs and ZnOb NPs - and we characterized the shedding ability of zinc ions within culture medium and the cytoplasm. We found that reactive oxygen species played a crucial role in ZnO NP-induced cytotoxicity, likely because zinc ions were leached from ZnO NPs. Apoptosis and cytoskeleton changes were also toxic responses induced by the ZnO NPs, and ZnOb NPs induced more significant toxic responses than ZnOa NPs in SHSY5Y cells. In conclusion, ZnO NPs induced toxic responses in SHSY5Y cells in a size-dependent manner, which can probably be attributed to their ion-shedding ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Liu
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Yiyuan Kang
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Suhan Yin
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
| | - Bin Song
- Department of Stomatology, Guizhou Provincial People’s Hospital, Guiyang
| | - Limin Wei
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou
| | - Liangjiao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Oral Medicine, Guangzhou Institute of Oral Disease, Stomatology Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Department of Stomatology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou
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35
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Wang X, Zhang X, Chu ESH, Chen X, Kang W, Wu F, To KF, Wong VWS, Chan HLY, Chan MTV, Sung JJY, Wu WKK, Yu J. Defective lysosomal clearance of autophagosomes and its clinical implications in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. FASEB J 2017; 32:37-51. [PMID: 28842428 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201601393r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Autophagic impairment is implicated in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), but the molecular mechanism is unclear. We found that autophagic flux was significantly inhibited in 3 murine models of NAFLD. Interestingly, the number of acidic organelles and the level of mature cathepsin D were reduced, suggesting defective lysosome acidification. Asparagine synthetase (ASNS) was induced by endoplasmic reticulum stress, leading to the generation of asparagine, which inhibited lysosome acidification. Both steatotic- and asparagine-treated hepatocytes showed reduced lysosomal acidity and retention of lysosomal calcium. Knockdown of ASNS in steatotic hepatocytes restored autophagic flux. As a potential biomarker, increased serum p62/sequestosome 1 (SQSTM1) level was an independent risk factor for patients with steatosis and lobular inflammation. Impaired autophagy in NAFLD is elicited by defective lysosome acidification, which is caused by ASNS-induced asparagine synthesis under endoplasmic reticulum stress and subsequent retention of lysosomal calcium. p62/SQSTM1 could be used as a noninvasive biomarker in the diagnosis of NAFLD patients.-Wang, X., Zhang, X., Chu, E. S. H., Chen, X., Kang, W., Wu, F., To, K.-F., Wong, V. W. S., Chan, H. L. Y., Chan, M. T. V., Sung, J. J. Y., Wu, W. K. K., Yu, J. Defective lysosomal clearance of autophagosomes and its clinical implications in nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojuan Wang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Eagle S H Chu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaoting Chen
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Wei Kang
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Feng Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China.,Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ka-Fai To
- Department of Anatomical and Cellular Pathology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Vincent W S Wong
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Henry L Y Chan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Matthew T V Chan
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Joseph J Y Sung
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - William K K Wu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; .,Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; and
| | - Jun Yu
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Institute of Digestive Disease, State Key Laboratory of Digestive Disease, Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, CUHK Shenzhen Research Institute, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China;
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36
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Chen ST, Lee TY, Tsai TH, Huang YC, Lin YC, Lin CP, Shieh HR, Hsu ML, Chi CW, Lee MC, Chang HH, Chen YJ. Traditional Chinese medicine Danggui Buxue Tang inhibits colorectal cancer growth through induction of autophagic cell death. Oncotarget 2017; 8:88563-88574. [PMID: 29179457 PMCID: PMC5687627 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The induction of autophagic cell death is an important process in the development of anticancer therapeutics. We aimed to evaluate the activity of the ancient Chinese decoction Danggui Buxue Tang (DBT) against colorectal cancer (CRC) and the associated autophagy-related mechanism. Materials and methods CT26 CRC cells were implanted into syngeneic BALB/c mice for the tumor growth assay. DBT extracts and DBT-PD (polysaccharide-depleted) fractions were orally administered. The toxicity profiles of the extracts were analyzed using measurements of body weight, hemogram, and biochemical parameters. The morphology of tissue sections was observed using light and transmission electron microscopy. Western blotting and small interference RNA assays were used to determine the mechanism. Results DBT-PD and DBT, which contained an equal amount of DBT-PD, inhibited CT26 syngeneic tumor growth. In the tumor specimen, the expression of microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B (LC3B) was upregulated by DBT-PD and DBT. The development of autophagosomes was observed via transmission electron microscopy in tumors treated with DBT-PD and DBT. In vitro experiments for mechanism clarification demonstrated that DBT-PD could induce autophagic death in CT26 cells accompanied by LC3B lipidation, downregulation of phospho-p70s6k, and upregulation of Atg7. RNA interference of Atg7, but not Atg5, partially reversed the effect of DBT-PD on LC3B lipidation and expression of phospho-p70s6k and Atg7. The changes in ultrastructural morphology and LC3B expression induced by DBT-PD were also partially blocked by the knockdown of Atg7 mRNA. Conclusion DBT induced autophagic death of colorectal cancer cells through the upregulation of Atg7 and modulation of the mTOR/p70s6k signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shun-Ting Chen
- Department of Chinese Medicine, Taipei Buddhist Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23142, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tzung-Yan Lee
- Graduate Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Chinese Medicine, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan 33302, Taiwan
| | - Tung-Hu Tsai
- Institute of Traditional Medicine, School of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 11221, Taiwan.,Depatment of Chemical Engineering, National United University, Miaoli 36003, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chuen Huang
- School of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yin-Cheng Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Chin-Ping Lin
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Ru Shieh
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ling Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Wen Chi
- Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Cheng Lee
- Department of Research, Taipei Buddhist Tzu Chi Hospital, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, New Taipei City 23141, Taiwan
| | - Hen-Hong Chang
- School of Post-Baccalaureate Chinese Medicine, College of Chinese Medicine, and Research Center for Chinese Medicine and Acupuncture, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.,Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Jen Chen
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40402, Taiwan .,Department of Medical Research, Mackay Memorial Hospital, New Taipei City 25160, Taiwan.,Department of Radiation Oncology, Mackay Memorial Hospital, Taipei 10449, Taiwan
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37
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Tang F, Hu P, Yang Z, Xue C, Gong J, Sun S, Shi L, Zhang S, Li Z, Yang C, Zhang J, Xie C. SBI0206965, a novel inhibitor of Ulk1, suppresses non-small cell lung cancer cell growth by modulating both autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Oncol Rep 2017; 37:3449-3458. [PMID: 28498429 DOI: 10.3892/or.2017.5635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is a major public health problem worldwide. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85% of lung cancer cases. Autophagy has recently sparked great interest, and it is thought to participate in a variety of diseases, including lung cancer. Uncoordinated (Unc) 51-like kinase 1 (Ulk1), a serine/threonine kinase, plays a central role in the autophagy pathway. However, the role of Ulk1 in NSCLC remains unclear. We report that NSCLC cell lines exhibited high expression of Ulk1 and that Ulk1 was negatively correlated with prognosis in lung cancer patients. Knockdown of Ulk1 or the inhibition of Ulk1 by the selective inhibitor SBI0206965, inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis and enhanced the sensitivity of cisplatin against NSCLC cells. Moreover, we demonstrated that Ulk1 exerted oncogenic activity in NSCLC by modulating both autophagy and apoptosis pathways. Inhibition of autophagy by SBI0206965 sensitized NSCLC cells to cisplatin by inhibiting cisplatin induced cell-protective autophagy to promote apoptosis. Furthermore, SBI0206965 promoted apoptosis in NSCLC cells independent of autophagy, which was partly mediated by destabilization of Bcl2/Bclxl. In summary, our results show that inhibition of Ulk1 suppresses NSCLC cell growth and sensitizes NSCLC cells to cisplatin by modulating both autophagy and apoptosis pathways, and that Ulk1 might be a promising target for NSCLC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Pengchao Hu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zetian Yang
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chao Xue
- Department of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jun Gong
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shaoxing Sun
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Liu Shi
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shimin Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Zhenzhen Li
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Chunxu Yang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Junhong Zhang
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Conghua Xie
- Department of Radiation and Medical Oncology, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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38
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Wang J, Yao X, Huang J. New tricks for human farnesyltransferase inhibitor: cancer and beyond. MEDCHEMCOMM 2017; 8:841-854. [PMID: 30108801 PMCID: PMC6072492 DOI: 10.1039/c7md00030h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 02/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Human protein farnesyltransferase (FTase) catalyzes the addition of a C15-farnesyl lipid group to the cysteine residue located in the COOH-terminal tetrapeptide motif of a variety of important substrate proteins, including well-known Ras protein superfamily. The farnesylation of Ras protein is required both for its normal physiological function, and for the transforming capacity of its oncogenic mutants. Over the last several decades, FTase inhibitors (FTIs) were developed to disrupt the farnesylation of oncogenic Ras as anti-cancer agents, and some of them have entered cancer clinical investigation. On the other hand, some substrates of FTase were demonstrated to be related with other human diseases, including Hutchinson-Gilford progeria syndrome, chronic hepatitis D, and cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the roles of FTase in malignant transformation, proliferation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells, and the recently anticancer clinical research advances of FTIs. The therapeutic prospect of FTIs on several other human diseases is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingyuan Wang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Xue Yao
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
| | - Jin Huang
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of New Drug Design , School of Pharmacy , East China University of Science and Technology , 130 Mei Long Road , Shanghai 200237 , China . ; Tel: (+86)21 64253681
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39
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Xue R, Zeng J, Chen Y, Chen C, Tan W, Zhao J, Dong B, Sun Y, Dong Y, Liu C. Sestrin 1 ameliorates cardiac hypertrophy via autophagy activation. J Cell Mol Med 2017; 21:1193-1205. [PMID: 28181410 PMCID: PMC5431155 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2016] [Accepted: 10/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is one of the major risk factors of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Autophagy is acknowledged to be an important mechanism regulating cardiac hypertrophy. Sestrin 1, a downstream target gene of p53, has been proven to regulate autophagy. However, the role of Sestrin 1 in cardiac hypertrophy remains unknown. Our study showed that Sestrin 1 mRNA and protein expression declined in pressure overload cardiac hypertrophy and phenylephrine (PE)-induced cardiac hypertrophy. Knockdown of Sestrin 1 by RNAi deteriorated PE-induced cardiac hypertrophy, whereas the overexpression of Sestrin 1 by adenovirus transfection blunted hypertrophy. We discovered that knockdown of Sestrin 1 resulted in impaired autophagy while overexpression of Sestrin 1 resulted in increased autophagy without affecting lysosomal function. In addition, the antihypertrophic effect of Sestrin 1 overexpression was eliminated by autophagy blockade. Importantly, Sestrin 1 targets at the AMPK/mTORC1/autophagy pathway to inhibit cardiac hypertrophy by interaction with AMPK which is responsible for autophagy regulation. Taken together, our data indicate that Sestrin 1 regulates AMPK/mTORC1/autophagy axis to attenuate cardiac hypertrophy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruicong Xue
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Junyi Zeng
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yili Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Chen
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiping Tan
- Department of Respiratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingjing Zhao
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yugang Dong
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory on Assisted Circulation, Ministry of Health, Guangzhou, China
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40
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Activation of autophagy and PPARγ protect colon cancer cells against apoptosis induced by interactive effects of butyrate and DHA in a cell type-dependent manner: The role of cell differentiation. J Nutr Biochem 2017; 39:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2016.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 07/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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41
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Gil J, Ramsey D, Szmida E, Leszczynski P, Pawlowski P, Bebenek M, Sasiadek MM. The BAX gene as a candidate for negative autophagy-related genes regulator on mRNA levels in colorectal cancer. Med Oncol 2016; 34:16. [PMID: 28035578 PMCID: PMC5199770 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-016-0869-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/09/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process, which is involved in the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis by degrading redundant molecules and organelles. Autophagy begins with the formation of a double-membrane phagophore, followed by its enclosure, thus leading to the appearance of an autophagosome which fuses with lysosome. This process is highly conserved, precisely orchestrated and regulated by autophagy-related genes. Recently, autophagy has been widely studied in different types of cancers, including colorectal cancer. As it has been revealed, autophagy plays two opposite roles in tumorigenesis, as a tumor suppressor and a tumor enhancer/activator, and therefore is called a double-edge sword. Recently, interaction between autophagy and apoptosis has been found. Therefore, we aimed to study the mRNA levels of genes engaged in autophagy and apoptosis in colorectal cancer tissues. Colorectal cancer and adjacent healthy tissues were obtained from 73 patients diagnosed with primary colorectal cancer. Real-time PCR analysis employing Universal Probe Library was used to assess the expression of the seven following selected genes: BECN1, UVRAG, ULK1, ATG13, Bif-1, BCL2 and BAX. For all but one of the tested genes, a decrease in expression was observed. An increase in expression was observed for BAX. BAX expression decreases consistently from early to more advanced stages. High expression of BAX was strongly associated with negative UVRAG expression. The high expression of the BAX gene seems to be a negative regulator of autophagy in colorectal cancer cells. The relative downregulation of autophagy-related genes was observed in colorectal cancer samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justyna Gil
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - David Ramsey
- Department of Operations Research, Wroclaw University of Technology, 50-372, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Elzbieta Szmida
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Przemyslaw Leszczynski
- Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-345, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pawel Pawlowski
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Bebenek
- First Department of Surgical Oncology, Lower Silesian Oncology Center, 53-413, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Maria M Sasiadek
- Department of Genetics, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368, Wroclaw, Poland
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42
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Wang X, Wei S, Zhao Y, Shi C, Liu P, Zhang C, Lei Y, Zhang B, Bai B, Huang Y, Zhang H. Anti-proliferation of breast cancer cells with itraconazole: Hedgehog pathway inhibition induces apoptosis and autophagic cell death. Cancer Lett 2016; 385:128-136. [PMID: 27810405 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2016.10.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2016] [Revised: 10/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Itraconazole is a common antifungal which may have promise for treating various human cancers. We report that itraconazole was cytotoxic to MCF-7 and SKBR-3 breast cancer cell lines via apoptosis by altering mitochondria membrane potential, reducing BCL-2 expression and elevating caspase-3 activity. Itraconazole also induced autophagic cell death via LC3-II expression upregulation, P62/SQSTM1 degradation, autophagosome formation and increases in autophagic puncta. Itraconazole treatment inhibited hedgehog pathway key molecular expression, such as SHH and Gli1, resulting in promotion of apoptosis and autophagy. The anti-proliferation effect of itraconazole-induced apoptosis and autophagy via hedgehog pathway inhibition was confirmed with Gli1 inhibitor GANT61 and SHH siRNA, GANT61 and SHH siRNA synergistically enhanced cytotoxicity induced by itraconazole. A human xenograft nude mouse model corroborated the anti-breast cancer activity as evidenced by reduced tumor size, and increased tumor tissue apoptosis and autophagy. Thus, itraconazole has a potent anti-breast cancer activity that may be improved when combined with hedgehog pathway inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoya Wang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China; College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Sanhua Wei
- Department of Laboratory and Research Center, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yong Zhao
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Changhong Shi
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Peijuan Liu
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Caiqin Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yingfeng Lei
- Department of Microbiology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Urology, Tangdu Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Bing Bai
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
| | - Yong Huang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, China.
| | - Hai Zhang
- Laboratory Animal Center, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China.
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43
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Mao BH, Tsai JC, Chen CW, Yan SJ, Wang YJ. Mechanisms of silver nanoparticle-induced toxicity and important role of autophagy. Nanotoxicology 2016; 10:1021-40. [DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2016.1189614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Hsu Mao
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan,
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan ROC,
| | - Jui-Chen Tsai
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan ROC,
| | - Chun-Wan Chen
- Institute of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Ministry of Labor, Sijhih District, New Taipei City, Taiwan ROC,
| | - Shian-Jang Yan
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan ROC,
| | - Ying-Jan Wang
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan,
- Department of Biomedical Informatics, Asia University, Wufeng District, Taichung City, Taiwan ROC,
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan ROC
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44
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Jeon YM, Lee MY. Airborne nanoparticles (PM0.1 ) induce autophagic cell death of human neuronal cells. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 36:1332-42. [PMID: 27080386 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Airborne nanoparticles PM0.1 (<100 nm in diameter) were collected and their chemical composition was determined. Al was by far the most abundant metal in the PM0.1 followed by Zn, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb and Ni. Exposure to PM0.1 resulted in a cell viability decrease in human neuronal cells SH-SY5Y in a concentration-dependent manner. Upon treatment with N-acetylcysteine, however, cell viability was significantly recovered, suggesting the involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Cellular DNA damage by PM0.1 was also detected by the Comet assay. PM0.1 -induced autophagic cell death was explained by an increase in the expression of microtubule-associated protein light chain 3A-ІІ (LC3A-ІІ) and autophagy-related protein Atg 3 and Atg 7. Analysis of 2-DE gels revealed that six proteins were upregulated, whereas eight proteins were downregulated by PM0.1 exposure. Neuroinflammation-related lithostathine and cyclophilin A complexed with dipeptide Gly-Pro, autophagy-related heat shock protein gp96 and neurodegeneration-related triosephosphate isomerase were significantly changed upon exposure to PM0.1 . These results, taken together, suggest that PM0.1 -induced oxidative stress via ROS generation plays a key role in autophagic cell death and differential protein expressions in SH-SY5Y cells. This might provide a plausible explanation for the underlying mechanisms of PM0.1 toxicity in neuronal cells and even the pathogenesis of diseases associated with its exposure. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Mi Jeon
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 336-745, Republic of Korea.,Korea Brain Research Institute, Research Division, Daegu, 700-010, Republic of Korea
| | - Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Science, Graduate School of Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 336-745, Republic of Korea.,Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Chungnam, 336-745, Republic of Korea
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45
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Ondrej M, Cechakova L, Durisova K, Pejchal J, Tichy A. To live or let die: Unclear task of autophagy in the radiosensitization battle. Radiother Oncol 2016; 119:265-75. [PMID: 26993419 DOI: 10.1016/j.radonc.2016.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Radiation-induced autophagy is believed to represent a radioprotective mechanism of cancer cells. Thus, its inhibition should support radiation treatment and increase its efficacy. On the other hand, there is evidence that radiation alone or in combination with various chemical agents can induce autophagy that results into increased cell death, especially within transformed apoptosis-resistant cells. In this paper, besides description of autophagic process and its relation to cancer and radiotherapy, we compared two contradictory radiosensitization approaches that employ inhibition and induction of autophagy. In spite of the classical concept based on cytoprotective model, there is a plethora of recently developed inducers of autophagy, which indicates the future trend in radiosensitization via modulation of autophagy. Because contemporary literature is conflicting and inconsistent in this respect, we reviewed the recent studies focused on enhancement of sensitivity of cancer cells toward radiation in regard to autophagy, revealing some striking discrepancies. The deeper the knowledge, the more complex this situation is. To interpret results of various studies correctly one has to take into account the methodology of autophagy assessment and also the fact that radiosensitization might be mediated by other than intrinsic mechanisms related to autophagy. Notwithstanding, targeting autophagy remains an attractive anti-tumor strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Ondrej
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cechakova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Durisova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jaroslav Pejchal
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ales Tichy
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences in Hradec Kralove, University of Defense in Brno, Czech Republic; Centre of Biomedical Research, University Hospital, Hradec Kralove, Czech Republic.
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46
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Chowdhari S, Saini N. Gene expression profiling reveals the role of RIG1 like receptor signaling in p53 dependent apoptosis induced by PUVA in keratinocytes. Cell Signal 2016; 28:25-33. [PMID: 26518362 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 10/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Photochemotherapy using 8-methoxypsoralen in combination with UVA radiation (PUVA) is an effective treatment for various skin dermatosis including psoriasis however its molecular mechanism is not clear. Previously we demonstrated that PUVA differentially regulates miRNA expression profile with a significant up-regulation of hsa-miR-4516. To study in detail the molecular mechanism of PUVA in keratinocytes, we investigated the genome wide transcriptomic changes using Illumina whole genome gene expression beadchip. Microarray analysis revealed 1932 differentially expressed gene and their Insilico analysis revealed Retinoic Acid Inducible Gene-I (RIG-1) signaling, apoptosis and p53 pathway to be associated with PUVA induced effects. We demonstrate that miR-4516 mediated down-regulation of UBE2N promotes p53 nuclear translocation and pro-apoptotic activity of PUVA is independent of IRF3 but is mediated by the RIG-I in a p53 and NFκB dependent manner. Additionally, PUVA inactivated the AKT/mTOR pathway in concert with inhibition of autophagy and suppressed cell migration. Taken together this study broadens our understanding about the mechanism of action of PUVA providing possible new strategy targeting proapoptotic function of RIG-1, a regulator of innate immune response or p53 for psoriasis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shruti Chowdhari
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi -110007, India
| | - Neeru Saini
- Functional Genomics Unit, CSIR-Institute of Genomics and Integrative Biology, Mall Road, Delhi -110007, India.
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47
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Radad K, Moldzio R, Al-Shraim M, Kranner B, Krewenka C, Rausch WD. Recent advances in autophagy-based neuroprotection. Expert Rev Neurother 2015; 15:195-205. [PMID: 25614954 DOI: 10.1586/14737175.2015.1002087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Macroautophagy is a highly regulated intracellular process that, under certain circumstances, delivers cytoplasmic components to the lysosomes for degradation. It consists of several sequential steps including initiation and nucleation, double membrane formation and elongation, formation and maturation of autophagosomes and finally autophagosomes/lysosomes fusion and degradation of intra-autophagosomal contents by lysosomal enzymes. After decades of considering autophagy as a cell death pathway, it has recently been shown to have a survival function through clearing of protein aggregates and damaged cytoplasmic organelles in response to a variety of stress conditions. Most recently, there is increasing evidence from literature revealing that autophagy induction may combat neurodegeneration. In the light of this, our current review tried to address the recent advances in the role of induced autophagy in neuroprotection with a particular focus on its contribution in the most common neurodegenerative disorders like Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khaled Radad
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut 71526, Egypt
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48
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Zajdel A, Wilczok A, Tarkowski M. Toxic effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in human lung A549 cells. Toxicol In Vitro 2015; 30:486-91. [PMID: 26381084 DOI: 10.1016/j.tiv.2015.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Revised: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/12/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
N-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), particularly eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6) are crucial for the prevention of lung cancer. PUFAs may act through alteration of membrane fluidity and cell surface receptor functions; modulation of cyclooxygenase activity; and increased cellular oxidative stress, which may induce apoptosis and autophagy. Therefore the aim of the study was to investigate whether EPA and DHA (25-100 μM) are able to reduce human lung cancer cell growth through oxidative stress influence on autophagy and apoptosis. It was found that both EPA and DHA in the concentration-dependent manner suppressed the cell viability, enhanced cell death, induced activation of caspase-3/7 and potentiated intracellular oxidative DNA and protein damage. In response to PUFAs intracellular autophagic vacuolization occurred and the observed effect was reverted when the autophagy inhibitor 3-methyladenine (3-MA) was applied. The inhibition of the autophagic process enhanced the cell viability, suppressed cell death, and decreased activation of caspase-3/7 indicating that EPA and DHA-induced autophagy amplified A549 apoptotic cell death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicja Zajdel
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Biopharmacy, Sosnowiec, Poland.
| | - Adam Wilczok
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Biopharmacy, Sosnowiec, Poland
| | - Michał Tarkowski
- Medical University of Silesia, School of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine in Sosnowiec, Department of Biopharmacy, Sosnowiec, Poland
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Rhus coriaria induces senescence and autophagic cell death in breast cancer cells through a mechanism involving p38 and ERK1/2 activation. Sci Rep 2015; 5:13013. [PMID: 26263881 PMCID: PMC4532997 DOI: 10.1038/srep13013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we investigated the anticancer effect of Rhus coriaria on three breast cancer cell lines. We demonstrated that Rhus coriaria ethanolic extract (RCE) inhibits the proliferation of these cell lines in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. RCE induced senescence and cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. These changes were concomitant with upregulation of p21, downregulation of cyclin D1, p27, PCNA, c-myc, phospho-RB and expression of senescence-associated β-galactosidase activity. No proliferative recovery was detected after RCE removal. Annexin V staining and PARP cleavage analysis revealed a minimal induction of apoptosis in MDA-MB-231 cells. Electron microscopy revealed the presence of autophagic vacuoles in RCE-treated cells. Interestingly, blocking autophagy by 3-methyladenine (3-MA) or chloroquine (CQ) reduced RCE-induced cell death and senescence. RCE was also found to activate p38 and ERK1/2 signaling pathways which coincided with induction of autophagy. Furthermore, we found that while both autophagy inhibitors abolished p38 phosphorylation, only CQ led to significant decrease in pERK1/2. Finally, RCE induced DNA damage and reduced mutant p53, two events that preceded autophagy. Our findings provide strong evidence that R. coriaria possesses strong anti-breast cancer activity through induction of senescence and autophagic cell death, making it a promising alternative or adjunct therapeutic candidate against breast cancer.
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Jia J, Le W. Molecular network of neuronal autophagy in the pathophysiology and treatment of depression. Neurosci Bull 2015; 31:427-34. [PMID: 26254058 PMCID: PMC5563719 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-015-1548-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is a complicated multifactorial induced disease, characterized by depressed mood, anhedonia, fatigue, and altered cognitive function. Recently, many studies have shown that antidepressants regulate autophagy. In fact, autophagy, a conserved lysosomal degradation pathway, is essential for the central nervous system. Dysregulation of autophagic pathways, such as the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway and the beclin pathway, has been studied in neurodegenerative diseases. However, autophagy in MDD has not been fully studied. Here, we discuss whether the dysregulation of autophagy contributes to the pathophysiology and treatment of MDD and summarize the current evidence that shows the involvement of autophagy in MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack Jia
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center of Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA USA
- New Jersey Medical Institute, Trenton, NJ USA
| | - Weidong Le
- Center for Translational Research on Neurological Disease, First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian, 116011 China
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