1
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Smelser WW, Wang J, Ogden KM, Chang SS, Kirschner AN. Intravesical oncolytic virotherapy and immunotherapy for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer mouse model. BJU Int 2023; 132:298-306. [PMID: 36961272 PMCID: PMC10518025 DOI: 10.1111/bju.16012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To test if intravesical instillation of both an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) inhibitor and an oncolytic reovirus would demonstrate a greater effect than either treatment alone, as non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer that is refractory to intravesical bacillus Calmette-Guérin can be treated by systemic anti-PD-1 immunotherapy and we previously demonstrated improved overall survival (OS) with six once-weekly instillations of intravesical anti-PD-1 in a murine model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Using an orthotopic syngeneic C3H murine model of MBT2 urothelial bladder cancer, groups of 10 mice were compared between no treatment, intravesical anti-PD-1, intravesical oncolytic reovirus, or intravesical reovirus + anti-PD-1. A single intravesical treatment session was given. The primary outcome was OS, and the secondary outcomes included long-term immunity and tumour-immune profile. RESULTS With a median follow-up of 9 months, all mice that received no treatment died with a median survival of 41 days, while the comparison median OS was not reached for reovirus (hazard ratio [HR] 14.4, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.9-32.6; P < 0.001), anti-PD-1 (HR 28.4, 95% CI 7.0-115.9; P < 0.001), and reovirus + anti-PD-1 (HR 28.4, 95% CI 7.0-115.9; P < 0.001). Monotherapy with anti-PD-1 or reovirus demonstrated no significant differences in survival (P = 0.067). Mass cytometry showed that reovirus + anti-PD-1 treatment enriched monocytes and decreased myeloid-derived suppressor cells, generating an immuno-responsive tumour microenvironment. Depletion of CD8+ T cells eliminated the survival advantage provided by the intravesical treatment. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of murine orthotopic bladder tumours with a single instillation of intravesical reovirus, anti-PD-1 antibody, or the combination confers superior survival compared to controls. Tumour-immune microenvironment differences indicated myeloid-derived suppressor cells and CD8+ T cells mediate the treatment response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woodson W. Smelser
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MI, Nashville, TN, USA
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Jian Wang
- Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Kristen M. Ogden
- Department of Pediatrics, Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
- Pathology, Microbiology, and Immunology, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Sam S. Chang
- Department of Urology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
| | - Austin N. Kirschner
- Radiation Oncology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN, USA
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2
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Relph K, Arif M, Pandha H, Annels N, Simpson GR. Analysis of ICAM-1 Expression on Bladder Carcinoma Cell Lines and Infectivity and Oncolysis by Coxsackie Virus A21. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2684:319-327. [PMID: 37410244 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3291-8_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses are biological agents which can easily be delivered at high doses directly to the bladder through a catheter (intravesical), with low risk of systemic uptake and toxicity. To date, a number of viruses have been delivered intravesically in patients and in murine models with bladder cancer and antitumour effects demonstrated. Here, we describe in vitro methods to evaluate Coxsackie virus, CVA21, as an oncolytic virus for the treatment of human bladder cancer by determining the susceptibility of bladder cancer cell lines expressing differing levels of ICAM-1 surface receptor to CVA21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kate Relph
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK.
| | - Mehreen Arif
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Hardev Pandha
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Nicola Annels
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
| | - Guy R Simpson
- Targeted Cancer Therapy, Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Surrey, Guildford, UK
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3
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Hu H, Xia Q, Hu J, Wang S. Oncolytic Viruses for the Treatment of Bladder Cancer: Advances, Challenges, and Prospects. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11236997. [PMID: 36498574 PMCID: PMC9738443 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11236997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer is one of the most prevalent cancers. Despite recent advancements in bladder cancer therapy, new strategies are still required for improving patient outcomes, particularly for those who experienced Bacille Calmette-Guerin failure and those with locally advanced or metastatic bladder cancer. Oncolytic viruses are either naturally occurring or purposefully engineered viruses that have the ability to selectively infect and lyse tumor cells while avoiding harming healthy cells. In light of this, oncolytic viruses serve as a novel and promising immunotherapeutic strategy for bladder cancer. A wide diversity of viruses, including adenoviruses, herpes simplex virus, coxsackievirus, Newcastle disease virus, vesicular stomatitis virus, alphavirus, and vaccinia virus, have been studied in many preclinical and clinical studies for their potential as oncolytic agents for bladder cancer. This review aims to provide an overview of the advances in oncolytic viruses for the treatment of bladder cancer and highlights the challenges and research directions for the future.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jia Hu
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (S.W.)
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4
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Rangsitratkul C, Lawson C, Bernier-Godon F, Niavarani SR, Boudaud M, Rouleau S, Gladu-Corbin AO, Surendran A, Ekindi-Ndongo N, Koti M, Ilkow CS, Richard PO, Tai LH. Intravesical immunotherapy with a GM-CSF armed oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus improves outcome in bladder cancer. Mol Ther Oncolytics 2022; 24:507-521. [PMID: 35229029 PMCID: PMC8851153 DOI: 10.1016/j.omto.2022.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A significant proportion of non-muscle invasive bladder cancer cases will progress to muscle invasive disease. Transurethral resection followed by Bacillus Calmette Guerin immunotherapy can reduce this risk, while cystectomy prior to muscle invasion provides the best option for survival. Currently, there are no effective treatments for Bacillus Calmette Guerin refractory disease. A novel oncolytic vesicular stomatitis virus containing the human GM-CSF transgene (VSVd51-hGM-CSF) was rescued and tested as a potential bladder-sparing therapy for aggressive bladder cancer. The existing variant expressing mouse GM-CSF was also used. Measurement of gene expression and protein level alterations of canonical immunogenic cell death associated events on mouse and human bladder cancer cell lines and spheroids showed enhanced release of danger signals and immunogenic factors following infection with VSVd51-m/hGM-CSF. Intravesical instillation of VSVd51-mGM-CSF into MB49 bladder cancer bearing C57Bl/6 mice demonstrated enhanced activation of peripheral and bladder infiltrating effector immune cells, along with improved survival and reduced tumor volume. Importantly, virus-mediated anti-tumor immunity was recapitulated in bladder cancer patient-derived organoids. These results suggest that VSVd51-hGM-CSF is a promising viro/immunotherapy that could benefit bladder cancer patients.
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5
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Abd-Aziz N, Poh CL. Development of oncolytic viruses for cancer therapy. Transl Res 2021; 237:98-123. [PMID: 33905949 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Revised: 04/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a therapeutic approach that uses replication-competent viruses to kill cancers. The ability of oncolytic viruses to selectively replicate in cancer cells leads to direct cell lysis and induction of anticancer immune response. Like other anticancer therapies, oncolytic virotherapy has several limitations such as viral delivery to the target, penetration into the tumor mass, and antiviral immune responses. This review provides an insight into the different characteristics of oncolytic viruses (natural and genetically modified) that contribute to effective applications of oncolytic virotherapy in preclinical and clinical trials, and strategies to overcome the limitations. The potential of oncolytic virotherapy combining with other conventional treatments or cancer immunotherapies involving immune checkpoint inhibitors and CAR-T therapy could form part of future multimodality treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noraini Abd-Aziz
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Chit Laa Poh
- Centre for Virus and Vaccine Research (CVVR), School of Medical and Life Sciences, Sunway University, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia.
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6
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Abstract
Bladder cancer has been successfully treated with immunotherapy, whereas prostate cancer is a cold tumor with inadequate immune-related treatment response. A greater understanding of the tumor microenvironment and methods for harnessing the immune system to address tumor growth will be needed to improve immunotherapies for both prostate and bladder cancer. Here, we provide an overview of prostate and bladder cancer, including fundamental aspects of the disease and treatment, the elaborate cellular makeup of the tumor microenvironment, and methods for exploiting relevant pathways to develop more effective treatments.
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7
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Zhou YC, Zhang YN, Yang X, Wang SB, Hu PY. Delivery systems for enhancing oncolytic adenoviruses efficacy. Int J Pharm 2020; 591:119971. [PMID: 33059014 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2020.119971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2020] [Revised: 10/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic adenovirus (OAds) has long been considered a promising biotherapeutic agent against various types of cancer owing to selectively replicate in and lyse cancer cells, while remaining dormant in healthy cells. In the last years, multiple (pre)clinical studies using genetic engineering technologies enhanced OAds anti-tumor effects in a broad range of cancers. However, poor targeting delivery, tropism toward healthy tissues, low-level expression of Ad receptors on tumor cells, and pre-existing neutralizing antibodies are major hurdles for systemic administration of OAds. Different vehicles have been developed for addressing these obstacles, such as stem cells, nanoparticles (NPs) and shielding polymers, extracellular vesicles (EVs), hydrogels, and microparticles (MPs). These carriers can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of OVs through enhancing transfection, circulatory longevity, cellular interactions, specific targeting, and immune responses against cancer. In this paper, we reviewed adenovirus structure and biology, different types of OAds, and the efficacy of different carriers in systemic administration of OAds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Cheng Zhou
- Gastroenterological & Pancreatic Surgery Department, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China; Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - You-Ni Zhang
- Clinical Laboratory, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People's Hospital), Taizhou 317200, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou 310014, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Pei-Yang Hu
- Department of Traumatology, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People's Hospital), Taizhou 317200, Zhejiang Province, China.
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8
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Moussa M, Papatsoris AG, Dellis A, Abou Chakra M, Saad W. Novel anticancer therapy in BCG unresponsive non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2020; 20:965-983. [PMID: 32915676 DOI: 10.1080/14737140.2020.1822743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many patients with non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) failed intravesical BCG therapy. Currently, radical cystectomy is the recommended standard of care for those patients. There is unfortunately no effective other second-line therapy recommended. AREAS COVERED In this review, we present the topics of BCG unresponsive NMIBC; definition, prognosis, and further treatment options: immunotherapy, intravesical chemotherapy, gene therapy, and targeted individualized therapy. EXPERT OPINION There are major challenges of the management of NMIBC who failed BCG therapy as many patients refuse or are unfit for radical cystectomy. Multiple new modalities currently under investigation in ongoing clinical trials to better treat this category of patients. Immunotherapy, especially PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors, offers exciting and potentially effective strategies for the treatment of BCG unresponsive NMIBC. As the data expands, it is sure that soon there will be established new guidelines for NMIBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Moussa
- Head of Urology Department, Zahraa Hospital, University Medical Center, Lebanese University , Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Athanasios G Papatsoris
- 2nd Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Sismanoglio Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios Dellis
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Aretaieion Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens , Athens, Greece
| | - Mohamed Abou Chakra
- Faculty of Medical Sciences, Department of Urology, Lebanese University , Beirut,Lebanon
| | - Wajih Saad
- Head of Oncology Department, Zahraa Hospital, University Medical Center, Lebanese University , Beirut, Lebanon
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9
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Hu PY, Fan XM, Zhang YN, Wang SB, Wan WJ, Pan HY, Mou XZ. The limiting factors of oncolytic virus immunotherapy and the approaches to overcome them. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8231-8242. [PMID: 32816087 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10802-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus (OV) immunotherapy is characterized by viruses which specifically target cancer cells and cause their cytolysis. They provide a unique and promising new tool for the eradication of cancer as they interact with and affect the tumor microenvironment (TME), vasculature, and immune system. Advancements of genetic engineering have allowed for these viruses to be armed in such a way to have enhanced targeting, strong immunomodulation properties, and an ability to modify the TME. However, there are still major limitations in their use, mostly due to difficulties in delivering the viral particles to the tumors and in ensuring that the immunomodulatory properties are able to stimulate the host immune response to mount a complete response. Using novel delivery systems and using OVs as a complementary therapy in a combinatorial treatment have shown some significant successes. In this review, we discuss the major issues and difficulties in using OVs as anti-tumor agents and some of the strategies put in place so far to overcome these limitations. KEY POINTS: • Oncolytic viruses (OVs) infect cancer cells and cause their cytolysis. • The major limitations in using OVs as anti-tumor therapy were discussed. • The potential strategies to overcome these limitations were summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Yang Hu
- Department of Traumatology, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People's Hospital), Taizhou, 317200, China
| | - Xiao-Ming Fan
- Department of Ultrasound, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - You-Ni Zhang
- Department of Traumatology, Tiantai People's Hospital of Zhejiang Province (Tiantai Branch of Zhejiang People's Hospital), Taizhou, 317200, China.,Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wei-Jie Wan
- Shandong Xiandai University, Jinan, 250104, China
| | - Hong-Ying Pan
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China. .,Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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10
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Targeting CD46 Enhances Anti-Tumoral Activity of Adenovirus Type 5 for Bladder Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092694. [PMID: 30201920 PMCID: PMC6164063 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
CD46 is generally overexpressed in many human cancers, representing a prime target for CD46-binding adenoviruses (Ads). This could help to overcome low anti-tumoral activity by coxsackie-adenoviral receptor (CAR)-targeting cancer gene therapy viruses. However, because of scarce side-by-side information about CAR and CD46 expression levels in cancer cells, mixed observations of cancer therapeutic efficacy have been observed. This study evaluated Ad-mediated therapeutic efficacy using either CAR-targeting Ad5 or CD46-targeting Ad5/35 fiber chimera in bladder cancer cell lines. Compared with normal urothelia, bladder cancer tissue generally overexpressed both CAR and CD46. While CAR expression was not correlated with disease progression, CD46 expression was inversely correlated with tumor grade, stage, and risk grade. In bladder cancer cell lines, expression levels of CD46 and CAR were highly correlated with Ad5/35- and Ad5-mediated gene transduction and cytotoxicity, respectively. In a human EJ bladder cancer xenograft mouse model, with either overexpressed or suppressed CD46 expression levels, Ad5/35-tk followed by ganciclovir (GCV) treatment significantly affected tumor growth, whereas Ad5-tk/GCV had only minimal effects. Overall, our findings suggest that bladder cancer cells overexpress both CAR and CD46, and that adenoviral cancer gene therapy targeting CD46 represents a more suitable therapy option than a CAR-targeting therapy, especially in patients with low risk bladder cancers.
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11
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Lichtenegger E, Koll F, Haas H, Mantwill K, Janssen KP, Laschinger M, Gschwend J, Steiger K, Black PC, Moskalev I, Nawroth R, Holm PS. The Oncolytic Adenovirus XVir-N-31 as a Novel Therapy in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer. Hum Gene Ther 2018; 30:44-56. [PMID: 29916265 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2018.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Muscle-invasive bladder cancer represents approximately 25% of diagnosed bladder cancer cases and carries a significant risk of death. Oncolytic viruses are novel antitumor agents with the ability to selectively replicate and lyse tumor cells while sparing healthy tissue. We explored the efficiency of the oncolytic YB-1-selective adenovirus XVir-N-31 in vitro and in an orthotopic mouse model for bladder cancer by intramural injection under ultrasound guidance. We demonstrated that XVir-N-31 replicated in bladder cancer cells and induced a stronger immunogenic cell death than wild-type adenovirus by facilitating enhanced release of HMGB1 and exosomal Hsp70. The intratumoral delivery of XVir-N-31 by ultrasound guidance delayed tumor growth in an immunodeficient model, demonstrating the feasibility of this approach to deliver oncolytic viruses directly into the tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Lichtenegger
- 1 Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Florestan Koll
- 1 Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Helena Haas
- 2 Department of Radiology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Mantwill
- 1 Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus-Peter Janssen
- 3 Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Laschinger
- 3 Department of Surgery, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gschwend
- 1 Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Katja Steiger
- 4 Department of Pathology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Peter C Black
- 5 The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Igor Moskalev
- 5 The Vancouver Prostate Centre and Department of Urologic Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Roman Nawroth
- 1 Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Per Sonne Holm
- 1 Department of Urology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,6 XVir Therapeutics GmbH, Munich, Germany
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12
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13
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Potts KG, Irwin CR, Favis NA, Pink DB, Vincent KM, Lewis JD, Moore RB, Hitt MM, Evans DH. Deletion of F4L (ribonucleotide reductase) in vaccinia virus produces a selective oncolytic virus and promotes anti-tumor immunity with superior safety in bladder cancer models. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:638-654. [PMID: 28289079 PMCID: PMC5412795 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201607296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Bladder cancer has a recurrence rate of up to 80% and many patients require multiple treatments that often fail, eventually leading to disease progression. In particular, standard of care for high-grade disease, Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG), fails in 30% of patients. We have generated a novel oncolytic vaccinia virus (VACV) by mutating the F4L gene that encodes the virus homolog of the cell-cycle-regulated small subunit of ribonucleotide reductase (RRM2). The F4L-deleted VACVs are highly attenuated in normal tissues, and since cancer cells commonly express elevated RRM2 levels, have tumor-selective replication and cell killing. These F4L-deleted VACVs replicated selectively in immune-competent rat AY-27 and xenografted human RT112-luc orthotopic bladder cancer models, causing significant tumor regression or complete ablation with no toxicity. It was also observed that rats cured of AY-27 tumors by VACV treatment developed anti-tumor immunity as evidenced by tumor rejection upon challenge and by ex vivo cytotoxic T-lymphocyte assays. Finally, F4L-deleted VACVs replicated in primary human bladder cancer explants. Our findings demonstrate the enhanced safety and selectivity of F4L-deleted VACVs, with application as a promising therapy for patients with BCG-refractory cancers and immune dysregulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyle G Potts
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Chad R Irwin
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Nicole A Favis
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Desmond B Pink
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Krista M Vincent
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
| | - John D Lewis
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Ronald B Moore
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Mary M Hitt
- Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - David H Evans
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada .,Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta (CRINA), Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada.,Department of Medical Microbiology & Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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14
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Taguchi S, Fukuhara H, Homma Y, Todo T. Current status of clinical trials assessing oncolytic virus therapy for urological cancers. Int J Urol 2017; 24:342-351. [PMID: 28326624 DOI: 10.1111/iju.13325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Oncolytic virus therapy has recently been recognized as a promising new option for cancer treatment. Oncolytic viruses replicate selectively in cancer cells, thus killing them without harming normal cells. Notably, T-VEC (talimogene laherparepvec, formerly called OncoVEXGM-CSF ), an oncolytic herpes simplex virus type 1, was approved by the US Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of inoperable melanoma in October 2015, and was subsequently approved in Europe and Australia in 2016. The efficacies of many types of oncolytic viruses against urological cancers have been investigated in preclinical studies during the past decade, and some have already been tested in clinical trials. For example, a phase I trial of the third-generation oncolytic Herpes simplex virus type 1, G47Δ, in patients with prostate cancer was completed in 2016. We summarize the current status of clinical trials of oncolytic virus therapy in patients with the three major urological cancers: prostate, bladder and renal cell cancers. In addition to Herpes simplex virus type 1, adenoviruses, reoviruses, vaccinia virus, Sendai virus and Newcastle disease virus have also been used as parental viruses in these trials. We believe that oncolytic virus therapy is likely to become an important and major treatment option for urological cancers in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoru Taguchi
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fukuhara
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yukio Homma
- Department of Urology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoki Todo
- Division of Innovative Cancer Therapy, The Institute of Medical Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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15
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Abstract
Oncolytic virotherapy is a cancer treatment in which replication-competent viruses are used that specifically infect, replicate in and lyse malignant tumour cells, while minimizing harm to normal cells. Anecdotal evidence of the effectiveness of this strategy has existed since the late nineteenth century, but advances and innovations in biotechnological methods in the 1980s and 1990s led to a renewed interest in this type of therapy. Multiple clinical trials investigating the use of agents constructed from a wide range of viruses have since been performed, and several of these enrolled patients with urological malignancies. Data from these clinical trials and from preclinical studies revealed a number of challenges to the effectiveness of oncolytic virotherapy that have prompted the development of further sophisticated strategies. Urological cancers have a range of distinctive features, such as specific genetic mutations and cell surface markers, which enable improving both effectiveness and safety of oncolytic virus treatments. The strategies employed in creating advanced oncolytic agents include alteration of the virus tropism, regulating transcription and translation of viral genes, combination with chemotherapy, radiotherapy or gene therapy, arming viruses with factors that stimulate the immune response against tumour cells and delivery technologies to ensure that the viral agent reaches its target tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahid Delwar
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
| | - Kaixin Zhang
- Department of Urology, University of British Columbia, Level 6, 2775 Laurel Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1M9, Canada
| | - Paul S Rennie
- Prostate Research Centre, Vancouver General Hospital, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, British Columbia V6H 3Z6, Canada
| | - William Jia
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, 2211 Wesbrook Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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16
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Muthigi A, George AK, Brancato SJ, Agarwal PK. Novel immunotherapeutic approaches to the treatment of urothelial carcinoma. Ther Adv Urol 2016; 8:203-14. [PMID: 27247630 DOI: 10.1177/1756287216628784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunotherapy has long played a role in urothelial cancers with the use of bacille Calmette Guérin (BCG) being a mainstay in the treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer. Novel therapeutic approaches have not significantly impacted mortality in this population and so a renaissance in immunotherapy has resulted. This includes recombinant BCG, oncolytic viruses, monoclonal antibodies, vaccines, and adoptive T-cell therapy. Herein, we provide a review of the current state of the art and future therapies regarding immunotherapeutic strategies for urothelial carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akhil Muthigi
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Arvin K George
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sam J Brancato
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Piyush K Agarwal
- Urologic Oncology Branch, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Building 10- Hatfield CRC, Room 2-5952, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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17
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Holm PS, Retz M, Gschwend JE, Nawroth R. [YB-1-based virotherapy: A new therapeutic intervention for transitional cell carcinoma of the bladder?]. Urologe A 2015; 55:356-63. [PMID: 26556269 DOI: 10.1007/s00120-015-3811-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Therapeutic intervention using oncolytic viruses is called virotherapy. This type of virus is defined by the ability to replicate in tumor cells only and to destroy these cells upon replication. In addition, this virus type is able to induce a tumor-directed immune response. Early clinical trials have confirmed the safety profile of oncolytic viruses. Currently, different groups are working on the development of oncolytic viruses with a focus on treatment of nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). A preliminary active recruiting clinical phase II/III trial ongoing in patients with a NMIBC was recently implemented in the United States. Our research group developed an oncolytic adenovirus that will soon enter a clinical phase I trial in patients diagnosed with glioma. This virus is being further modified for the treatment of NMIBC. In this review article, recent developments in the design and use of virotherapy in bladder cancer are summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- P S Holm
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland.
| | - M Retz
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - J E Gschwend
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
| | - R Nawroth
- Urologische Klinik und Poliklinik, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Ismaninger Straße 22, 81675, München, Deutschland
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18
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Cronin M, Le Boeuf F, Murphy C, Roy DG, Falls T, Bell JC, Tangney M. Bacterial-mediated knockdown of tumor resistance to an oncolytic virus enhances therapy. Mol Ther 2014; 22:1188-1197. [PMID: 24569832 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2014.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 02/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses (OVs) and bacteria share the property of tumor-selective replication following systemic administration. In the case of nonpathogenic bacteria, tumor selectivity relates to their ability to grow extracellularly within tumor stroma and is therefore ideally suited to restricting the production of bacterially produced therapeutic agents to tumors. We have previously shown the ability of the type 1 interferon antagonist B18R to enhance the replication and spread of vesicular stomatitis virus (VSV) by overcoming related cellular innate immunity. In this study, we utilized nonpathogenic bacteria (E. coli) expressing B18R to facilitate tumor-specific production of B18R, resulting in a microenvironment depleted of bioactive antiviral cytokine, thus "preconditioning" the tumor to enhance subsequent tumor destruction by the OV. Both in vitro and in vivo infection by VSVΔ51 was greatly enhanced by B18R produced from E. coli. Moreover, a significant increase in therapeutic efficacy resulted from intravenous (i.v.) injection of bacteria to tumor-bearing mice 5 days prior to i.v. VSVΔ51 administration, as evidenced by a significant reduction in tumor growth and increased survival in mice. Our strategy is the first example where two such diverse microorganisms are rationally combined and demonstrates the feasibility of combining complementary microorganisms to improve therapeutic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle Cronin
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carola Murphy
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland
| | - Dominic G Roy
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Theresa Falls
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John C Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark Tangney
- Cork Cancer Research Centre, University College Cork, Cork, Ireland.
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