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Sluyter R, Adriouch S, Fuller SJ, Nicke A, Sophocleous RA, Watson D. Animal Models for the Investigation of P2X7 Receptors. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24098225. [PMID: 37175933 PMCID: PMC10179175 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24098225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Revised: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is a trimeric ligand-gated cation channel activated by extracellular adenosine 5'-triphosphate. The study of animals has greatly advanced the investigation of P2X7 and helped to establish the numerous physiological and pathophysiological roles of this receptor in human health and disease. Following a short overview of the P2X7 distribution, roles and functional properties, this article discusses how animal models have contributed to the generation of P2X7-specific antibodies and nanobodies (including biologics), recombinant receptors and radioligands to study P2X7 as well as to the pharmacokinetic testing of P2X7 antagonists. This article then outlines how mouse and rat models have been used to study P2X7. These sections include discussions on preclinical disease models, polymorphic P2X7 variants, P2X7 knockout mice (including bone marrow chimeras and conditional knockouts), P2X7 reporter mice, humanized P2X7 mice and P2X7 knockout rats. Finally, this article reviews the limited number of studies involving guinea pigs, rabbits, monkeys (rhesus macaques), dogs, cats, zebrafish, and other fish species (seabream, ayu sweetfish, rainbow trout and Japanese flounder) to study P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Sluyter
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Sahil Adriouch
- UniRouen, INSERM, U1234, Pathophysiology, Autoimmunity, and Immunotherapy, (PANTHER), Univ Rouen Normandie, University of Rouen, F-76000 Rouen, France
| | - Stephen J Fuller
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Kingswood, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Annette Nicke
- Walther Straub Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, LMU Munich, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Reece A Sophocleous
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
| | - Debbie Watson
- Molecular Horizons and School of Chemistry and Molecular Bioscience, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
- Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, NSW 2522, Australia
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Orriss IR, Davies BK, Bourne LE, Arnett TR. Modulation of osteoblast differentiation and function by the P2X4 receptor. Purinergic Signal 2022:10.1007/s11302-022-09887-x. [PMID: 35976527 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-022-09887-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone cells are known to express multiple P2 receptor subtypes, and the functional effects of receptor activation have been described for many of these. One exception is the P2X4 receptor, which despite strong expression in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, has no defined functional activity. This study used the selective P2X4 receptor antagonists, 5-BDBD and PSB-12062, to investigate the role of this receptor in bone. Both antagonists (≥ 0.1 μM) dose-dependently decreased bone formation by 60-100%. This was accompanied by a ≤ 70% decrease in alkaline phosphatase activity, a ≤ 40% reduction in cell number, and a ≤ 80% increase in the number of adipocytes present in the culture. The analysis of gene expression showed that levels of osteoblast marker genes (e.g. Alpl, Bglap) were decreased in 5-BDBD treated cells. Conversely, expression of the adipogenic transcription factor PPARG was increased 10-fold. In osteoclasts, high doses of both antagonists were associated with a reduction in osteoclast formation and resorptive activity by ≤ 95% and ≤ 90%, respectively. Taken together, these data suggest that the P2X4 receptor plays a role in modulating bone cell function. In particular, it appears to influence osteoblast differentiation favouring the osteogenic lineage over the adipogenic lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK.
| | - Bethan K Davies
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Lucie E Bourne
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London, NW1 0TU, UK
| | - Timothy R Arnett
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
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Tattersall L, Shah KM, Lath DL, Singh A, Down JM, De Marchi E, Williamson A, Di Virgilio F, Heymann D, Adinolfi E, Fraser WD, Green D, Lawson MA, Gartland A. The P2RX7B splice variant modulates osteosarcoma cell behaviour and metastatic properties. J Bone Oncol 2021; 31:100398. [PMID: 35340569 PMCID: PMC8948168 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbo.2021.100398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85+P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B OS cell lines. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro. MNNG-HOS+P2RX7B tumours in vivo exhibited ectopic bone formation that A740003 reduced. Expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity to metastasise to the lungs. A novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4 was downregulated in response to A740003.
Background Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common type of primary bone cancer affecting children and adolescents. OS has a high propensity to spread meaning the disease is often incurable and fatal. There have been no improvements in survival rates for decades. This highlights an urgent need for the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Here, we report in vitro and in vivo data that demonstrates the role of purinergic signalling, specifically, the B isoform of the purinergic receptor P2RX7 (P2RX7B), in OS progression and metastasis. Methods TE85 and MNNG-HOS OS cells were transfected with P2RX7B. These cell lines were then characterised and assessed for proliferation, cell adhesion, migration and invasion in vitro. We used these cells to perform both paratibial and tail vein injected mouse studies where the primary tumour, bone and lungs were analysed. We used RNA-seq to identify responsive pathways relating to P2RX7B. Results Our data shows that P2RX7B expression confers a survival advantage in TE85 + P2RX7B and MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B human OS cell lines in vitro that is minimised following treatment with A740003, a specific P2RX7 antagonist. P2RX7B expression reduced cell adhesion and P2RX7B activation promoted invasion and migration in vitro, demonstrating a metastatic phenotype. Using an in vivo OS xenograft model, MNNG-HOS + P2RX7B tumours exhibited cancer-associated ectopic bone formation that was abrogated with A740003 treatment. A pro-metastatic phenotype was further demonstrated in vivo as expression of P2RX7B in primary tumour cells increased the propensity of tumour cells to metastasise to the lungs. RNA-seq identified a novel gene axis, FN1/LOX/PDGFB/IGFBP3/BMP4, downregulated in response to A740003 treatment. Conclusion Our data illustrates a role for P2RX7B in OS tumour growth, progression and metastasis. We show that P2RX7B is a future therapeutic target in human OS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke Tattersall
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Karan M. Shah
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Darren L. Lath
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Archana Singh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich, UK
| | - Jennifer M. Down
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Elena De Marchi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alex Williamson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dominique Heymann
- Université de Nantes, Institut de Cancérologie de l’Ouest, Saint-Herblain, France
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Experimental Medicine, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | - William D. Fraser
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
- Clinical Biochemistry, Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Darrell Green
- Norwich Medical School, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich, UK
| | - Michelle A. Lawson
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Musculoskeletal Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, UK
- Corresponding author.
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Hay AM, Howie HL, Gorham JD, D'Alessandro A, Spitalnik SL, Hudson KE, Zimring JC. Mouse background genetics in biomedical research: The devil's in the details. Transfusion 2021; 61:3017-3025. [PMID: 34480352 DOI: 10.1111/trf.16628] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetically modified mice are used widely to explore mechanisms in most biomedical fields-including transfusion. Concluding that a gene modification is responsible for a phenotypic change assumes no other differences between the gene-modified and wild-type mice besides the targetted gene. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS To test the hypothesis that the N-terminus of Band3, which regulates metabolism, affects RBC storage biology, RBCs from mice with a modified N-terminus of Band3 were stored under simulated blood bank conditions. All strains of mice were generated with the same initial embryonic stem cells from 129 mice and each strain was backcrossed with C57BL/6 (B6) mice. Both 24-h recoveries post-transfusion and metabolomics were determined for stored RBCs. Genetic profiles of mice were assessed by a high-resolution SNP array. RESULTS RBCs from mice with a mutated Band3 N-terminus had increased lipid oxidation and worse 24-h recoveries, "demonstrating" that Band3 regulates oxidative injury during RBC storage. However, SNP analysis demonstrated variable inheritance of 129 genetic elements between strains. Controlled interbreeding experiments demonstrated that the changes in lipid oxidation and some of the decreased 24-hr recovery were caused by inheritance of a region of chromosome 1 of 129 origin, and not due to the modification of Band 3. SNP genotyping of a panel of commonly used commercially available KO mice showed considerable 129 contamination, despite wild-type B6 mice being listed as the correct control. DISCUSSION Thousands of articles published each year use gene-modified mice, yet genetic background issues are rarely considered. Assessment of such issues are not, but should become, routine norms of murine experimentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariel M Hay
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Heather L Howie
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - James D Gorham
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- University of Colorado Denver, Anschutz Medical Campus, Denver, Colorado, USA
| | - Steven L Spitalnik
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Krystalyn E Hudson
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - James C Zimring
- Department of Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA
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Mai Y, Guo Z, Yin W, Zhong N, Dicpinigaitis PV, Chen R. P2X Receptors: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Symptoms Associated With Lung Cancer - A Mini Review. Front Oncol 2021; 11:691956. [PMID: 34268121 PMCID: PMC8276243 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.691956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Symptoms associated with lung cancer mainly consist of cancer-associated pain, cough, fatigue, and dyspnea. However, underlying mechanisms of lung cancer symptom clusters remain unclear. There remains a paucity of effective treatment to ameliorate debilitating symptoms and improve the quality of life of lung cancer survivors. Recently, extracellular ATP and its receptors have attracted increasing attention among researchers in the field of oncology. Extracellular ATP in the tumor microenvironment is associated with tumor cell metabolism, proliferation, and metastasis by driving inflammation and neurotransmission via P2 purinergic signaling. Accordingly, ATP gated P2X receptors expressed on tumor cells, immune cells, and neurons play a vital role in modulating tumor development, invasion, progression, and related symptoms. P2 purinergic signaling is involved in the development of different lung cancer-related symptoms. In this review, we summarize recent findings to illustrate the role of P2X receptors in tumor proliferation, progression, metastasis, and lung cancer- related symptoms, providing an outline of potential anti-neoplastic activity of P2X receptor antagonists. Furthermore, compared with opioids, P2X receptor antagonists appear to be innovative therapeutic interventions for managing cancer symptom clusters with fewer side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglin Mai
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Guo
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiqiang Yin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Nanshan Zhong
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peter V Dicpinigaitis
- Department of Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine & Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Ruchong Chen
- Department of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, National Clinical Research Center for Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Health, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Brain immune cells characterization in UCMS exposed P2X7 knock-out mouse. Brain Behav Immun 2021; 94:159-174. [PMID: 33609652 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2021.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several lines of evidence suggest that neuroinflammation might be a key neurobiological mechanism of depression. In particular, the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R), an ATP-gated ion channel involved in activation of the pro-inflammatory interleukin IL-1β, has been shown to be a potential new pharmacological target in depression. The aim of this study was to explore the impact of unpredictable chronic mild stress (UCMS) on behavioural changes, hippocampal neurogenesis, and cellular characterisation of brain immune cells, in P2X7R Knock-Out (KO) mice. METHODS P2X7R KO and wild-type (WT) mice were subjected to a 6-week UCMS protocol and received a conventional oral antidepressant (15 mg.kg-1 fluoxetine) or water per os. The mice then underwent behavioural tests consisting of the tail suspension test (TST), the elevated plus maze (EPM) test, the open field test, the splash test and the nest building test (week 7). Doublecortin immunostaining (DCX) of brain slices was used to assess neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus. Iba1 and TMEM119 immunostaining was used to characterise brain immune cells, Iba1 as a macrophage marker (including microglial cells) and TMEM119 as a potential specific resident microglial cells marker. RESULTS After a 6-week UCMS exposure, P2X7R KO mice exhibited less deterioration of their coat state, spent a significantly smaller amount of time immobile in the TST and spent a larger amount of time in the open arms of the EPM. As expected, adult ventral hippocampal neurogenesis was significantly decreased by UCMS in WT mice, while P2X7R KO mice maintained ventral hippocampal neurogenesis at similar levels in both control and UCMS conditions. In stress-related brain regions, P2X7R KO mice also exhibited less recruitment of Iba1+/TMEM119+ and Iba1+/TMEM119- cells in the brain. The ratio between these two staining patterns revealed that brain immune cells were mostly composed of Iba1+/TMEM119+ cells (87 to 99%), and this ratio was affected neither by P2X7R genetic depletion nor by antidepressant treatment. DISCUSSION Behavioural patterns, neurogenesis levels and density of brain immune cells in P2X7R KO mice after exposure to UCMS significantly differed from control conditions. Brain immune cells were mostly increased in brain regions known to be sensitive to UCMS exposure in WT but not in P2X7R KO mice. Considering Iba1+/TMEM119- staining might characterize peripheral immune cells, the ratio between Iba1+/TMEM119+ cells and IBA1+/TMEM119- cells, suggests that the rate of peripheral immune cells recruitment may not be modified neither by P2X7R gene expression nor by antidepressant treatment.
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7
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Ellegaard M, Hegner T, Ding M, Ulmann L, Jørgensen NR. Bone phenotype of P2X4 receptor knockout mice: implication of a P2X7 receptor mutation? Purinergic Signal 2021; 17:241-246. [PMID: 33856623 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-021-09784-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Transgenic and knockout animal models are widely used to investigate the role of receptors, signaling pathways, and other peptides and proteins. Varying results are often published on the same model from different groups, and much effort has been put into understanding the underlying causes of these sometimes conflicting results. Recently, it has been shown that a P2X4R knockout model carries a so-called passenger mutation in the P2X7R gene, potentially affecting the interpretation of results from studies using this animal model. We therefore report this case to raise awareness about the potential pitfalls using genetically modified animal models, especially within P2 receptor research. Although purinergic signaling has been recognized as an important contributor to the regulation of bone remodeling, the process that maintains the bone quality during life, little is known about the role of the P2X4 receptor (P2X4R) in regulation of bone remodeling in health and disease. To address this, we analyzed the bone phenotype of P2rx4tm1Rass (C57BL/6J) knockout mice and corresponding wildtype using microCT and biomechanical testing. Overall, we found that the P2X4R knockout mice displayed improved bone microstructure and stronger bones in an age- and gender-dependent manner. While cortical BMD, trabecular BMD, and bone volume were higher in the 6-month-old females and 3-month-old males, this was not the case for the 3-month-old females and the 6-month-old males. Bone strength was only affected in the females. Moreover, we found that P2X4R KO mice carried the P2X7 receptor 451P wildtype allele, whereas the wildtype mice carried the 451L mutant allele. In conclusion, this study suggests that P2X4R could play a role in bone remodeling, but more importantly, it underlines the potential pitfalls when using knockout models and highlights the importance of interpreting results with great caution. Further studies are needed to verify any specific effects of P2X4R on bone metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Ellegaard
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Tanja Hegner
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ming Ding
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery and Traumatology, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
| | - Lauriane Ulmann
- IGF, Univ Montpellier, CNRS, INSERM, Montpellier, France
- LabEx ICST, Montpellier, France
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Extracellular purines and bone homeostasis. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 187:114425. [PMID: 33482152 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Revised: 01/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Maintenance of a healthy skeleton is highly dependent on an intricate regulation of bone metabolism, as changes in the balance between bone formation and bone resorption leads to bone loss, bone fragility and ultimately bone fractures. During the last three decades it has become increasingly evident that physiological release of purines in the extracellular space is imperative for bone homeostasis and is orchestrated via the network of purinoceptors. Adenosine derivatives are released locally in the skeleton either by the bone forming osteoblasts or the bone degrading osteoclasts actioned directly by processes like mechanical loading and indirectly by systemic hormones. Adenosine derivatives directly affect the bone cells by their action on the membranal receptors or have co-stimulatory actions with bone active hormones such as parathyroid hormone or the gut hormones. Any deviations leading to increased levels of extracellular adenosine derivatives in the bone tissue such as in pathologic situations, trigger complex pathways with opposing effects on tissue health as presented by studies involving a range of model organisms. Pathological conditions where skeletal purinergic signaling is affected are following tissue injury like microdamage and macroscopic fractures; and during inflammatory processes where nucleotides and nucleosides play an important part in the pathophysiological skeletal response. Moreover, adenosine derivatives also play an important role in the interaction between malignant cells and bone cells in several types of cancers involving the skeleton, such as but not limited to multiple myeloma and bone osteolysis. Much knowledge has been gained over the last decades. The net- resulting phenotype of adenosine derivatives in bone (including the ratio of ATP to Adenosine) is highly dependent on CD39 and CD73 enzymes together with the expression and activity of the specific receptors. Thus, each component is important in the physiological and pathophysiological processes in bone. Promising perspectives await in the future in treating skeletal disorders with medications targeting the individual components of the purinergic signaling pathway.
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Li H, Guo J, Ouyang B, Wang M, Xu Q, Wang J, Lv M, Guo X, Liu Q, Wei L, Ren H, Xi Y, Guo Y, Ren B, Pan S, Liu C, Ding X, Xiang H, Yu Y, Song Y, Meng L, Liu S, Wang J, Jiang Y, Shi J, Liu S, Sabir JS, Sabir MJ, Khan M, Hajrah NH, Ming-Yuen Lee S, Xu X, Yang H, Wang J, Fan G, Yang N, Liu X. The White-Spotted Bamboo Shark Genome Reveals Chromosome Rearrangements and Fast-Evolving Immune Genes of Cartilaginous Fish. iScience 2020; 23:101754. [PMID: 33251490 PMCID: PMC7677710 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2020.101754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondrichthyan (cartilaginous fish) occupies a key phylogenetic position and is important for investigating evolutionary processes of vertebrates. However, limited whole genomes impede our in-depth knowledge of important issues such as chromosome evolution and immunity. Here, we report the chromosome-level genome of white-spotted bamboo shark. Combing it with other shark genomes, we reconstructed 16 ancestral chromosomes of bamboo shark and illustrate a dynamic chromosome rearrangement process. We found that genes on 13 fast-evolving chromosomes can be enriched in immune-related pathways. And two chromosomes contain important genes that can be used to develop single-chain antibodies, which were shown to have high affinity to human disease markers by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. We also found three bone formation-related genes were lost due to chromosome rearrangements. Our study highlights the importance of chromosome rearrangements, providing resources for understanding of cartilaginous fish diversification and potential application of single-chain antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolei Zhang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
- Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, 2800 Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Haoyang Gao
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Hanbo Li
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiao Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bingjie Ouyang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiniang Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qiwu Xu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Meiqi Lv
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Qun Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Likun Wei
- City University of Hongkong, Kowloon, Hongkong SAR
| | - Han Ren
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yang Xi
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yang Guo
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Bingzhao Ren
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shanshan Pan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Chuxin Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Xiaoyan Ding
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Haitao Xiang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yingjia Yu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yue Song
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Lingfeng Meng
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Shanshan Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jun Wang
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Yuan Jiang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Complete Genomics, Inc., San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Jiahai Shi
- City University of Hongkong, Kowloon, Hongkong SAR
| | - Shiping Liu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Jamal S.M. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mumdooh J. Sabir
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhummadh Khan
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nahid H. Hajrah
- Department of Biological Sciences, King Abdulaziz University (KAU), Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Simon Ming-Yuen Lee
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Macao, China
| | - Xun Xu
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Huanming Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian Wang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- James D. Watson Institute of Genome Sciences, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangyi Fan
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine and Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, Macao, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
| | - Naibo Yang
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- Complete Genomics, Inc., San Jose, CA 95134, USA
| | - Xin Liu
- BGI-Qingdao, BGI-Shenzhen, Qingdao 266555, China
- BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518083, China
- China National GeneBank, BGI-Shenzhen, Shenzhen 518120, China
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10
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The P2X7 ion channel is dispensable for energy and metabolic homeostasis of white and brown adipose tissues. Purinergic Signal 2020; 16:529-542. [PMID: 33025427 PMCID: PMC7855144 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-020-09738-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Several studies suggest a role of extracellular adenine nucleotides in regulating adipose tissue functions via the purinergic signaling network. Metabolic studies in mice with global deletion of the purinergic receptor P2X7 on the C57BL/6 background indicate that this receptor has only a minor role in adipose tissue for diet-induced inflammation or cold-triggered thermogenesis. However, recent data show that a polymorphism (P451L) present in C57BL/6 mice attenuates P2X7 receptor function, whereas BALB/c mice express the fully functional P451 allele. To determine the potential role of P2rx7 under metabolic and thermogenic stress conditions, we performed comparative studies using male P2rx7 knockout (KO) and respective wild-type controls on both BALB/c and C57BL/6 backgrounds. Our data show that adipose P2rx7 mRNA levels are increased in obese mice. Moreover, P2rx7 deficiency results in reduced levels of circulating CCL2 and IL6 with a moderate effect on gene expression of pro-inflammatory markers in white adipose tissue and liver of BALB/c and C57BL/6 mice. However, P2X7 expression does not alter body weight, insulin resistance, and hyperglycemia associated with high-fat diet feeding on both genetic backgrounds. Furthermore, deficiency of P2rx7 is dispensable for energy expenditure at thermoneutral and acute cold exposure conditions. In summary, these data show that-apart from a moderate effect on inflammatory cytokines-P2X7 plays only a minor role in inflammatory and thermogenic effects of white and brown adipose tissue even on the BALB/c background.
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11
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Brisson L, Chadet S, Lopez-Charcas O, Jelassi B, Ternant D, Chamouton J, Lerondel S, Le Pape A, Couillin I, Gombault A, Trovero F, Chevalier S, Besson P, Jiang LH, Roger S. P2X7 Receptor Promotes Mouse Mammary Cancer Cell Invasiveness and Tumour Progression, and Is a Target for Anticancer Treatment. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092342. [PMID: 32825056 PMCID: PMC7565976 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an ATP-gated cation channel with a still ambiguous role in cancer progression, proposed to be either pro- or anti-cancerous, depending on the cancer or cell type in the tumour. Its role in mammary cancer progression is not yet defined. Here, we show that P2X7 receptor is functional in highly aggressive mammary cancer cells, and induces a change in cell morphology with fast F-actin reorganization and formation of filopodia, and promotes cancer cell invasiveness through both 2- and 3-dimensional extracellular matrices in vitro. Furthermore, P2X7 receptor sustains Cdc42 activity and the acquisition of a mesenchymal phenotype. In an immunocompetent mouse mammary cancer model, we reveal that the expression of P2X7 receptor in cancer cells, but not in the host mice, promotes tumour growth and metastasis development, which were reduced by treatment with specific P2X7 antagonists. Our results demonstrate that P2X7 receptor drives mammary tumour progression and represents a pertinent target for mammary cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucie Brisson
- Inserm UMR1069-Nutrition, Growth and Cancer, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (L.B.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphanie Chadet
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (S.C.); (O.L.-C.); (B.J.); (D.T.); (P.B.); (L.-H.J.)
| | - Osbaldo Lopez-Charcas
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (S.C.); (O.L.-C.); (B.J.); (D.T.); (P.B.); (L.-H.J.)
| | - Bilel Jelassi
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (S.C.); (O.L.-C.); (B.J.); (D.T.); (P.B.); (L.-H.J.)
| | - David Ternant
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (S.C.); (O.L.-C.); (B.J.); (D.T.); (P.B.); (L.-H.J.)
| | - Julie Chamouton
- Inserm UMR1069-Nutrition, Growth and Cancer, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (L.B.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Stéphanie Lerondel
- CNRS UPS44 TAAM, PHENOMIN, Centre d’Imagerie du Petit Animal, 45071 Orléans, France; (S.L.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Alain Le Pape
- CNRS UPS44 TAAM, PHENOMIN, Centre d’Imagerie du Petit Animal, 45071 Orléans, France; (S.L.); (A.L.P.)
| | - Isabelle Couillin
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS, University of Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France; (I.C.); (A.G.)
| | - Aurélie Gombault
- Laboratory of Molecular and Experimental Immunology and Neurogenetics, UMR 7355, CNRS, University of Orléans, 45071 Orléans, France; (I.C.); (A.G.)
| | | | - Stéphan Chevalier
- Inserm UMR1069-Nutrition, Growth and Cancer, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (L.B.); (J.C.); (S.C.)
| | - Pierre Besson
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (S.C.); (O.L.-C.); (B.J.); (D.T.); (P.B.); (L.-H.J.)
| | - Lin-Hua Jiang
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (S.C.); (O.L.-C.); (B.J.); (D.T.); (P.B.); (L.-H.J.)
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, UK
- Sino-UK Joint Laboratory of Brain Function and Injury and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang 453003, China
| | - Sébastien Roger
- EA4245-Transplantation, Immunology and Inflammation, University of Tours, 37032 Tours, France; (S.C.); (O.L.-C.); (B.J.); (D.T.); (P.B.); (L.-H.J.)
- Institut Universitaire de France, 75005 Paris, France
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-2-47-36-61-30
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12
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Osteoclast Multinucleation: Review of Current Literature. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21165685. [PMID: 32784443 PMCID: PMC7461040 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21165685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Multinucleation is a hallmark of osteoclast maturation. The unique and dynamic multinucleation process not only increases cell size but causes functional alterations through reconstruction of the cytoskeleton, creating the actin ring and ruffled border that enable bone resorption. Our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying osteoclast multinucleation has advanced considerably in this century, especially since the identification of DC-STAMP and OC-STAMP as “master fusogens”. Regarding the molecules and pathways surrounding these STAMPs, however, only limited progress has been made due to the absence of their ligands. Various molecules and mechanisms other than the STAMPs are involved in osteoclast multinucleation. In addition, several preclinical studies have explored chemicals that may be able to target osteoclast multinucleation, which could enable us to control pathogenic bone metabolism more precisely. In this review, we will focus on recent discoveries regarding the STAMPs and other molecules involved in osteoclast multinucleation.
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13
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Motifs enable communication efficiency and fault-tolerance in transcriptional networks. Sci Rep 2020; 10:9628. [PMID: 32541819 PMCID: PMC7296022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-66573-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Analysis of the topology of transcriptional regulatory networks (TRNs) is an effective way to study the regulatory interactions between the transcription factors (TFs) and the target genes. TRNs are characterized by the abundance of motifs such as feed forward loops (FFLs), which contribute to their structural and functional properties. In this paper, we focus on the role of motifs (specifically, FFLs) in signal propagation in TRNs and the organization of the TRN topology with FFLs as building blocks. To this end, we classify nodes participating in FFLs (termed motif central nodes) into three distinct roles (namely, roles A, B and C), and contrast them with TRN nodes having high connectivity on the basis of their potential for information dissemination, using metrics such as network efficiency, path enumeration, epidemic models and standard graph centrality measures. We also present the notion of a three tier architecture and how it can help study the structural properties of TRN based on connectivity and clustering tendency of motif central nodes. Finally, we motivate the potential implication of the structural properties of motif centrality in design of efficient protocols of information routing in communication networks as well as their functional properties in global regulation and stress response to study specific disease conditions and identification of drug targets.
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14
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Youlten SE, Baldock PA. Using mouse genetics to understand human skeletal disease. Bone 2019; 126:27-36. [PMID: 30776501 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2019.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2018] [Revised: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Technological advances have enabled the study of the human genome in incredible detail with relative ease. However, our ability to interpret the functional significance of the millions of genetic variants present within each individual is limited. As a result, the confident assignment of disease-causing variant calls remains a significant challenge. Here we explore how mouse genetics can help address this deficit in functional genomic understanding. Underpinned by marked genetic correspondence, skeletal biology shows inter-species similarities which provide important opportunities to use data from mouse models to direct research into the genetic basis of skeletal pathophysiology. In this article we outline critical resources that may be used to establish genotype/phenotype relationships in skeletal tissue, identify genes with established skeletal effects and define the transcriptome of critical skeletal cell types. Finally, we outline how these mouse resources might be utilized to progress from a list of human sequence variants toward plausible gene candidates that contribute to skeletal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Scott E Youlten
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia.
| | - Paul A Baldock
- Division of Bone Biology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW 2010, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia; University of Notre Dame Australia, Sydney, NSW, 2010, Australia
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15
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Green JP, Souilhol C, Xanthis I, Martinez-Campesino L, Bowden NP, Evans PC, Wilson HL. Atheroprone flow activates inflammation via endothelial ATP-dependent P2X7-p38 signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2019; 114:324-335. [PMID: 29126223 PMCID: PMC5852506 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Atherosclerosis is a focal disease occurring at arterial sites of disturbed blood flow that generates low oscillating shear stress. Endothelial inflammatory signalling is enhanced at sites of disturbed flow via mechanisms that are incompletely understood. The influence of disturbed flow on endothelial adenosine triphosphate (ATP) receptors and downstream signalling was assessed. Methods and results Cultured human endothelial cells were exposed to atheroprotective (high uniform) or atheroprone (low oscillatory) shear stress for 72 h prior to assessment of ATP responses. Imaging of cells loaded with a calcium-sensitive fluorescent dye revealed that atheroprone flow enhanced extracellular calcium influx in response to 300 µM 2'(3')-O-(4-Benzoylbenzoyl) adenosine-5'-triphosphate. Pre-treatment with pharmacological inhibitors demonstrated that this process required purinergic P2X7 receptors. The mechanism involved altered expression of P2X7, which was induced by atheroprone flow conditions in cultured cells. Similarly, en face staining of the murine aorta revealed enriched P2X7 expression at an atheroprone site. Functional studies in cultured endothelial cells showed that atheroprone flow induced p38 phosphorylation and up-regulation of E-selectin and IL-8 secretion via a P2X7-dependent mechanism. Moreover, genetic deletion of P2X7 significantly reduced E-selectin at atheroprone regions of the murine aorta. Conclusions These findings reveal that P2X7 is regulated by shear forces leading to its accumulation at atheroprone sites that are exposed to disturbed patterns of blood flow. P2X7 promotes endothelial inflammation at atheroprone sites by transducing ATP signals into p38 activation. Thus P2X7 integrates vascular mechanical responses with purinergic signalling to promote endothelial dysfunction and may provide an attractive potential therapeutic target to prevent or reduce atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack P Green
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Celine Souilhol
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Ioannis Xanthis
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Laura Martinez-Campesino
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Neil P Bowden
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - Paul C Evans
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,INSIGNEO Institute, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Heather L Wilson
- Department of Infection, Immunity & Cardiovascular Disease, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.,Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
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16
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De Marchi E, Orioli E, Pegoraro A, Sangaletti S, Portararo P, Curti A, Colombo MP, Di Virgilio F, Adinolfi E. The P2X7 receptor modulates immune cells infiltration, ectonucleotidases expression and extracellular ATP levels in the tumor microenvironment. Oncogene 2019; 38:3636-3650. [PMID: 30655604 PMCID: PMC6756114 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-019-0684-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/23/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
In the tumor microenvironment (TME) ATP and its receptor P2X7 exert a pivotal influence on cancer growth and tumor-host interactions. Here we analyzed the different effect of P2X7 genetic deficiency versus its antagonism on response against P2X7-expressing implanted tumors. We focused on immune cell expression of ATP degrading enzymes CD39 and CD73 and in vivo measured TME's ATP. The immune infiltrate of tumors growing in P2X7 null mice shows a decrease in CD8+ cells and an increased number of Tregs, overexpressing the fitness markers OX40, PD-1, and CD73. A similar Treg phenotype is also present in the spleen of tumor-bearing P2X7 null mice and it is paralleled by a decrease in proinflammatory cytokines and an increase in TGF-β. Differently, systemic administration of the P2X7 blocker A740003 in wild-type mice left unaltered the number of tumor-infiltrating CD8+ and Treg lymphocytes but increased CD4+ effector cells and decreased their expression of CD39 and CD73. P2X7 blockade did not affect spleen immune cell composition or ectonucleotidase expression but increased circulating INF-γ. Augmented CD73 in P2X7 null mice was mirrored by a decrease in TME ATP concentration and nucleotide reduced secretion from immune cells. On the contrary, TME ATP levels remained unaltered upon P2X7 antagonism, owing to release of ATP from cancerous cells and diminished ectonucleotidase expression by CD4+ and dendritic cells. These data point at P2X7 receptor as a key determinant of TME composition due to its combined action on immune cell infiltrate, ectonucleotidases, and ATP release.
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MESH Headings
- 5'-Nucleotidase/metabolism
- Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism
- Animals
- Antigens, Differentiation/metabolism
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/pathology
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Programmed Cell Death 1 Receptor/metabolism
- Purinergic P2X Receptor Antagonists/pharmacology
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/genetics
- Receptors, Purinergic P2X7/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
- Tumor Microenvironment/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena De Marchi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elisa Orioli
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna Pegoraro
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Sabina Sangaletti
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), Via Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Paola Portararo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), Via Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Curti
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology L. and A. Seràgnoli, S. Orsola-Malpighi Hospital, University of Bologna, via Massarenti, 9, 40138, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mario Paolo Colombo
- Department of Experimental Oncology, Molecular Immunology Unit, Istituto Nazionale dei Tumori (IRCCS), Via Amadeo, 42, 20133, Milan, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari, 46, 44121, Ferrara, Italy.
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17
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Xu XY, He XT, Wang J, Li X, Xia Y, Tan YZ, Chen FM. Role of the P2X7 receptor in inflammation-mediated changes in the osteogenesis of periodontal ligament stem cells. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:20. [PMID: 30622236 PMCID: PMC6325129 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1253-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 11/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence indicates that the pluripotency of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) is compromised under inflammatory conditions; however, the underlying mechanisms remain largely unexplored. In this study, we hypothesize that the P2X7 receptor (P2X7R) is a key molecule linked to inflammation-associated impairment of PDLSCs. We first investigated P2X7R expression in PDLSCs under normal and inflammatory conditions and then determined the effect of a P2X7R agonist (BzATP) or antagonist (BBG) on PDLSC osteogenesis under various conditions. Gene-modified PDLSCs were used to further examine the role of P2X7R and the signaling pathway underlying P2X7R-enhanced osteogenesis. We found that inflammatory conditions decreased P2X7R expression in PDLSCs and reduced osteogenesis in these cells. In addition, activation of P2X7R by BzATP or overexpression of P2X7R via gene transduction reversed the inflammation-mediated decrease in PDLSC osteogenic differentiation. When selected osteogenesis-related signaling molecules were screened, the PI3K-AKT-mTOR pathway was identified as potentially involved in P2X7R-enhanced PDLSC osteogenesis. Our data reveal a crucial role for P2X7R in PDLSC osteogenesis under inflammatory conditions, suggesting a new therapeutic target to reverse or rescue inflammation-mediated changes in PDLSCs for future mainstream therapeutic uses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yue Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xiao-Tao He
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Jia Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Xuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yu Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Yi-Zhou Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China
| | - Fa-Ming Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Military Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases and Shaanxi Engineering Research Center for Dental Materials and Advanced Manufacture, Department of Periodontology, School of Stomatology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, Shaanxi, China.
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18
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Comai G, Boutet A, Tanneberger K, Massa F, Rocha AS, Charlet A, Panzolini C, Jian Motamedi F, Brommage R, Hans W, Funck-Brentano T, Hrabe de Angelis M, Hartmann C, Cohen-Solal M, Behrens J, Schedl A. Genetic and Molecular Insights Into Genotype-Phenotype Relationships in Osteopathia Striata With Cranial Sclerosis (OSCS) Through the Analysis of Novel Mouse Wtx Mutant Alleles. J Bone Miner Res 2018; 33:875-887. [PMID: 29329488 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.3387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The X-linked WTX/AMER1 protein constitutes an important component of the β-catenin destruction complex that can both enhance and suppress canonical β-catenin signaling. Somatic mutations in WTX/AMER1 have been found in a proportion of the pediatric kidney cancer Wilms' tumor. By contrast, germline mutations cause the severe sclerosing bone dysplasia osteopathia striata congenita with cranial sclerosis (OSCS), a condition usually associated with fetal or perinatal lethality in male patients. Here we address the developmental and molecular function of WTX by generating two novel mouse alleles. We show that in addition to the previously reported skeletal abnormalities, loss of Wtx causes severe midline fusion defects including cleft palate and ectopic synostosis at the base of the skull. By contrast, deletion of the C-terminal part of the protein results in only mild developmental abnormalities permitting survival beyond birth. Adult analysis, however, revealed skeletal defects including changed skull morphology and an increased whole-body bone density, resembling a subgroup of male patients carrying a milder, survivable phenotype. Molecular analysis in vitro showed that while β-catenin fails to co-immunoprecipitate with the truncated protein, partial recruitment appears to be achieved in an indirect manner using AXIN/AXIN2 as a molecular bridge. Taken together our analysis provides a novel model for WTX-caused bone diseases and explains on the molecular level how truncation mutations in this gene may retain some of WTX-protein functions. © 2018 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glenda Comai
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France.,Current Address: Dept. of Developmental & Stem Cell Biology, Pasteur Institute, CNRS UMR3738, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Boutet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France.,Current Address: CNRS, Sorbonne Université, UPMC Univ Paris 6, UMR8227, Translation, Cell Cycle and Development Group, Station Biologique, F-29688 Roscoff, France
| | - Kristina Tanneberger
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Filippo Massa
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Ana-Sofia Rocha
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Aurelie Charlet
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Clara Panzolini
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Fariba Jian Motamedi
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
| | - Robert Brommage
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Hans
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Thomas Funck-Brentano
- INSERM UMR-1132, Biologie de l'os et du cartilage (BIOSCAR), Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Martin Hrabe de Angelis
- German Mouse Clinic, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Neuherberg, Germany.,Experimental Genetics, School of Life Science Weihenstephan, Technische Universität München, Freising, Germany.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Christine Hartmann
- Institute of Musculoskeletal Medicine, University Hospital Münster, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität (WWU), Münster, Germany
| | - Martine Cohen-Solal
- INSERM UMR-1132, Biologie de l'os et du cartilage (BIOSCAR), Paris, France.,Université Paris Diderot, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Jürgen Behrens
- Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nuremberg, Nikolaus Fiebiger Zentrum, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Andreas Schedl
- Université Côte d'Azur, INSERM, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose (iBV), Nice, France
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19
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Wang N, Agrawal A, Jørgensen NR, Gartland A. P2X7 receptor regulates osteoclast function and bone loss in a mouse model of osteoporosis. Sci Rep 2018; 8:3507. [PMID: 29472582 PMCID: PMC5823935 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-21574-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-menopausal osteoporosis is a condition that affects millions worldwide and places a huge socio-economic burden on society. Previous research has shown an association of loss of function SNPs in the gene for the purinergic receptor P2X7R with low bone mineral density, increased rates of bone loss and vertebral fractures in post-menopausal women. In this study we use a mouse model of oestrogen deficiency-induced bone loss and the BALB/cJ P2X7R-/- to show that absence of the P2X7R resulted in increased bone loss. Osteoclast precursors were isolated from both BALB/cJ P2X7R-/- and BALB/cJ P2X7R+/+ mice and then cultured in vitro to form mature resorbing osteoclasts. The BALB/cJ P2X7R-/- derived precursors generated slightly more osteoclasts but with a significant reduction in the amount of resorption per osteoclast. Furthermore, when using modified culture conditions osteoclast activity was additionally increased in the absence of the P2X7R suggest that P2X7R may regulate the lifespan and activity of osteoclasts. Finally using mechanical loading as an anabolic stimulus for bone formation, we demonstrated that the increased oestrogen-deficient bone loss could be rescued, even in the absence of P2X7R. This study paves the way for clinical intervention for women with post-menopausal osteoporosis and P2XR7 loss of function polymorphisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Wang
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | - Ankita Agrawal
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.,Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Niklas Rye Jørgensen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, Glostrup, Denmark.,OPEN, Odense Patient data Explorative Network, Odense University Hospital/Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Alison Gartland
- The Mellanby Centre for Bone Research, Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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20
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Bonetto A, Kays JK, Parker VA, Matthews RR, Barreto R, Puppa MJ, Kang KS, Carson JA, Guise TA, Mohammad KS, Robling AG, Couch ME, Koniaris LG, Zimmers TA. Differential Bone Loss in Mouse Models of Colon Cancer Cachexia. Front Physiol 2017; 7:679. [PMID: 28123369 PMCID: PMC5225588 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cachexia is a distinctive feature of colorectal cancer associated with body weight loss and progressive muscle wasting. Several mechanisms responsible for muscle and fat wasting have been identified, however it is not known whether the physiologic and molecular crosstalk between muscle and bone tissue may also contribute to the cachectic phenotype in cancer patients. The purpose of this study was to clarify whether tumor growth associates with bone loss using several experimental models of colorectal cancer cachexia, namely C26, HT-29, and ApcMin/+. The effects of cachexia on bone structure and strength were evaluated with dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), micro computed tomography (μCT), and three-point bending test. We found that all models showed tumor growth consistent with severe cachexia. While muscle wasting in C26 hosts was accompanied by moderate bone depletion, no loss of bone strength was observed. However, HT-29 tumor bearing mice showed bone abnormalities including significant reductions in whole-body bone mineral density (BMD), bone mineral content (BMC), femoral trabecular bone volume fraction (BV/TV), trabecular number (Tb.N), and trabecular thickness (Tb.Th), but no declines in strength. Similarly, cachexia in the ApcMin/+ mice was associated with significant decreases in BMD, BMC, BV/TV, Tb.N, and Tb.Th as well as decreased strength. Our data suggest that colorectal cancer is associated with muscle wasting and may be accompanied by bone loss dependent upon tumor type, burden, stage and duration of the disease. It is clear that preserving muscle mass promotes survival in cancer cachexia. Future studies will determine whether strategies aimed at preventing bone loss can also improve outcomes and survival in colorectal cancer cachexia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Bonetto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Joshua K Kays
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Valorie A Parker
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Ryan R Matthews
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Rafael Barreto
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Melissa J Puppa
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Kyung S Kang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - James A Carson
- Department of Exercise Science, University of South Carolina Columbia, SC, USA
| | - Theresa A Guise
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Khalid S Mohammad
- Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Alexander G Robling
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Marion E Couch
- Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Leonidas G Koniaris
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
| | - Teresa A Zimmers
- Department of Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Otolaryngology, Head and Neck Surgery, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Simon Cancer Center, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Indiana University-Purdue University at Indianapolis, Center for Cachexia Research, Innovation and Therapy, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA; Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Indiana University School of MedicineIndianapolis, IN, USA
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21
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Giannuzzo A, Saccomano M, Napp J, Ellegaard M, Alves F, Novak I. Targeting of the P2X7 receptor in pancreatic cancer and stellate cells. Int J Cancer 2016; 139:2540-52. [PMID: 27513892 PMCID: PMC5095874 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.30380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The ATP‐gated receptor P2X7 (P2X7R) is involved in regulation of cell survival and has been of interest in cancer field. Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a deadly cancer and new markers and therapeutic targets are needed. PDAC is characterized by a complex tumour microenvironment, which includes cancer and pancreatic stellate cells (PSCs), and potentially high nucleotide/side turnover. Our aim was to determine P2X7R expression and function in human pancreatic cancer cells in vitro as well as to perform in vivo efficacy study applying P2X7R inhibitor in an orthotopic xenograft mouse model of PDAC. In the in vitro studies we show that human PDAC cells with luciferase gene (PancTu‐1 Luc cells) express high levels of P2X7R protein. Allosteric P2X7R antagonist AZ10606120 inhibited cell proliferation in basal conditions, indicating that P2X7R was tonically active. Extracellular ATP and BzATP, to which the P2X7R is more sensitive, further affected cell survival and confirmed complex functionality of P2X7R. PancTu‐1 Luc migration and invasion was reduced by AZ10606120, and it was stimulated by PSCs, but not by PSCs from P2X7‐/‐ animals. PancTu‐1 Luc cells were orthotopically transplanted into nude mice and tumour growth was followed noninvasively by bioluminescence imaging. AZ10606120‐treated mice showed reduced bioluminescence compared to saline‐treated mice. Immunohistochemical analysis confirmed P2X7R expression in cancer and PSC cells, and in metaplastic/neoplastic acinar and duct structures. PSCs number/activity and collagen deposition was reduced in AZ10606120‐treated tumours. What's new? Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one the most difficult types of cancer to detect and treat, challenges that could be overcome through the discovery and development of novel markers and therapeutic strategies. Here, the P2X7 receptor, which regulates cell survival, is shown to also support cell proliferation, migration and invasion in human P2X7R‐expressing PDAC cells. Treatment of orthotopic PDAC tumor‐bearing mice with the P2X7R‐specific inhibitor, AZ10606120, resulted in decreased tumor bioluminescence and reductions in pancreatic stellate cells and collagen deposition. Targeting of P2X7R warrants further investigation as a promising therapeutic approach in pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Giannuzzo
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Mara Saccomano
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Joanna Napp
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Maria Ellegaard
- Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Endocrinology, Rigshospitalet, Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Frauke Alves
- Department of Molecular Biology of Neuronal Signals, Max Planck Institute for Experimental Medicine, Hermann-Rein-Straße 3, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Haematology and Medical Oncology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany.,Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Robert-Koch-Str. 40, Göttingen, D-37075, Germany
| | - Ivana Novak
- Section for Cell Biology and Physiology, August Krogh Building, Department of Biology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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22
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Lenertz LY, Baughman CJ, Waldschmidt NV, Thaler R, van Wijnen AJ. Control of bone development by P2X and P2Y receptors expressed in mesenchymal and hematopoietic cells. Gene 2015; 570:1-7. [PMID: 26079571 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.06.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Bone development and homeostasis require the interplay between several cell types, including mesenchymal osteoblasts and osteocytes, as well as hematopoietic osteoclasts. Recent evidence suggests that cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis of both mesenchymal and hematopoietic stem cells, which are fundamental for tissue regeneration and treatment of degenerative diseases, are controlled by P2 receptors (i.e., P2X and P2Y receptors). Both types of P2 receptors are versatile transducers of diverse signals activated by extracellular nucleotides like ATP that are released in response to tissue injury, infection or shear stress. The P2X family of receptors has been shown to mediate multiple signaling events including the influx of calcium, activation of mitogen activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and induction of AP-1 family members known to regulate bone development. Support for the significance of P2X7 in regulating bone development and homeostasis has been provided by several studies focusing on animal models and single nucleotide polymorphisms. P2 receptors are functionally expressed in both bone forming osteoblasts and bone resorbing osteoclasts, while recent findings also suggest that these receptors translate mechanical stimuli in osteocytes. Their ability to respond to external nucleotide analogs renders these cell surface proteins excellent targets for skeletal regenerative therapies. This overview summarizes mechanisms by which nucleotide receptors control skeletal cells and contribute to bone tissue development remodeling and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Y Lenertz
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | - Cory J Baughman
- Department of Biology, St. Olaf College, Northfield, MN, USA
| | | | - Roman Thaler
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Andre J van Wijnen
- Departments of Orthopedic Surgery and Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA.
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23
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Rissiek B, Haag F, Boyer O, Koch-Nolte F, Adriouch S. P2X7 on Mouse T Cells: One Channel, Many Functions. Front Immunol 2015; 6:204. [PMID: 26042119 PMCID: PMC4436801 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The P2X7 receptor is an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-gated cation channel that is expressed by several cells of the immune system. P2X7 is best known for its proinflammatory role in promoting inflammasome formation and release of mature interleukin (IL)-1β by innate immune cells. Mounting evidence indicates that P2X7 is also an important regulatory receptor of murine and human T cell functions. Murine T cells express a sensitive splice variant of P2X7 that can be activated either by non-covalent binding of ATP or, in the presence of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, by its covalent ADP-ribosylation catalyzed by the ecto-ADP-ribosyltransferase ARTC2.2. Prolonged activation of P2X7 by either one of these pathways triggers the induction of T cell death. Conversely, lower concentrations of ATP can activate P2X7 to enhance T cell proliferation and production of IL-2. In this review, we will highlight the molecular and cellular consequences of P2X7 activation on mouse T cells and its versatile role in T cell homeostasis and activation. Further, we will discuss important differences in the function of P2X7 on human and murine T cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Rissiek
- Insitute of Immunology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany ; Department of Neurology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Friedrich Haag
- Insitute of Immunology, University Medical Center , Hamburg , Germany
| | - Olivier Boyer
- U905, INSERM , Rouen , France ; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University , Rouen , France ; Department of Immunology, Rouen University Hospital , Rouen , France
| | | | - Sahil Adriouch
- U905, INSERM , Rouen , France ; Institute for Research and Innovation in Biomedicine (IRIB), Normandy University , Rouen , France
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24
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Abstract
Accumulating evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling exerts significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In particular, it has emerged that extracellular nucleotides are key regulators of bone cell differentiation, survival and function. This review discusses our current understanding of the direct effects of purinergic signalling in bone, cartilage and muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel R Orriss
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Royal College Street, London NW1 0TU, United Kingdom.
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25
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Adinolfi E, Capece M, Franceschini A, Falzoni S, Giuliani AL, Rotondo A, Sarti AC, Bonora M, Syberg S, Corigliano D, Pinton P, Jorgensen NR, Abelli L, Emionite L, Raffaghello L, Pistoia V, Di Virgilio F. Accelerated tumor progression in mice lacking the ATP receptor P2X7. Cancer Res 2014; 75:635-44. [PMID: 25542861 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-1259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The ATP receptor P2X7 (P2X7R or P2RX7) has a key role in inflammation and immunity, but its possible roles in cancer are not firmly established. In the present study, we investigated the effect of host genetic deletion of P2X7R in the mouse on the growth of B16 melanoma or CT26 colon carcinoma cells. Tumor size and metastatic dissemination were assessed by in vivo calliper and luciferase luminescence emission measurements along with postmortem examination. In P2X7R-deficient mice, tumor growth and metastatic spreading were accelerated strongly, compared with wild-type (wt) mice. Intratumoral IL-1β and VEGF release were drastically reduced, and inflammatory cell infiltration was abrogated nearly completely. Similarly, tumor growth was also greatly accelerated in wt chimeric mice implanted with P2X7R-deficient bone marrow cells, defining hematopoietic cells as a sufficient site of P2X7R action. Finally, dendritic cells from P2X7R-deficient mice were unresponsive to stimulation with tumor cells, and chemotaxis of P2X7R-less cells was impaired. Overall, our results showed that host P2X7R expression was critical to support an antitumor immune response, and to restrict tumor growth and metastatic diffusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Adinolfi
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Marina Capece
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessia Franceschini
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Simonetta Falzoni
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Anna L Giuliani
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Alessandra Rotondo
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy. KU Leuven, Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Alba C Sarti
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Massimo Bonora
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Susanne Syberg
- Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Departments of Diagnostics and Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Domenica Corigliano
- Department of Health Sciences, Università della Magna Grecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Paolo Pinton
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Niklas R Jorgensen
- Research Center for Ageing and Osteoporosis, Departments of Diagnostics and Medicine, Glostrup Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Glostrup, Denmark
| | - Luigi Abelli
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Section of Biology and Evolution, University of Ferrara, Italy
| | | | | | - Vito Pistoia
- Laboratory of Oncology, Gaslini Hospital, Genova, Italy
| | - Francesco Di Virgilio
- Department of Morphology, Surgery and Experimental Medicine, Section of Pathology, Oncology and Experimental Biology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
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26
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Targeting P2 receptors--current progress in treating musculoskeletal diseases. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2014; 16:122-6. [PMID: 24880708 DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
It is widely recognized that purinergic signalling, extracellular nucleotides acting at purinergic receptors, is the most primitive and ubiquitous signalling system participating in numerous biological processes in almost all tissue types. The P2 receptors, including P2X and P2Y purinoceptor subtypes, have been proposed to play important roles in the musculoskeletal systems since the early 1990s. During the past five years, significant progress in this field has been made; this review will summarize these most recent developments and highlight the pharmaceutical potential from these findings.
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27
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Spildrejorde M, Bartlett R, Stokes L, Jalilian I, Peranec M, Sluyter V, Curtis BL, Skarratt KK, Skora A, Bakhsh T, Seavers A, McArthur JD, Dowton M, Sluyter R. R270C polymorphism leads to loss of function of the canine P2X7 receptor. Physiol Genomics 2014; 46:512-22. [PMID: 24824213 DOI: 10.1152/physiolgenomics.00195.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The relative function of the P2X7 receptor, an ATP-gated ion channel, varies between humans due to polymorphisms in the P2RX7 gene. This study aimed to assess the functional impact of P2X7 variation in a random sample of the canine population. Blood and genomic DNA were obtained from 69 dogs selected as representatives of a cross section of different breeds. P2X7 function was determined by flow cytometric measurements of dye uptake and patch-clamp measurements of inward currents. P2X7 expression was determined by immunoblotting and immunocytochemistry. Sequencing was used to identify P2RX7 gene polymorphisms. P2X7 was cloned from an English springer spaniel, and point mutations were introduced into this receptor by site-directed mutagenesis. The relative function of P2X7 on monocytes varied between individual dogs. The canine P2RX7 gene encoded four missense polymorphisms: F103L and P452S, found in heterozygous and homozygous dosage, and R270C and R365Q, found only in heterozygous dosage. Moreover, R270C and R365Q were associated with the cocker spaniel and Labrador retriever, respectively. F103L, R270C, and R365Q but not P452S corresponded to decreased P2X7 function in monocytes but did not explain the majority of differences in P2X7 function between dogs, indicating that other factors contribute to this variability. Heterologous expression of site-directed mutants of P2X7 in human embryonic kidney-293 cells indicated that the R270C mutant was nonfunctional, the F103L and R365Q mutants had partly reduced function, and the P452S mutant functioned normally. Taken together, these data highlight that a R270C polymorphism has major functional impact on canine P2X7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari Spildrejorde
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Rachael Bartlett
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Leanne Stokes
- Health Innovations Research Institute, School of Medical Sciences, RMIT University, Bundoora, Australia; Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia
| | - Iman Jalilian
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Michelle Peranec
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Vanessa Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | | | - Kristen K Skarratt
- Sydney Medical School Nepean, University of Sydney, Nepean Hospital, Penrith, Australia
| | - Amanda Skora
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Tahani Bakhsh
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Aine Seavers
- Oak Flats Veterinary Clinic, Oak Flats, Australia
| | - Jason D McArthur
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Mark Dowton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia
| | - Ronald Sluyter
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia; Illawarra Health and Medical Research Institute, Wollongong, Australia;
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28
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The P2X7 receptor: a key player in immune-mediated bone loss? ScientificWorldJournal 2014; 2014:954530. [PMID: 24574936 PMCID: PMC3915485 DOI: 10.1155/2014/954530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2013] [Accepted: 10/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory diseases are often multiorganic diseases with manifestations not related directly to the primary affected organ. They are often complicated by a generalized bone loss that subsequently leads to osteoporosis and bone fractures. The exact mechanism for the accompanying bone loss is not understood in full detail, but factors such as glucocorticoid treatment, immobilization, malnutrition, and insufficient intake of vitamin D play a role. However, it has become evident that the inflammatory process itself is involved and the resulting bone loss is termed immune-mediated bone loss. It stems from an increase in bone resorption and the pro-inflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin 1 beta and has been shown to not only mediate the inflammatory response but also to strongly stimulate bone degradation. The purinergic P2X7 receptor is central in the processing of these two cytokines and in the initiation of the inflammatory response, and it is a key molecule in the regulation of both bone formation and bone resorption. The aim of this review is therefore to provide evidence-based novel hypotheses of the role of ATP-mediated purinergic signalling via the P2X7 receptor in immune-mediated bone loss and -osteoporosis.
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Burnstock G, Arnett TR, Orriss IR. Purinergic signalling in the musculoskeletal system. Purinergic Signal 2013; 9:541-72. [PMID: 23943493 PMCID: PMC3889393 DOI: 10.1007/s11302-013-9381-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
It is now widely recognised that extracellular nucleotides, signalling via purinergic receptors, participate in numerous biological processes in most tissues. It has become evident that extracellular nucleotides have significant regulatory effects in the musculoskeletal system. In early development, ATP released from motor nerves along with acetylcholine acts as a cotransmitter in neuromuscular transmission; in mature animals, ATP functions as a neuromodulator. Purinergic receptors expressed by skeletal muscle and satellite cells play important pathophysiological roles in their development or repair. In many cell types, expression of purinergic receptors is often dependent on differentiation. For example, sequential expression of P2X5, P2Y1 and P2X2 receptors occurs during muscle regeneration in the mdx model of muscular dystrophy. In bone and cartilage cells, the functional effects of purinergic signalling appear to be largely negative. ATP stimulates the formation and activation of osteoclasts, the bone-destroying cells. Another role appears to be as a potent local inhibitor of mineralisation. In osteoblasts, the bone-forming cells, ATP acts via P2 receptors to limit bone mineralisation by inhibiting alkaline phosphatase expression and activity. Extracellular ATP additionally exerts significant effects on mineralisation via its hydrolysis product, pyrophosphate. Evidence now suggests that purinergic signalling is potentially important in several bone and joint disorders including osteoporosis, rheumatoid arthritis and cancers. Strategies for future musculoskeletal therapies might involve modulation of purinergic receptor function or of the ecto-nucleotidases responsible for ATP breakdown or ATP transport inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geoffrey Burnstock
- Autonomic Neuroscience Centre, University College Medical School, Rowland Hill Street, London, NW3 2PF, UK,
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