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Majid OW. Salivary lipid changes in young adult tobacco smokers and e-cigarette users: a hidden risk to oral health? Evid Based Dent 2024; 25:67-68. [PMID: 38509213 DOI: 10.1038/s41432-024-00998-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN A cross-sectional, age- and gender-matched study was conducted to investigate the effects of different forms of nicotine delivery on salivary lipid profiles among young adult novice smokers compared to non-smokers. OBJECTIVE To assess the effect of smoking traditional cigarettes, e-cigarettes, and heated tobacco products (HTPs) on the levels of specific sphingolipids (sphingosine, sphinganine, and sphingosine-1-phosphate), various ceramides, and lipid peroxidation products [malondialdehyde (MDA) and 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE)] in both unstimulated and stimulated saliva samples collected from healthy young adults who had been smoking for 1-3 years and used only 1 of the 3 nicotine delivering methods. METHODS Selection criteria included healthy young adults under 30 years old, with normal BMI and typical diet composition, and with no oral inflammatory lesions, orthodontic/dental appliances, or recent intake of medications or supplements. A total of 75 smokers and 25 non-smokers were enrolled in the study. Smokers were categorized into three groups, each comprising 25 individuals: traditional cigarette smokers, e-cigarette users, and HTPs smokers. Saliva samples were collected and analyzed for sphingolipid concentrations using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The concentrations of MDA and 4-HNE were measured using colorimetric and ELISA assays, respectively. RESULTS The average smoking intensity in the traditional cigarette group was 10 cigarettes per day. Salivary sphingolipid and ceramides concentrations were significantly lower in smokers compared to non-smokers across all nicotine delivery methods (p < 0.0001). Moreover, traditional cigarette smokers exhibited higher levels of 4-HNE and MDA in both stimulated and unstimulated saliva, compared to non-smokers (p < 0.01). In stimulated saliva, both MDA and 4-HNE in e-cigarette users, and MDA in HTPs users, showed significantly lower concentrations than their comparators in traditional cigarette smokers (p < 0.01). CONCLUSION Different nicotine delivery methods impact salivary lipid profile during the initial period of smoking habit. Reduced sphingolipids and elevated lipid peroxidation products suggest a disturbed lipid balance in the oral cavity due to enhanced oxidative stress within the salivary glands of novice smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Omer Waleed Majid
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, Mosul University, Mosul, Iraq.
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Grewal RK, Basu P, Kaur S, Singh A. Aberrant glycosylation of secretory mucin from the oral cavity in tobacco consumers: a pilot study. Glycoconj J 2024:10.1007/s10719-024-10155-w. [PMID: 38780715 DOI: 10.1007/s10719-024-10155-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Mucins are a family of high-molecular-weight O-linked glycoproteins which are the primary structural components of mucus and maintain homeostasis in the oral cavity. The present study was conducted as the first step towards establishing a correlation of aberrant mucin glycosylation with tobacco-associated clinical conditions. Tobacco habituates for the study were identified on the basis of type, duration, amount, and frequency of using tobacco products. The secretory mucin and its saccharides were determined from the saliva collected from smokers, smokeless tobacco habituates, and healthy, nonsmoking individuals. On the one hand, the salivary mucin content was markedly reduced in smokeless tobacco habituates with respect to smokers. On the other hand, the amount of sialic acid and fucose moieties of salivary mucin was increased in both smokers and smokeless tobacco habituates compared to the healthy cohort. Furthermore, the duration of tobacco exposure have been identified as the main factor influencing the extent of damage to the oral mucosa in terms of mucin secretion. The reduced secretory mucin content with aberrant glycosylation in the oral cavity may have a significant role in the further development or progression of oral diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ravneet K Grewal
- Department of Research and Innovation, STEMskills Research and Education Lab Private Limited, Faridabad, 121002, Haryana, India.
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India.
| | - Priyanka Basu
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India
| | - Sandeep Kaur
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India
| | - Akshdeep Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Sri Guru Granth Sahib World University, Fatehgarh Sahib, 140406, India
- Viral Research and Diagnostic Laboratory, Government Medical College, Patiala, 147001, Punjab, India
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Ancy RJ, Shenoy RP, Jodalli PS, Sonde L, Mohammed IP. Comparative Evaluation of Salivary Sialic Acid Levels Among Beedi Rollers and Tobacco Users in Mangalore, South India. Cureus 2021; 13:e16651. [PMID: 34462684 PMCID: PMC8387602 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction: According to World Health Organization, the global cancer burden is estimated to have risen to 18.1 million new cases and 9.6 million deaths in 2018. Tobacco use is a leading cause of cancer and of death from cancer. Beedis are the most popular smoking form of tobacco in India. Thirty-four percent of the tobacco produced in India is used for making beedis. The beedi sector is agroforestry-based and the second largest industry in India with approximately 4.4 million full-time beedi workers in India. Toxic constituents present in tobacco are released into the ambient air during the processing of beedis. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted to assess and compare salivary sialic acid levels among beedi rollers, tobacco smokers, smokeless tobacco users and individuals with no tobacco exposure. The study sample comprised of 140 individuals who were 30 to 60 years old, who attended dental screening and treatment camps in rural and urban areas in Mangalore, conducted by the Department of Public Health Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College and patients who visited the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of Yenepoya Dental College. Saliva was collected by passive drool method into a sterile container. Biochemical analysis of salivary sialic acid was done using the acidic ninhydrin method. Continuous variables are expressed in terms of mean and standard deviation. Categorical variables are expressed in terms of frequencies and percentages. To compare salivary sialic acid levels between the groups ANOVA was used. The Chi-square test was used to compare categorical variables between the groups. Results: A total of 140 participants, 35 beedi rollers, 35 smokers, 35 smokeless tobacco users and 35 individuals with no tobacco exposure participated in the study. Among the 140 participants, 90 participants were males and 50 participants were females. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean salivary sialic acid level between the different groups (p<0.001) with smokeless tobacco users having the highest (10.60 mg/dL) mean salivary sialic acid level. It was found that the mean salivary sialic acid level reduced as the age progressed, even though there was no statistically significant difference. There was a statistically significant difference in the mean salivary sialic acid level between the different groups (p=0.010) with participants with 11 to 20 years of exposure to tobacco having the highest (8.67 mg/dL) mean salivary sialic acid level and participants with no tobacco exposure having least (3.06 mg/dL) mean salivary sialic acid level. Conclusion: The salivary sialic acid level was more in beedi rollers than individuals with no tobacco exposure, even though the difference was not statistically significant. The results showed elevated levels of salivary sialic acid in smokeless tobacco users followed by tobacco smokers. This may be an indication that smokeless tobacco use has harmful effects similar to or more than tobacco smoking since salivary sialic acid levels in smokeless tobacco users were higher than those in smokers.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Ancy
- Public Health Dentistry, Century International Institute of Dental Science and Research Centre, Kasaragod, IND
| | - Rekha P Shenoy
- Public Health Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital, Mangalore, IND
| | - Praveen S Jodalli
- Public Health Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital, Mangalore, IND
| | - Laxminarayan Sonde
- Public Health Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital, Mangalore, IND
| | - Imran P Mohammed
- Public Health Dentistry, Yenepoya Dental College and Hospital, Mangalore, IND
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Ammendolia DA, Bement WM, Brumell JH. Plasma membrane integrity: implications for health and disease. BMC Biol 2021; 19:71. [PMID: 33849525 PMCID: PMC8042475 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-021-00972-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasma membrane integrity is essential for cellular homeostasis. In vivo, cells experience plasma membrane damage from a multitude of stressors in the extra- and intra-cellular environment. To avoid lethal consequences, cells are equipped with repair pathways to restore membrane integrity. Here, we assess plasma membrane damage and repair from a whole-body perspective. We highlight the role of tissue-specific stressors in health and disease and examine membrane repair pathways across diverse cell types. Furthermore, we outline the impact of genetic and environmental factors on plasma membrane integrity and how these contribute to disease pathogenesis in different tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin A Ammendolia
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada
| | - William M Bement
- Center for Quantitative Cell Imaging and Department of Integrative Biology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - John H Brumell
- Cell Biology Program, Hospital for Sick Children, 686 Bay Street PGCRL, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada. .,Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A1, Canada. .,SickKids IBD Centre, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, M5G 0A4, Canada.
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Salivary Markers in Relation to Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in Smokeless Tobacco Users: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF CANCER MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ijcm.105323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Context: Nicotine and carcinogens are present in smokeless tobacco products. Oral, esophageal, and pancreatic cancers have been seen in Smokeless tobacco users. This article aims at reviewing the available literature and summarizing the application of salivary markers in smokeless tobacco users and their association with oral squamous cell carcinoma. Evidence Acquisition: The terms “saliva or salivary”, “markers or biomarkers”, “smokeless tobacco or Chewing tobacco or snuff”, and “oral cancer or oral carcinoma or oral squamous cell carcinoma” were searched in PubMed, MEDLINE, Google Scholar, and Google databases. Original and review English-written articles published over the past 20 years were reviewed, and the appropriate papers were chosen and intently studied. A data form designed by the author was used to write the proper results. Results: Our initial search identified 135 articles, 35 of which met the criteria for entering the final study and were contained for review. In summary, these studies described 20 markers found in the saliva of smokeless tobacco users linked to oral cancer. Conclusions: In this review study, some salivary markers such as cytokines, immunoglobulins, antioxidants, etc. were reviewed. In this review, it was shown that similar changes in these markers occur in patients with cancer and smokeless tobacco users. With the development of these diagnostic markers, these may be used as a screening tool for the early detection of cancer in smokeless tobacco users.
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Azeem MS, Yesupatham ST, Mohiyuddin SMA, Sumanth V, Ravishankar S. Usefulness of salivary sialic acid as a tumor marker in tobacco chewers with oral cancer. J Cancer Res Ther 2020; 16:605-611. [PMID: 32719275 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_337_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Aim This study aims to assess the usefulness of salivary sialic acid (SA) as a tumor marker in the detection of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) among tobacco chewers. Materials and Methods After the approval of study protocol by the Institutional Ethics Committee and informed voluntary consent, salivary samples were collected from 96 participants in each group of tobacco chewers with OSCC, tobacco chewers without precancerous or cancerous lesion, and healthy controls. Salivary protein-bound SA (PBSA) and salivary-free SA (FSA) were measured by Yao et al.'s method of acid ninhydrin reaction, and the data were subjected to appropriate statistical analysis. Results The salivary PBSA and FSA levels in the Groups 1, 2, and 3 participants were 31.17 ± 7.6 mg/dL and 63.45 ± 9.8 mg/dL, 25.45 ± 16.61 mg/dL and 33.18 ± 11.38 mg/dL, and 22.73 ± 3.01 mg/dL and 21.62 ± 8.86 mg/dL, respectively. Salivary FSA levels were significantly increased among the tobacco chewers with OSCC patients (Group 1) and tobacco chewers with no premalignant lesions of the oral cavity (Group 2) compared to the healthy controls (Group 3) with P < 0.05 being statistically significant. Salivary FSA levels were significantly increased in Group 1 as compared with Group 2. The salivary PBSA was high among Group 1 as compared to the control Group 3; there was however no significant difference in the levels of salivary PBSA between Group 1 and Group 2. There was no significant difference in the PBSA levels between OSCC patients of Group 1 and the tobacco chewers without precancerous or cancerous lesion in the oral cavity of Group 2. Conclusion Salivary PBSA and FSA are significantly raised in both tobacco chewers with OSCC and in tobacco chewers with no precancerous or cancerous lesions in the oral cavity. SA should therefore be used cautiously while considering it as a marker for the early detection of oral cancer. Tobacco can be a crucial confounding factor when SA is used as a biomarker in OSCC since their levels are elevated to some extent even in tobacco chewers without any clinically obvious precancerous or cancerous lesions in the oral cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahnaaz Sultana Azeem
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | | | - S M Azeem Mohiyuddin
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - V Sumanth
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
| | - S Ravishankar
- Department of Community Medicine, Sri Devaraj Urs Academy of Higher Education and Research, Kolar, Karnataka, India
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Is Salivary Sialic Acid a Reliable Biomarker in the Detection of Oral Potentially Malignant Disorder and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Maxillofac Oral Surg 2019; 20:83-89. [PMID: 33584047 DOI: 10.1007/s12663-019-01309-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Glycoprotein is an important constituent of saliva, and the observed increase in salivary glycoproteins such as sialic acid in oral potentially malignant disorder (OPMDs) and OSCC has stimulated the interest of researchers to explore it as a possible biomarker. Methods The study used 60 subjects, who were divided into three groups: Group I-20 subjects who were clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with OSCC; Group II-20 subjects who were clinically and histopathologically diagnosed with OPMDs; and Group III-20 healthy subjects with good oral hygiene and with no systemic disorders detected. Two millilitres of unstimulated salivary samples was collected in a pre-sterilized container to analyse total salivary sialic acid (TSA) levels using a sialic acid kit and UV spectrophotometer. Results The TSA levels in OSCC (545.45 ± 100.04) were much higher when compared to the level in OPMDs (169.80 ± 66.43) and in healthy subjects (25.45 ± 16.07). Statically significant correlation was observed between different grades of OSCC. Moreover, sialic acid showed 100% sensitivity and specificity between all the three groups. Statistical analysis was done with Kruskal-Wallis, followed by Mann-Whitney post hoc test at P < 0.05. The results suggested the utility of sialic acid as an efficient biomarker.
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Naresh CK, Rao SM, Shetty PR, Ranganath V, Patil AS, Anu AJ. Salivary antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation product malondialdehyde and sialic acid levels among smokers and non-smokers with chronic periodontitis-A clinico-biochemical study. J Family Med Prim Care 2019; 8:2960-2964. [PMID: 31681675 PMCID: PMC6820403 DOI: 10.4103/jfmpc.jfmpc_438_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pathogenesis of most of the inflammatory process are associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS), derived from various metabolic sources and which may lead to direct or indirect tissue damage due to oxidative stress, resulting in periodontal diseases. Usually antioxidant systems are capable of removing free radicals, thereby preventing tissue damage from free radical. ROS can result in tissue damage, involving lipid peroxidation. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), malondialdehyde (MDA), and sialic acid (SA) in periodontally healthy and chronic periodontitis among nonsmokers and smokers and to determine their value as diagnostic markers for chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods A total of 90 male patients aged 20--60 years were recruited and grouped as Group 1: 30 Healthy nonsmokers, who had never smoked. Group 2: 30 nonsmokers with chronic periodontitis. Group 3: 30 smokers with chronic periodontitis. Unstimulated saliva was collected for at least 5 min and clinical measurements; SOD, GPx, MDA and SA were assessed using a spectrophotometric method. Results Data showed a significant correlation between salivary SOD, GPx, MDA, and SA in group 1, group 2, and group 3. SOD and GPx were found to be lower and MDA and SA levels were found to be higher among smokers with chronic periodontitis. Conclusion Reduced levels of antioxidant enzymes SOD and GPx and elevated levels of lipid peroxidation product MDA as well as increased levels of SA could be used as diagnostic markers to measure oxidative stress in periodontal disease associated with risk factor such as smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Kumar Naresh
- Department of Periodontology, Vishnu Dental College, Bhimavaram, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | - Subramaniam M Rao
- Department of Periodontology, P.M. Nadagouda Memorial Dental College and Hospital, Bagalkot, Karnataka, India
| | - Prashanth R Shetty
- Department of Periodontology, Yogita Dental College and Hospital, Ratnagiri, Maharashtra, India
| | - V Ranganath
- Department of Periodontology, AECS Maaruti Dental College and Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka, India
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Nazaryan R, Kryvenko L. Salivary oxidative analysis and periodontal status in children with atopy. Interv Med Appl Sci 2018; 9:199-203. [PMID: 29951285 PMCID: PMC6016205 DOI: 10.1556/1646.9.2017.32] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and aims Prevalence of atopic diseases is progressively increasing in children with unclear clinical picture in oral cavity. This study aimed to find correlation between the total antioxidant and periodontal status in the saliva of periodontally compromised with atopy. Materials and methods The groups consisted of patients of atopic diseases and gingivitis (ADG), of atopic diseases without gingivitis (AD), and healthy controls (HC). The level of gingival inflammation was evaluated using the sulcus bleeding index (SBI) reported by Mühlemann and Son. Glutathione (GSH), malondialdehyde (MDA), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were estimated in saliva. Results The mean salivary MDA levels of group HC was significantly lower compared with group ADG and AD (P < 0.05). Similarly, in the case of salivary GSH, marker levels revealed a significant decrease (P < 0.05) when mean values in the control group (5.12 ± 0.66 µmol/L) were compared with the ADG (2.31 ± 0.44 µmol/L) and AD groups (2.69 ± 0.56 µmol/L). The SOD activity was significantly lower in the ADG and AD groups compared with HC. Discussion As there was no significant difference in the level of SOD concentration between groups, we suggest that antioxidant imbalance is primarily explained by atopic disease. Conclusion The results showed changes in antioxidant balance in children with atopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozana Nazaryan
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Pediatric Oral Surgery and Implantology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
| | - Liudmyla Kryvenko
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Pediatric Oral Surgery and Implantology, Kharkiv National Medical University, Kharkiv, Ukraine
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Dagli AF, Sahin N, Bozdag Z, Ucer O, Akatli AN, Artas G, Sahin İ, Yardim M, Dalkilic S, Akkoc RF, Simsek S, Aydin S. Cytological and cytomorphometric characteristics of buccal mucosa cells from smokeless tobacco users. Diagn Cytopathol 2017; 45:976-982. [DOI: 10.1002/dc.23803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Nurhan Sahin
- Department of Pathology; Inonu University; Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Zehra Bozdag
- Department of Pathology; Gaziantep University; Gaziantep 27310 Turkey
| | - Ozlem Ucer
- Department of Pathology; Firat University; Elazig 23190 Turkey
| | - Ayse Nur Akatli
- Department of Pathology; Inonu University; Malatya 44280 Turkey
| | - Gokhan Artas
- Department of Pathology; Firat University; Elazig 23190 Turkey
| | - İbrahim Sahin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group); School of Medicine, Firat University; Elazig 23190 Turkey
- Department of Histology and Embryology; Erzincan University; Erzincan 24100 Turkey
| | - Meltem Yardim
- Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group); School of Medicine, Firat University; Elazig 23190 Turkey
| | - Semih Dalkilic
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetic; Firat University; Elazig 23119 Turkey
| | - Ramazan Fazil Akkoc
- Department of Anatomy; Faculty of Medicine, Firat University; Elazig 23190 Turkey
| | - Sercan Simsek
- Department of Pathology; Firat University; Elazig 23190 Turkey
| | - Suleyman Aydin
- Department of Medical Biochemistry (Firat Hormones Research Group); School of Medicine, Firat University; Elazig 23190 Turkey
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Jawzali JI. Association between salivary sialic acid and periodontal health status among smokers. Saudi Dent J 2016; 28:124-35. [PMID: 27656079 PMCID: PMC5021811 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2016.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Revised: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smoking is an environmental risk factor causing poor dental health. Sialic acid is a salivary marker of oxidative stress for research of periodontal diseases. AIMS To identify diagnostic sialic acid fraction and its scavenger effect for periodontal diseases among smokers and periodental health status. SUBJECT AND METHOD This study carried out in the Khanzad specialized dental center - Erbil city. The study population is composed of 62 convenient samples. A structured interview questionnaire form was used to collect data about socio-demographic properties and smoking history. Clinical measurements were carried out to measure periodontal health status. Un-stimulated whole saliva samples were collected for measuring sialic acid fractions. Statistical package for social science (SPSS, version 18), was used for analysis and odds ratio. RESULTS Risk of smoking increased significantly in young to mid ages, which included most of the current smokers, with periodontal diseases, and high total free sialic acid. Risk of periodontitis and teeth missing increased significantly by long duration of smoking, bad tooth brushing, and poor eating habits. Risk of teeth mobility and loss decreased significantly by early smoking cessation and low income. High levels of free sialic acid correlated significantly in current smokers with medium and deep pocket depth. CONCLUSION Salivary free sialic acid may be used as a diagnostic oxidative stress biomarker for periodontal diseases among young current smokers. Cumulative destructive effect of long duration of smoking on the periodontum can be controlled by smoking cessation, good oral hygiene and diet habit in early old ages.
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Metgud R, Bajaj S. Evaluation of salivary and serum lipid peroxidation, and glutathione in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma. J Oral Sci 2016; 56:135-42. [PMID: 24930750 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.56.135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Lipid peroxidation induced by reactive oxygen species (ROS) is involved in the pathogenesis of malignancy. Overall, lipid peroxidation levels are indicated by malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the most frequently used biomarker to detect oxidative changes. Antioxidant defense systems such as glutathione (GSH) limit cell injury induced by ROS. Therefore, MDA and GSH can be used to monitor oxidative stress (OS). Hence, this study aimed to evaluate and compare both salivary and serum levels of MDA and GSH in oral leukoplakia and oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients, and healthy controls. The study included 100 subjects comprising 30 apparently healthy controls, 30 patients with oral leukoplakia and 40 clinically and histologically diagnosed patients with OSCC. Saliva and blood samples were obtained and evaluated for MDA and GSH. The study revealed enhanced MDA levels in saliva and serum in oral leukoplakia and OSCC patients as compared to controls. On the other hand, significant decreases were seen in serum and salivary GSH levels in oral leukoplakia and OSCC patients as compared to controls. Augmentation of OS in blood and saliva is reflected by increase in MDA and decrease in GSH levels, indicating that tumor processes cause an imbalance of oxidant-antioxidant status in cell structures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rashmi Metgud
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, PAHER University
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Farhad Mollashahi L, Honarmand M, Nakhaee A, Mollashahi G. Salivary Sialic Acid Levels in Smokeless Tobacco Users. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF HIGH RISK BEHAVIORS & ADDICTION 2016; 5:e27969. [PMID: 27622172 PMCID: PMC5002220 DOI: 10.5812/ijhrba.27969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Smokeless tobacco chewing is one of the known risk factors for oral cancer. It is consumed widely by residents of southeastern Iran. OBJECTIVES In this study, salivary free and total sialic acid, and total protein were compared in paan consumers and non-consumers. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this cross-sectional study, unstimulated saliva of 94 subjects (44 paan consumers and 50 non-consumers) who were referred to the oral medicine department of the dentistry school of Zahedan were collected. Salivary free and total sialic acid, and total protein concentration were measured by standard biochemical methods, and the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS 20 through the non-parametric Mann-Whitney test. RESULTS The concentration of salivary free sialic acid (23.21 ± 18.98 mg/L) was significantly increased in paan consumers. The concentration of salivary Total sialic acid (TSA) (39.57 ± 26.58 mg/L) and total protein (0.77 ± 0.81 mg/mL) showed increases in paan consumers, however, the results were not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS Salivary free and total sialic acid, and total protein were higher in the paan consumers compared to non-consumers. Due to the carcinogenic effect of smokeless tobacco, measurement of these parameters in saliva may be useful in early detection of oral cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Farhad Mollashahi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
| | - Marieh Honarmand
- Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
- Corresponding author: Marieh Honarmand, Department of Oral Medicine, Oral and Dental Disease Research Center, School of Dentistry, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran Tel: +98-5433229897, E-mail:
| | - Alireza Nakhaee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Sciences, Zahedan, IR Iran
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Can SS, Selek S. The effect of smokeless tobacco “Maras powder” on treatment outcomes of anxiety disorder: a longitudinal study. JOURNAL OF SUBSTANCE USE 2014. [DOI: 10.3109/14659891.2014.916355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Kurtul N, Söylemez S, Celik M. Plasma paraoxonase and arylesterase activities in smokers and smokeless tobacco users as Maraş powder. Inhal Toxicol 2014; 26:235-9. [PMID: 24568579 DOI: 10.3109/08958378.2013.878007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Maraş powder (MP), a different type of smokeless tobacco (ST) prepared from a tobacco called Nicotiana rustica Linn, is widely used in the Southern Turkey. Smoking and ST cause oxidative stress (OS) in the human body. Paraoxonase (PON) and arylesterase (ARE) are antioxidant enzymes. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of MP on activities of PON, ARE, and malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in plasma and to compare these parameters in smokers and MP users (MPU). MATERIALS AND METHODS The study consisted of smokers, MPU, and control group (CG) neither smoking nor using MP healthy subjects. PON and ARE activities were measured spectrophotometrically using paraoxon and phenylacetate substrates, respectively. RESULTS PON and ARE activities were decreased whereas MDA levels were increased in tobacco groups compared to the CG. The differences of ARE and MDA values between the tobacco groups and CG were found statistically significant (p < 0.01). But no significant differences were detected between the groups in the activity of PON (p > 0.05). However, the lowest activities of the enzymes were obtained in MPU. CONCLUSION Our results can help to evaluate harmful effects of cigarette and ST as MP. These effects can be attributed to increased OS. Increased plasma MDA levels and decreased ARE activities may be important in assessing oxidant/antioxidant imbalance in MPU as well as smokers. Also, using of MP has harmful effects at least cigarette smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naciye Kurtul
- Department of Chemistry, Division of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Kahramanmaraş Sütçü İmam , Kahramanmaraş , Turkiye
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