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Panagaki T, Janickova L, Petrovic D, Zuhra K, Ditrói T, Jurányi EP, Bremer O, Ascenção K, Philipp TM, Nagy P, Filipovic MR, Szabo C. Neurobehavioral dysfunction in a mouse model of Down syndrome: upregulation of cystathionine β-synthase, H 2S overproduction, altered protein persulfidation, synaptic dysfunction, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. GeroScience 2024; 46:4275-4314. [PMID: 38558215 PMCID: PMC11336008 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-024-01146-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic condition where the person is born with an extra chromosome 21. DS is associated with accelerated aging; people with DS are prone to age-related neurological conditions including an early-onset Alzheimer's disease. Using the Dp(17)3Yey/ + mice, which overexpresses a portion of mouse chromosome 17, which encodes for the transsulfuration enzyme cystathionine β-synthase (CBS), we investigated the functional role of the CBS/hydrogen sulfide (H2S) pathway in the pathogenesis of neurobehavioral dysfunction in DS. The data demonstrate that CBS is higher in the brain of the DS mice than in the brain of wild-type mice, with primary localization in astrocytes. DS mice exhibited impaired recognition memory and spatial learning, loss of synaptosomal function, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and autophagy. Treatment of mice with aminooxyacetate, a prototypical CBS inhibitor, improved neurobehavioral function, reduced the degree of reactive gliosis in the DS brain, increased the ability of the synaptosomes to generate ATP, and reduced endoplasmic reticulum stress. H2S levels in the brain of DS mice were higher than in wild-type mice, but, unexpectedly, protein persulfidation was decreased. Many of the above alterations were more pronounced in the female DS mice. There was a significant dysregulation of metabolism in the brain of DS mice, which affected amino acid, carbohydrate, lipid, endocannabinoid, and nucleotide metabolites; some of these alterations were reversed by treatment of the mice with the CBS inhibitor. Thus, the CBS/H2S pathway contributes to the pathogenesis of neurological dysfunction in DS in the current animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodora Panagaki
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Lucia Janickova
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Dunja Petrovic
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Karim Zuhra
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Tamás Ditrói
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Eszter P Jurányi
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Semmelweis University, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Olivier Bremer
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Kelly Ascenção
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Thilo M Philipp
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Péter Nagy
- Department of Molecular Immunology and Toxicology and the National Tumor Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Oncology, Budapest, Hungary
- Department of Anatomy and Histology, HUN-REN-UVMB Laboratory of Redox Biology Research Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
- Chemistry Institute, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Milos R Filipovic
- Leibniz-Institut Für Analytische Wissenschaften-ISAS-E.V., Dortmund, Germany
| | - Csaba Szabo
- Chair of Pharmacology, Section of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Reis AL, Deus LA, Passos Neves RV, Corrêa HDL, Reis TL, Aguiar LSD, Honorato FS, Barbosa JMDS, Araújo TBD, Palmeira TRC, Simões HG, Prestes J, Sousa CV, Ide BN, Rosa TDS. Exercise-Induced Transient Oxidative Stress Is Mitigated in Down Syndrome: Insights About Redox Balance and Muscle Strength. J Strength Cond Res 2024; 38:e125-e134. [PMID: 38088925 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000004664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/29/2024]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Reis, AL, Deus, LA, Neves, RVP, Corrêa, HL Reis, TL, Aguiar, LS Honorato, FS, Barbosa, JMS, Araújo, TB, Palmeira, TRC, Simões, HG, Prestes, J, Sousa, CV, Ide, BN, and Rosa, TdS. Exercise-induced transient oxidative stress is mitigated in Down syndrome: insights about redox balance and muscle strength. J Strength Cond Res 38(3): e125-e34, 2024-This study aimed to evaluate the acute effects of a session of resistance exercise (RE) performed with elastic tubes on the redox balance and inflammatory profile in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Subjects ( n = 23) were allocated into 2 groups: individuals with DS (DS; n = 11) and individuals without DS (WDS; n = 12), who performed an acute RE session. Diagnostic assessment included medical history, anthropometric measures (body height, body mass, body mass index, and body composition assessment), biological collections, muscle strength assessments (handgrip and maximal voluntary isometric contraction tests), and exercises. The redox balance and inflammatory profile were assessed in urine and saliva samples before and after an acute RE session. There were no differences between WDS and DS groups for body composition ( p > 0.05). The DS group presented higher values pre and post an acute RE session with elastic tubes for oxidative and proinflammatory markers compared with WDS ( p < 0.05). Uric acid values increased from pre-acute RE session to post-acute RE session for WDS ( p < 0.0001). No differences were identified within groups for the delta analysis ( p > 0.05). Inverse correlations were found between total force and F2-isoprostane, 8OHdG, uric acid, allantoin, IL-6, TNF-α, and the TNF-α:IL-10 ratio. A positive correlation was found between IL-10 and total force. The DS group presented increased peak force in the knee extension and elbow flexion exercises (∼25 and 12%, respectively) but decreases in handgrip strength of ∼7%. The WDS group showed higher peak force values for knee extension, elbow flexion, and handgrip (∼16, 10, and 14%, respectively). The DS group had lower transient elevation of oxidative stress after an acute RE session compared with WDS. Oxidative stress and inflammation responses of DS to an acute RE session with elastic tubes may be insufficient to induce health adaptations for the same relative load compared with WDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Lucena Reis
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Lysleine Alves Deus
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
| | | | - Hugo de Luca Corrêa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Thaís Lucena Reis
- Medical Graduate Program of University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Sousa Honorato
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Herbert Gustavo Simões
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Jonato Prestes
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Bouve College of Health Sciences, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Bernardo Neme Ide
- Exercise Science, Health and Human Performance Research Group, Department of Sport Sciences, Institute of Health Sciences, Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro, Uberaba, Brazil
| | - Thiago Dos Santos Rosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília-DF, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Genomic Sciences and Biotechnology, Catholic University of Brasília, Brasília, Brazil
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Altuna M, Estanga A, Garrido A, Saldias J, Cañada M, Echeverria M, Larrea JÁ, Ayo P, Fiz A, Muñoz M, Santa-Inés J, García-Landarte V, García-Sebastián M. Down Syndrome-Basque Alzheimer Initiative (DS-BAI): Clinic-Biological Cohort. J Clin Med 2024; 13:1139. [PMID: 38398452 PMCID: PMC10889106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm13041139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetically determined intellectual disability. In recent decades, it has experienced an exponential increase in life expectancy, leading to a rise in age-related diseases, including Alzheimer's disease (AD). Specific health plans for the comprehensive care of the DS community are an unmet need, which is crucial for the early and accurate diagnosis of main medical comorbidities. We present the protocol of a newly created clinical and research cohort and its feasibility in real life. METHODS The Down Syndrome-Basque Alzheimer Initiative (DS-BAI) is a population-based, inclusive, multidisciplinary initiative for the clinical-assistance and clinical-biological research approach to aging in DS led by the CITA-Alzheimer Foundation (Donostia, Basque Country). It aims to achieve the following: (1) provide comprehensive care for adults with DS, (2) optimize access to rigorous and quality training for socio-family and healthcare references, and (3) create a valuable multimodal clinical-biological research platform. RESULTS During the first year, 114 adults with DS joined the initiative, with 36% of them showing symptoms indicative of AD. Furthermore, adherence to training programs for healthcare professionals and families has been high, and the willingness to collaborate in basic and translational research has been encouraging. CONCLUSION Specific health plans for DS and conducting clinical and translational research on the challenges of aging, including AD, are necessary and feasible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miren Altuna
- Fundación CITA-Alzheimer Fundazioa, 20009 Donostia, Spain
- Debabarrena Integrated Health Organization, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20690 Gipuzkoa, Spain
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbo, Spain
| | - Ainara Estanga
- Fundación CITA-Alzheimer Fundazioa, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Adolfo Garrido
- Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 Donostia, Spain
| | - Jon Saldias
- Fundación CITA-Alzheimer Fundazioa, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Marta Cañada
- Fundación CITA-Alzheimer Fundazioa, 20009 Donostia, Spain
| | - Maitane Echeverria
- Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Clinical Biochemistry Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 Donostia, Spain
| | - José Ángel Larrea
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Deusto, 48007 Bilbo, Spain
- Donostialdea Integrated Health Organisation, Radiology Department, Osakidetza Basque Health Service, 20014 Donostia, Spain
| | | | | | - María Muñoz
- Fundación Goyeneche de San Sebastián, 20018 Donostia, Spain
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Martinez JL, Piciw JG, Crockett M, Sorci IA, Makwana N, Sirois CL, Giffin-Rao Y, Bhattacharyya A. Transcriptional consequences of trisomy 21 on neural induction. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1341141. [PMID: 38357436 PMCID: PMC10865501 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1341141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Down syndrome, caused by trisomy 21, is a complex developmental disorder associated with intellectual disability and reduced growth of multiple organs. Structural pathologies are present at birth, reflecting embryonic origins. A fundamental unanswered question is how an extra copy of human chromosome 21 contributes to organ-specific pathologies that characterize individuals with Down syndrome, and, relevant to the hallmark intellectual disability in Down syndrome, how trisomy 21 affects neural development. We tested the hypothesis that trisomy 21 exerts effects on human neural development as early as neural induction. Methods Bulk RNA sequencing was performed on isogenic trisomy 21 and euploid human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) at successive stages of neural induction: embryoid bodies at Day 6, early neuroectoderm at Day 10, and differentiated neuroectoderm at Day 17. Results Gene expression analysis revealed over 1,300 differentially expressed genes in trisomy 21 cells along the differentiation pathway compared to euploid controls. Less than 5% of the gene expression changes included upregulated chromosome 21 encoded genes at every timepoint. Genes involved in specific growth factor signaling pathways (WNT and Notch), metabolism (including oxidative stress), and extracellular matrix were altered in trisomy 21 cells. Further analysis uncovered heterochronic expression of genes. Conclusion Trisomy 21 impacts discrete developmental pathways at the earliest stages of neural development. The results suggest that metabolic dysfunction arises early in embryogenesis in trisomy 21 and may affect development and function more broadly.
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Affiliation(s)
- José L. Martinez
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jennifer G. Piciw
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Medical Scientist Training Program, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Madeline Crockett
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Isabella A. Sorci
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nikunj Makwana
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Carissa L. Sirois
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | - Anita Bhattacharyya
- Waisman Center, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Cell and Regenerative Biology, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
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Buczyńska A, Sidorkiewicz I, Krętowski AJ, Zbucka-Krętowska M. The Role of Oxidative Stress in Trisomy 21 Phenotype. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:3943-3963. [PMID: 37819608 PMCID: PMC10661812 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01417-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted to gain a deeper understanding of the deregulated metabolic pathways in the development of trisomy 21 (T21) or Down syndrome. This research has shed light on the hypothesis that oxidative stress plays a significant role in the manifestation of the T21 phenotype. Although in vivo studies have shown promising results in mitigating the detrimental effects of oxidative stress, there is currently a lack of introduced antioxidant treatment options targeting cognitive impairments associated with T21. To address this gap, a comprehensive literature review was conducted to provide an updated overview of the involvement of oxidative stress in T21. The review aimed to summarize the insights into the pathogenesis of the Down syndrome phenotype and present the findings of recent innovative research that focuses on improving cognitive function in T21 through various antioxidant interventions. By examining the existing literature, this research seeks to provide a holistic understanding of the role oxidative stress plays in the development of T21 and to explore novel approaches that target multiple aspects of antioxidant intervention to improve cognitive function in individuals with Down syndrome. The guides -base systematic review process (Hutton et al. 2015).
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Affiliation(s)
- Angelika Buczyńska
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland.
| | - Iwona Sidorkiewicz
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Jacek Krętowski
- Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Sklodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland
| | - Monika Zbucka-Krętowska
- Department of Gynecological Endocrinology and Adolescent Gynecology, Medical University of Białystok, ul. M. Skłodowskiej-Curie 24a, 15-276, Białystok, Poland.
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Mrowicka M, Mrowicki J, Dragan G, Majsterek I. The importance of thiamine (vitamin B1) in humans. Biosci Rep 2023; 43:BSR20230374. [PMID: 37389565 PMCID: PMC10568373 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20230374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 06/11/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 07/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Thiamine (thiamin, B1) is a vitamin necessary for proper cell function. It exists in a free form as a thiamine, or as a mono-, di- or triphosphate. Thiamine plays a special role in the body as a coenzyme necessary for the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. In addition, it participates in the cellular respiration and oxidation of fatty acids: in malnourished people, high doses of glucose result in acute thiamine deficiency. It also participates in energy production in the mitochondria and protein synthesis. In addition, it is also needed to ensure the proper functioning of the central and peripheral nervous system, where it is involved in neurotransmitter synthesis. Its deficiency leads to mitochondrial dysfunction, lactate and pyruvate accumulation, and consequently to focal thalamic degeneration, manifested as Wernicke's encephalopathy or Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome. It can also lead to severe or even fatal neurologic and cardiovascular complications, including heart failure, neuropathy leading to ataxia and paralysis, confusion, or delirium. The most common risk factor for thiamine deficiency is alcohol abuse. This paper presents current knowledge of the biological functions of thiamine, its antioxidant properties, and the effects of its deficiency in the body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Mrowicka
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Jerzy Mrowicki
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Grzegorz Dragan
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
| | - Ireneusz Majsterek
- Małgorzata Mrowicka, Jerzy Mrowicki, Grzegorz Dragan, Ireneusz Majsterek, Department of Clinical Chemistry and Biochemistry, Medical University of Lodz, Mazowiecka 5, 92-215 Lodz, Poland
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Liu Y, Zhang Y, Ren Z, Zeng F, Yan J. RUNX1 Upregulation Causes Mitochondrial Dysfunction via Regulating the PI3K-Akt Pathway in iPSC from Patients with Down Syndrome. Mol Cells 2023; 46:219-230. [PMID: 36625318 PMCID: PMC10086551 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2023.2095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common autosomal aneuploidy caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Previous studies demonstrated that DS affected mitochondrial functions, which may be associated with the abnormal development of the nervous system in patients with DS. Runt-related transcription factor 1 (RUNX1) is an encoding gene located on chromosome 21. It has been reported that RUNX1 may affect cell apoptosis via the mitochondrial pathway. The present study investigated whether RUNX1 plays a critical role in mitochondrial dysfunction in DS and explored the mechanism by which RUNX1 affects mitochondrial functions. Expression of RUNX1 was detected in induced pluripotent stem cells of patients with DS (DS-iPSCs) and normal iPSCs (N-iPSCs), and the mitochondrial functions were investigated in the current study. Subsequently, RUNX1 was overexpressed in N-iPSCs and inhibited in DS-iPSCs. The mitochondrial functions were investigated thoroughly, including reactive oxygen species levels, mitochondrial membrane potential, ATP content and lysosomal activity. Finally, RNA-sequencing was used to explore the global expression pattern. It was observed that the expression levels of RUNX1 in DS-iPSCs were significantly higher than those in normal controls. Impaired mitochondrial functions were observed in DS-iPSCs. Of note, overexpression of RUNX1 in N-iPSCs resulted in mitochondrial dysfunction, while inhibition of RUNX1 expression could improve the mitochondrial function in DS-iPSCs. Global gene expression analysis indicated that overexpression of RUNX1 may promote the induction of apoptosis in DS-iPSCs by activating the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. The present findings indicate that abnormal expression of RUNX1 may play a critical role in mitochondrial dysfunction in DS-iPSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanna Liu
- Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Yuehua Zhang
- Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Zhaorui Ren
- Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China
| | - Fanyi Zeng
- Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China
- Department of Histoembryology, Genetics & Development, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Jingbin Yan
- Shanghai Children’s Hospital, Shanghai Institute of Medical Genetics, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200040, China
- NHC Key Laboratory of Medical Embryogenesis and Developmental Molecular Biology, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Embryo and Reproduction Engineering, Shanghai 200040, China
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Sanz-Ros J, Mas-Bargues C, Romero-García N, Huete-Acevedo J, Dromant M, Borrás C. The Potential Use of Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles as Biomarkers or Therapeutical Tools. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24087005. [PMID: 37108168 PMCID: PMC10139054 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24087005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 04/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/09/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria play a crucial role in cellular metabolism, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, and apoptosis. Aberrant mitochondria can cause severe damage to the cells, which have established a tight quality control for the mitochondria. This process avoids the accumulation of damaged mitochondria and can lead to the release of mitochondrial constituents to the extracellular milieu through mitochondrial extracellular vesicles (MitoEVs). These MitoEVs carry mtDNA, rRNA, tRNA, and protein complexes of the respiratory chain, and the largest MitoEVs can even transport whole mitochondria. Macrophages ultimately engulf these MitoEVs to undergo outsourced mitophagy. Recently, it has been reported that MitoEVs can also contain healthy mitochondria, whose function seems to be the rescue of stressed cells by restoring the loss of mitochondrial function. This mitochondrial transfer has opened the field of their use as potential disease biomarkers and therapeutic tools. This review describes this new EVs-mediated transfer of the mitochondria and the current application of MitoEVs in the clinical environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge Sanz-Ros
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Cardiology, Hospital Universitari i Politècnic La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain
| | - Cristina Mas-Bargues
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Nekane Romero-García
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Anesthesiology and Surgical Trauma Intensive Care, Hospital Clinic Universitari de Valencia, University of Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Javier Huete-Acevedo
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Mar Dromant
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
| | - Consuelo Borrás
- Freshage Research Group, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Valencia, Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable-Instituto de Salud Carlos III (CIBERFES-ISCIII), INCLIVA, 46010 Valencia, Spain
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Prutton KM, Marentette JO, Maclean KN, Roede JR. Characterization of mitochondrial and metabolic alterations induced by trisomy 21 during neural differentiation. Free Radic Biol Med 2023; 196:11-21. [PMID: 36638900 PMCID: PMC9898228 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2023.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cellular redox state directs differentiation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) by energy metabolism control and ROS generation. As oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction have been extensively reported in Down syndrome (DS), we evaluated mitochondrial phenotypes and energy metabolism during neural differentiation of DS iPSCs to neural progenitor cells (NPCs). Our results indicate early maturation of mitochondrial networks and elevated NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) expression in DS iPSCs. DS cells also fail to transition from glycolysis to oxidative phosphorylation during differentiation. Specifically, DS NPCs show an increased energetic demand that is limited in their mitochondrial and glycolytic response to mitochondrial distress. Additionally, DS iPSC and NPC non-mitochondrial oxygen consumption was significantly impacted by NOX inhibition. Together, these data build upon previous evidence of accelerated neural differentiation in DS that correlates with cellular redox state. We demonstrate the potential for mitochondrial and non-mitochondrial ROS sources to impact differentiation timing in the context of DS, which could contribute to developmental deficits in this condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kendra M Prutton
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - John O Marentette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Kenneth N Maclean
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA; Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - James R Roede
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA; Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Aurora, CO, USA.
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10
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Ganguly BB, Kadam NN. Therapeutics for mitochondrial dysfunction-linked diseases in Down syndrome. Mitochondrion 2023; 68:25-43. [PMID: 36371073 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Genome-wide deregulation contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction and impairment in oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) mechanism resulting in oxidative stress, increased production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and cell death in individuals with Down syndrome (DS). The cells, which require more energy, such as muscles, brain and heart are greatly affected. Impairment in mitochondrial network has a direct link with patho-mechanism at cellular and systemic levels at the backdrop of generalized metabolic perturbations in individuals with DS. Myriads of clinico-phenotypic features, including intellectual disability, early aging and neurodegeneration, and Alzheimer disease (AD)-related dementia are inevitable in DS-population where mitochondrial dysfunctions play the central role. Collectively, the mitochondrial abnormalities and altered energy metabolism perturbs several signaling pathways, particularly related to neurogenesis, which are directly associated with cognitive development and early onset of AD in individuals with DS. Therefore, therapeutic challenges for amelioration of the mitochondrial defects were perceived to improve the quality of life of the DS population. A number of pharmacologically active natural compounds such as polyphenols, antioxidants and flavonoids have shown convincing outcome for reversal of the dysfunctional mitochondrial network and oxidative metabolism, and improvement in intellectual skill in mouse models of DS and humans with DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bani Bandana Ganguly
- MGM New Bombay Hospital and MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India.
| | - Nitin N Kadam
- MGM New Bombay Hospital and MGM Institute of Health Sciences, Navi Mumbai, India
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11
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García O, Flores-Aguilar L. Astroglial and microglial pathology in Down syndrome: Focus on Alzheimer's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:987212. [PMID: 36212691 PMCID: PMC9533652 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.987212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) arises from the triplication of human chromosome 21 and is considered the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability. Glial cells, specifically astroglia and microglia, display pathological alterations that might contribute to DS neuropathological alterations. Further, in middle adulthood, people with DS develop clinical symptoms associated with premature aging and Alzheimer's disease (AD). Overexpression of the amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene, encoded on chromosome 21, leads to increased amyloid-β (Aβ) levels and subsequent formation of Aβ plaques in the brains of individuals with DS. Amyloid-β deposition might contribute to astroglial and microglial reactivity, leading to neurotoxic effects and elevated secretion of inflammatory mediators. This review discusses evidence of astroglial and microglial alterations that might be associated with the AD continuum in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Octavio García
- Facultad de Psicología, Unidad de Investigación en Psicobiología y Neurociencias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Octavio García
| | - Lisi Flores-Aguilar
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA, United States
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12
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Martini AC, Gross TJ, Head E, Mapstone M. Beyond amyloid: Immune, cerebrovascular, and metabolic contributions to Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome. Neuron 2022; 110:2063-2079. [PMID: 35472307 PMCID: PMC9262826 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
People with Down syndrome (DS) have increased risk of Alzheimer disease (AD), presumably conferred through genetic predispositions arising from trisomy 21. These predispositions necessarily include triplication of the amyloid precursor protein (APP), but also other Ch21 genes that confer risk directly or through interactions with genes on other chromosomes. We discuss evidence that multiple genes on chromosome 21 are associated with metabolic dysfunction in DS. The resulting dysregulated pathways involve the immune system, leading to chronic inflammation; the cerebrovascular system, leading to disruption of the blood brain barrier (BBB); and cellular energy metabolism, promoting increased oxidative stress. In combination, these disruptions may produce a precarious biological milieu that, in the presence of accumulating amyloid, drives the pathophysiological cascade of AD in people with DS. Critically, mechanistic drivers of this dysfunction may be targetable in future clinical trials of pharmaceutical and/or lifestyle interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra C Martini
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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13
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Triplication of HSA21 on alterations in structure and function of mitochondria. Mitochondrion 2022; 65:88-101. [PMID: 35623559 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2022.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Triplication of genes encoded in human chromosome 21 (HSA21) is responsible for the phenotypes of Down syndrome (DS). The dosage-imbalance of the nuclear genes and the extra-nuclear mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) jointly contributes to patho-mechanisms in DS. The mitochondrial organelles are the power house of cells for generation of ATP and maintaining cellular calcium and redox homeostasis, and cellular energy-metabolism processes. Each cell contains hundreds to thousands of mitochondria depending on their energy consumption. The dynamic structure of mitochondria is maintained with continuous fission and fusion events, and thus, content of mtDNA and its genetic composition are widely variable among cells. Cells of brain and heart tissues of DS patients and DS-mouse models have demonstrated elevated number but reduced amount of mtDNA due to higher fission process. This mechanism perturbs the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) and generates more free radicals such as reactive oxygen species (ROS), suggesting contribution of mtDNA in proliferation and protection of cells from endogenous toxic environment and external stressors. Gene-dosage in DS population collectively contributes to mitochondrial dysfunction by lowering energy production and respiratory capacity via the impaired OXPHOS, and damaged redox homeostasis and mitochondrial dynamics in all types of cells in DS. The context is highly complex and affects the functioning of all organs. The effect in brain and heart tissues promotes myriads of neurodegenerative diseases and cardiac complexities in individuals with DS. Crosstalk between trisomic nuclear and mitochondrial genome has been crucial for identification of potential therapeutic targets.
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14
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Nakamya MF, Sil S, Buch S, Hakami RM. Mitochondrial Extracellular Vesicles in CNS Disorders: New Frontiers in Understanding the Neurological Disorders of the Brain. Front Mol Biosci 2022; 9:840364. [PMID: 35433837 PMCID: PMC9005996 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2022.840364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent findings have highlighted potential diagnostic and prognostic values of extracellular vesicles (EVs) that contain mitochondrial derived components for neurological disorders. Furthermore, functional influences of vesicles carrying mitochondrial components have been reported. In particular, this includes indications of crosstalk with mitophagy to influence progression of various CNS disorders. In this mini-review, we discuss the current state of knowledge about this intriguing class of vesicles in neurological disorders of the CNS, and outline the lacunae and thus scope of further development in this fascinating field of study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary F. Nakamya
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
| | - Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Ramin M. Hakami
- School of Systems Biology, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
- Center for Infectious Disease Research, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Ramin M. Hakami,
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15
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Valenti D, Stagni F, Emili M, Guidi S, Bartesaghi R, Vacca RA. Impaired Brain Mitochondrial Bioenergetics in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome Is Restored by Neonatal Treatment with the Polyphenol 7,8-Dihydroxyflavone. Antioxidants (Basel) 2021; 11:antiox11010062. [PMID: 35052567 PMCID: PMC8773005 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11010062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), a major genetic cause of intellectual disability, is characterized by numerous neurodevelopmental defects. Previous in vitro studies highlighted a relationship between bioenergetic dysfunction and reduced neurogenesis in progenitor cells from the Ts65Dn mouse model of DS, suggesting a critical role of mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodevelopmental alterations in DS. Recent in vivo studies in Ts65Dn mice showed that neonatal supplementation (Days P3–P15) with the polyphenol 7,8-dihydroxyflavone (7,8-DHF) fully restored hippocampal neurogenesis. The current study was aimed to establish whether brain mitochondrial bioenergetic defects are already present in Ts65Dn pups and whether early treatment with 7,8-DHF positively impacts on mitochondrial function. In the brain and cerebellum of P3 and P15 Ts65Dn pups we found a strong impairment in the oxidative phosphorylation apparatus, resulting in a deficit in mitochondrial ATP production and ATP content. Administration of 7,8-DHF (dose: 5 mg/kg/day) during Days P3–P15 fully restored bioenergetic dysfunction in Ts65Dn mice, reduced the levels of oxygen radicals and reinstated the hippocampal levels of PGC-1α. No pharmacotherapy is available for DS. From current findings, 7,8-DHF emerges as a treatment with a good translational potential for improving mitochondrial bioenergetics and, thus, mitochondria-linked neurodevelopmental alterations in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Valenti
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Fiorenza Stagni
- Department for Life Quality Studies, University of Bologna, 47921 Rimini, Italy;
| | - Marco Emili
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Sandra Guidi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.E.); (S.G.)
| | - Renata Bartesaghi
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (M.E.); (S.G.)
- Correspondence: (D.V.); (R.B.)
| | - Rosa Anna Vacca
- Institute of Biomembranes, Bioenergetics and Molecular Biotechnologies (IBIOM), National Research Council (CNR), 70126 Bari, Italy;
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16
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Ponroy Bally B, Murai KK. Astrocytes in Down Syndrome Across the Lifespan. Front Cell Neurosci 2021; 15:702685. [PMID: 34483840 PMCID: PMC8416355 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2021.702685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Down Syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability in which delays and impairments in brain development and function lead to neurological and cognitive phenotypes. Traditionally, a neurocentric approach, focusing on neurons and their connectivity, has been applied to understanding the mechanisms involved in DS brain pathophysiology with an emphasis on how triplication of chromosome 21 leads to alterations in neuronal survival and homeostasis, synaptogenesis, brain circuit development, and neurodegeneration. However, recent studies have drawn attention to the role of non-neuronal cells, especially astrocytes, in DS. Astrocytes comprise a large proportion of cells in the central nervous system (CNS) and are critical for brain development, homeostasis, and function. As triplication of chromosome 21 occurs in all cells in DS (with the exception of mosaic DS), a deeper understanding of the impact of trisomy 21 on astrocytes in DS pathophysiology is warranted and will likely be necessary for determining how specific brain alterations and neurological phenotypes emerge and progress in DS. Here, we review the current understanding of the role of astrocytes in DS, and discuss how specific perturbations in this cell type can impact the brain across the lifespan from early brain development to adult stages. Finally, we highlight how targeting, modifying, and/or correcting specific molecular pathways and properties of astrocytes in DS may provide an effective therapeutic direction given the important role of astrocytes in regulating brain development and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blandine Ponroy Bally
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Keith K Murai
- Centre for Research in Neuroscience, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Brain Repair and Integrative Neuroscience Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal General Hospital, Montreal, QC, Canada
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17
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Ionescu-Tucker A, Cotman CW. Emerging roles of oxidative stress in brain aging and Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2021; 107:86-95. [PMID: 34416493 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2021.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 75.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are metabolic byproducts that are necessary for physiological function but can be toxic at high levels. Levels of these oxidative stressors increase gradually throughout the lifespan, impairing mitochondrial function and damaging all parts of the body, particularly the central nervous system. Emerging evidence suggests that accumulated oxidative stress may be one of the key mechanisms causing cognitive aging and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease (AD). Here, we synthesize the current literature on the effect of neuronal oxidative stress on mitochondrial dysfunction, DNA damage and epigenetic changes related to cognitive aging and AD. We further describe how oxidative stress therapeutics such as antioxidants, caloric restriction and physical activity can reduce oxidation and prevent cognitive decline in brain aging and AD. Of the currently available therapeutics, we propose that long term physical activity is the most promising avenue for improving cognitive health by reducing ROS while promoting the low levels required for optimal function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andra Ionescu-Tucker
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California.
| | - Carl W Cotman
- Institute for Memory Impairments and Neurological Disorders, Department of Neurobiology and Behavior, University of California at Irvine, Irvine, California.
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18
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Ferrari M, Stagi S. Oxidative Stress in Down and Williams-Beuren Syndromes: An Overview. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26113139. [PMID: 34073948 PMCID: PMC8197362 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26113139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is the result of an imbalance in the redox state in a cell or a tissue. When the production of free radicals, which are physiologically essential for signaling, exceeds the antioxidant capability, pathological outcomes including oxidative damage to macromolecules, aberrant signaling, and inflammation can occur. Down syndrome (DS) and Williams-Beuren syndrome (WBS) are well-known and common genetic conditions with multi-systemic involvement. Their etiology is linked to oxidative stress with important causative genes, such as SOD-1 and NCF-1, respectively, of the diseases being primarily involved in the regulation of the redox state. Early aging, dementia, autoimmunity, and chronic inflammation are some of the main characteristics of these conditions that can be associated with oxidative stress. In recent decades, there has been a growing interest in the possible role of oxidative stress and inflammation in the pathology of these conditions. However, at present, few studies have investigated these correlations. We provide an overview of the current literature concerning the role of oxidative stress and oxidative damage in genetic syndromes with a focus on Down syndrome and WBS. We hope to provide new insights to improve the management of complications related to these diseases.
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19
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Lanzillotta C, Di Domenico F. Stress Responses in Down Syndrome Neurodegeneration: State of the Art and Therapeutic Molecules. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11020266. [PMID: 33670211 PMCID: PMC7916967 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genomic disorder characterized by the increased incidence of developing early Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In DS, the triplication of genes on chromosome 21 is intimately associated with the increase of AD pathological hallmarks and with the development of brain redox imbalance and aberrant proteostasis. Increasing evidence has recently shown that oxidative stress (OS), associated with mitochondrial dysfunction and with the failure of antioxidant responses (e.g., SOD1 and Nrf2), is an early signature of DS, promoting protein oxidation and the formation of toxic protein aggregates. In turn, systems involved in the surveillance of protein synthesis/folding/degradation mechanisms, such as the integrated stress response (ISR), the unfolded stress response (UPR), and autophagy, are impaired in DS, thus exacerbating brain damage. A number of pre-clinical and clinical studies have been applied to the context of DS with the aim of rescuing redox balance and proteostasis by boosting the antioxidant response and/or inducing the mechanisms of protein re-folding and clearance, and at final of reducing cognitive decline. So far, such therapeutic approaches demonstrated their efficacy in reverting several aspects of DS phenotype in murine models, however, additional studies aimed to translate these approaches in clinical practice are still needed.
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20
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Proteomics Study of Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells in Down Syndrome Children. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9111112. [PMID: 33187268 PMCID: PMC7696178 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9111112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common chromosomal disorder and the leading genetic cause of intellectual disability in humans, which results from the triplication of chromosome 21. To search for biomarkers for the early detection and exploration of the disease mechanisms, here, we investigated the protein expression signature of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) in DS children compared with healthy donors (HD) by using an in-depth label-free shotgun proteomics approach. Identified proteins are found associated with metabolic pathways, cellular trafficking, DNA structure, stress response, cytoskeleton network, and signaling pathways. The results showed that a well-defined number of dysregulated pathways retain a prominent role in mediating DS pathological features. Further, proteomics results are consistent with published study in DS and provide evidences that increased oxidative stress and the increased induction of stress related response, is a participant in DS pathology. In addition, the expression levels of some key proteins have been validated by Western blot analysis while protein carbonylation, as marker of protein oxidation, was investigated. The results of this study propose that PBMCs from DS children might be in an activated state where endoplasmic reticulum stress and increased production of radical species are one of the primary events contributing to multiple DS pathological features.
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21
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Rueda Revilla N, Martínez-Cué C. Antioxidants in Down Syndrome: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Trials. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080692. [PMID: 32756318 PMCID: PMC7464577 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
There is currently no effective pharmacological therapy to improve the cognitive dysfunction of individuals with Down syndrome (DS). Due to the overexpression of several chromosome 21 genes, cellular and systemic oxidative stress (OS) is one of the most important neuropathological processes that contributes to the cognitive deficits and multiple neuronal alterations in DS. In this condition, OS is an early event that negatively affects brain development, which is also aggravated in later life stages, contributing to neurodegeneration, accelerated aging, and the development of Alzheimer's disease neuropathology. Thus, therapeutic interventions that reduce OS have been proposed as a promising strategy to avoid neurodegeneration and to improve cognition in DS patients. Several antioxidant molecules have been proven to be effective in preclinical studies; however, clinical trials have failed to show evidence of the efficacy of different antioxidants to improve cognitive deficits in individuals with DS. In this review we summarize preclinical studies of cell cultures and mouse models, as well as clinical studies in which the effect of therapies which reduce oxidative stress and mitochondrial alterations on the cognitive dysfunction associated with DS have been assessed.
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22
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Picca A, Calvani R, Coelho-Junior HJ, Landi F, Bernabei R, Marzetti E. Mitochondrial Dysfunction, Oxidative Stress, and Neuroinflammation: Intertwined Roads to Neurodegeneration. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080647. [PMID: 32707949 PMCID: PMC7466131 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/21/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress develops as a response to injury and reflects a breach in the cell’s antioxidant capacity. Therefore, the fine-tuning of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation is crucial for preserving cell’s homeostasis. Mitochondria are a major source and an immediate target of ROS. Under different stimuli, including oxidative stress and impaired quality control, mitochondrial constituents (e.g., mitochondrial DNA, mtDNA) are displaced toward intra- or extracellular compartments. However, the mechanisms responsible for mtDNA unloading remain largely unclear. While shuttling freely within the cell, mtDNA can be delivered into the extracellular compartment via either extrusion of entire nucleoids or the generation and release of extracellular vesicles. Once discarded, mtDNA may act as a damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) and trigger an innate immune inflammatory response by binding to danger-signal receptors. Neuroinflammation is associated with a large array of neurological disorders for which mitochondrial DAMPs could represent a common thread supporting disease progression. The exploration of non-canonical pathways involved in mitochondrial quality control and neurodegeneration may unveil novel targets for the development of therapeutic agents. Here, we discuss these processes in the setting of two common neurodegenerative diseases (Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease) and Down syndrome, the most frequent progeroid syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Picca
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
| | - Riccardo Calvani
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-5559 (R.C. & R.B.); Fax: +39-06-3051-911 (R.C. & R.B.)
| | | | - Francesco Landi
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Roberto Bernabei
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Correspondence: (R.C.); (R.B.); Tel.: +39-06-3015-5559 (R.C. & R.B.); Fax: +39-06-3051-911 (R.C. & R.B.)
| | - Emanuele Marzetti
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario “Agostino Gemelli” IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (A.P.); (F.L.); (E.M.)
- Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy;
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23
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Dierssen M, Fructuoso M, Martínez de Lagrán M, Perluigi M, Barone E. Down Syndrome Is a Metabolic Disease: Altered Insulin Signaling Mediates Peripheral and Brain Dysfunctions. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:670. [PMID: 32733190 PMCID: PMC7360727 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent chromosomal abnormality that causes intellectual disability, resulting from the presence of an extra complete or segment of chromosome 21 (HSA21). In addition, trisomy of HSA21 contributes to altered energy metabolism that appears to be a strong determinant in the development of pathological phenotypes associated with DS. Alterations include, among others, mitochondrial defects, increased oxidative stress levels, impaired glucose, and lipid metabolism, finally resulting in reduced energy production and cellular dysfunctions. These molecular defects seem to account for a high incidence of metabolic disorders, i.e., diabetes and/or obesity, as well as a higher risk of developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) in DS. A dysregulation of the insulin signaling with reduced downstream pathways represents a common pathophysiological aspect in the development of both peripheral and central alterations leading to diabetes/obesity and AD. This is further strengthened by evidence showing that the molecular mechanisms responsible for such alterations appear to be similar between peripheral organs and brain. Considering that DS subjects are at high risk to develop either peripheral or brain metabolic defects, this review will discuss current knowledge about the link between trisomy of HSA21 and defects of insulin and insulin-related pathways in DS. Drawing the molecular signature underlying these processes in DS is a key challenge to identify novel drug targets and set up new prevention strategies aimed to reduce the impact of metabolic disorders and cognitive decline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mara Dierssen
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Barcelona, Spain.,Human Pharmacology and Clinical Neurosciences Research Group, Neurosciences Research Program, Hospital Del Mar Medical Research Institute (IMIM), Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marta Fructuoso
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Martínez de Lagrán
- Centre for Genomic Regulation (CRG), Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology, Barcelona, Spain.,Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Enfermedades Raras (CIBERER), Madrid, Spain
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Eugenio Barone
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi-Fanelli", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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24
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Boguszewska K, Szewczuk M, Kaźmierczak-Barańska J, Karwowski BT. The Similarities between Human Mitochondria and Bacteria in the Context of Structure, Genome, and Base Excision Repair System. Molecules 2020; 25:E2857. [PMID: 32575813 PMCID: PMC7356350 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria emerged from bacterial ancestors during endosymbiosis and are crucial for cellular processes such as energy production and homeostasis, stress responses, cell survival, and more. They are the site of aerobic respiration and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) production in eukaryotes. However, oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) is also the source of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are both important and dangerous for the cell. Human mitochondria contain mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA), and its integrity may be endangered by the action of ROS. Fortunately, human mitochondria have repair mechanisms that allow protecting mtDNA and repairing lesions that may contribute to the occurrence of mutations. Mutagenesis of the mitochondrial genome may manifest in the form of pathological states such as mitochondrial, neurodegenerative, and/or cardiovascular diseases, premature aging, and cancer. The review describes the mitochondrial structure, genome, and the main mitochondrial repair mechanism (base excision repair (BER)) of oxidative lesions in the context of common features between human mitochondria and bacteria. The authors present a holistic view of the similarities of mitochondria and bacteria to show that bacteria may be an interesting experimental model for studying mitochondrial diseases, especially those where the mechanism of DNA repair is impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Bolesław T. Karwowski
- DNA Damage Laboratory of Food Science Department, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Lodz, ul. Muszynskiego 1, 90-151 Lodz, Poland; (K.B.); (M.S.); (J.K.-B.)
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Shah SI, Paine JG, Perez C, Ullah G. Mitochondrial fragmentation and network architecture in degenerative diseases. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0223014. [PMID: 31557225 PMCID: PMC6762132 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0223014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fragmentation of mitochondrial network has been implicated in many neurodegenerative, renal, and metabolic diseases. However, a quantitative measure of the microscopic parameters resulting in the impaired balance between fission and fusion of mitochondria and consequently the fragmented networks in a wide range of pathological conditions does not exist. Here we present a comprehensive analysis of mitochondrial networks in cells with Alzheimer's disease (AD), Huntington's disease (HD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), Parkinson's disease (PD), optic neuropathy (OPA), diabetes/cancer, acute kidney injury, Ca2+ overload, and Down Syndrome (DS) pathologies that indicates significant network fragmentation in all these conditions. Furthermore, we found key differences in the way the microscopic rates of fission and fusion are affected in different conditions. The observed fragmentation in cells with AD, HD, DS, kidney injury, Ca2+ overload, and diabetes/cancer pathologies results from the imbalance between the fission and fusion through lateral interactions, whereas that in OPA, PD, and ALS results from impaired balance between fission and fusion arising from longitudinal interactions of mitochondria. Such microscopic difference leads to major disparities in the fine structure and topology of the network that could have significant implications for the way fragmentation affects various cell functions in different diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed I. Shah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Johanna G. Paine
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Carlos Perez
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
| | - Ghanim Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, United States of America
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26
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Gross TJ, Doran E, Cheema AK, Head E, Lott IT, Mapstone M. Plasma metabolites related to cellular energy metabolism are altered in adults with Down syndrome and Alzheimer's disease. Dev Neurobiol 2019; 79:622-638. [PMID: 31419370 DOI: 10.1002/dneu.22716] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 08/02/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is a well-known neurodevelopmental disorder most commonly caused by trisomy of chromosome 21. Because individuals with DS almost universally develop heavy amyloid burden and Alzheimer's disease (AD), biomarker discovery in this population may be extremely fruitful. Moreover, any AD biomarker in DS that does not directly involve amyloid pathology may be of high value for understanding broader mechanisms of AD generalizable to the neurotypical population. In this retrospective biomarker discovery study, we examined banked peripheral plasma samples from 78 individuals with DS who met clinical criteria for AD at the time of the blood draw (DS-AD) and 68 individuals with DS who did not (DS-NAD). We measured the relative abundance of approximately 5,000 putative features in the plasma using untargeted mass spectrometry (MS). We found significantly higher levels of a peak putatively annotated as lactic acid in the DS-AD group (q = .014), a finding confirmed using targeted MS (q = .011). Because lactate is the terminal product of glycolysis and subsequent lactic acid fermentation, we performed additional targeted MS focusing on central carbon metabolism which revealed significantly increased levels of pyruvic (q = .03) and methyladipic (q = .03) acids in addition to significantly lower levels of uridine (q = .007) in the DS-AD group. These data suggest that AD in DS is accompanied by a shift from aerobic respiration toward the less efficient fermentative metabolism and that bioenergetically derived metabolites observable in peripheral blood may be useful for detecting this shift.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J Gross
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Eric Doran
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Amrita K Cheema
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, District of Columbia
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Ira T Lott
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
| | - Mark Mapstone
- Department of Neurology, The University of California, Irvine, Irvine, California
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27
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Mollo N, Nitti M, Zerillo L, Faicchia D, Micillo T, Accarino R, Secondo A, Petrozziello T, Calì G, Cicatiello R, Bonfiglio F, Sarnataro V, Genesio R, Izzo A, Pinton P, Matarese G, Paladino S, Conti A, Nitsch L. Pioglitazone Improves Mitochondrial Organization and Bioenergetics in Down Syndrome Cells. Front Genet 2019; 10:606. [PMID: 31316549 PMCID: PMC6609571 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction plays a primary role in neurodevelopmental anomalies and neurodegeneration of Down syndrome (DS) subjects. For this reason, targeting mitochondrial key genes, such as PGC-1α/PPARGC1A, is emerging as a good therapeutic approach to attenuate cognitive disability in DS. After demonstrating the efficacy of the biguanide metformin (a PGC-1α activator) in a cell model of DS, we extended the study to other molecules that regulate the PGC-1α pathway acting on PPAR genes. We, therefore, treated trisomic fetal fibroblasts with different doses of pioglitazone (PGZ) and evaluated the effects on mitochondrial dynamics and function. Treatment with PGZ significantly increased mRNA and protein levels of PGC-1α. Mitochondrial network was fully restored by PGZ administration affecting the fission-fusion mitochondrial machinery. Specifically, optic atrophy 1 (OPA1) and mitofusin 1 (MFN1) were upregulated while dynamin-related protein 1 (DRP1) was downregulated. These effects, together with a significant increase of basal ATP content and oxygen consumption rate, and a significant decrease of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, provide strong evidence of an overall improvement of mitochondria bioenergetics in trisomic cells. In conclusion, we demonstrate that PGZ is able to improve mitochondrial phenotype even at low concentrations (0.5 μM). We also speculate that a combination of drugs that target mitochondrial function might be advantageous, offering potentially higher efficacy and lower individual drug dosage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nunzia Mollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Lucrezia Zerillo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Deriggio Faicchia
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Teresa Micillo
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rossella Accarino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Agnese Secondo
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Tiziana Petrozziello
- Department of Neuroscience, Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Cicatiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Viviana Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Matarese
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, Naples, Italy
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28
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Down syndrome: Neurobiological alterations and therapeutic targets. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2019; 98:234-255. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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29
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Simonova VV, Vetchinova AS, Novosadova EV, Khaspekov LG, Illarioshkin SN. Genome Editing and the Problem of Tetraploidy in Cell Modeling of the Genetic Form of Parkinsonism. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1040-1045. [PMID: 30472942 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The prevalent form of familial parkinsonism is caused by mutations in the LRRK2 gene encoding for the mitochondrial protein kinase. In the review, we discuss possible causes of appearance of tetraploid cells in neuronal precursors obtained from induced pluripotent stem cells from patients with the LRRK2-associated form of parkinsonism after genome editing procedure. As LRRK2 protein participates in cell proliferation and maintenance of the nuclear envelope, spindle fibers, and cytoskeleton, mutations in the LRRK2 gene can affect protein functions and lead, via various mechanisms, to the mitotic machinery disintegration and chromosomal aberration. These abnormalities can appear at different stages of fibroblast reprogramming; therefore, editing of the LRRK2 nucleotide sequence should be done during or before the reprogramming stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Simonova
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia
| | | | - E V Novosadova
- Institute of Molecular Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, 123182, Russia.
| | - L G Khaspekov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia.
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30
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Toglia P, Demuro A, Mak DOD, Ullah G. Data-driven modeling of mitochondrial dysfunction in Alzheimer's disease. Cell Calcium 2018; 76:23-35. [PMID: 30248575 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Intracellular accumulation of oligomeric forms of β amyloid (Aβ) are now believed to play a key role in the earliest phase of Alzheimer's disease (AD) as their rise correlates well with the early symptoms of the disease. Extensive evidence points to impaired neuronal Ca2+ homeostasis as a direct consequence of the intracellular Aβ oligomers. However, little is known about the downstream effects of the resulting Ca2+ rise on the many intracellular Ca2+-dependent pathways. Here we use multiscale modeling in conjunction with patch-clamp electrophysiology of single inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate (IP3) receptor (IP3R) and fluorescence imaging of whole-cell Ca2+ response, induced by exogenously applied intracellular Aβ42 oligomers to show that Aβ42 inflicts cytotoxicity by impairing mitochondrial function. Driven by patch-clamp experiments, we first model the kinetics of IP3R, which is then extended to build a model for the whole-cell Ca2+ signals. The whole-cell model is then fitted to fluorescence signals to quantify the overall Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum by intracellular Aβ42 oligomers through G-protein-mediated stimulation of IP3 production. The estimated IP3 concentration as a function of intracellular Aβ42 content together with the whole-cell model allows us to show that Aβ42 oligomers impair mitochondrial function through pathological Ca2+ uptake and the resulting reduced mitochondrial inner membrane potential, leading to an overall lower ATP and increased production of reactive oxygen species and H2O2. We further show that mitochondrial function can be restored by the addition of Ca2+ buffer EGTA, in accordance with the observed abrogation of Aβ42 cytotoxicity by EGTA in our live cells experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Toglia
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA
| | - Angelo Demuro
- Department of Neurobiology and Behavior and Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Don-On Daniel Mak
- Department of Physiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ghanim Ullah
- Department of Physics, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33620, USA.
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31
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Bala U, Leong MPY, Lim CL, Shahar HK, Othman F, Lai MI, Law ZK, Ramli K, Htwe O, Ling KH, Cheah PS. Defects in nerve conduction velocity and different muscle fibre-type specificity contribute to muscle weakness in Ts1Cje Down syndrome mouse model. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197711. [PMID: 29795634 PMCID: PMC5967806 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Down syndrome (DS) is a genetic disorder caused by presence of extra copy of human chromosome 21. It is characterised by several clinical phenotypes. Motor dysfunction due to hypotonia is commonly seen in individuals with DS and its etiology is yet unknown. Ts1Cje, which has a partial trisomy (Mmu16) homologous to Hsa21, is well reported to exhibit various typical neuropathological features seen in individuals with DS. This study investigated the role of skeletal muscles and peripheral nerve defects in contributing to muscle weakness in Ts1Cje mice. RESULTS Assessment of the motor performance showed that, the forelimb grip strength was significantly (P<0.0001) greater in the WT mice compared to Ts1Cje mice regardless of gender. The average survival time of the WT mice during the hanging wire test was significantly (P<0.0001) greater compared to the Ts1Cje mice. Also, the WT mice performed significantly (P<0.05) better than the Ts1Cje mice in the latency to maintain a coordinated motor movement against the rotating rod. Adult Ts1Cje mice exhibited significantly (P<0.001) lower nerve conduction velocity compared with their aged matched WT mice. Further analysis showed a significantly (P<0.001) higher population of type I fibres in WT compared to Ts1Cje mice. Also, there was significantly (P<0.01) higher population of COX deficient fibres in Ts1Cje mice. Expression of Myf5 was significantly (P<0.05) reduced in triceps of Ts1Cje mice while MyoD expression was significantly (P<0.05) increased in quadriceps of Ts1Cje mice. CONCLUSION Ts1Cje mice exhibited weaker muscle strength. The lower population of the type I fibres and higher population of COX deficient fibres in Ts1Cje mice may contribute to the muscle weakness seen in this mouse model for DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Usman Bala
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Medical Sciences, Gombe State University, Gombe, Nigeria
| | - Melody Pui-Yee Leong
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chai Ling Lim
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hayati Kadir Shahar
- Department of Community Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Fauziah Othman
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mei-I Lai
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zhe-Kang Law
- Department of Medicine, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
| | - Khairunnisa Ramli
- Tissue Engineering Centre, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
| | - Ohnmar Htwe
- Department of Orthopaedic and Traumatology, UKM Medical Centre, Jalan Yaakob Latif, Bandar Tun Razak, Cheras, Kuala Lumpur
| | - King-Hwa Ling
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Pike-See Cheah
- Department of Human Anatomy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Genetics and Regenerative Medicine Research Centre (GRMRC), Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
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Izzo A, Mollo N, Nitti M, Paladino S, Calì G, Genesio R, Bonfiglio F, Cicatiello R, Barbato M, Sarnataro V, Conti A, Nitsch L. Mitochondrial dysfunction in down syndrome: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Mol Med 2018; 24:2. [PMID: 30134785 PMCID: PMC6016872 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-018-0004-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Trisomy of chromosome 21 (TS21) is the most common autosomal aneuploidy compatible with postnatal survival with a prevalence of 1 in 700 newborns. Its phenotype is highly complex with constant features, such as mental retardation, dysmorphic traits and hypotonia, and variable features including heart defects, susceptibility to Alzheimer’s disease (AD), type 2 diabetes, obesity and immune disorders. Overexpression of genes on chromosome-21 (Hsa21) is responsible for the pathogenesis of Down syndrome (DS) phenotypic features either in a direct or in an indirect manner since many Hsa21 genes can affect the expression of other genes mapping to different chromosomes. Many of these genes are involved in mitochondrial function and energy conversion, and play a central role in the mitochondrial dysfunction and chronic oxidative stress, consistently observed in DS subjects. Recent studies highlight the deep interconnections between mitochondrial dysfunction and DS phenotype. In this short review we first provide a basic overview of mitochondrial phenotype in DS cells and tissues. We then discuss how specific Hsa21 genes may be involved in determining the disruption of mitochondrial DS phenotype and biogenesis. Finally we briefly focus on drugs that affect mitochondrial function and mitochondrial network suggesting possible therapeutic approaches to improve and/or prevent some aspects of the DS phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Izzo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Nunzia Mollo
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Nitti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Simona Paladino
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Gaetano Calì
- Institute of Experimental Endocrinology and Oncology, National Research Council, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Rita Genesio
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Bonfiglio
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rita Cicatiello
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Barbato
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Viviana Sarnataro
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
| | - Anna Conti
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy.
| | - Lucio Nitsch
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples Federico II, Via Pansini 5, 80131, Naples, Italy
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Kang I, Chu CT, Kaufman BA. The mitochondrial transcription factor TFAM in neurodegeneration: emerging evidence and mechanisms. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:793-811. [PMID: 29364506 PMCID: PMC5851836 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The mitochondrial transcription factor A, or TFAM, is a mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-binding protein essential for genome maintenance. TFAM functions in determining the abundance of the mitochondrial genome by regulating packaging, stability, and replication. More recently, TFAM has been shown to play a central role in the mtDNA stress-mediated inflammatory response. Emerging evidence indicates that decreased mtDNA copy number is associated with several aging-related pathologies; however, little is known about the association of TFAM abundance and disease. In this Review, we evaluate the potential associations of altered TFAM levels or mtDNA copy number with neurodegeneration. We also describe potential mechanisms by which mtDNA replication, transcription initiation, and TFAM-mediated endogenous danger signals may impact mitochondrial homeostasis in Alzheimer, Huntington, Parkinson, and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inhae Kang
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Jeju National University, Jeju, Korea
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine (C3M), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Charleen T. Chu
- Department of Pathology, Center for Neuroscience, Pittsburgh Institute for Neurodegenerative Diseases, Conformational Protein Diseases Center, and the McGowan Institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
| | - Brett A. Kaufman
- Division of Cardiology, Vascular Medicine Institute, Department of Medicine Center for Metabolic and Mitochondrial Medicine (C3M), University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA
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34
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Block A, Ahmed M, Rueda N, Hernandez MC, Martinez-Cué C, Gardiner K. The GABA A α5-selective Modulator, RO4938581, Rescues Protein Anomalies in the Ts65Dn Mouse Model of Down Syndrome. Neuroscience 2018; 372:192-212. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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35
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Andriani GA, Vijg J, Montagna C. Mechanisms and consequences of aneuploidy and chromosome instability in the aging brain. Mech Ageing Dev 2017; 161:19-36. [PMID: 27013377 PMCID: PMC5490080 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Aneuploidy and polyploidy are a form of Genomic Instability (GIN) known as Chromosomal Instability (CIN) characterized by sporadic abnormalities in chromosome copy numbers. Aneuploidy is commonly linked to pathological states. It is a hallmark of spontaneous abortions and birth defects and it is observed virtually in every human tumor, therefore being generally regarded as detrimental for the development or the maturation of tissues under physiological conditions. Polyploidy however, occurs as part of normal physiological processes during maturation and differentiation of some mammalian cell types. Surprisingly, high levels of aneuploidy are present in the brain, and their frequency increases with age suggesting that the brain is able to maintain its functionality in the presence of high levels of mosaic aneuploidy. Because somatic aneuploidy with age can reach exceptionally high levels, it is likely to have long-term adverse effects in this organ. We describe the mechanisms accountable for an abnormal DNA content with a particular emphasis on the CNS where cell division is limited. Next, we briefly summarize the types of GIN known to date and discuss how they interconnect with CIN. Lastly we highlight how several forms of CIN may contribute to genetic variation, tissue degeneration and disease in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grasiella A Andriani
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Jan Vijg
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department Ophthalmology and Visual Science, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology and Women's Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA
| | - Cristina Montagna
- Department of Genetics, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; Department of Pathology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Yeshiva University, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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Hefti E, Bard J, Blanco JG. Analysis of Heteroplasmic Variants in the Cardiac Mitochondrial Genome of Individuals with Down Syndrome. Hum Mutat 2016; 38:48-54. [PMID: 27594409 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Individuals with Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21) exhibit a pro-oxidative cellular environment as well as mitochondrial dysfunction. Increased oxidative stress may damage the mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA). The coexistence of mtDNA variants in a cell or tissue (i.e., heteroplasmy) may contribute to mitochondrial dysfunction. Given the evidence on mitochondrial dysfunction and the relatively high incidence of multiorganic disorders associated with DS, we hypothesized that cardiac tissue from subjects with DS may exhibit higher frequencies of mtDNA variants in comparison to cardiac tissue from donors without DS. This study documents the analysis of mtDNA variants in heart tissue samples from donors with (n = 12) and without DS (n = 33) using massively parallel sequencing. Contrary to the original hypothesis, the study's findings suggest that the cardiac mitochondrial genomes from individuals with and without DS exhibit many similarities in terms of (1) total number of mtDNA variants per sample, (2) the frequency of mtDNA variants, (3) the type of mtDNA variants, and (4) the patterns of distribution of mtDNA variants. In both groups of samples, the mtDNA control region showed significantly more heteroplasmic variants in comparison to the number of variants in protein- and RNA-coding genes (P < 1.00×10-4 , ANOVA).
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hefti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - Jonathan Bard
- University at Buffalo Genomics and Bioinformatics Core, New York State Center of Excellence in Bioinformatics and Life Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Javier G Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
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Hefti E, Blanco JG. Anthracycline-Related Cardiotoxicity in Patients with Acute Myeloid Leukemia and Down Syndrome: A Literature Review. Cardiovasc Toxicol 2016; 16:5-13. [PMID: 25616318 PMCID: PMC4514565 DOI: 10.1007/s12012-015-9307-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Pediatric patients with Down syndrome (DS) are at an increased risk of developing certain cancers. Specifically, patients with DS have a reported 10-20-fold increased risk of developing acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Anthracycline-based treatment regimens achieve good results in patients with DS and AML. It has been proposed that DS status constitutes a risk factor for the cardiotoxicity associated with the use of anthracyclines in the pediatric setting. However, published evidence pointing toward an increased risk of cardiotoxicity in patients with DS is relatively scarce and conflictive. This concise review compiles literature relating to the incidence of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in pediatric patients with DS. In general, reports from trials using anthracyclines at the maximum recommended dose showed increases in the incidence of anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity in patients with DS in comparison with trials that used anthracyclines at reduced doses. Evidence from the literature suggests that patients with DS can achieve favorable therapeutic outcomes after receiving treatment with reduced doses of anthracyclines to minimize the potential for cardiotoxicity. Further prospective trials, along with the available evidence, would assist the design of treatment protocols for patients with pediatric leukemias and DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hefti
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 470 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, The State University of New York at Buffalo, 470 Kapoor Hall, Buffalo, NY, 14214, USA.
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Quiñones-Lombraña A, Blanco JG. Chromosome 21-derived hsa-miR-155-5p regulates mitochondrial biogenesis by targeting Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM). Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1420-7. [PMID: 25869329 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2014] [Revised: 04/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The regulation of mitochondrial biogenesis is under the control of nuclear genes including the master Mitochondrial Transcription Factor A (TFAM). Recent evidence suggests that the expression of TFAM is regulated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in various cellular contexts. Here, we show that hsa-miR-155-5p, a prominent miRNA encoded in chromosome 21, controls the expression of TFAM at the post-transcriptional level. In human fibroblasts derived from a diploid donor, downregulation of TFAM by hsa-miR-155-5p decreased mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) content. In contrast, downregulation of TFAM by hsa-miR-155-5p did not decrease mtDNA content in fibroblasts derived from a donor with Down syndrome (DS, trisomy 21). In line, downregulation of mitochondrial TFAM levels through hsa-miR-155-5p decreased mitochondrial mass in diploid fibroblasts but not in trisomic cells. Due to the prevalence of mitochondrial dysfunction and cardiac abnormalities in subjects with DS, we examined the presence of potential associations between hsa-miR-155-5p and TFAM expression in heart samples from donors with and without DS. There were significant negative associations between hsa-miR-155-5p and TFAM expression in heart samples from donors with and without DS. These results suggest that regulation of TFAM by hsa-miR-155-5p impacts mitochondrial biogenesis in the diploid setting but not in the DS setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adolfo Quiñones-Lombraña
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, USA.
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Intracellular oxidant activity, antioxidant enzyme defense system, and cell senescence in fibroblasts with trisomy 21. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:509241. [PMID: 25852816 PMCID: PMC4380103 DOI: 10.1155/2015/509241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Accepted: 02/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS) is characterized by a complex phenotype associated with chronic oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. Overexpression of genes on chromosome-21 is thought to underlie the pathogenesis of the major phenotypic features of DS, such as premature aging. Using cultured fibroblasts with trisomy 21 (T21F), this study aimed to ascertain whether an imbalance exists in activities, mRNA, and protein expression of the antioxidant enzymes SOD1, SOD2, glutathione-peroxidase, and catalase during the cell replication process in vitro. T21F had high SOD1 expression and activity which led to an interenzymatic imbalance in the antioxidant defense system, accentuated with replicative senescence. Intracellular ROS production and oxidized protein levels were significantly higher in T21F compared with control cells; furthermore, a significant decline in intracellular ATP content was detected in T21F. Cell senescence was found to appear prematurely in DS cells as shown by SA-β-Gal assay and p21 assessment, though not apoptosis, as neither p53 nor the proapoptotic proteins cytochrome c and caspase 9 were altered in T21F. These novel findings would point to a deleterious role of oxidatively modified molecules in early cell senescence of T21F, thereby linking replicative and stress-induced senescence in cultured cells to premature aging in DS.
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Gardiner KJ. Pharmacological approaches to improving cognitive function in Down syndrome: current status and considerations. Drug Des Devel Ther 2014; 9:103-25. [PMID: 25552901 PMCID: PMC4277121 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s51476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS), also known as trisomy 21, is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability (ID). Although ID can be mild, the average intelligence quotient is in the range of 40-50. All individuals with DS will also develop the neuropathology of Alzheimer's disease (AD) by the age of 30-40 years, and approximately half will display an AD-like dementia by the age of 60 years. DS is caused by an extra copy of the long arm of human chromosome 21 (Hsa21) and the consequent elevated levels of expression, due to dosage, of trisomic genes. Despite a worldwide incidence of one in 700-1,000 live births, there are currently no pharmacological treatments available for ID or AD in DS. However, over the last several years, very promising results have been obtained with a mouse model of DS, the Ts65Dn. A diverse array of drugs has been shown to rescue, or partially rescue, DS-relevant deficits in learning and memory and abnormalities in cellular and electrophysiological features seen in the Ts65Dn. These results suggest that some level of amelioration or prevention of cognitive deficits in people with DS may be possible. Here, we review information from the preclinical evaluations in the Ts65Dn, how drugs were selected, how efficacy was judged, and how outcomes differ, or not, among studies. We also summarize the current state of human clinical trials for ID and AD in DS. Lastly, we describe the genetic limitations of the Ts65Dn as a model of DS, and in the preclinical testing of pharmacotherapeutics, and suggest additional targets to be considered for potential pharmacotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katheleen J Gardiner
- Linda Crnic Institute for Down Syndrome, Department of Pediatrics, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Human Medical Genetics and Genomics Program, Neuroscience Program, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
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Zhou H, Yang J, Xin T, Li D, Guo J, Hu S, Zhou S, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Han T, Chen Y. Exendin-4 protects adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells from apoptosis induced by hydrogen peroxide through the PI3K/Akt-Sfrp2 pathways. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 77:363-75. [PMID: 25452142 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.09.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2014] [Revised: 09/05/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs)-based therapy is a promising modality for the treatment of myocardial infarction in the future. However, the majority of transplanted cells are readily lost after transplantation because of hypoxia and oxidative stress. An efficient means to enhance the ability of ADMSCs to survive under pathologic conditions is required. In our study, we explored the effects of exendin-4 (Ex-4) on ADMSCs apoptosis in vitro induced by hydrogen peroxide, focusing in particular on mitochondrial apoptotic pathways and PI3K/Akt-secreted frizzled-related protein 2 (Sfrp2) survival signaling. We demonstrated that ADMSCs subjected to H2O2 for 12h exhibited impaired mitochondrial function and higher apoptotic rate. However, Ex-4 (1-20 nM) preconditioning for 12h could protect ADMSCs against H2O2-mediated apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, Ex-4 pretreatment upregulated the levels of superoxide dismutase and glutathione as well as downregulating the production of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde. Western blots revealed that increased antiapoptotic proteins Bcl-2 and c-IAP1/2 as well as decreased proapoptotic proteins Bax and cytochrome c appeared in ADMSCs with Ex-4 incubation, which inhibited the caspase-9-involved mitochondrial apoptosis pathways with evidence showing inactivation of caspase-9/3 and preservation of mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, we illustrated that Ex-4 enhanced Akt phosphorylation, which increased the expression of Sfrp2. Notably, blockade of the PI3K/Akt pathway or knockdown of Sfrp2 with siRNA obviously abolished the protective effects of Ex-4 on mitochondrial function and ADMSCs apoptosis under H2O2. In summary, this study confirmed that H2O2 induced ADMSCs apoptosis through mitochondria-dependent cell death pathways, and Ex-4 preconditioning may reduce such apoptosis of ADMSCs through the PI3K/Akt-Sfrp2 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Junjie Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ting Xin
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shunyin Hu
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Shanshan Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Tianwen Han
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yundai Chen
- Department of Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China.
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Redox proteomics analysis to decipher the neurobiology of Alzheimer-like neurodegeneration: overlaps in Down's syndrome and Alzheimer's disease brain. Biochem J 2014; 463:177-89. [PMID: 25242166 DOI: 10.1042/bj20140772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Accumulation of oxidative damage is a common feature of neurodegeneration that, together with mitochondrial dysfunction, point to the fact that reactive oxygen species are major contributors to loss of neuronal homoeostasis and cell death. Among several targets of oxidative stress, free-radical-mediated damage to proteins is particularly important in aging and age-related neurodegenerative diseases. In the majority of cases, oxidative-stress-mediated post-translational modifications cause non-reversible modifications of protein structure that consistently lead to impaired function. Redox proteomics methods are powerful tools to unravel the complexity of neurodegeneration, by identifying brain proteins with oxidative post-translational modifications that are detrimental for protein function. The present review discusses the current literature showing evidence of impaired pathways linked to oxidative stress possibly involved in the neurodegenerative process leading to the development of Alzheimer-like dementia. In particular, we focus attention on dysregulated pathways that underlie neurodegeneration in both aging adults with DS (Down's syndrome) and AD (Alzheimer's disease). Since AD pathology is age-dependent in DS and shows similarities with AD, identification of common oxidized proteins by redox proteomics in both DS and AD can improve our understanding of the overlapping mechanisms that lead from normal aging to development of AD. The most relevant proteomics findings highlight that disturbance of protein homoeostasis and energy production are central mechanisms of neurodegeneration and overlap in aging DS and AD. Protein oxidation affects crucial intracellular functions and may be considered a 'leitmotif' of degenerating neurons. Therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing/reducing multiple components of processes leading to accumulation of oxidative damage will be critical in future studies.
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Lycopene attenuates colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice via activation of the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2014; 59:579-85. [PMID: 25385104 DOI: 10.1128/aac.03925-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Nephrotoxicity is the major dose-limiting factor for the clinical use of colistin against multidrug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria. This study aimed to investigate the protective effect of lycopene on colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in a mouse model. Fifty mice were randomly divided into 5 groups: the control group (saline solution), the lycopene group (20 mg/kg of body weight/day administered orally), the colistin group (15 mg/kg/day administered intravenously), the colistin (15 mg/kg/day) plus lycopene (5 mg/kg/day) group, and the colistin (15 mg/kg/day) plus lycopene (20 mg/kg/day) group; all mice were treated for 7 days. At 12 h after the last dose, blood was collected for measurements of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine levels. The kidney tissue samples were obtained for examination of biomarkers of oxidative stress and apoptosis, histopathological assessment, and quantitative reverse transcription-PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Colistin treatment significantly increased concentrations of BUN and serum creatinine, tubular apoptosis/necrosis, lipid peroxidation, and heme oxygenase 1 (HO-1) activity, while the treatment decreased the levels of endogenous antioxidant biomarkers glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT), and superoxide dismutase (SOD). Notably, the changes in the levels of all biomarkers were attenuated in the kidneys of mice treated with colistin by lycopene (5 or 20 mg/kg). Lycopene treatment, especially in the colistin plus lycopene (20 mg/kg) group, significantly downregulated the expression of NF-κB mRNA (P < 0.01) but upregulated the expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and HO-1 mRNA (both P < 0.01) in the kidney compared with the results seen with the colistin group. Our data demonstrated that coadministration of 20 mg/kg/day lycopene can protect against colistin-induced nephrotoxicity in mice. This effect may be attributed to the antioxidative property of lycopene and its ability to activate the Nrf2/HO-1 pathway.
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Peng X, Meng J, Chi T, Liu P, Man C, Liu S, Guo Y, Jiang Y. Lactobacillus plantarum NDC 75017 alleviates the learning and memory ability in aging rats by reducing mitochondrial dysfunction. Exp Ther Med 2014; 8:1841-1846. [PMID: 25371742 PMCID: PMC4218708 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2014.2000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of Lactobacillus plantarum NDC 75017 on D-galactose (D-gal)-induced mitochondrial dysfunction in the rat cerebral cortex. Fifty rats were randomly divided into five groups (n=10 in each group). The rats in the aging model group were subcutaneously injected with 100 mg/kg D-gal and those in the protective groups were additionally orally administered L. plantarum NDC 75017 at doses of 1×108, 1×109 or 1×1010 CFU/100 mg body weight/day, respectively. The control rats were administrated an equal volume of the vehicle. Following continuous treatment for seven weeks, the learning and memory abilities and mitochondrial ultrastructure, function and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) levels were examined. The results showed that the learning and memory abilities and mitochondrial levels of ATP were significantly decreased in the D-gal-induced aging model group compared with those in the control group (P<0.01). In addition, marked changes in the mitochondrial functions and ultrastructure were observed between the groups. Seven weeks of L. plantarum NDC 75017 and D-gal coadministration significantly improved the learning and memory abilities of the rats compared with the D-gal-induced aging model group. Furthermore, the combination regime significantly improved the mitochondrial ultrastructure and functions, including the mitochondrial respiratory chain, mitochondrial membrane potential and mitochondrial permeability transition. The results revealed that the L. plantarum NDC 75017 was able to alleviate learning and memory injuries in aging rats by reducing the mitochondrial dysfunction induced by D-gal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyan Peng
- National Research Centre of Dairy Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China ; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China ; College of Food Engineering, Ludong University, Yantai, Shandong 264025, P.R. China
| | - Jiong Meng
- National Research Centre of Dairy Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, P.R. China
| | - Tao Chi
- National Research Centre of Dairy Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, P.R. China
| | - Peng Liu
- National Research Centre of Dairy Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, P.R. China
| | - Chaoxin Man
- National Research Centre of Dairy Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, P.R. China
| | - Shaomin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
| | - Yujun Jiang
- National Research Centre of Dairy Engineering and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150028, P.R. China ; Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China ; Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150030, P.R. China
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Valenti D, de Bari L, De Filippis B, Henrion-Caude A, Vacca RA. Mitochondrial dysfunction as a central actor in intellectual disability-related diseases: An overview of Down syndrome, autism, Fragile X and Rett syndrome. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2014; 46 Pt 2:202-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2014.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Revised: 11/05/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Hefti E, Quiñones-Lombraña A, Redzematovic A, Hui J, Blanco JG. Analysis of mtDNA, miR-155 and BACH1 expression in hearts from donors with and without Down syndrome. Mitochondrial DNA A DNA Mapp Seq Anal 2014; 27:896-903. [PMID: 24938108 DOI: 10.3109/19401736.2014.926477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Cancer patients with Down syndrome (DS) are at increased risk for anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) alterations in hearts with-DS may contribute to anthracycline-related cardiotoxicity. Cardiac mtDNA and the mtDNA(4977) deletion were quantitated in samples with- (n = 11) and without-DS (n = 31). Samples with-DS showed 30% lower mtDNA (DS(MT-ND1/18Sratio): 1.48 ± 0.72 versus non-DS(MT-ND1/18Sratio): 2.10 ± 1.59; p = 0.647) and 30% higher frequency of the mtDNA(4977) deletion (DS(% frequency mtDNA(4977)) deletion: 0.0086 ± 0.0166 versus non-DS(% frequency mtDNA(4977)) deletion: 0.0066 ± 0.0124, p = 0.514) than samples without-DS. The BACH1 and microRNA-155 (miR-155) genes are located in chromosome 21, and their products have demonstrated roles during oxidative stress. BACH1 and miR-155 expression did not differ in hearts with- and without-DS. An association between BACH1 and miR-155 expression was detected in hearts without-DS, suggesting alterations between BACH1-miR-155 interactions in the DS settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hefti
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Adolfo Quiñones-Lombraña
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Almedina Redzematovic
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Jeffrey Hui
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
| | - Javier G Blanco
- a Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University at Buffalo , The State University of New York , Buffalo , NY , USA
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47
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Di Domenico F, Pupo G, Tramutola A, Giorgi A, Schininà ME, Coccia R, Head E, Butterfield DA, Perluigi M. Redox proteomics analysis of HNE-modified proteins in Down syndrome brain: clues for understanding the development of Alzheimer disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2014; 71:270-280. [PMID: 24675226 PMCID: PMC4686229 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Down syndrome (DS) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, due to partial or complete triplication of chromosome 21. DS subjects are characterized by a number of abnormalities including premature aging and development of Alzheimer disease (AD) neuropathology after approximately 40 years of age. Several studies show that oxidative stress plays a crucial role in the development of neurodegeneration in the DS population. Increased lipid peroxidation is one of the main events causing redox imbalance within cells through the formation of toxic aldehydes that easily react with DNA, lipids, and proteins. In this study we used a redox proteomics approach to identify specific targets of 4-hydroxynonenal modifications in the frontal cortex from DS cases with and without AD pathology. We suggest that a group of identified proteins followed a specific pattern of oxidation in DS vs young controls, probably indicating characteristic features of the DS phenotype; a second group of identified proteins showed increased oxidation in DS/AD vs DS, thus possibly playing a role in the development of AD. The third group of comparison, DS/AD vs old controls, identified proteins that may be considered specific markers of AD pathology. All the identified proteins are involved in important biological functions including intracellular quality control systems, cytoskeleton network, energy metabolism, and antioxidant response. Our results demonstrate that oxidative damage is an early event in DS, as well as dysfunctions of protein-degradation systems and cellular protective pathways, suggesting that DS subjects are more vulnerable to oxidative damage accumulation that might contribute to AD development. Further, considering that the majority of proteins have been already demonstrated to be oxidized in AD brain, our results strongly support similarities with AD in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabio Di Domenico
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Gilda Pupo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonella Tramutola
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Giorgi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Raffaella Coccia
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Head
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA; Department of Chemistry and Center of Membrane Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506-0055, USA
| | - Marzia Perluigi
- Department of Biochemical Sciences, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy.
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48
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Phillips AC, Sleigh A, McAllister CJ, Brage S, Carpenter TA, Kemp GJ, Holland AJ. Defective mitochondrial function in vivo in skeletal muscle in adults with Down's syndrome: a 31P-MRS study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e84031. [PMID: 24391872 PMCID: PMC3877137 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Down's syndrome (DS) is a developmental disorder associated with intellectual disability (ID). We have previously shown that people with DS engage in very low levels of exercise compared to people with ID not due to DS. Many aspects of the DS phenotype, such as dementia, low activity levels and poor muscle tone, are shared with disorders of mitochondrial origin, and mitochondrial dysfunction has been demonstrated in cultured DS tissue. We undertook a phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy ((31)P-MRS) study in the quadriceps muscle of 14 people with DS and 11 non-DS ID controls to investigate the post-exercise resynthesis kinetics of phosphocreatine (PCr), which relies on mitochondrial respiratory function and yields a measure of muscle mitochondrial function in vivo. We found that the PCr recovery rate constant was significantly decreased in adults with DS compared to non-DS ID controls (1.7 ± 0.1 min(-1) vs 2.1 ± 0.1 min(-1) respectively) who were matched for physical activity levels, indicating that muscle mitochondrial function in vivo is impaired in DS. This is the first study to investigate mitochondrial function in vivo in DS using (31)P-MRS. Our study is consistent with previous in vitro studies, supporting a theory of a global mitochondrial defect in DS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alison Sleigh
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | | | - Soren Brage
- MRC Epidemiology Unit, Institute of Metabolic Science, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - T. Adrian Carpenter
- Wolfson Brain Imaging Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Graham J. Kemp
- Department of Musculoskeletal Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Anthony J. Holland
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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Xu W, Zhu H, Gu M, Luo Q, Ding J, Yao Y, Chen F, Wang Z. DHTKD1 is essential for mitochondrial biogenesis and function maintenance. FEBS Lett 2013; 587:3587-92. [PMID: 24076469 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2013.08.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Maintaining the functional integrity of mitochondria is crucial for cell function, signal transduction and overall cell activities. Mitochondrial dysfunctions may alter energy metabolism and in many cases are associated with neurological diseases. Recent studies have reported that mutations in dehydrogenase E1 and transketolase domain-containing 1 (DHTKD1), a mitochondrial protein encoding gene, could cause neurological abnormalities. However, the function of DHTKD1 in mitochondria remains unknown. Here, we report a strong correlation of DHTKD1 expression level with ATP production, revealing the fact that DHTKD1 plays a critical role in energy production in mitochondria. Moreover, suppression of DHTKD1 leads to impaired mitochondrial biogenesis and increased reactive oxygen species (ROS), thus leading to retarded cell growth and increased cell apoptosis. These findings demonstrate that DHTKD1 contributes to mitochondrial biogenesis and function maintenance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wangyang Xu
- Department of Clinical Laboratories, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine (SJTUSM), Shanghai 200011, China
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Abstract
Down syndrome (trisomy 21) is the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, but the precise molecular mechanisms underlying impaired cognition remain unclear. Elucidation of these mechanisms has been hindered by the lack of a model system that contains full trisomy of chromosome 21 (Ts21) in a human genome that enables normal gene regulation. To overcome this limitation, we created Ts21-induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) from two sets of Ts21 human fibroblasts. One of the fibroblast lines had low level mosaicism for Ts21 and yielded Ts21 iPSCs and an isogenic control that is disomic for human chromosome 21 (HSA21). Differentiation of all Ts21 iPSCs yielded similar numbers of neurons expressing markers characteristic of dorsal forebrain neurons that were functionally similar to controls. Expression profiling of Ts21 iPSCs and their neuronal derivatives revealed changes in HSA21 genes consistent with the presence of 50% more genetic material as well as changes in non-HSA21 genes that suggested compensatory responses to oxidative stress. Ts21 neurons displayed reduced synaptic activity, affecting excitatory and inhibitory synapses equally. Thus, Ts21 iPSCs and neurons display unique developmental defects that are consistent with cognitive deficits in individuals with Down syndrome and may enable discovery of the underlying causes of and treatments for this disorder.
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