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Stratmann B, Eggers B, Mattern Y, Silva de Carvalho T, Marcus K, Tschoepe D. Chronic Hyperglycaemia Inhibits Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle in Rat Cardiomyoblasts Overexpressing Glucose Transporter Type 4. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137255. [PMID: 35806260 PMCID: PMC9266806 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
An oversupply of nutrients with a loss of metabolic flexibility and subsequent cardiac dysfunction are hallmarks of diabetic cardiomyopathy. Even if excess substrate is offered, the heart suffers energy depletion as metabolic fluxes are diminished. To study the effects of a high glucose supply, a stably glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4)-overexpressing cell line presenting an onset of diabetic cardiomyopathy-like phenotype was established. Long-term hyperglycaemia effects were analysed. Rat cardiomyoblasts overexpressing GLUT4 (H9C2KE2) were cultured under normo- and hyperglycaemic conditions for long-term. Expression profiles of several proteins were compared to non-transfected H9C2 cells (H9C2) using RT-qPCR, proteomics-based analysis, or Western blotting. GLUT4 surface analysis, glucose uptake, and cell morphology changes as well as apoptosis/necrosis measurements were performed using flow cytometry. Additionally, brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels, reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation, glucose consumption, and lactate production were quantified. Long-term hyperglycaemia in H9C2KE2 cells induced increased GLUT4 presence on the cell surface and was associated with exaggerated glucose influx and lactate production. On the metabolic level, hyperglycaemia affected the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle with accumulation of fumarate. This was associated with increased BNP-levels, oxidative stress, and lower antioxidant response, resulting in pronounced apoptosis and necrosis. Chronic glucose overload in cardiomyoblasts induced by GLUT4 overexpression and hyperglycaemia resulted in metabolically stimulated proteome profile changes and metabolic alterations on the TCA level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernd Stratmann
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-(0)-5731/973768
| | - Britta Eggers
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Centre for Translational and Behavioural Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (B.E.); (K.M.)
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Centre for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Yvonne Mattern
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Tayana Silva de Carvalho
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
| | - Katrin Marcus
- Medizinisches Proteom-Center, Centre for Translational and Behavioural Neurosciences, Medical Faculty, Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany; (B.E.); (K.M.)
- Medical Proteome Analysis, Centre for Protein Diagnostics (PRODI), Ruhr-University Bochum, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Diethelm Tschoepe
- Herz- and Diabeteszentrum NRW, Diabeteszentrum, Ruhr Universität Bochum, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany; (Y.M.); (T.S.d.C.); (D.T.)
- Stiftung DHD (Der herzkranke Diabetiker) Stiftung in der Deutschen Diabetes-Stiftung, 32545 Bad Oeynhausen, Germany
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Li Y, Yao W, Gao Y. Effects of Tang Luo Ning on diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats revealed by LC-MS metabolomics approach. Biomed Chromatogr 2022; 36:e5374. [PMID: 35302257 DOI: 10.1002/bmc.5374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 03/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) is one of the most common complications of diabetes with limited therapies. Tang Luo Ning (TLN), a traditional Chinese medicine compound, has been proved to be effective in the treatment of DPN in clinical and experimental studies. However, the potential metabolic mechanism of TLN for the treatment of DPN is still unclear. Here the therapeutic effect of TLN on DPN was studied, and HPLC-IT-TOF/MS was used to explore the metabolic changes related to DPN and to explore the mechanism of TLN on DPN induced by high glucose. Furthermore, metabolic pathway analysis was used to explore the metabolic changes induced by DPN and TLN. As a result, TLN could improve the peripheral nerve function of DPN rats, and TLN could reduce the demyelination of the sciatic nerve in DPN rats. Metabolomics analysis showed that 14 potential biomarkers (citrate, creatine, fumarate, glyceric acid, glycine, succinate, etc.) of both DPN and TLN treatment were identified. Pathway analysis showed that the changes in these metabolites were mainly related to the citrate cycle (TCA cycle), glycine, serine and threonine metabolism, and glyoxylate and dicarboxylate metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yangfan Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medcine, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Weijie Yao
- Department of pharmacy, Beijing Maternity Hospital, Capital Medical University
| | - Yanbin Gao
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Capital Medical University, No.10, Youanmenwai Xitoutiao, Fengtai District, Beijing, China
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Cai S, Duo T, Wang X, Tong X, Luo C, Chen Y, Li J, Mo D. A Comparative Analysis of Metabolic Profiles of Embryonic Skeletal Muscle from Lantang and Landrace Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12040420. [PMID: 35203128 PMCID: PMC8868109 DOI: 10.3390/ani12040420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The pig is one of the most important domesticated meat animals. Some studies have revealed that pigs with low meat production show more intense myogenesis at the early stage of embryonic muscle development than pigs with high meat production. Here, by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry GC–MS based metabolomics, we concluded that the nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism of the longissimuslumborum (LL) were increased in Lantang pigs compared with Landrace pigs, indicating rapid synthesis of nucleic acids and ATP to meet the material and energy requirements of rapid cell proliferation and differentiation in Lantang pigs. Abstract Elucidation of the complex regulation of porcine muscle development is key to increasing pork output and improving pork quality. However, the molecular mechanisms involved in early porcine embryonic muscle development in different pig breeds remain largely unknown. Here, GC–MS based metabolomics and metabolomic profiling was used to examine the longissimus lumborum (LL) of the Lantang (LT) and the Landrace (LR) pig at embryonic day 35 (E35). Metabolites showed clear separation between LT and LR, with 40 metabolites having higher abundances in LT and 14 metabolites having lower abundances in LT compared with LR. In addition, these metabolic changes were mainly associated with nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism, such as purine metabolism, pyrimidine metabolism, the pentose phosphate pathway, and the TCA cycle. More interestingly, the contents of DNA, RNA, and ATP per unit mass of LL tissues were higher in LT, indicating rapid synthesis of nucleic acids and ATP, to meet both the material and energy requirements of rapid cell proliferation and differentiation. Furthermore, enzyme activity associated with the TCA cycle and pentose phosphate pathway, including α-ketoglutaric dehydrogenase (KGDH), malate dehydrogenase (MDH), pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH), succinate dehydrogenase (SDH), and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH), were higher in LT. Based on these results, we conclude that there are significant differences in nucleotide metabolism and energy metabolism of LL between LT and LR, and we speculate that the enhanced nucleic acid metabolism and energy metabolism in LT can meet the material and energy requirements of rapid cell proliferation and differentiation, making myogenesis more intense in LT compared to LR which might be the metabolic mechanism underlying the distinct skeletal muscle development in the two breeds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shufang Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding & Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.C.); (C.L.)
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (T.D.); (X.W.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Tianqi Duo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (T.D.); (X.W.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (T.D.); (X.W.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Xian Tong
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (T.D.); (X.W.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Chenglong Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding & Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.C.); (C.L.)
| | - Yaosheng Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (T.D.); (X.W.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
| | - Jianhao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Livestock and Poultry Breeding & Guangdong Public Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition & Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Breeding and Nutrition, Institute of Animal Science, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (S.C.); (C.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.M.); Tel.: +86-020-38765361 (J.L.); +86-020-39332991 (D.M.)
| | - Delin Mo
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510006, China; (T.D.); (X.W.); (X.T.); (Y.C.)
- Correspondence: (J.L.); (D.M.); Tel.: +86-020-38765361 (J.L.); +86-020-39332991 (D.M.)
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El-Sikaily A, Helal M. Environmental pollution and diabetes mellitus. World J Meta-Anal 2021; 9:234-256. [DOI: 10.13105/wjma.v9.i3.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chromic metabolic disease that affects a large segment of the population worldwide. Physical inactivity, poor nutrition, and genetic predisposition are main risk factors for disease development. In the last decade, it was clear to the scientific community that DM development is linked to a novel disease inducer that was later defined as diabetogenic factors of pollution and endocrine disrupting agents. Environmental pollution is exponentially increasing in uncontrolled manner in several countries. Environmental pollutants are of diverse nature and toxicities, including polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), pesticides, and heavy metals. In the current review, we shed light on the impact of each class of these pollutants and the underlined molecular mechanism of diabetes induction and biological toxicities. Finally, a brief overview about the connection between coronavirus disease 2019 and diabetes pandemics is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amany El-Sikaily
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo 21513, Egypt
| | - Mohamed Helal
- National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries (NIOF), Cairo 21513, Egypt
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Zou K, Hinkley JM, Park S, Zheng D, Jones TE, Pories WJ, Hornby PJ, Lenhard J, Dohm GL, Houmard JA. Altered tricarboxylic acid cycle flux in primary myotubes from severely obese humans. Int J Obes (Lond) 2019; 43:895-905. [PMID: 29892037 DOI: 10.1038/s41366-018-0137-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVE The partitioning of glucose toward glycolytic end products rather than glucose oxidation and glycogen storage is evident in skeletal muscle with severe obesity and type 2 diabetes. The purpose of the present study was to determine the possible mechanism by which severe obesity alters insulin-mediated glucose partitioning in human skeletal muscle. SUBJECTS/METHODS Primary human skeletal muscle cells (HSkMC) were isolated from lean (BMI = 23.6 ± 2.6 kg/m2, n = 9) and severely obese (BMI = 48.8 ± 1.9 kg/m2, n = 8) female subjects. Glucose oxidation, glycogen synthesis, non-oxidized glycolysis, pyruvate oxidation, and targeted TCA cycle metabolomics were examined in differentiated myotubes under basal and insulin-stimulated conditions. RESULTS Myotubes derived from severely obese subjects exhibited attenuated response of glycogen synthesis (20.3%; 95% CI [4.7, 28.8]; P = 0.017) and glucose oxidation (5.6%; 95% CI [0.3, 8.6]; P = 0.046) with a concomitant greater increase (23.8%; 95% CI [5.7, 47.8]; P = 0.004) in non-oxidized glycolytic end products with insulin stimulation in comparison to the lean group (34.2% [24.9, 45.1]; 13.1% [8.6, 16.4], and 2.9% [-4.1, 12.2], respectively). These obesity-related alterations in glucose partitioning appeared to be linked with reduced TCA cycle flux, as 2-[14C]-pyruvate oxidation (358.4 pmol/mg protein/min [303.7, 432.9] vs. lean 439.2 pmol/mg protein/min [393.6, 463.1]; P = 0.013) along with several TCA cycle intermediates, were suppressed in the skeletal muscle of severely obese individuals. CONCLUSIONS These data suggest that with severe obesity the partitioning of glucose toward anaerobic glycolysis in response to insulin is a resilient characteristic of human skeletal muscle. This altered glucose partitioning appeared to be due, at least in part, to a reduction in TCA cycle flux.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zou
- Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, University of Massachusetts Boston, Boston, MA, USA.
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
| | - J Matthew Hinkley
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Florida Hospital, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Sanghee Park
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Donghai Zheng
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Terry E Jones
- Department of Physical Therapy, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Walter J Pories
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Surgery, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | | | - James Lenhard
- Janssen Research & Development LLC, Spring House, PA, USA
| | - G Lynis Dohm
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Department of Physiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Joseph A Houmard
- Department of Kinesiology, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- Human Performance Laboratory, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
- East Carolina Diabetes and Obesity Institute, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
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Qiu F, Zhang YQ. Metabolic effects of mulberry branch bark powder on diabetic mice based on GC-MS metabolomics approach. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2019; 16:10. [PMID: 30733818 PMCID: PMC6357361 DOI: 10.1186/s12986-019-0335-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mulberry (Morus multicaulis) branch bark powder have showed effective hypoglycemic activity in our previous research. This study aims to explore the mechanism of protect effect on diabetes mice of mulberry branch bark as food supplement based on non-targeted GC-MS metabolomics' platform. METHODS Animal model of double diabetes was established with high fat diet and Streptozotocin injection. Mice were fed with mulberry branch bark powder (MBBP) for five weeks to study its therapeutic effect. The metabolite feature of diabetes model and treatment group mice were characterized using a gas chromatography-mass spectrometry-based metabolomics, complemented with the biochemical evaluation, histological inspection, immunohistochemistry observations and enzyme protein detection. RESULTS A panel of endogenous metabolites were revealed that are relevant to disturbed metabolic processes among groups. The serum metabolic profiles were significantly different between the model group and treatment group. The manner of MBBP treatment showed to be significantly dose dependent and 20% MBBP treatment gain a relatively greater benefit than others. The metabolic disorders in model group include enhanced activation of the sorbitol pathway and galactose metabolite, increased activities of gluconeogenesis, fatty acid oxidation, proteins catabolism and attenuated activities of pentose phosphate pathway, glycolysis and aerobic oxidation pathways, internal synthesis of cholesterol, inositol production. MBBP treatment ameliorate these abnormal metabolize as revealed by differential metabolites comparing with that of model mice, such as decreasing the accumulation of ketone body, enhancing NADPH biosynthesis, partially reversing oxidative stress and energy metabolism disturbance. CONCLUSIONS Mulberry branch bark had a re-balancing effect on the disturbed metabolic pathways in the diabetic mice. Based on the metabolic pathways network, oral administration of MBBP could ameliorate the hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia symptoms in a global scale and restore the abnormal metabolic state to a near normal level in a dose dependent pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Qiu
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, RM702-2303, No. 199, Renai Road, Dushuhu Higher Edu. Town, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yu-Qing Zhang
- School of Biology and Basic Medical Sciences, Soochow University, RM702-2303, No. 199, Renai Road, Dushuhu Higher Edu. Town, Suzhou, People’s Republic of China
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Gaster M. The diabetic phenotype is preserved in myotubes established from type 2 diabetic subjects: a critical appraisal. APMIS 2018; 127:3-26. [DOI: 10.1111/apm.12908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael Gaster
- Laboratory for Molecular Physiology Department of Pathology and Department of Endocrinology Odense University Hospital Odense Denmark
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Abu Bakar MH, Sarmidi MR, Cheng KK, Ali Khan A, Suan CL, Zaman Huri H, Yaakob H. Metabolomics – the complementary field in systems biology: a review on obesity and type 2 diabetes. MOLECULAR BIOSYSTEMS 2015; 11:1742-74. [DOI: 10.1039/c5mb00158g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
This paper highlights the metabolomic roles in systems biology towards the elucidation of metabolic mechanisms in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamad Hafizi Abu Bakar
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Roji Sarmidi
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
- Innovation Centre in Agritechnology for Advanced Bioprocessing (ICA)
| | - Kian-Kai Cheng
- Department of Bioprocess Engineering
- Faculty of Chemical Engineering
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Abid Ali Khan
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
- Department of Biosciences
| | - Chua Lee Suan
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
| | - Hasniza Zaman Huri
- Department of Pharmacy
- Faculty of Medicine
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Harisun Yaakob
- Institute of Bioproduct Development
- Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
- 81310 Johor Bahru
- Malaysia
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Increased pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase expression in cultured myotubes from obese and diabetic individuals. Eur J Nutr 2014; 54:1033-43. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-014-0780-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Accepted: 10/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Adeva-Andany M, López-Ojén M, Funcasta-Calderón R, Ameneiros-Rodríguez E, Donapetry-García C, Vila-Altesor M, Rodríguez-Seijas J. Comprehensive review on lactate metabolism in human health. Mitochondrion 2014; 17:76-100. [PMID: 24929216 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Metabolic pathways involved in lactate metabolism are important to understand the physiological response to exercise and the pathogenesis of prevalent diseases such as diabetes and cancer. Monocarboxylate transporters are being investigated as potential targets for diagnosis and therapy of these and other disorders. Glucose and alanine produce pyruvate which is reduced to lactate by lactate dehydrogenase in the cytoplasm without oxygen consumption. Lactate removal takes place via its oxidation to pyruvate by lactate dehydrogenase. Pyruvate may be either oxidized to carbon dioxide producing energy or transformed into glucose. Pyruvate oxidation requires oxygen supply and the cooperation of pyruvate dehydrogenase, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and the mitochondrial respiratory chain. Enzymes of the gluconeogenesis pathway sequentially convert pyruvate into glucose. Congenital or acquired deficiency on gluconeogenesis or pyruvate oxidation, including tissue hypoxia, may induce lactate accumulation. Both obese individuals and patients with diabetes show elevated plasma lactate concentration compared to healthy subjects, but there is no conclusive evidence of hyperlactatemia causing insulin resistance. Available evidence suggests an association between defective mitochondrial oxidative capacity in the pancreatic β-cells and diminished insulin secretion that may trigger the development of diabetes in patients already affected with insulin resistance. Several mutations in the mitochondrial DNA are associated with diabetes mellitus, although the pathogenesis remains unsettled. Mitochondrial DNA mutations have been detected in a number of human cancers. d-lactate is a lactate enantiomer normally formed during glycolysis. Excess d-lactate is generated in diabetes, particularly during diabetic ketoacidosis. d-lactic acidosis is typically associated with small bowel resection.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Adeva-Andany
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, Ave. Pardo Bazán, s/n, 15406 Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain.
| | - M López-Ojén
- Internal Medicine Division, Policlínica Assistens, c/Federico García, 4-planta baja, 15009 La Coruña, Spain
| | - R Funcasta-Calderón
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, Ave. Pardo Bazán, s/n, 15406 Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain
| | - E Ameneiros-Rodríguez
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, Ave. Pardo Bazán, s/n, 15406 Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain
| | - C Donapetry-García
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, Ave. Pardo Bazán, s/n, 15406 Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain
| | - M Vila-Altesor
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, Ave. Pardo Bazán, s/n, 15406 Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain
| | - J Rodríguez-Seijas
- Nephrology Division, Hospital General Juan Cardona, Ave. Pardo Bazán, s/n, 15406 Ferrol, La Coruña, Spain
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