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Kong X, Yang C, Li B, Yan D, Yang Y, Cao C, Xing B, Ma X. FXR/Menin-mediated epigenetic regulation of E2F3 expression controls β-cell proliferation and is increased in islets from diabetic GK rats after RYGB. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2024; 1870:167136. [PMID: 38531483 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2024.167136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/28/2024]
Abstract
Farnesoid X receptor (FXR) improves the function of islets, especially in the setting of Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB). Here we investigated how FXR activation regulates β-cell proliferation and explored the potential link between FXR signaling and the menin pathway in controlling E2F3 expression, a key transcription factor for controlling adult β-cell proliferation. Stimulation with the FXR agonist GW4064 or chenodeoxycholic acid (CDCA) increased E2F3 expression and β-cell proliferation. Consistently, E2F3 knockdown abolished GW4064-induced proliferation. Treatment with GW4064 increased E2F3 expression in β-cells via enhancing Steroid receptor coactivator-1 (SRC1) recruitment, increasing the pro-transcriptional acetylation of histone H3 at the E2f3 promoter. GW4064 treatment also decreased the association between FXR and menin, leading to the induction of FXR-mediated SRC1 recruitment. Mimicking the impact of FXR agonists, RYGB also increased E2F3 expression and β-cell proliferation in GK rats and SD rats. These findings unravel the crucial role of the FXR/menin signaling in epigenetically controlling E2F3 expression and β-cell proliferation, a mechanism possibly underlying RYGB-induced β-cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangchen Kong
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Chenxi Yang
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Bingfeng Li
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Dan Yan
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Yanhui Yang
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Cuihua Cao
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Bowen Xing
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China
| | - Xiaosong Ma
- Shenzhen University Diabetes Institute, School of Medicine, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen 518060, PR China.
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Dos Reis Araujo T, Alves BL, Dos Santos LMB, Gonçalves LM, Carneiro EM. Association between protein undernutrition and diabetes: Molecular implications in the reduction of insulin secretion. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2024; 25:259-278. [PMID: 38048021 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-023-09856-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
Undernutrition is still a recurring nutritional problem in low and middle-income countries. It is directly associated with the social and economic sphere, but it can also negatively impact the health of the population. In this sense, it is believed that undernourished individuals may be more susceptible to the development of non-communicable diseases, such as diabetes mellitus, throughout life. This hypothesis was postulated and confirmed until today by several studies that demonstrate that experimental models submitted to protein undernutrition present alterations in glycemic homeostasis linked, in part, to the reduction of insulin secretion. Therefore, understanding the changes that lead to a reduction in the secretion of this hormone is essential to prevent the development of diabetes in undernourished individuals. This narrative review aims to describe the main molecular changes already characterized in pancreatic β cells that will contribute to the reduction of insulin secretion in protein undernutrition. So, it will provide new perspectives and targets for postulation and action of therapeutic strategies to improve glycemic homeostasis during this nutritional deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago Dos Reis Araujo
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Bruna Lourençoni Alves
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Lohanna Monali Barreto Dos Santos
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil
| | - Luciana Mateus Gonçalves
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Everardo Magalhães Carneiro
- Obesity and Comorbidities Research Center (OCRC), Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, Carl Von Linnaeus Bloco Z, Campinas, SP, Cep: 13083-864, Brazil.
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3
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Prasad MK, Mohandas S, Ramkumar KM. Dysfunctions, molecular mechanisms, and therapeutic strategies of pancreatic β-cells in diabetes. Apoptosis 2023:10.1007/s10495-023-01854-0. [PMID: 37273039 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-023-01854-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic beta-cell death has been established as a critical mediator in the progression of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Beta-cell death is associated with exacerbating hyperglycemia and insulin resistance and paves the way for the progression of DM and its complications. Apoptosis has been considered the primary mechanism of beta-cell death in diabetes. However, recent pieces of evidence have implicated the substantial involvement of several other novel modes of cell death, including autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis. These distinct mechanisms are characterized by their unique biochemical features and often precipitate damage through the induction of cellular stressors, including endoplasmic reticulum stress, oxidative stress, and inflammation. Experimental studies were identified from PubMed literature on different modes of beta cell death during the onset of diabetes mellitus. This review summarizes current knowledge on the crucial pathways implicated in pancreatic beta cell death. The article also focuses on applying natural compounds as potential treatment strategies in inhibiting these cell death pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murali Krishna Prasad
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sundhar Mohandas
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kunka Mohanram Ramkumar
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, Kattankulathur, 603 203, Tamil Nadu, India.
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4
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Refat MS, Hamza RZ, Adam AMA, Saad HA, Gobouri AA, Al-Harbi FS, Al-Salmi FA, Altalhi T, El-Megharbel SM. Quercetin/Zinc complex and stem cells: A new drug therapy to ameliorate glycometabolic control and pulmonary dysfunction in diabetes mellitus: Structural characterization and genetic studies. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246265. [PMID: 33661932 PMCID: PMC7932096 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Medicinal uses and applications of metals and their complexes are of increasing clinical and commercial importance. The ligation behavior of quercetin (Q), which is a flavonoid, and its Zn (II) (Q/Zn) complex were studied and characterized based on elemental analysis, molar conductance, Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectra, electronic spectra, proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H-NMR), thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). FTIR spectral data revealed that Q acts as a bidentate ligand (chelating ligand) through carbonyl C(4) = O oxygen and phenolic C(3)-OH oxygen in conjugation with Zn. Electronic, FTIR, and 1H-NMR spectral data revealed that the Q/Zn complex has a distorted octahedral geometry, with the following chemical formula: [Zn(Q)(NO3)(H2O)2].5H2O. Diabetes was induced by streptozotocin (STZ) injection. A total of 70 male albino rats were divided into seven groups: control, diabetic untreated group and diabetic groups treated with either MSCs and/or Q and/or Q/Zn or their combination. Serum insulin, glucose, C-peptide, glycosylated hemoglobin, lipid profile, and enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant levels were determined. Pancreatic and lung histology and TEM for pancreatic tissues in addition to gene expression of both SOD and CAT in pulmonary tissues were evaluated. MSCs in combination with Q/Zn therapy exhibited potent protective effects against STZ induced hyperglycemia and suppressed oxidative stress, genotoxicity, glycometabolic disturbances, and structural alterations. Engrafted MSCs were found inside pancreatic tissue at the end of the experiment. In conclusion, Q/Zn with MSC therapy produced a synergistic effect against oxidative stress and genotoxicity and can be considered potential ameliorative therapy against diabetes with pulmonary dysfunction, which may benefit against COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moamen S. Refat
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Port Said University, Port Said, Egypt
- * E-mail: (MSR); (RZH)
| | - Reham Z. Hamza
- Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
- * E-mail: (MSR); (RZH)
| | - Abdel Majid A. Adam
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hosam A. Saad
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Adil A. Gobouri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | | | | | - Tariq Altalhi
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
| | - Samy M. El-Megharbel
- Department of Chemistry, College of Sciences, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt
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Mohammed RR, Omer AK, Yener Z, Uyar A, Ahmed AK. Biomedical effects of Laurus nobilis L. leaf extract on vital organs in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Experimental research. Ann Med Surg (Lond) 2020; 61:188-197. [PMID: 33520200 PMCID: PMC7817776 DOI: 10.1016/j.amsu.2020.11.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) has been treated with herbs for centuries and many herbs reported to exert antidiabetic activity. Laurus nobilis is an aromatic herb belonging to the Lauraceae family, commonly known as bay. This study aimed to investigate the activity of Laurus nobilis leave extracts on histopathological and biochemical changes in β-cells of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Thirty healthy adult male albino rats were included in the study and divided equally into 5 groups for 4 weeks as follow; control group (C), diabetic group (D), diabetic Laurus nobilis extract group (DLN), Laurus nobilis extract group (LN) and diabetic acarbose (DA) group. Histopathologically, D group rats exhibited various degenerative and necrotic changes in their liver, pancreas and kidney, whereas the DLN rats had nearly normal histology. Insulin immunostaining in the pancreatic beta cells was decreased in the D group compared to the C group, whereas the DLN group was similar to the C group. The glucose concentration decreased significantly in both diabetic rats treated with L. nobilis and acarbose (p < 0.05). Additionally, the levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) enzyme were significantly decreased in both diabetic rats treated with L. nobilis and acarbose, compared to the D group (p ˃ 0.05). Outcomes of this study said that leave extracts of L. nobilis has valuable effect on blood glucose level and ameliorative effect on regeneration of pancreatic islets, it also restored the altered liver enzymes, urea, creatine kinase, total protein levels, calcium and ferritin to near normal. Diabetes mellitus has been treated with herbs for centuries and many herbs reported to exert antidiabetic activity. Historically, traditional herbal treatments have been shown to possess successful pharmacological activity, such as in the case with metformin, isolated from Galega officinalis. Laurus nobilis has a valuable effect on blood glucose level and ameliorative effect on regeneration of pancreatic islets. Laurus nobilis have also been shown to display insulin-enhancing activity in vitro. Laurus nobilis also restored the altered liver enzymes, urea, creatine kinase, total protein levels, calcium and ferritin to near normal.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Abdullah Khalid Omer
- Department of Food Hygiene and Quality Control, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran
| | - Zabit Yener
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Van Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
| | - Ahmet Uyar
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Hatay Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - Avin Kawa Ahmed
- Sulaimani Veterinary Directorate, Chamchamal Veterinary Hospital, Sulaimani, Iraq
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6
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Nemati M, Karbalaei N, Mokarram P, Dehghani F. Effects of platelet-rich plasma on the pancreatic islet survival and function, islet transplantation outcome and pancreatic pdx 1 and insulin gene expression in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Growth Factors 2020; 38:137-151. [PMID: 33569978 DOI: 10.1080/08977194.2021.1881502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) is a therapeutic option in different fields based on its growth factors. We investigated influence of PRP on islet survival, function, transplantation outcomes, and pancreatic genes expression in diabetic rats. In vitro: pancreatic isolated islets were incubated with/without PRP then viability, insulin secretion, and content were assessed. In vivo: Series 1 were designed to determine whether islet treatment with PRP improves transplantation outcome in diabetic rats by evaluating plasma glucose and insulin concentrations and oxidative parameters. Series 2, effects of PRP subcutaneous injection were evaluated on pancreatic genes expression and glucose tolerance test in diabetic rats. PRP enhanced viability and secretary function of islet. Reduced glucose and malondialdehyde levels as well as increased insulin levels, superoxide dismutase activity, and expressions of pdx1 and insulin were observed in diabetic rats. PRP treatment has positive effects on islet viability, function, transplantation outcome, and pancreatic genes expression in diabetic rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marzieh Nemati
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Narges Karbalaei
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Pooneh Mokarram
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Farzaneh Dehghani
- Histomorphometry and Stereology Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
- Department of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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7
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Uyar A, Abdulrahman NT. A histopathological, immunohistochemical and biochemical investigation of the antidiabetic effects of the Pistacia terebinthus in diabetic rats. Biotech Histochem 2020; 95:92-104. [PMID: 32013588 DOI: 10.1080/10520295.2019.1612092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the antidiabetic activity of Pistacia terebinthus (PT) extracts in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats. We used 40 Wistar albino male rats divided into five groups: control (C), diabetes (DM), diabetes + acarbose (DM + AC), diabetes + PT (DM + PT) and PT. DM was established by intraperitoneal injection of STZ. Immunohistochemistry revealed that STZ reduced insulin immunoreactivity in the pancreas of the diabetic rats. To the contrary, insulin immunoreactivity in the pancreatic β cells of PT treated diabetic rats was increased significantly. Decreased levels of blood glucose, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), glucose, total triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) and low density lipoprotein (LDL) were found in the PT supplemented diabetic group. Also, malondialdehyde (MDA) and antioxidant defense system enzyme levels were normalized in the DM + PT group. PT exhibited a protective effect on liver, kidney and pancreas that had been damaged by STZ induced DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Uyar
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Mustafa Kemal University, Hatay, Turkey
| | - N T Abdulrahman
- Department of Pathology, Veterinary Faculty, Yuzuncu Yil University, Van, Turkey
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8
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Effects and Underlying Mechanisms of Bioactive Compounds on Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Alzheimer's Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2019; 2019:8165707. [PMID: 30800211 PMCID: PMC6360036 DOI: 10.1155/2019/8165707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2018] [Revised: 10/15/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a complicated metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia and glucose intolerance. Alzheimer's disease is a progressive brain disorder characterized by a chronic loss of cognitive and behavioral function. Considering the shared characteristics of both diseases, common therapeutic and preventive agents may be effective. Bioactive compounds such as polyphenols, vitamins, and carotenoids found in vegetables and fruits can have antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. These effects make them suitable candidates for the prevention or treatment of diabetes and Alzheimer's disease. Increasing evidence from cell or animal models suggest that bioactive compounds may have direct effects on decreasing hyperglycemia, enhancing insulin secretion, and preventing formation of amyloid plaques. The possible underlying molecular mechanisms are described in this review. More studies are needed to establish the clinical effects of bioactive compounds.
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Danilova T, Belevich I, Li H, Palm E, Jokitalo E, Otonkoski T, Lindahl M. MANF Is Required for the Postnatal Expansion and Maintenance of Pancreatic β-Cell Mass in Mice. Diabetes 2019; 68:66-80. [PMID: 30305368 DOI: 10.2337/db17-1149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Global lack of mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotropic factor (MANF) leads to progressive postnatal loss of β-cell mass and insulin-dependent diabetes in mice. Similar to Manf-/- mice, embryonic ablation of MANF specifically from the pancreas results in diabetes. In this study, we assessed the importance of MANF for the postnatal expansion of pancreatic β-cell mass and for adult β-cell maintenance in mice. Detailed analysis of Pdx-1Cre+/- ::Manffl/fl mice revealed mosaic MANF expression in postnatal pancreata and a significant correlation between the number of MANF-positive β-cells and β-cell mass in individual mice. In vitro, recombinant MANF induced β-cell proliferation in islets from aged mice and protected from hyperglycemia-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Consequently, excision of MANF from β-cells of adult MIP-1CreERT::Manffl/fl mice resulted in reduced β-cell mass and diabetes caused largely by β-cell ER stress and apoptosis, possibly accompanied by β-cell dedifferentiation and reduced rates of β-cell proliferation. Thus, MANF expression in adult mouse β-cells is needed for their maintenance in vivo. We also revealed a mechanistic link between ER stress and inflammatory signaling pathways leading to β-cell death in the absence of MANF. Hence, MANF might be a potential target for regenerative therapy in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana Danilova
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ilya Belevich
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Huini Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Palm
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eija Jokitalo
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Programs Unit, Molecular Neurology, Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Maria Lindahl
- Institute of Biotechnology, HiLIFE, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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The pathological role of advanced glycation end products-downregulated heat shock protein 60 in islet β-cell hypertrophy and dysfunction. Oncotarget 2018; 7:23072-87. [PMID: 27056903 PMCID: PMC5029611 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.8604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 60 (HSP60) is a mitochondrial chaperone. Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) have been shown to interfere with the β-cell function. We hypothesized that AGEs induced β-cell hypertrophy and dysfunction through a HSP60 dysregulation pathway during the stage of islet/β-cell hypertrophy of type-2-diabetes. We investigated the role of HSP60 in AGEs-induced β-cell hypertrophy and dysfunction using the models of diabetic mice and cultured β-cells. Hypertrophy, increased levels of p27Kip1, AGEs, and receptor for AGEs (RAGE), and decreased levels of HSP60, insulin, and ATP content were obviously observed in pancreatic islets of 12-week-old db/db diabetic mice. Low-concentration AGEs significantly induced the cell hypertrophy, increased the p27Kip1 expression, and decreased the HSP60 expression, insulin secretion, and ATP content in cultured β-cells, which could be reversed by RAGE neutralizing antibody. HSP60 overexpression significantly reversed AGEs-induced hypertrophy, dysfunction, and ATP reduction in β-cells. Oxidative stress was also involved in the AGEs-decreased HSP60 expression in β-cells. Pancreatic sections from diabetic patient showed islet hypertrophy, increased AGEs level, and decreased HSP60 level as compared with normal subject. These findings highlight a novel mechanism by which a HSP60-correlated signaling pathway contributes to the AGEs-RAGE axis-induced β-cell hypertrophy and dysfunction under diabetic hyperglycemia.
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Wang S, Wu J, Wang N, Zeng L, Wu Y. The role of growth hormone receptor in β cell function. Growth Horm IGF Res 2017; 36:30-35. [PMID: 28915386 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2017.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Revised: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) exerts numerous effects on tissues through binding to its receptor, GHR, which resides on cell membranes in many different organs and tissues. Endocrine pancreatic β cells are the only source of insulin secretion in response to metabolic demand, thereby regulating blood glucose and maintaining metabolic homeostasis. β cell dysfunction is the main composition of diabetes mellitus. Numerous studies have provided strong evidence that GHR signaling plays an independent role in β cell function. In this review, we focus on the role of GHR signaling in β cell actions and the underlying molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Wang
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Ning Wang
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China
| | - Li Zeng
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
| | - Yingjie Wu
- Institute of Genome Engineered Animal Models for Human Diseases, Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116044, China.
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Pancreatic and renal function in streptozotocin-induced type 2 diabetic rats administered combined inositol hexakisphosphate and inositol supplement. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 96:72-77. [PMID: 28965010 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.09.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2017] [Revised: 09/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus, as a result of microvascular and macrovascular injury, causes organ dysfunction in a wide variety of tissues. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of combined inositol hexakisphosphate and inositol supplement on renal and pancreatic integrity in type 2 diabetic rats. Thirty male Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into five groups (n=6 per group). Type 2 diabetes was induced in three groups using high-fat diet combined with a single dose of streptozotocin (35mg/kg body weight, intraperitoneally). Two of the diabetic groups were treated with combined IP6 and inositol or glibenclamide. Serum biochemical markers of kidney damage kidney, antioxidant status (superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and reduced glutathione (GSH) and lipid peroxidation were measured. Histomorphological and morphometric examinations of the H&E stained pancreas were also carried out. The administration of combined IP6 and inositol supplement resulted in 64% and 27% increase in CAT activities and GSH levels respectively and a 25% decrease in lipid peroxidation level compared to the diabetic control. Serum uric acid, creatinine and BUN levels in the combination treated group was comparable to the normal control. Examination of H&E stained pancreatic sections showed a significant increase (107%) in the number of islets in the combined IP6 and inositol treated group compared to the untreated diabetic group. Overall, the treatment of type 2 diabetic rats with combined IP6 and inositol supplement resulted in the improvement of renal and pancreatic function.
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Gene-Diet Interactions in Type 2 Diabetes: The Chicken and Egg Debate. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061188. [PMID: 28574454 PMCID: PMC5486011 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Consistent evidence from both experimental and human studies indicates that Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease resulting from the interaction of genetic, epigenetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. Nutrients and dietary patterns are important environmental factors to consider in the prevention, development and treatment of this disease. Nutritional genomics focuses on the interaction between bioactive food components and the genome and includes studies of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics and epigenetic modifications caused by nutrients. There is evidence supporting the existence of nutrient-gene and T2DM interactions coming from animal studies and family-based intervention studies. Moreover, many case-control, cohort, cross-sectional cohort studies and clinical trials have identified relationships between individual genetic load, diet and T2DM. Some of these studies were on a large scale. In addition, studies with animal models and human observational studies, in different countries over periods of time, support a causative relationship between adverse nutritional conditions during in utero development, persistent epigenetic changes and T2DM. This review provides comprehensive information on the current state of nutrient-gene interactions and their role in T2DM pathogenesis, the relationship between individual genetic load and diet, and the importance of epigenetic factors in influencing gene expression and defining the individual risk of T2DM.
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Bernstein D, Golson ML, Kaestner KH. Epigenetic control of β-cell function and failure. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2017; 123:24-36. [PMID: 27918975 PMCID: PMC5250585 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabres.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a highly heritable disease, but only ∼15% of this heritability can be explained by known genetic variant loci. In fact, body mass index is more predictive of diabetes than any of the common risk alleles identified by genome-wide association studies. This discrepancy may be explained by epigenetic inheritance, whereby changes in gene regulation can be passed along to offspring. Epigenetic changes throughout an organism's lifetime, based on environmental factors such as chemical exposures, diet, physical activity, and age, can also affect gene expression and susceptibility to diabetes. Recently, novel genome-wide assays of epigenetic marks have resulted in a greater understanding of how genetics, epigenetics, and the environment interact in the development and inheritance of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Bernstein
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Maria L Golson
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Klaus H Kaestner
- Department of Genetics and Institute for Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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15
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Liu L, Wang F, Lu H, Cao S, Du Z, Wang Y, Feng X, Gao Y, Zha M, Guo M, Sun Z, Wang J. Effects of Noise Exposure on Systemic and Tissue-Level Markers of Glucose Homeostasis and Insulin Resistance in Male Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2016; 124:1390-1398. [PMID: 27128844 PMCID: PMC5010391 DOI: 10.1289/ehp162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 01/24/2016] [Accepted: 04/12/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiological studies have indicated that noise exposure is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, the nature of the connection between noise exposure and T2DM remains to be explored. OBJECTIVES We explored whether and how noise exposure affects glucose homeostasis in mice as the initial step toward T2DM development. METHODS Male ICR mice were randomly assigned to one of four groups: the control group and three noise groups (N20D, N10D, and N1D), in which the animals were exposed to white noise at 95 decibel sound pressure level (dB SPL) for 4 hr per day for 20 successive days, 10 successive days, or 1 day, respectively. Glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity were evaluated 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after the final noise exposure (1DPN, 1WPN, and 1MPN). Standard immunoblots, immunohistochemical methods, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) were performed to assess insulin signaling in skeletal muscle, the morphology of β cells, and plasma corticosterone levels. RESULTS Noise exposure for 1 day caused transient glucose intolerance and insulin resistance, whereas noise exposure for 10 and 20 days had no effect on glucose tolerance but did cause prolonged insulin resistance and an increased insulin response to glucose challenge. Akt phosphorylation and GLUT4 translocation in response to exogenous insulin were decreased in the skeletal muscle of noise-exposed animals. CONCLUSIONS Noise exposure at 95 dB SPL caused insulin resistance in male ICR mice, which was prolonged with longer noise exposure and was likely related to the observed blunted insulin signaling in skeletal muscle. CITATION Liu L, Wang F, Lu H, Cao S, Du Z, Wang Y, Feng X, Gao Y, Zha M, Guo M, Sun Z, Wang J. 2016. Effects of noise exposure on systemic and tissue-level markers of glucose homeostasis and insulin resistance in male mice. Environ Health Perspect 124:1390-1398; http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/EHP162.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijie Liu
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fanfan Wang
- Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Haiying Lu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuangfeng Cao
- Institute of Life Sciences, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ziwei Du
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongfang Wang
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xian Feng
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ye Gao
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingming Zha
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Min Guo
- Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zilin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Medical College, Affiliated ZhongDa Hospital of Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Physiology, Medical College, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
- School of Human Communication Disorders, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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16
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Ray JD, Kener KB, Bitner BF, Wright BJ, Ballard MS, Barrett EJ, Hill JT, Moss LG, Tessem JS. Nkx6.1-mediated insulin secretion and β-cell proliferation is dependent on upregulation of c-Fos. FEBS Lett 2016; 590:1791-803. [PMID: 27164028 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.12208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the molecular pathways that enhance β-cell proliferation, survival, and insulin secretion may be useful to improve treatments for diabetes. Nkx6.1 induces proliferation through the Nr4a nuclear receptors, and improves insulin secretion and survival through the peptide hormone VGF. Here we demonstrate that Nkx6.1-mediated upregulation of Nr4a1, Nr4a3, and VGF is dependent on c-Fos expression. c-Fos overexpression results in activation of Nkx6.1 responsive genes and increases β-cell proliferation, insulin secretion, and cellular survival. c-Fos knockdown impedes Nkx6.1-mediated β-cell proliferation and insulin secretion. These data demonstrate that c-Fos is critical for Nkx6.1-mediated expansion of functional β-cell mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason D Ray
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Kyle B Kener
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Benjamin F Bitner
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Brent J Wright
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Matthew S Ballard
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Emily J Barrett
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Jonathon T Hill
- Physiology and Developmental Biology Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Larry G Moss
- Sarah W. Stedman Nutrition and Metabolism Center and Duke Molecular Physiology Institute, Departments of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology and Medicine, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Jeffery S Tessem
- Nutrition, Dietetics and Food Science Department, College of Life Sciences, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
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17
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Hirukawa H, Kaneto H, Shimoda M, Kimura T, Okauchi S, Obata A, Kohara K, Hamamoto S, Tawaramoto K, Hashiramoto M, Kaku K. Combination of DPP-4 inhibitor and PPARγ agonist exerts protective effects on pancreatic β-cells in diabetic db/db mice through the augmentation of IRS-2 expression. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2015; 413:49-60. [PMID: 26116826 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Revised: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
We investigated the effects of long- and short-term treatment with pioglitazone (Pio) and/or alogliptin (Alo) on β-cells in diabetic db/db mice. Six-week-old male db/db mice received Pio (25 mg/kg, oral) and/or Alo (30 mg/kg, oral) for 4 weeks and for 2 days. Blood glucose levels were decreased after 4-week intervention, but not after 2-day intervention. Pio increased adiponectin levels, and Alo decreased glucagon levels and increased active GlP-1 levels. Insulin sensitivity was restored by Pio. After 4-week treatment, β-cell mass was increased (over 2-fold increase) and expression levels of various β-cell-related factors were restored. Expression levels of IRS-2 and various downstream factors were up-regulated by Pio and Alo after 2-day and 4-week intervention. In addition, mRNA and protein levels of IRS-2 and various downstream factors were up-regulated in MIN6 cells after 24-h exposure to Pio and exendin-4. These results suggest that Pio and Alo additively up-regulate IRS-2 expression independently of the alteration of glycemic control. Taken together, combination of Pio and Alo exerts protective effects on β-cells in diabetic db/db mice, at least in part, through the augmentation of IRS-2 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenori Hirukawa
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan.
| | - Hideaki Kaneto
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Masashi Shimoda
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Tomohiko Kimura
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Seizo Okauchi
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Atsushi Obata
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kenji Kohara
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Sumiko Hamamoto
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Kazuhito Tawaramoto
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Hashiramoto
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Yodogawa Christian Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kohei Kaku
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama 701-0192, Japan; Department of General Internal Medicine 1, Kawasaki Hospital, Kawasaki Medical School, Okayama, Japan
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18
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El-Kordy EA, Alshahrani AM. Effect of genistein, a natural soy isoflavone, on pancreatic β-cells of streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats: Histological and immunohistochemical study. J Microsc Ultrastruct 2015; 3:108-119. [PMID: 30023190 PMCID: PMC6014279 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmau.2015.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is one of the oldest disorders that is rapidly emerging as a global health problem. Soy genistein is a legume that has numerous health benefits. This work aimed to study the effect of different doses of genistein on histological, immunohistochemical and morphometrical changes in β-cells of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats and to correlate these effects with plasma glucose and insulin levels. Fifty adult male rats were divided into five equal groups. Group I served as a control. Group II received genistein. Group III comprised STZ-induced diabetic rats. Group IV diabetic animals treated with low dosage genistein. Group V diabetic animals treated with high dosage genistein. Genistein was given for 4 weeks after STZ injection. Rats were sacrificed and pancreatic specimens were taken for light and electron microscopic examination. Blood samples were collected for detection of serum glucose and insulin levels. After diabetic induction, the islets appeared shrunken with cytoplasmic vacuolation of their cells and negative insulin immunoreaction. Ultrastructurally, β-cells showed darkly stained nuclei with marked loss of granules. Morphometrically, significant loss of β-cells was detected. The serum insulin level was decreased with elevation in the serum glucose. High-dose but not low-dose genistein improved the morphology of islets with increased insulin immunoreaction. Genistein also significantly decreased β-cells loss and improved glucose and insulin levels. In conclusion, genistein has a protective effect on pancreatic β-cells damage, possesses the ability to regenerate β-cells and improves serum levels of insulin and glucose in STZ-induced diabetic rats in a dosage-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman Ali El-Kordy
- Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt
- Basic Medical Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
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19
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Betatrophin is a newly described hormone, which potently stimulates beta cell replication in mice. This discovery has engendered great hope that it could prove clinically important in the treatment of type 1 and type 2 diabetes. RECENT FINDINGS Betatrophin, a 198-amino acid protein secreted by liver and adipose tissue, stimulates growth of pancreatic beta cell mass in insulin-resistant mice. Betatrophin has previously been named RIFL, lipasin, and ANGPLT8, and its salutory effects on lipid metabolism have been described in mouse and human studies. Serum betatrophin levels in humans correlate with improved adipose tissue lipid storage and lower serum triglyceride levels in the fed state, but do not correlate with insulin resistance or carbohydrate tolerance in humans. Betatrophin has not yet been shown to have an effect on beta cell replication in human pancreatic islets. SUMMARY Many endocrine and paracrine factors, of which betatrophin is the newest described, increase beta cell mass in murine models. None of these factors, including betatrophin, have displayed the same activity in clinical studies. This may reflect a profound species difference in beta cell regeneration pathways in mice and humans.
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20
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Lindahl M, Danilova T, Palm E, Lindholm P, Võikar V, Hakonen E, Ustinov J, Andressoo JO, Harvey BK, Otonkoski T, Rossi J, Saarma M. MANF is indispensable for the proliferation and survival of pancreatic β cells. Cell Rep 2014; 7:366-375. [PMID: 24726366 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.03.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
All forms of diabetes mellitus (DM) are characterized by the loss of functional pancreatic β cell mass, leading to insufficient insulin secretion. Thus, identification of novel approaches to protect and restore β cells is essential for the development of DM therapies. Mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) is an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stress-inducible protein, but its physiological role in mammals has remained obscure. We generated MANF-deficient mice that strikingly develop severe diabetes due to progressive postnatal reduction of β cell mass, caused by decreased proliferation and increased apoptosis. Additionally, we show that lack of MANF in vivo in mouse leads to chronic unfolded protein response (UPR) activation in pancreatic islets. Importantly, MANF protein enhanced β cell proliferation in vitro and overexpression of MANF in the pancreas of diabetic mice enhanced β cell regeneration. We demonstrate that MANF specifically promotes β cell proliferation and survival, thereby constituting a therapeutic candidate for β cell protection and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lindahl
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Tatiana Danilova
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Erik Palm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Päivi Lindholm
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vootele Võikar
- Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 4, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Elina Hakonen
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jarkko Ustinov
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jaan-Olle Andressoo
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Brandon K Harvey
- Intramural Research Program, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, 251 Bayview Boulevard, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Timo Otonkoski
- Research Program for Molecular Neurology and Biomedicum Stem Cell Center, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jari Rossi
- Institute of Biomedicine, Anatomy, University of Helsinki, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, Viikinkaari 9, 00014 Helsinki, Finland
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21
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Nkx6.1 regulates islet β-cell proliferation via Nr4a1 and Nr4a3 nuclear receptors. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2014; 111:5242-7. [PMID: 24706823 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1320953111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of functional β-cell mass is a hallmark of type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and methods for restoring these cells are needed. We have previously reported that overexpression of the homeodomain transcription factor NK6 homeobox 1 (Nkx6.1) in rat pancreatic islets induces β-cell proliferation and enhances glucose-stimulated insulin secretion, but the pathway by which Nkx6.1 activates β-cell expansion has not been defined. Here, we demonstrate that Nkx6.1 induces expression of the nuclear receptor subfamily 4, group A, members 1 and 3 (Nr4a1 and Nr4a3) orphan nuclear receptors, and that these factors are both necessary and sufficient for Nkx6.1-mediated β-cell proliferation. Consistent with this finding, global knockout of Nr4a1 results in a decrease in β-cell area in neonatal and young mice. Overexpression of Nkx6.1 and the Nr4a receptors results in increased expression of key cell cycle inducers E2F transcription factor 1 and cyclin E1. Furthermore, Nkx6.1 and Nr4a receptors induce components of the anaphase-promoting complex, including ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme E2C, resulting in degradation of the cell cycle inhibitor p21. These studies identify a unique bipartite pathway for activation of β-cell proliferation, suggesting several unique targets for expansion of functional β-cell mass.
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22
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Cerf ME. Beta cell dynamics: beta cell replenishment, beta cell compensation and diabetes. Endocrine 2013; 44:303-11. [PMID: 23483434 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-013-9917-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes, characterized by persistent hyperglycemia, arises mostly from beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance and remains a highly complex metabolic disease due to various stages in its pathogenesis. Glucose homeostasis is primarily regulated by insulin secretion from the beta cells in response to prevailing glycemia. Beta cell populations are dynamic as they respond to fluctuating insulin demand. Beta cell replenishment and death primarily regulate beta cell populations. Beta cells, pancreatic cells, and extra-pancreatic cells represent the three tiers for replenishing beta cells. In rodents, beta cell self-replenishment appears to be the dominant source for new beta cells supported by pancreatic cells (non-beta islet cells, acinar cells, and duct cells) and extra-pancreatic cells (liver, neural, and stem/progenitor cells). In humans, beta cell neogenesis from non-beta cells appears to be the dominant source of beta cell replenishment as limited beta cell self-replenishment occurs particularly in adulthood. Metabolic states of increased insulin demand trigger increased insulin synthesis and secretion from beta cells. Beta cells, therefore, adapt to support their physiology. Maintaining physiological beta cell populations is a strategy for targeting metabolic states of persistently increased insulin demand as in diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon E Cerf
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, 7505, South Africa,
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23
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Beck A, Vinik Y, Shatz-Azoulay H, Isaac R, Streim S, Jona G, Boura-Halfon S, Zick Y. Otubain 2 is a novel promoter of beta cell survival as revealed by siRNA high-throughput screens of human pancreatic islets. Diabetologia 2013; 56:1317-26. [PMID: 23515685 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-013-2889-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Pro-inflammatory cytokines induce death of beta cells and hamper engraftment of transplanted islet mass. Our aim was to reveal novel genes involved in this process, as a platform for innovative therapeutic approaches. METHODS Small interfering RNA (siRNA) high-throughput screening (HTS) of primary human islets was employed to identify novel genes involved in cytokine-induced beta cell apoptosis. Dispersed human islets from nine human donors, treated with a combination of TNF-α, IL-1β and IFN-γ were transfected with ∼730 different siRNAs. Caspase-3/7 activity was measured, results were analysed and potential anti- and pro-apoptotic genes were identified. RESULTS Dispersed human pancreatic islets appeared to be suitable targets for performance of siRNA HTS. Using this methodology we found a number of potential pro- and anti-apoptotic target hits that have not been previously associated with pancreatic beta cell death. One such hit was the de-ubiquitinating enzyme otubain 2 (OTUB2). OTUB2 knockdown increased caspase-3/7 activity in MIN6 cells and primary human islets and inhibited insulin secretion and increased nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activity both under basal conditions and following cytokine treatment. CONCLUSIONS Use of dispersed human islets provides a new platform for functional HTS in a highly physiological system. Employing this technique enabled the identification of OTUB2 as a novel promoter of viability and insulin secretion in human beta cells. OTUB2 acts through the inhibition of NF-κB signalling, which is deleterious to beta cell survival. siRNA screens of human islets may therefore identify new targets, such as OTUB2, for therapeutic intervention in type 1 diabetes and islet transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Beck
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, 234 Herzl Street, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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24
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Gilbert ER, Liu D. Anti-diabetic functions of soy isoflavone genistein: mechanisms underlying its effects on pancreatic β-cell function. Food Funct 2013; 4:200-12. [PMID: 23160185 PMCID: PMC3678366 DOI: 10.1039/c2fo30199g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is a result of chronic insulin resistance and loss of functional pancreatic β-cell mass. Strategies to preserve β-cell mass and a greater understanding of the mechanisms underlying β-cell turnover are needed to prevent and treat this devastating disease. Genistein, a naturally occurring soy isoflavone, is reported to have numerous health benefits attributed to multiple biological functions. Over the past 10 years, numerous studies have demonstrated that genistein has anti-diabetic effects, in particular, direct effects on β-cell proliferation, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and protection against apoptosis, independent of its functions as an estrogen receptor agonist, antioxidant, or tyrosine kinase inhibitor. Effects are structure-specific and not common to all flavonoids. While there are limited data on the effects of genistein consumption in humans with diabetes, there are a plethora of animal and cell-culture studies that demonstrate a direct effect of genistein on β-cells at physiologically relevant concentrations (<10 μM). The effects appear to involve cAMP/PKA signaling and there are some studies that suggest an effect on epigenetic regulation of gene expression. This review focuses on the anti-diabetic effects of genistein in both in vitro and in vivo models and potential mechanisms underlying its direct effects on β-cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth. R. Gilbert
- Department of Animal and Poultry Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
| | - Dongmin Liu
- Department of Human Nutrition, Foods and Exercise, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia 24061
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Abstract
Beta cell dysfunction and insulin resistance are inherently complex with their interrelation for triggering the pathogenesis of diabetes also somewhat undefined. Both pathogenic states induce hyperglycemia and therefore increase insulin demand. Beta cell dysfunction results from inadequate glucose sensing to stimulate insulin secretion therefore elevated glucose concentrations prevail. Persistently elevated glucose concentrations above the physiological range result in the manifestation of hyperglycemia. With systemic insulin resistance, insulin signaling within glucose recipient tissues is defective therefore hyperglycemia perseveres. Beta cell dysfunction supersedes insulin resistance in inducing diabetes. Both pathological states influence each other and presumably synergistically exacerbate diabetes. Preserving beta cell function and insulin signaling in beta cells and insulin signaling in the glucose recipient tissues will maintain glucose homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marlon E. Cerf
- Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research CouncilCape Town, South Africa
- *Correspondence: Marlon E. Cerf, Diabetes Discovery Platform, South African Medical Research Council, PO Box 19070, Tygerberg, Cape Town 7505, South Africa. e-mail:
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26
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He XY, Zhao XL, Gu Q, Shen JP, Hu Y, Hu RM. Calorie Restriction from a Young Age Preserves the Functions of Pancreatic β Cells in Aging Rats. TOHOKU J EXP MED 2012; 227:245-52. [DOI: 10.1620/tjem.227.245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-ye He
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Xiao-long Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, the Affiliated Huashan Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Qian Gu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Ji-ping Shen
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Yu Hu
- Department of Geriatrics, the Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University
| | - Ren-ming Hu
- Department of Endocrinology & Metabolism, the Affiliated Huashan Hospital of Fudan University
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