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Morales-Primo AU, Becker I, Pedraza-Zamora CP, Zamora-Chimal J. Th17 Cell and Inflammatory Infiltrate Interactions in Cutaneous Leishmaniasis: Unraveling Immunopathogenic Mechanisms. Immune Netw 2024; 24:e14. [PMID: 38725676 PMCID: PMC11076297 DOI: 10.4110/in.2024.24.e14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/26/2024] [Accepted: 03/06/2024] [Indexed: 05/12/2024] Open
Abstract
The inflammatory response during cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) involves immune and non-immune cell cooperation to contain and eliminate Leishmania parasites. The orchestration of these responses is coordinated primarily by CD4+ T cells; however, the disease outcome depends on the Th cell predominant phenotype. Although Th1 and Th2 phenotypes are the most addressed as steers for the resolution or perpetuation of the disease, Th17 cell activities, especially IL-17 release, are recognized to be vital during CL development. Th17 cells perform vital functions during both acute and chronic phases of CL. Overall, Th17 cells induce the migration of phagocytes (neutrophils, macrophages) to the infection site and CD8+ T cells and NK cell activation. They also provoke granzyme and perforin secretion from CD8+ T cells, macrophage differentiation towards an M2 phenotype, and expansion of B and Treg cells. Likewise, immune cells from the inflammatory infiltrate have modulatory activities over Th17 cells involving their differentiation from naive CD4+ T cells and further expansion by generating a microenvironment rich in optimal cytokines such as IL-1β, TGF-β, IL-6, and IL-21. Th17 cell activities and synergies are crucial for the resistance of the infection during the early and acute stages; however, if unchecked, Th17 cells might lead to a chronic stage. This review discusses the synergies between Th17 cells and the inflammatory infiltrate and how these interactions might destine the course of CL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abraham U. Morales-Primo
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Ingeborg Becker
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
| | - Claudia Patricia Pedraza-Zamora
- Laboratorio de Biología Periodontal y Tejidos Mineralizados, División de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, México
| | - Jaime Zamora-Chimal
- Laboratorio de Inmunoparasitología, Unidad de Investigación en Medicina Experimental, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital General de México, Mexico City 06720, México
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Veshkini A, Dengler F, Bachmann L, Liermann W, Helm C, Ulrich R, Delling C, Kühn C, Hammon HM. Cryptosporidium parvum infection alters the intestinal mucosa transcriptome in neonatal calves: implications for immune function. Front Immunol 2024; 15:1351427. [PMID: 38318169 PMCID: PMC10839036 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2024.1351427] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024] Open
Abstract
One of the leading causes of infectious diarrhea in newborn calves is the apicomplexan protozoan Cryptosporidium parvum (C. parvum). However, little is known about its immunopathogenesis. Using next generation sequencing, this study investigated the immune transcriptional response to C. parvum infection in neonatal calves. Neonatal male Holstein-Friesian calves were either orally infected (N = 5) or not (CTRL group, N = 5) with C. parvum oocysts (gp60 subtype IIaA15G2R1) at day 1 of life and slaughtered on day 7 after infection. Total RNA was extracted from the jejunal mucosa for short read. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between infected and CTRL groups were assessed using DESeq2 at a false discovery rate < 0.05. Infection did not affect plasma immunohematological parameters, including neutrophil, lymphocyte, monocyte, leucocyte, thrombocyte, and erythrocyte counts as well as hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration on day 7 post infection. The immune-related DEGs were selected according to the UniProt immune system process database and were used for gene ontology (GO) and pathway enrichment analysis using Cytoscape (v3.9.1). Based on GO analysis, DEGs annotated to mucosal immunity, recognizing and presenting antigens, chemotaxis of neutrophils, eosinophils, natural killer cells, B and T cells mediated by signaling pathways including toll like receptors, interleukins, tumor necrosis factor, T cell receptor, and NF-KB were upregulated, while markers of macrophages chemotaxis and cytosolic pattern recognition were downregulated. This study provides a holistic snapshot of immune-related pathways induced by C. parvum in calves, including novel and detailed feedback and feedforward regulatory mechanisms establishing the crosstalk between innate and adaptive immune response in neonate calves, which could be utilized further to develop new therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Veshkini
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Franziska Dengler
- Institute of Physiology, Pathophysiology and Biophysics, University of Veterinary Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Lisa Bachmann
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agriculture and Food Science, University of Applied Science Neubrandenburg, Neubrandenburg, Germany
| | - Wendy Liermann
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Christiane Helm
- Institutue for Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Reiner Ulrich
- Institutue for Veterinary Pathology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Cora Delling
- Institute of Veterinary Parasitology, Leipzig University, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Christa Kühn
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Agricultural and Environmental Faculty, University Rostock, Rostock, Germany
| | - Harald M. Hammon
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
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Mandala WL, Harawa V, Dzinjalamala F, Tembo D. The role of different components of the immune system against Plasmodium falciparum malaria: Possible contribution towards malaria vaccine development. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2021; 246:111425. [PMID: 34666102 PMCID: PMC8655617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2021.111425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Plasmodium falciparum malaria still remains a major global public health challenge with over 220 million new cases and well over 400,000 deaths annually. Most of the deaths occur in sub-Saharan Africa which bears 90 % of the malaria cases. Such high P. falciparum malaria-related morbidity and mortality rates pose a huge burden on the health and economic wellbeing of the countries affected. Lately, substantial gains have been made in reducing malaria morbidity and mortality through intense malaria control initiatives such as use of effective antimalarials, intensive distribution and use of insecticide-treated nets (ITNs), and implementation of massive indoor residual spraying (IRS) campaigns. However, these gains are being threatened by widespread resistance of the parasite to antimalarials, and the vector to insecticides. Over the years the use of vaccines has proven to be the most reliable, cost-effective and efficient method for controlling the burden and spread of many infectious diseases, especially in resource poor settings with limited public health infrastructure. Nonetheless, this had not been the case with malaria until the most promising malaria vaccine candidate, RTS,S/AS01, was approved for pilot implementation programme in three African countries in 2015. This was regarded as the most important breakthrough in the fight against malaria. However, RTS,S/AS01 has been found to have some limitations, the main ones being low efficacy in certain age groups, poor immunogenicity and need for almost three boosters to attain a reasonable efficacy. Thus, the search for a more robust and effective malaria vaccine still continues and a better understanding of naturally acquired immune responses to the various stages, including the transmissible stages of the parasite, could be crucial in rational vaccine design. This review therefore compiles what is currently known about the basic biology of P. falciparum and the natural malaria immune response against malaria and progress made towards vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wilson L Mandala
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi; Malawi Liverpool Wellcome Trust, Blantyre, Malawi.
| | | | - Fraction Dzinjalamala
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Malawi University of Science and Technology, Thyolo, Malawi
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Chulanetra M, Chaicumpa W. Revisiting the Mechanisms of Immune Evasion Employed by Human Parasites. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:702125. [PMID: 34395313 PMCID: PMC8358743 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.702125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
For the establishment of a successful infection, i.e., long-term parasitism and a complete life cycle, parasites use various diverse mechanisms and factors, which they may be inherently bestowed with, or may acquire from the natural vector biting the host at the infection prelude, or may take over from the infecting host, to outmaneuver, evade, overcome, and/or suppress the host immunity, both innately and adaptively. This narrative review summarizes the up-to-date strategies exploited by a number of representative human parasites (protozoa and helminths) to counteract the target host immune defense. The revisited information should be useful for designing diagnostics and therapeutics as well as vaccines against the respective parasitic infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monrat Chulanetra
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Dieng MM, Diawara A, Manikandan V, Tamim El Jarkass H, Sermé SS, Sombié S, Barry A, Coulibaly SA, Diarra A, Drou N, Arnoux M, Yousif A, Tiono AB, Sirima SB, Soulama I, Idaghdour Y. Integrative genomic analysis reveals mechanisms of immune evasion in P. falciparum malaria. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5093. [PMID: 33037226 PMCID: PMC7547729 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18915-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms behind the ability of Plasmodium falciparum to evade host immune system are poorly understood and are a major roadblock in achieving malaria elimination. Here, we use integrative genomic profiling and a longitudinal pediatric cohort in Burkina Faso to demonstrate the role of post-transcriptional regulation in host immune response in malaria. We report a strong signature of miRNA expression differentiation associated with P. falciparum infection (127 out of 320 miRNAs, B-H FDR 5%) and parasitemia (72 miRNAs, B-H FDR 5%). Integrative miRNA-mRNA analysis implicates several infection-responsive miRNAs (e.g., miR-16-5p, miR-15a-5p and miR-181c-5p) promoting lymphocyte cell death. miRNA cis-eQTL analysis using whole-genome sequencing data identified 1,376 genetic variants associated with the expression of 34 miRNAs (B-H FDR 5%). We report a protective effect of rs114136945 minor allele on parasitemia mediated through miR-598-3p expression. These results highlight the impact of post-transcriptional regulation, immune cell death processes and host genetic regulatory control in malaria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mame Massar Dieng
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Aïssatou Diawara
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Vinu Manikandan
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Hala Tamim El Jarkass
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Samuel Sindié Sermé
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Salif Sombié
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Aïssata Barry
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | | | - Amidou Diarra
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Nizar Drou
- Bioinformatics Core, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Marc Arnoux
- Core Technology Platforms, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Ayman Yousif
- Bioinformatics Core, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE
| | - Alfred B Tiono
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Sodiomon B Sirima
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
- Groupe de Recherche Action en Santé, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Issiaka Soulama
- Centre National de Recherche et de Formation sur le Paludisme, Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
| | - Youssef Idaghdour
- Program in Biology, Division of Science and Mathematics, New York University Abu Dhabi, Abu Dhabi, UAE.
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Human B cells infected by Trypanosoma cruzi undergo F-actin disruption and cell death via caspase-7 activation and cleavage of phospholipase Cγ1. Immunobiology 2020; 225:151904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.151904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 01/08/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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T. cruzi infection among aged rats: Melatonin as a promising therapeutic molecule. Exp Gerontol 2020; 135:110922. [PMID: 32151734 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Although T. cruzi was identified as the cause of Chagas disease more than 100 years ago, satisfactory treatments still do not exist, especially for chronic disease. Here we review work suggesting that melatonin could have promise as a Chagas therapeutic. Melatonin has remarkably diverse actions. It is an immunomodulator, an anti-inflammatory, an antioxidant, a free radical scavenger, and has antiapoptotic and anti-aging effects. The elderly (aged 60 years or more) as a group are growing faster than any other age group. Here we discuss the major effects and the mechanisms of action of melatonin on aged T. cruzi-infected rats. Melatonin's protective effects may be consequences of its cooperative antioxidant and immunomodulatory actions. Melatonin modulates oxidative damage, inducing an antioxidant response and reversing age-related thymus regression. Its protective actions could be the result of its anti-apoptotic activity, and by its counteracting the excessive production of corticosterone. This review describes our work showing that host age plays an important and variable influence on the progression of systemic T. cruzi infection and supporting the hypothesis that melatonin should be considered as a powerful therapeutic compound with multiple activities that can improve host homeostasis during experimental T. cruzi infection.
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Korytář T, Wiegertjes GF, Zusková E, Tomanová A, Lisnerová M, Patra S, Sieranski V, Šíma R, Born-Torrijos A, Wentzel AS, Blasco-Monleon S, Yanes-Roca C, Policar T, Holzer AS. The kinetics of cellular and humoral immune responses of common carp to presporogonic development of the myxozoan Sphaerospora molnari. Parasit Vectors 2019; 12:208. [PMID: 31060624 PMCID: PMC6501462 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-019-3462-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sphaerospora molnari is a myxozoan parasite causing skin and gill sphaerosporosis in common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in central Europe. For most myxozoans, little is known about the early development and the expansion of the infection in the fish host, prior to spore formation. A major reason for this lack of information is the absence of laboratory model organisms, whose life-cycle stages are available throughout the year. RESULTS We have established a laboratory infection model for early proliferative stages of myxozoans, based on separation and intraperitoneal injection of motile and dividing S. molnari stages isolated from the blood of carp. In the present study we characterize the kinetics of the presporogonic development of S. molnari, while analyzing cellular host responses, cytokine and systemic immunoglobulin expression, over a 63-day period. Our study shows activation of innate immune responses followed by B cell-mediated immune responses. We observed rapid parasite efflux from the peritoneal cavity (< 40 hours), an initial covert infection period with a moderate proinflammatory response for about 1-2 weeks, followed by a period of parasite multiplication in the blood which peaked at 28 days post-infection (dpi) and was associated with a massive lymphocyte response. Our data further revealed a switch to a massive anti-inflammatory response (up to 1456-fold expression of il-10), a strong increase in the expression of IgM transcripts and increased number of IgM+ B lymphocytes, which produce specific antibodies for the elimination of most of the parasites from the fish at 35 dpi. However, despite the presence of these antibodies, S. molnari invades the liver 42 dpi, where an increase in parasite cell number and indistinguishable outer cell membranes are indicative of effective exploitation and disguise mechanisms. From 49 dpi onwards, the acute infection changes to a chronic one, with low parasite numbers remaining in the fish. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first time myxozoan early development and immune modulation mechanisms have been analyzed along with innate and adaptive immune responses of its fish host, in a controlled laboratory system. Our study adds important information on host-parasite interaction and co-evolutionary adaptation of early metazoans (Cnidaria) with basic vertebrate (fish) immune systems and the evolution of host adaptation and parasite immune evasion strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Korytář
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Geert F. Wiegertjes
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Eliška Zusková
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Anna Tomanová
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Lisnerová
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Sneha Patra
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Viktor Sieranski
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
- Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Johannes Kepler University, Linz, Austria
| | - Radek Šíma
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Ana Born-Torrijos
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Annelieke S. Wentzel
- Cell Biology and Immunology Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Wageningen University & Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Sandra Blasco-Monleon
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Carlos Yanes-Roca
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tomáš Policar
- Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Astrid S. Holzer
- Institute of Parasitology, Biology, Centre of the Czech Academy of Sciences, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
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Suntararuks S, Worasuttayangkurn L, Akanimanee J, Suriyo T, Nookabkaew S, Srisamut N, Visitnonthachai D, Watcharasit P, Satayavivad J. Sodium arsenite exposure impairs B cell proliferation and enhances vascular inflammation in Plasmodium berghei mouse model. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 66:7-13. [PMID: 30593951 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2018.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Arsenic exposure has been linked to an impaired immune response and inflammation. Our study investigated the effects of sodium arsenite on host immune response and vascular inflammation during malarial infection. Mice were divided into three groups: control (C), Plasmodium berghei infection (I) and sodium arsenite exposure with Plasmodium berghei infection (As-I). The results showed that splenocyte proliferation stimulated by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was suppressed in the I group, and the suppression was more pronounced in the As-I group, suggesting that acquired immunity in infected mice was worsening following arsenic exposure. ICAM-1, an adhesion protein involved in parasite-infected red blood cell (iRBC) binding to endothelium, and HIF-1α, a hypoxia marker protein in the descending aorta, were increased in the As-I group compared to the I group. Collectively, our results suggest that arsenic may increase host susceptibility to malaria through suppression of B cell proliferation and enhancement of adhesion between iRBC and endothelium by increasing ICAM-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumitra Suntararuks
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Jaratluck Akanimanee
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Tawit Suriyo
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Sumontha Nookabkaew
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | - Nujorn Srisamut
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand
| | | | - Piyajit Watcharasit
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Jutamaad Satayavivad
- Laboratory of Pharmacology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), Office of Higher Education Commission, Ministry of Education, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
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Chu KA, Chen W, Hsu CY, Hung YM, Wei JCC. Increased risk of rheumatoid arthritis among patients with Mycoplasma pneumonia: A nationwide population-based cohort study in Taiwan. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0210750. [PMID: 30640923 PMCID: PMC6331094 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0210750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective An association between Mycoplasma pneumonia (MP) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) had been reported in animal studies for decades. However, clinical evidence for this association is lacking. Therefore, this study aimed to provide epidemiologic evidence to clarify the relationship between MP and development of RA. Methods This 13-year nationwide, population-based, retrospective cohort study analyzed the risk of RA in a cohort of MP patients. We cross linked and compared the database of those with catastrophic illnesses to make sure the diagnoses of RA are correctly labeled. We selected 116,053 hospitalized patients diagnosed with MP between 2000 and 2012 from the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database and 464,212 matched controls at a 1:4 ratio by age, gender, and index year, in relation to the risk of developing RA. The follow-up period referred to the initial diagnosis of MP until the date of RA diagnosis, censoring of RA, or 31st December 2013. The Cox proportional hazard model was used to analyze the association between MP and incidence of RA among patients with different potential risks. Results The adjusted hazard ratio (HR) for incidental RA in the MP group was 1.37 (95% confidence interval CI = 0.87–2.16), compared to non-MP controls. Stratified analysis revealed that the adjusted HR was 3.05 (95% CI = 1.16–7.99, p = 0.02) in a subgroup of patients over the age of 65.The adjusted HR of RA for the MP group among aged ≦19 years and ≥ 65 years was 3.19 (95% CI = 1.04.9.76) and 4.14 (95% CI = 1.27,13.4) within the first 2 years of follow-up. Conclusion This cohort study demonstrated that patients with MP had a higher risk of developing RA, especially in the first 2 years, in those aged younger than 19 and over 65.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-An Chu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Chest Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Shu-Zen Junior College of Medicine and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Weishan Chen
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chung Y. Hsu
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yao-Min Hung
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Yuhing Junior College of Health Care and Management, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - James Cheng-Chung Wei
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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Acevedo GR, Girard MC, Gómez KA. The Unsolved Jigsaw Puzzle of the Immune Response in Chagas Disease. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1929. [PMID: 30197647 PMCID: PMC6117404 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi interacts with the different arms of the innate and adaptive host's immune response in a very complex and flowery manner. The history of host-parasite co-evolution has provided this protozoan with means of resisting, escaping or subverting the mechanisms of immunity and establishing a chronic infection. Despite many decades of research on the subject, the infection remains incurable, and the factors that steer chronic Chagas disease from an asymptomatic state to clinical onset are still unclear. As the relationship between T. cruzi and the host immune system is intricate, so is the amount and diversity of scientific knowledge on the matter. Many of the mechanisms of immunity are fairly well understood, but unveiling the factors that lead each of these to success or failure, within the coordinated response as a whole, requires further research. The intention behind this Review is to compile the available information on the different aspects of the immune response, with an emphasis on those phenomena that have been studied and confirmed in the human host. For ease of comprehension, it has been subdivided in sections that cover the main humoral and cell-mediated components involved therein. However, we also intend to underline that these elements are not independent, but function intimately and concertedly. Here, we summarize years of investigation carried out to unravel the puzzling interplay between the host and the parasite.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Karina A. Gómez
- Laboratorio de Inmunología de las Infecciones por Tripanosomátidos, Instituto de Investigaciones en Ingeniería Genética y Biología Molecular (INGEBI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Abos B, Estensoro I, Perdiguero P, Faber M, Hu Y, Díaz Rosales P, Granja AG, Secombes CJ, Holland JW, Tafalla C. Dysregulation of B Cell Activity During Proliferative Kidney Disease in Rainbow Trout. Front Immunol 2018; 9:1203. [PMID: 29904385 PMCID: PMC5990594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.01203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proliferative kidney disease (PKD) is a widespread disease caused by the endoparasite Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae (Myxozoa: Malacosporea). Clinical disease, provoked by the proliferation of extrasporogonic parasite stages, is characterized by a chronic kidney pathology with underlying transcriptional changes indicative of altered B cell responses and dysregulated T-helper cell-like activities. Despite the relevance of PKD to European and North American salmonid aquaculture, no studies, to date, have focused on further characterizing the B cell response during the course of this disease. Thus, in this work, we have studied the behavior of diverse B cell populations in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) naturally infected with T. bryosalmonae at different stages of preclinical and clinical disease. Our results show a clear upregulation of all trout immunoglobulins (Igs) (IgM, IgD, and IgT) demonstrated by immunohistochemistry and Western blot analysis, suggesting the alteration of diverse B cell populations that coexist in the infected kidney. Substantial changes in IgM, IgD, and IgT repertoires were also identified throughout the course of the disease further pointing to the involvement of the three Igs in PKD through what appear to be independently regulated mechanisms. Thus, our results provide strong evidence of the involvement of IgD in the humoral response to a specific pathogen for the first time in teleosts. Nevertheless, it was IgT, a fish-specific Ig isotype thought to be specialized in mucosal immunity, which seemed to play a prevailing role in the kidney response to T. bryosalmonae. We found that IgT was the main Ig coating extrasporogonic parasite stages, IgT+ B cells were the main B cell subset that proliferated in the kidney with increasing kidney pathology, and IgT was the Ig for which more significant changes in repertoire were detected. Hence, although our results demonstrate a profound dysregulation of different B cell subsets during PKD, they point to a major involvement of IgT in the immune response to the parasite. These results provide further insights into the pathology of PKD that may facilitate the future development of control strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz Abos
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Itziar Estensoro
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain.,Fish Pathology Group, Institute of Aquaculture Torre de la Sal (IATS-CSIC) Castellón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Pedro Perdiguero
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marc Faber
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Yehfang Hu
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | | | - Aitor G Granja
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
| | - Christopher J Secombes
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Jason W Holland
- Scottish Fish Immunology Research Centre, Institute of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Carolina Tafalla
- Centro de Investigación en Sanidad Animal (CISA-INIA), Madrid, Spain
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Abstract
The two ligands B cell-activating factor of the tumor necrosis factor family (BAFF) and a proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and the three receptors BAFF receptor (BAFF-R), transmembrane activator and calcium-modulating cyclophilin ligand interactor (TACI), and B cell maturation antigen (BCMA) are members of the "BAFF system molecules." BAFF system molecules are primarily involved in B cell homeostasis. The relevance of BAFF system molecules in host responses to microbial assaults has been investigated in clinical studies and in mice deficient for each of these molecules. Many microbial products modulate the expression of these molecules. Data from clinical studies suggest a correlation between increased expression levels of BAFF system molecules and elevated B cell responses. Depending on the pathogen, heightened B cell responses may strengthen the host response or promote susceptibility. Whereas pathogen-mediated increases in the expression levels of the ligands and/or the receptors appear to promote microbial clearance, certain pathogens have evolved to ablate B cell responses by suppressing the expression of TACI and/or BAFF-R on B cells. Other than its well-established role in B cell responses, the TACI-mediated activation of macrophages is also implicated in resistance to intracellular pathogens. An improved understanding of the role that BAFF system molecules play in infection may assist in devising novel strategies for vaccine development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiro Sakai
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
| | - Mustafa Akkoyunlu
- Laboratory of Bacterial Polysaccharides, Division of Bacterial Parasitic and Allergenic Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, Maryland, USA
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Soares RR, Antinarelli LMR, Abramo C, Macedo GC, Coimbra ES, Scopel KKG. What do we know about the role of regulatory B cells (Breg) during the course of infection of two major parasitic diseases, malaria and leishmaniasis? Pathog Glob Health 2017; 111:107-115. [PMID: 28353409 PMCID: PMC5445636 DOI: 10.1080/20477724.2017.1308902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Parasitic diseases, such as malaria and leishmaniasis, are relevant public health problems worldwide. For both diseases, the alarming number of clinical cases and deaths reported annually has justified the incentives directed to better understanding of host's factors associated with susceptibility to infection or protection. In this context, over recent years, some studies have given special attention to B lymphocytes with a regulator phenotype, known as Breg cells. Essentially important in the maintenance of immunological tolerance, especially in autoimmune disease models such as rheumatoid arthritis and experimentally induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis, the function of these lymphocytes has so far been poorly explored during the course of diseases caused by parasites. As the activation of Breg cells has been proposed as a possible therapeutic or vaccine strategy against several diseases, here we reviewed studies focused on understanding the relation of parasite and Breg cells in malaria and leishmaniasis, and the possible implications of these strategies in the course of both infections.
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Savsek L, Opaskar TR. Cerebral toxoplasmosis in a diffuse large B cell lymphoma patient. Radiol Oncol 2016; 50:87-93. [PMID: 27069454 PMCID: PMC4825343 DOI: 10.1515/raon-2014-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Toxoplasmosis is an opportunistic protozoal infection that has, until now, probably been an underestimated cause of encephalitis in patients with hematological malignancies, independent of stem cell or bone marrow transplant. T and B cell depleting regimens are probably an important risk factor for reactivation of a latent toxoplasma infection in these patients. Case report We describe a 62-year-old HIV-negative right-handed Caucasian female with systemic diffuse large B cell lymphoma who presented with sudden onset of high fever, headache, altered mental status, ataxia and findings of pancytopenia, a few days after receiving her final, 8th cycle of rituximab, cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, prednisolone (R-CHOP) chemotherapy regimen. A progression of lymphoma to the central nervous system was suspected. MRI of the head revealed multiple on T2 and fluid attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) hyperintense parenchymal lesions with mild surrounding edema, located in both cerebral and cerebellar hemispheres that demonstrated moderate gadolinium enhancement. The polymerase chain reaction on cerebrospinal fluid (CSF PCR) was positive for Toxoplasma gondii. The patient was diagnosed with toxoplasmic encephalitis and successfully treated with sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine and folic acid. Due to the need for maintenance therapy with rituximab for lymphoma remission, the patient now continues with secondary prophylaxis of toxoplasmosis. Conclusions With this case report, we wish to emphasize the need to consider cerebral toxoplasmosis in patients with hematological malignancies on immunosuppressive therapy when presenting with new neurologic deficits. In such patients, there are numerous differential diagnoses for cerebral toxoplasmosis, and the CNS lymphoma is the most difficult among all to distinguish it from. If left untreated, cerebral toxoplasmosis has a high mortality rate; therefore early recognition and treatment are of essential importance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lina Savsek
- Department of Neurology, General Hospital Celje, Celje, Slovenia
| | - Tanja Ros Opaskar
- Unit of Neurology, Institute of Oncology Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Cardillo F, de Pinho RT, Antas PRZ, Mengel J. Immunity and immune modulation in Trypanosoma cruzi infection. Pathog Dis 2015; 73:ftv082. [PMID: 26438729 DOI: 10.1093/femspd/ftv082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chagas disease is caused by the protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi. The parasite reaches the secondary lymphoid organs, the heart, skeletal muscles, neurons in the intestine and esophagus among other tissues. The disease is characterized by mega syndromes, which may affect the esophagus, the colon and the heart, in about 30% of infected people. The clinical manifestations associated with T. cruzi infection during the chronic phase of the disease are dependent on complex interactions between the parasite and the host tissues, particularly the lymphoid system that may either result in a balanced relationship with no disease or in an unbalanced relationship that follows an inflammatory response to parasite antigens and associated tissues in some of the host organs and/or by an autoimmune response to host antigens. This review discusses the findings that support the notion of an integrated immune response, considering the innate and adaptive arms of the immune system in the control of parasite numbers and also the mechanisms proposed to regulate the immune response in order to tolerate the remaining parasite load, during the chronic phase of infection. This knowledge is fundamental to the understanding of the disease progression and is essential for the development of novel therapies and vaccine strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabíola Cardillo
- Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Bahia, Rua Waldemar Falcão 121, Salvador 40295-001, Brazil
| | - Rosa Teixeira de Pinho
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - Paulo Renato Zuquim Antas
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil
| | - José Mengel
- Laboratório de Imunologia Clínica, Instituto Oswaldo Cruz, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, Brazil Faculty of Medicine of Petropolis, FMP-FASE, 25680-120, Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
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Severity of old world cutaneous leishmaniasis is influenced by previous exposure to sandfly bites in Saudi Arabia. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2015; 9:e0003449. [PMID: 25646796 PMCID: PMC4315490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0003449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The sandfly Phlebotomus papatasi is the vector of Leishmania major, the main causative agent of Old World cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) in Saudi Arabia. Sandflies inject saliva while feeding and the salivary protein PpSP32 was previously shown to be a biomarker for bite exposure. Here we used recombinant PpSP32 to evaluate human exposure to Ph. papatasi bites, and study the association between antibody response to saliva and CL in endemic areas in Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS In this observational study, anti-PpSP32 antibodies, as indicators of exposure to sandfly bites, were measured in sera from healthy individuals and patients from endemic regions in Saudi Arabia with active and cured CL. Ph. papatasi was identified as the primary CL vector in the study area. Anti-PpSP32 antibody levels were significantly higher in CL patients presenting active infections from all geographical regions compared to CL cured and healthy individuals. Furthermore, higher anti-PpSP32 antibody levels correlated with the prevalence and type of CL lesions (nodular vs. papular) observed in patients, especially non-local construction workers. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a possible correlation between the type of immunity generated by the exposure to sandfly bites and disease outcome.
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Trypanosoma cruzi infection in genetically selected mouse lines: genetic linkage with quantitative trait locus controlling antibody response. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:952857. [PMID: 25197170 PMCID: PMC4146349 DOI: 10.1155/2014/952857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2014] [Revised: 07/15/2014] [Accepted: 07/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Trypanosoma cruzi infection was studied in mouse lines selected for maximal (AIRmax) or minimal (AIRmin) acute inflammatory reaction and for high (HIII) or low (LIII) antibody (Ab) responses to complex antigens. Resistance was associated with gender (females) and strain—the high responder lines AIRmax and HIII were resistant. The higher resistance of HIII as compared to LIII mice extended to higher infective doses and was correlated with enhanced production of IFN-γ and nitric oxide production by peritoneal and lymph node cells, in HIII males and females. We also analyzed the involvement of previously mapped Ab and T. cruzi response QTL with the survival of Selection III mice to T. cruzi infections in a segregating backcross [F1(HIII×LIII) ×LIII] population. An Ab production QTL marker mapping to mouse chromosome 1 (34.8 cM) significantly cosegregated with survival after acute T. cruzi infections, indicating that this region also harbors genes whose alleles modulate resistance to acute T. cruzi infection.
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Wilmore JR, Maue AC, Lefebvre JS, Haynes L, Rochford R. AcutePlasmodium chabaudiInfection Dampens Humoral Responses to a Secondary T-Dependent Antigen but Enhances Responses to a Secondary T-Independent Antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 191:4731-9. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1301450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Scholzen A, Sauerwein RW. How malaria modulates memory: activation and dysregulation of B cells in Plasmodium infection. Trends Parasitol 2013; 29:252-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2013.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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