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Chakraborty A, Rath PK, Panda SK, Mishra BP, Dehuri M, Biswal S, Jena MK, Sahu BP, Paital B, Sahoo DK. Molecular Confirmation, Epidemiology, and Pathophysiology of Ehrlichia canis Prevalence in Eastern India. Pathogens 2024; 13:803. [PMID: 39338994 PMCID: PMC11435433 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens13090803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2024] [Revised: 09/09/2024] [Accepted: 09/10/2024] [Indexed: 09/30/2024] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate pathological epidemiology and molecular confirmation of Ehrlichia canis among pet dogs in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, a state in eastern India. A total of 178 dogs were screened for Ehrlichiosis based on history, clinical signs, blood, and buffy coat smear examination, resulting in only 56 dogs (31.46%) screening positive. The epidemiological study recorded a non-significant (p ≥ 0.05) increase in incidences among male dogs (68%), German Shepherds (25%), dogs more than 20 kg body weight (75%), in the summer months (55%), and dogs housed in pukka houses with exposure to the outside (59%). The majority of the infected dogs had a history of tick infestation (79%) at some point in their lives. Clinical signs showed non-typical manifestations like fever, lethargy, diarrhoea, epistaxis, hind limb edema, and corneal opacity. Haematological studies revealed anaemia and thrombocytopenia along with neutrophilia with relative lymphopenia and monocytosis. A decreasing trend was observed in the levels of total protein and albumin, with an increase in the levels of globulin, alanine aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, blood urea nitrogen, and creatinine. The ultrasonography studies revealed hepatosplenomegaly along with hyper-echogenicity in various organs. Proteinuria and haematuria were consistent, along with the presence of bile salts in the urine of affected dogs. Molecular confirmation from n-type PCR data using Ehrlichia-specific primers targeting the p28 gene (843 bp) was done, and the identified gene sequences submitted to NCBI databases have accession numbers OQ383671-OQ383674 and OP886674-OP886677. Ticks collected from dogs were identified morphologically through microscopy and scanning electron microscopy as Rhipicephalus sanguineus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Chakraborty
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Prasana Kumar Rath
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Susen Kumar Panda
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Bidyut Prava Mishra
- Department of Livestock Products Technology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Manaswini Dehuri
- Department of Veterinary Parasitology, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Sangram Biswal
- Department of Preventive Veterinary Medicine, College of Veterinary Science and Animal Husbandry, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology (OUAT), Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Manoj Kumar Jena
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara 144411, Punjab, India
| | - Basanta Pravas Sahu
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pok Fu Lam, Hong Kong 999077, China
| | - Biswaranjan Paital
- Redox Regulation Laboratory, Department of Zoology, College of Basic Science and Humanities, Odisha University of Agriculture and Technology, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Dipak Kumar Sahoo
- Veterinary Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
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Tong MX, Hill SA, Romine JF. Disseminated cryptococcosis causing liver dysfunction in a pug. VETERINARY RECORD CASE REPORTS 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/vrc2.366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Miranda X. Tong
- Department of Internal Medicine Animal Referral Centre Auckland New Zealand
- Department of Internal Medicine Queensland Veterinary Specialists North Lakes Queensland Australia
| | - Sarah A. Hill
- Department of Internal Medicine Animal Referral Centre Auckland New Zealand
| | - Jessica F. Romine
- Department of Internal Medicine Animal Referral Centre Auckland New Zealand
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Angkanaporn K, Sanguanwai J, Baiyokvichit TO, Vorrachotvarittorn P, Wongsompong M, Sukhumavasi W. Retrospective analysis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis in Thailand with emphasis on hematological and ultrasonographic changes. Vet World 2022; 15:1-9. [PMID: 35369584 PMCID: PMC8924374 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2022.1-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and Aim: Canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME) is a tropical endemic tick-borne disease that causes fatality or chronic infection involving many organs in dogs. This study aimed to examine the prevalence, risk factors, and hematological and ultrasonographic changes in the liver, gallbladder, kidneys, and spleen following CME infection.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study used 30,269 samples collected from dogs at the hematology section of the pathology unit of a university veterinary hospital and 35 samples collected from dogs at the diagnostic imaging unit. CME was determined using the buffy coat smear method. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and odds ratios.
Results: CCl4 The data revealed that the average yearly prevalence of CME was 1.32%. Risk factors contributing to CME infection were a tick on the body during physical examination, lack of ectoparasite control, and outdoor living. All 148 dogs with CME infection had low platelet counts. The percentages of CME-infected dogs with elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and both enzymes above the normal range were 33.6%, 65.9%, and 29.8%, respectively. The rates for elevated serum levels of blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, and both compounds were 33.1%, 19.1%, and 17.3%, respectively. The most common ultrasonographic changes were liver abnormalities (hyperechogenicity or hypoechogenicity, hepatomegaly, and hypoechoic nodules), hyperechogenicity of the kidneys, and an enlarged spleen. These ultrasonographic changes were consistent with the hematology results, which showed a greater elevation of serum liver enzyme levels than renal enzymes.
Conclusion: Ultrasonographic changes during CME infection and after treatment with doxycycline can help to monitor and identify persistent pathological changes in the target organs resulting from immune response to CME.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Angkanaporn
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jidapha Sanguanwai
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | | | | | - Montana Wongsompong
- Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Woraporn Sukhumavasi
- Parasitology Unit, Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
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Abdellatif A, Kramer M, Failing K, von Pückler K. Correlation between Preoperative Ultrasonographic Findings and Clinical, Intraoperative, Cytopathological, and Histopathological Diagnosis of Acute Abdomen Syndrome in 50 Dogs and Cats. Vet Sci 2017; 4:vetsci4030039. [PMID: 29056698 PMCID: PMC5644663 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci4030039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute abdomen syndrome is an emergency in small animal practice that requires rapid diagnosis to determine the appropriate treatment. No studies have correlated the preoperative abdominal ultrasonography (US) findings with the clinical, surgical, cytopathologic, and histopathologic findings. This retrospective study was designed to evaluate abdominal US in the diagnosis of acute abdomen syndrome using surgery as a "criterion standard". The most frequently misinterpreted lesions with US were also identified. The study included 50 dogs and cats with physical examination, an US diagnosis, US guided fine-needle aspiration cytology, intraoperative findings, and histopathology. Intraoperatively, 49 primary and 43 secondary lesions were identified. The sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values for US were calculated. There was a good agreement between the US diagnosis and intraoperative findings of 86.9% (80/92), for both primary and secondary lesions (p < 0.0001). Cytology and histopathology examinations corroborated the US in 86.4% (n = 64/74) of primary and 66.2% of secondary (n = 49/79) lesions. Using US as the "criterion standard", the sensitivity of abdominal palpation for identification of ascites and masses was 32.4% and 43.7%, respectively, while the specificity was 93.7% and 94.4%, respectively. Abdominal US is a useful preoperative modality for diagnosing acute abdominal diseases in dogs and cats. Care should be taken with interpretation of gastrointestinal perforation, omental tumors, and common bile duct rupture, as these lesions are frequently misinterpreted with US.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Abdellatif
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Justus-Liebig University (JLU), 35392 Gießen, Germany.
- Animal Surgery Department, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt.
| | - Martin Kramer
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Justus-Liebig University (JLU), 35392 Gießen, Germany.
| | - Klaus Failing
- Unit for Biomathematics and Data Processing, Veterinary Faculty, Justus-Liebig University (JLU), Gießen 35392, Germany.
| | - Kerstin von Pückler
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, Clinic for Small Animals (Surgery), Justus-Liebig University (JLU), 35392 Gießen, Germany.
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Elhiblu MA, Dua K, Mohindroo J, Mahajan SK, Sood NK, Dhaliwal PS. Clinico-hemato-biochemical profile of dogs with liver cirrhosis. Vet World 2015; 8:487-91. [PMID: 27047120 PMCID: PMC4774797 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2015.487-491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 03/01/2015] [Accepted: 03/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The aim of this study was to determine the relevant tools in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis in dogs. Material and Methods: A total of 140 dogs presented at Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana, showing clinical signs of hepatic insufficiency were subjected to clinico-hemato biochemical, urological, ultrasonographic (USG), and USG guided fine-needle biopsy examinations by standard methods. On the basis of these results, 6 dogs out of 140 dogs were found to be suffering from liver cirrhosis. Six clinically healthy dogs constituted the control group. Results: The dogs suffering from liver cirrhosis manifested inappetence, halitosis, abdominal distension, weight loss, melena, icterus, anemia, and neutrophilic leukocytosis with the left shift. Levels of hemoglobin, lymphocytes, packed cell volume, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular Hb (MCH), and platelet count were significantly lower in liver cirrhosis group than control group while total leukocyte count, neutrophils, and MCH concentration were significantly higher. Glucose, total protein, albumin, A/G ratio, and fibrinogen were significantly lower, and creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, prothrombin time, and APTT were significantly higher than the control values. Ultrasound revealed diffuse increase in echogenicity with rounded and irregular liver margins. Cytological examination of the ascitic fluid and fine-needle aspiration biopsy of liver was not fruitful in the diagnosis of liver cirrhosis. Conclusions: Liver cirrhosis causes clinical and hemo-biochemical alterations, which require special consideration when treating diseased animals. USG, diffuse increase in echogenicity of liver, rounding and irregularity of liver margins and microhepatica were the consistent findings. It is suggested that USG along with hemo-biochemical alterations may be used as a diagnostic tool for liver cirrhosis in dogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Elhiblu
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - K Dua
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - J Mohindroo
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - S K Mahajan
- Department of Veterinary Surgery and Radiology, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - N K Sood
- Department of Teaching Veterinary Clinical Complex, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
| | - P S Dhaliwal
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, Guru Angad Dev Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Ludhiana - 141 004, Punjab, India
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Abstract
This article is an overview of the field of small animal veterinary sonography, including its history, examples of utilization, and a brief review of the small animal abdominal sonographic examination that includes images of normal examples and typical pathology.
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Marks AL, Hecht S, Stokes JE, Conklin GA, Deanna KH. Effects of gadoxetate disodium (Eovist(®)) contrast on magnetic resonance imaging characteristics of the liver in clinically healthy dogs. Vet Radiol Ultrasound 2015; 55:286-91. [PMID: 24945024 DOI: 10.1111/vru.12116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Gadoxetate disodium (Gd-EOB-DTPA; gadolinium-ethoxybenzyl-diethylene triamine penta-acetic acid) is a newly developed paramagnetic contrast agent reported to have a high specificity for the hepatobiliary system in humans. The purpose of this prospective study was to describe effects of Gd-EOB-DTPA contrast administration on MRI characteristics of the liver in eight clinically healthy dogs. Precontrast dorsal and transverse T1-weighted spin echo, T2-weighted fast spin echo, and transverse T1-weighted 3D gradient echo (VIBE; volume-interpolated body examination) pulse sequences were acquired for each dog. Dogs were assigned to four groups based on contrast dose administered (0.0125 mmol/kg or 0.025 mmol/kg), and pulse sequences acquired after contrast administration (T1-weighted spin echo and T1-weighted 3D gradient echo). Liver signal intensity ratios were calculated and compared between the two contrast dose groups and two postcontrast pulse sequence groups using ANOVA. No adverse effects of contrast administration were observed. All dogs exhibited homogeneous contrast enhancement of the liver with no statistical difference in enhancement between the two different contrast doses. Contrast enhancement in all dogs peaked between 1 and 10 min after intravenous injection. There was a significant difference in mean signal intensity ratios between sequences (P = 0.035) but not between doses (P = 0.421). Postcontrast signal intensities of the liver parenchyma were significantly higher for the T1-weighted 3D gradient echo images when compared to the T1-weighted spin echo sequences. Findings indicated that Gd-EOB-DTPA contrast administration is safe in healthy dogs and causes homogeneous enhancement of the liver that is more pronounced in T1-weighted 3D gradient echo MRI pulse sequences.
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