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Tarasenko TA, Koulintchenko MV. Heterogeneity of the Mitochondrial Population in Cells of Plants and Other Organisms. Mol Biol 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893322020157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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2
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Liao PC, Wolken DMA, Serrano E, Srivastava P, Pon LA. Mitochondria-Associated Degradation Pathway (MAD) Function beyond the Outer Membrane. Cell Rep 2021; 32:107902. [PMID: 32668258 PMCID: PMC7391283 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-associated degradation pathway (MAD) mediates ubiquitination and degradation of mitochondrial outer membrane (MOM) proteins by the proteasome. We find that the MAD, but not other quality-control pathways including macroautophagy, mitophagy, or mitochondrial chaperones and proteases, is critical for yeast cellular fitness under conditions of paraquat (PQ)-induced oxidative stress in mitochondria. Specifically, inhibition of the MAD increases PQ-induced defects in growth and mitochondrial quality and decreases chronological lifespan. We use mass spectrometry analysis to identify possible MAD substrates as mitochondrial proteins that exhibit increased ubiquitination in response to PQ treatment and inhibition of the MAD. We identify candidate substrates in the mitochondrial matrix and inner membrane and confirm that two matrix proteins are MAD substrates. Our studies reveal a broader function for the MAD in mitochondrial protein surveillance beyond the MOM and a major role for the MAD in cellular and mitochondrial fitness in response to chronic, low-level oxidative stress in mitochondria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pin-Chao Liao
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA
| | | | - Edith Serrano
- Department of Chemistry, Barnard College, Columbia University, New York, NY 10027, USA
| | - Pallavi Srivastava
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G1H9, Canada
| | - Liza A Pon
- Department of Pathology and Cell Biology, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA.
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3
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Sánchez MI, Vida Y, Pérez-Inestrosa E, Mascareñas JL, Vázquez ME, Sugiura A, Martínez-Costas J. MitoBlue as a tool to analyze the mitochondria-lysosome communication. Sci Rep 2020; 10:3528. [PMID: 32103132 PMCID: PMC7044336 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-60573-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
MitoBlue is a fluorescent bisamidine that can be used to easily monitor the changes in mitochondrial degradation processes in different cells and cellular conditions. MitoBlue staining pattern is exceptional among mitochondrial dyes and recombinant fluorescent probes, allowing the dynamic study of mitochondrial recycling in a variety of situations in living cells. MitoBlue is a unique tool for the study of these processes that will allow the detailed characterization of communication between mitochondria and lysosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mateo I Sánchez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de, Compostela, Spain
| | - Yolanda Vida
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Campanillas, Málaga, Spain.,Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ezequiel Pérez-Inestrosa
- Centro Andaluz de Nanomedicina y Biotecnología-BIONAND. Parque Tecnológico de Andalucía, c/Severo Ochoa, 35, 29590, Campanillas, Málaga, Spain.,Universidad de Málaga-IBIMA, Departamento de Química Orgánica. Campus de Teatinos s/n, 29071, Málaga, Spain
| | - José L Mascareñas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de, Compostela, Spain
| | - M Eugenio Vázquez
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Química Orgánica, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de, Compostela, Spain
| | - Ayumu Sugiura
- Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada. .,Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - José Martínez-Costas
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782, Santiago de, Compostela, Spain.
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4
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Hombrebueno JR, Cairns L, Dutton LR, Lyons TJ, Brazil DP, Moynagh P, Curtis TM, Xu H. Uncoupled turnover disrupts mitochondrial quality control in diabetic retinopathy. JCI Insight 2019; 4:129760. [PMID: 31661466 PMCID: PMC6962019 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.129760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondrial quality control (MQC) is crucial for regulating CNS homeostasis, and its disruption has been implicated in the pathogenesis of some of the most common neurodegenerative diseases. In healthy tissues, the maintenance of MQC depends upon an exquisite balance between mitophagy (removal of damaged mitochondria by autophagy) and biogenesis (de novo synthesis of mitochondria). Here, we show that mitophagy is disrupted in diabetic retinopathy (DR) and decoupled from mitochondrial biogenesis during the progression of the disease. Diabetic retinas from human postmortem donors and experimental mice exhibit a net loss of mitochondrial contents during the early stages of the disease process. Using diabetic mitophagy-reporter mice (mitoQC-Ins2Akita) alongside pMitoTimer (a molecular clock to address mitochondrial age dynamics), we demonstrate that mitochondrial loss arose due to an inability of mitochondrial biogenesis to compensate for diabetes-exacerbated mitophagy. However, as diabetes duration increases, Pink1-dependent mitophagy deteriorates, leading to the build-up of mitochondria primed for degradation in DR. Impairment of mitophagy during prolonged diabetes is linked with the development of retinal senescence, a phenotype that blunted hyperglycemia-induced mitophagy in mitoQC primary Müller cells. Our findings suggest that normalizing mitochondrial turnover may preserve MQC and provide therapeutic options for the management of DR-associated complications. Uncoupled mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis leads to mitochondrial damage in the retina during the progression of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose R Hombrebueno
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Institute of Inflammation and Ageing, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Lauren Cairns
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Louise R Dutton
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy J Lyons
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA
| | - Derek P Brazil
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Moynagh
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom.,Institute of Immunology, Department of Biology, National University of Ireland Maynooth, Maynooth, County Kildare, Ireland
| | - Tim M Curtis
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
| | - Heping Xu
- Wellcome-Wolfson Institute for Experimental Medicine, School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, United Kingdom
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5
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Duris K, Splichal Z, Jurajda M. The Role of Inflammatory Response in Stroke Associated Programmed Cell Death. Curr Neuropharmacol 2018; 16:1365-1374. [PMID: 29473512 PMCID: PMC6251044 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x16666180222155833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2017] [Revised: 07/17/2017] [Accepted: 02/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents devastating pathology which is associated with a high morbidity and mortality. Initial damage caused directly by the onset of stroke, primary injury, may be eclipsed by secondary injury which may have a much more devastating effect on the brain. Primary injury is predominantly associated with necrotic cell death due to fatal insufficiency of oxygen and glucose. Secondary injury may on the contrary, lead apoptotic cell death due to structural damage which is not compatible with cellular functions or which may even represent the danger of malign transformation. The immune system is responsible for surveillance, defense and healing processes and the immune system plays a major role in triggering programmed cell death. Severe pathologies, such as stroke, are often associated with deregulation of the immune system, resulting in aggravation of secondary brain injury. The goal of this article is to overview the current knowledge about the role of immune system in the pathophysiology of stroke with respect to programmed neuronal cell death as well as to discuss current therapeutic strategies targeting inflammation after stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - M. Jurajda
- Address correspondence to this author at the Department of Pathological Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Kamenice 5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-mail:
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6
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Li H, Wu J, Shen H, Yao X, Liu C, Pianta S, Han J, Borlongan CV, Chen G. Autophagy in hemorrhagic stroke: Mechanisms and clinical implications. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 163-164:79-97. [PMID: 28414101 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Revised: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Accumulating evidence advances the critical role of autophagy in brain pathology after stroke. Investigations employing autophagy induction or inhibition using pharmacological tools or autophagy-related gene knockout mice have recently revealed the biological significance of intact and functional autophagy in stroke. Most of the reported cases attest to a pro-survival role for autophagy in stroke, by facilitating removal of damaged proteins and organelles, which can be recycled for energy generation and cellular defenses. However, these observations are difficult to reconcile with equally compelling evidence demonstrating stroke-induced upregulation of brain cell death index that parallels enhanced autophagy. This begs the question of whether drug-induced autophagy during stroke culminates in improved or worsened pathological outcomes. A corollary fascinating hypothesis, but presents as a tricky conundrum, involves the effects of autophagy on cell death and inflammation, which are two main culprits in the disease progression of stroke-induced brain injury. Evidence has extended the roles of autophagy in inflammation via cytokine regulation in an unconventional secretion manner or by targeting inflammasomes for degradation. Moreover, in the recently concluded Vancouver Autophagy Symposium (VAS) held in 2014, the potential of selective autophagy for clinical treatment has been recognized. The role of autophagy in ischemic stroke has been reviewed previously in detail. Here, we evaluate the strength of laboratory and clinical evidence by providing a comprehensive summary of the literature on autophagy, and thereafter we offer our perspectives on exploiting autophagy as a drug target for cerebral ischemia, especially in hemorrhagic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiying Li
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Jiang Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Haitao Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Xiyang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - Chenglin Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China
| | - S Pianta
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - J Han
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - C V Borlongan
- Center of Excellence for Aging and Brain Repair, Department of Neurosurgery & Brain Repair, University of South Florida Morsani College of Medicine,12901 Bruce B Downs Blvd Tampa, FL 33612 USA
| | - Gang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery & Brain and Nerve Research Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University,188 Shizi Street, Suzhou 215006, China.
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7
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Smethurst DGJ, Cooper KF. ER fatalities-The role of ER-mitochondrial contact sites in yeast life and death decisions. Mech Ageing Dev 2016; 161:225-233. [PMID: 27507669 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2016.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Following extracellular stress signals, all eukaryotic cells choose whether to elicit a pro-survival or pro-death response. The decision over which path to take is governed by the severity and duration of the damage. In response to mild stress, pro-survival programs are initiated (unfolded protein response, autophagy, mitophagy) whereas severe or chronic stress forces the cell to abandon these adaptive programs and shift towards regulated cell death to remove irreversibly damaged cells. Both pro-survival and pro-death programs involve regulated communication between the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria. In yeast, recent data suggest this inter-organelle contact is facilitated by the endoplasmic reticulum mitochondria encounter structure (ERMES). These membrane contacts are not only important for the exchange of cellular signals, but also play a role in mitochondrial tethering during mitophagy, mitochondrial fission and mitochondrial inheritance. This review focuses on recent findings in yeast that shed light on how ER-mitochondrial communication mediates critical cell fate decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel G J Smethurst
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, 08055 USA
| | - Katrina F Cooper
- Department of Molecular Biology, Rowan University School of Osteopathic Medicine, Stratford, NJ, 08055 USA.
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8
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Müller M, Lu K, Reichert AS. Mitophagy and mitochondrial dynamics in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2015; 1853:2766-74. [PMID: 25753536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2015.02.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria fulfill central cellular functions including energy metabolism, iron-sulfur biogenesis, and regulation of apoptosis and calcium homeostasis. Accumulation of dysfunctional mitochondria is observed in ageing and many human diseases such as cancer and various neurodegenerative disorders. Appropriate quality control of mitochondria is important for cell survival in most eukaryotic cells. One important pathway in this respect is mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy which removes excess and dysfunctional mitochondria. In the past decades a series of essential factors for mitophagy have been identified and characterized. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms regulating mitophagy. The role of mitochondrial dynamics in mitophagy is controversially discussed. Here we will review recent advances in this context promoting our understanding on the molecular regulation of mitophagy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and on the role of mitochondrial dynamics in mitochondrial quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Müller
- Mitochondrial Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mitochondrial Biology, Medical School, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Kaihui Lu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Andreas S Reichert
- Mitochondrial Biology, Buchmann Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Mitochondrial Biology, Medical School, Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology I, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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10
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Autophagy is an evolutionarily conserved cellular programme for the turnover of organelles, proteins, and other macromolecules, involving the lysosomal degradation pathway. Emerging evidence suggests that autophagy can play a central role in human metabolism as well as impact diverse cellular processes including organelle homeostasis, cell death and proliferation, lipid and glycogen metabolism, and the regulation of inflammation and immune responses. The purpose of this review is to examine recent evidence for the role of autophagy in cellular metabolism, and its relevance to select human diseases that involve disorders of metabolism. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies suggest that autophagy may play multiple roles in metabolic diseases, including diabetes and its complications, metabolic syndrome and obesity, myopathies and other inborn errors of metabolism, as well as other diseases that may involve altered mitochondrial function. SUMMARY Strategies aimed at modulating autophagy may lead to therapies for diseases in which altered cellular and tissue metabolism play a key role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Ryter
- Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 525 East 68th Street Room M-522, Box 130, New York, NY 10065
- Correspondence should be addressed to: Stefan W. Ryter, PhD. Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 525 East 68th Street Room M-522, Box 130, New York, NY 10065. Tel: 212-746-4720, Fax: 212-746-8793
| | - Michael Koo
- Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 525 East 68th Street Room M-522, Box 130, New York, NY 10065
| | - Augustine M.K. Choi
- Weil Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 525 East 68th Street Room M-522, Box 130, New York, NY 10065
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11
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Macromitophagy is a longevity assurance process that in chronologically aging yeast limited in calorie supply sustains functional mitochondria and maintains cellular lipid homeostasis. Aging (Albany NY) 2013; 5:234-69. [PMID: 23553280 PMCID: PMC3651518 DOI: 10.18632/aging.100547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Macromitophagy controls mitochondrial quality and quantity. It involves the sequestration of dysfunctional or excessive mitochondria within double-membrane autophagosomes, which then fuse with the vacuole/lysosome to deliver these mitochondria for degradation. To investigate a physiological role of macromitophagy in yeast, we examined how theatg32Δ-dependent mutational block of this process influences the chronological lifespan of cells grown in a nutrient-rich medium containing low (0.2%) concentration of glucose. Under these longevity-extending conditions of caloric restriction (CR) yeast cells are not starving. We also assessed a role of macromitophagy in lifespan extension by lithocholic acid (LCA), a bile acid that prolongs yeast longevity under CR conditions. Our findings imply that macromitophagy is a longevity assurance process underlying the synergistic beneficial effects of CR and LCA on yeast lifespan. Our analysis of how the atg32Δ mutation influences mitochondrial morphology, composition and function revealed that macromitophagy is required to maintain a network of healthy mitochondria. Our comparative analysis of the membrane lipidomes of organelles purified from wild-type and atg32Δ cells revealed that macromitophagy is required for maintaining cellular lipid homeostasis. We concluded that macromitophagy defines yeast longevity by modulating vital cellular processes inside and outside of mitochondria.
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12
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Rafelski SM. Mitochondrial network morphology: building an integrative, geometrical view. BMC Biol 2013; 11:71. [PMID: 23800141 PMCID: PMC3691739 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-11-71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphology of mitochondrial networks is complex and highly varied, yet vital to cell function. The first step toward an integrative understanding of how mitochondrial morphology is generated and regulated is to define the interdependent geometrical features and their dynamics that together generate the morphology of a mitochondrial network within a cell. Distinct aspects of the size, shape, position, and dynamics of mitochondrial networks are described and examples of how these features depend on one another discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne M Rafelski
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology and Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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13
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Abstract
Mitochondria play a central role in cell fate after stressors such as ischemic brain injury. The convergence of intracellular signaling pathways on mitochondria and their release of critical factors are now recognized as a default conduit to cell death or survival. Besides the individual processes that converge on or emanate from mitochondria, a mitochondrial organellar response to changes in the cellular environment has recently been described. Whereas mitochondria have previously been perceived as a major center for cellular signaling, one can postulate that the organelle's dynamics themselves affect cell survival. This brief perspective review puts forward the concept that disruptions in mitochondrial dynamics--biogenesis, clearance, and fission/fusion events--may underlie neural diseases and thus could be targeted as neuroprotective strategies in the context of ischemic injury. To do so, we present a general overview of the current understanding of mitochondrial dynamics and regulation. We then review emerging studies that correlate mitochondrial biogenesis, mitophagy, and fission/fusion events with neurologic disease and recovery. An overview of the system as it is currently understood is presented, and current assessment strategies and their limitations are discussed.
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Mijaljica D, Prescott M, Devenish RJ. The intriguing life of autophagosomes. Int J Mol Sci 2012; 13:3618-3635. [PMID: 22489171 PMCID: PMC3317731 DOI: 10.3390/ijms13033618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Revised: 03/02/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagosomes are double-membrane vesicles characteristic of macroautophagy, a degradative pathway for cytoplasmic material and organelles terminating in the lysosomal or vacuole compartment for mammals and yeast, respectively. This highly dynamic, multi-step process requires significant membrane reorganization events at different stages of the macroautophagic process. Such events include exchange and flow of lipids and proteins between membranes and vesicles (e.g., during initiation and growth of the phagophore), vesicular positioning and trafficking within the cell (e.g., autophagosome location and movement) and fusion of autophagosomes with the boundary membranes of the degradative compartment. Here, we review current knowledge on the contribution of different organelles to the formation of autophagosomes, their trafficking and fate within the cell. We will consider some of the unresolved questions related to the molecular mechanisms that regulate the "life and death" of the autophagosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dalibor Mijaljica
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria 3800, Australia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Mark Prescott
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria 3800, Australia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.P.)
| | - Rodney J. Devenish
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Nursing and Health Sciences, Monash University, Clayton campus, Victoria 3800, Australia; E-Mails: (D.M.); (M.P.)
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