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Zhang X, Wu J, Lin J, Lin S, Lin A. Characteristics of recurrence in area postrema-onset NMO spectrum disorder - a retrospective cohort study. BMC Neurol 2024; 24:165. [PMID: 38773402 PMCID: PMC11107041 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-024-03667-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2024] [Accepted: 05/03/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder (NMOSD) is an inflammatory autoimmune disease with high risk of recurrence and disability, the treatment goal is a recurrence free state. Area postrema (AP) is one of the most common involved area of NMOSD, which may have a particular significance in the pathogenesis of NMOSD and clinical heterogeneity. Our study is to investigate the clinical and recurrent characteristics AP onset NMOSD patients. METHODS A retrospective study was done in a cohort of 166 AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD patients which were identified by the 2015 IPND criteria. The patients were divided into AP onset (APO-NMOSD) group and non-AP onset (NAPO-NMOSD) group based on the initial episode location. Clinical features and recurrence differences of two groups were compared. RESULTS The APO-NMOSD group and NAPO-NMOSD group had a population ratio of 24:142. APO-NMOSD patients were younger (34.6y VS 42.3y, P = 0.013), had lower EDSS at first episode (0.7 VS 4.2, p = 0.028) and last follow up (1.9 VS 3.3, p = 0.001), more likely to have multi-core lesions at the first attack (33.3% VS 9.2%, P = 0.001). Also, they had a higher annual recurrence rate (0.4 ± 0.28 VS 0.19 ± 0.25, P = 0.012). In natural course NMOSD patients without immunotherapy, APO-NMSOD had a shorter time of first relapse (P < 0.001) and higher annual recurrence rate (0.31 ± 0.22 VS 0.16 ± 0.26, P = 0.038) than NAPO-NMOSD. APO-NMOSD group also have a higher risk of having the first relapsing compared to optic neuritis onset-NMOSD (HR 2.641, 95% CI 1.427-4.887, p = 0.002) and myelitis onset-NMOSD group (HR 3.593, 95% CI 1.736-7.438, p = 0.001). Compared to NAPO-NMOSD, APO-NMOSD has a higher likelihood of brainstem recurrence (28.6% vs. 4.7%, p<0.001) during the first recurrence, while NAPO-NMOSD is more susceptible to optic nerve involvement (10.7% vs. 41.1%, p = 0.01). CONCLUSION AQP4-IgG seropositive NMOSD patients with AP onset are youngers and have higher risk of recurrence. Clinicians should pay attention to AP damage in NMOSD, as it indicates a potential risk of recurrence. TRIAL REGISTRATION Retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianxing Zhang
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350212, China
| | - Jin Wu
- Department of Inspection four, Fujian Center for Drug Inspection and Fujian Center for Vaccine Inspection, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China
| | - Jingyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China
| | - Shifang Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350212, China
| | - Aiyu Lin
- Department of Neurology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350005, China.
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Molecular Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350004, China.
- Department of Neurology, National Regional Medical Center, Binhai Campus of the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350212, China.
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Alqwaifly M, Althobaiti AH, AlAibani NS, Banjar RZ, Alayed RS, Alsubaie SM, Alrashed AT. Patterns of Adult Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Patients Compared to Multiple Sclerosis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2023; 15:e47565. [PMID: 38021935 PMCID: PMC10666196 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.47565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSDs) are central nervous system inflammatory conditions, now recognized to involve the brain, often identified by aquaporin-4 (AQP4) antibodies. We aimed to summarize the characteristics of adult NMOSD patients compared to multiple sclerosis (MS). A computerized search was conducted on MEDLINE via PubMed, Web of Science, and ProQuest using the relevant keywords. Three independent reviewers performed two-stage screening and data extraction. The Review Manager 5.4 program (Cochrane Collaboration, Windows, London, UK) was used for the analysis. The Joanna Briggs Institute (JIB) tool was used for the quality of included studies. Twenty-three articles were included. NMOSD patients were associated with older age at presentation and higher Expanded Disability Status Scale (MD = 3.88, 95% CI: 1.80 to 5.97, P = 0.0003) and (MD = 1.15, 95% CI: 0.58 to 1.72, P < 0.0001), respectively. The risk of NMOSD in females was significantly higher than MS (OR = 2.21, 95% CI: 1.41 to 3.46, P = 0.0005). Patients with NMOSD were associated with a lower risk of extrapyramidal symptoms (OR = 0.26, 95% CI: 0.11 to 0.60, P < 0.01), brainstem involvement symptoms (OR = 0.32, 95% CI: 0.16 to 0.64, P < 0.01), and developing brain lesions compared to MS (OR = 0.08, 95% CI: 0.03 to 0.18, P < 0.00001). The current evidence suggests that both NMOSD and MS have different demographic, clinical, and lesion characteristics. There is a need for additional validation of the identified differences compared with MS due to the lack of long-term systematic imaging investigations in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed Alqwaifly
- Department of Medicine, Unaizah College of Medicine and Medical Sciences, Qassim University, Buraydah, SAU
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Huang B, Arora R, McFarlane S, Diamond JA, Najjar S. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder Mimicking Pontine Stroke: A Case Report and Systematic Literature Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e41099. [PMID: 37519518 PMCID: PMC10381097 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.41099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a rare autoimmune disorder that was first described in the late 1800s as a variant of multiple sclerosis (MS). However, it has recently been categorized, as a disease, especially with the discovery of aquaporin-4 (AQP4-Ab) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein antibodies (MOG-Ab). Unfortunately, patient presentation is not always clear, and NMOSD may initially be diagnosed as an alternative neurological disease. We present a 58-year-old woman who was hospitalized several times for what was initially perceived as a pontine stroke. However, given worsening symptoms, serologic testing confirmed AQP4-Ab positivity and, subsequently, the NMOSD diagnosis. In addition to the case report, a systematic literature review was performed to identify NMOSD cases initially misdiagnosed as stroke. Publications were selected and curated in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Six NMOSD patients were initially thought to have had acute strokes. However, steady progression and/or the recurrence of symptoms suggested that further investigations with neuroimaging studies and serological immune assays were necessary to exclude alternative etiologies. Notably, the age at onset in all cases was significantly more advanced than patients with typical NMOSD presentations (median age 32-41). In conclusion, the NMOSD diagnosis should be considered in cases with atypical stroke-like presentations, particularly those of later onset (defined as equal to or greater than 50 years of age). This is important as early recognition and treatment with immune therapies can improve functional outcomes.
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Avila M, Tan Y, Hernandez R, Zuberi H, Rivera VM. Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: Onset Following Acute COVID-19 Infection, a Case Series. Neurol Ther 2023; 12:319-327. [PMID: 36399224 PMCID: PMC9672646 DOI: 10.1007/s40120-022-00418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/28/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Acute COVID-19 infection has been associated with neurological involvement. We report a case series of newly diagnosed patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) developed in a short period of time after acute COVID-19 infection. METHODS New MS patients developing initial symptoms shortly after an acute COVID-19 infection were diagnosed based on the 2017 McDonald Criteria [Garcia-Ramos et al. in Cells, 2021]. The patients diagnosed with NMOSD met the 2015 International Panel criteria for the diagnosis of NMOSD (IPDN) [Thompson et al. in Lancet Neurol 17:162-173, 2018]. RESULTS FROM THE MS PATIENT GROUP Ten patients were included who had developed initial MS symptoms after COVID-19 infection. Gender distribution was equal (50% male). The mean age was 28 (range 17-39) years. Average time to neurological presentation was between 2 and 6 weeks following acute COVID-19 infection. Partial transverse myelitis was the initial presentation in 40% of the cases, and 60% of patients had spinal cord lesions present at the moment of diagnosis. All patients showed enhancing lesions on brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). The presence of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) oligoclonal bands was found in all six tested cases. The majority of patients (80%) were unvaccinated for COVID-19. The two vaccinated patients had received two doses of the monovalent COVID-19 messenger ribonucleic acid (mRNA) (Pfizer Biotech) vaccine and no booster, a year prior to contracting COVID-19. RESULTS FROM THE NMOSD GROUP Two patients with NMOSD were included. Positive aquoporin-4 protein antibody (AQP-4 Ab) was detected in serum in both cases [one Enzyme Linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and one cell based]. Both patients had mild COVID-19 infection prior to presentation, initial neurologic symptoms presented between 3 and 6 weeks after COVID-19 infection. Neither patients were vaccinated. Both responded partially to steroids, one developed a relapse 40 days after diagnosis. CONCLUSION COVID-19 infection has been linked to several neurological and immune-driven conditions. This study suggests that in susceptible individuals, acute COVID-19 infection may act as a trigger for developing MS and NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirla Avila
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA.
| | - Yuanyuan Tan
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
| | | | - Hafsa Zuberi
- Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Lubbock, TX, USA
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Solomon JM, Paul F, Chien C, Oh J, Rotstein DL. A window into the future? MRI for evaluation of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder throughout the disease course. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2021; 14:17562864211014389. [PMID: 34035837 PMCID: PMC8111516 DOI: 10.1177/17562864211014389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is a relapsing, inflammatory disease of the central nervous system marked by relapses often associated with poor recovery and long-term disability. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is recognized as an important tool for timely diagnosis of NMOSD as, in combination with serologic testing, it aids in distinguishing NMOSD from possible mimics. Although the role of MRI for disease monitoring after diagnosis is not as well established, MRI may provide important prognostic information and help differentiate between relapses and pseudorelapses. Increasing evidence of subclinical disease activity and the emergence of newly approved, highly effective immunotherapies for NMOSD adjure us to re-evaluate MRI as a tool to guide optimal treatment selection and escalation throughout the disease course. In this article we review the role of MRI in NMOSD diagnosis, prognostication, disease monitoring, and treatment selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacqueline M. Solomon
- University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Claudia Chien
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine and Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Charité Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jiwon Oh
- University of Toronto, Department of Medicine, Toronto, ON, Canada
- St. Michael’s Hospital, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Dalia L. Rotstein
- St. Michael’s Hospital, 30 Bond Street, Shuter 3-018, Toronto, ON, M5B 1W8, Canada
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Etemadifar M, Ashourizadeh H, Nouri H, Kargaran PK, Salari M, Rayani M, Aghababaee A, Abhari AP. MRI signs of CNS demyelinating diseases. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2020; 47:102665. [PMID: 33310421 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2020.102665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
The differential diagnosis of the central nervous system (CNS) demyelinating diseases can be greatly facilitated by visualization and appreciation of pathognomonic radiological signs, visualized on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences. Given the distinct therapeutic approaches for each of these diseases, a decisive and reliable diagnosis in patients presenting with demyelination-associated symptoms is of crucial value. Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) are major examples of such conditions, each possessing a number of MRI signs, closely associated with the disorder. This pictorial review aims to describe seventeen pathognomonic MRI signs associated with several CNS demyelinating disorders including MS, NMOSD, myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-associated disease, Baló's concentric sclerosis, metachromatic leukodystrophy, progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy, and neurosarcoidosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masoud Etemadifar
- Department of Neurosurgery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Helia Ashourizadeh
- Functional Neurosurgery Research Center, Shohada Tajrish Neurosurgical Center of Excellence, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hosein Nouri
- Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Isfahan, Iran.
| | - Parisa K Kargaran
- Departments of Cardiovascular Medicine, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Mehri Salari
- Department of Neurological Diseases, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Rayani
- Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ali Aghababaee
- Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Amir Parsa Abhari
- Alzahra Research Institute, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran; Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy, and Autoimmunity (NIIMA), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN), Isfahan, Iran
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Kuchling J, Paul F. Visualizing the Central Nervous System: Imaging Tools for Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Front Neurol 2020; 11:450. [PMID: 32625158 PMCID: PMC7311777 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) are autoimmune central nervous system conditions with increasing incidence and prevalence. While MS is the most frequent inflammatory CNS disorder in young adults, NMOSD is a rare disease, that is pathogenetically distinct from MS, and accounts for approximately 1% of demyelinating disorders, with the relative proportion within the demyelinating CNS diseases varying widely among different races and regions. Most immunomodulatory drugs used in MS are inefficacious or even harmful in NMOSD, emphasizing the need for a timely and accurate diagnosis and distinction from MS. Despite distinct immunopathology and differences in disease course and severity there might be considerable overlap in clinical and imaging findings, posing a diagnostic challenge for managing neurologists. Differential diagnosis is facilitated by positive serology for AQP4-antibodies (AQP4-ab) in NMOSD, but might be difficult in seronegative cases. Imaging of the brain, optic nerve, retina and spinal cord is of paramount importance when managing patients with autoimmune CNS conditions. Once a diagnosis has been established, imaging techniques are often deployed at regular intervals over the disease course as surrogate measures for disease activity and progression and to surveil treatment effects. While the application of some imaging modalities for monitoring of disease course was established decades ago in MS, the situation is unclear in NMOSD where work on longitudinal imaging findings and their association with clinical disability is scant. Moreover, as long-term disability is mostly attack-related in NMOSD and does not stem from insidious progression as in MS, regular follow-up imaging might not be useful in the absence of clinical events. However, with accumulating evidence for covert tissue alteration in NMOSD and with the advent of approved immunotherapies the role of imaging in the management of NMOSD may be reconsidered. By contrast, MS management still faces the challenge of implementing imaging techniques that are capable of monitoring progressive tissue loss in clinical trials and cohort studies into treatment algorithms for individual patients. This article reviews the current status of imaging research in MS and NMOSD with an emphasis on emerging modalities that have the potential to be implemented in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Kuchling
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Friedemann Paul
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center, Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Neurology, Charité–Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt–Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
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Ibrahim EAA, Gammer F, Gassoum A. Neuromyelitis optica: a pilot study of clinical presentation and status of serological biomarker AQP4 among patients admitted to a tertiary centre in NCNS, Sudan. BMC Neurosci 2020; 21:9. [PMID: 32111161 PMCID: PMC7048117 DOI: 10.1186/s12868-020-0557-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is a demyelinating disease primarily affecting the optic nerves and spinal cord. It is distinguished from other demyelinating conditions by the presence of AQP4-IgG and serum aquaporin 4 (AQP4), found mainly in the blood–brain barrier. This descriptive study was conducted from January 2015 to June 2018 at the National Center for Neurological Sciences (NCNS) in Khartoum, Sudan. All participants were Sudanese patients diagnosed with NMO. In our study the selection of cases was based on Dean Wingerchuk diagnostic criteria (2006), which states that the diagnosis of NMO should meet two absolute criteria and two supportive criteria. The absolute criteria are myelitis and optic neuritis, whereas supportive criteria include radiological findings obtained from brain and spinal cord MRI. Furthermore, AQP4-IgG levels were measured from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and serum using immunofluorescence. Data were collected by a pre-designed questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS version 17. A p value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results A total of 31 patients were enrolled in this study [6 male (19.4%) and 25 female (80.6%)]. The mean age was 38 ± 12.8 years. Motor and visual difficulties were the initial symptoms and occurred in 21 (67.7%) and 10 (32.3%) patients, respectively. Fundoscopy confirmed optic atrophy in 22 (71.0%) patients. The course of the disease revealed one relapse in 21 patients (67.7%). Seropositive AQP4-IgG were seen in 23 patients (79.31%). There was a significant correlation between AQP4 and response to treatment (p ≤ 0.038). The correlation between serum AQP4-IgG, showed that, complete improvement was detected in 2 patients (6.9%) one of them was positive and the other was negative, 20 (69.0%) patients presented with some disability, among them 18 (62.1%) were positive and 2 (6.9%) were negative, while 7 patients showed no improvement (24.1%) 4 out of them were positive (13.8%) and 3 were negative (10.3%). Conclusion At the initial presentation of NMO, longitudinal myelitis was observed more frequently than optic neuritis. More than two third of the patients showed strong seropositivity for serum AQP4. Most seropositive patients showed a good response to treatment but with residual disabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fatima Gammer
- The National Center for Neurological Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan
| | - Alsadig Gassoum
- The National Center for Neurological Sciences, Khartoum, Sudan.,ALMadain College, Khartoum, Sudan
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Yan J, Wang Y, Miao H, Kwapong WR, Lu Y, Ma Q, Chen W, Tu Y, Liu X. Alterations in the Brain Structure and Functional Connectivity in Aquaporin-4 Antibody-Positive Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1362. [PMID: 32009872 PMCID: PMC6971221 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate the mechanisms underlying the gray matter volume (GMV) and functional connectivity (FC) changes in aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) patients. Methods This cross-sectional study consisted of 21 patients with aquaporin-4 antibody-positive NMOSD and 22 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. All participants underwent cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and testing each individual’s visual acuity was done. Results Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder patients showed significantly reduced GMV in the left calcarine, left thalamus and right lingual gyrus of the NMOSD patients when compared to HC (P < 0.05). NMOSD patients showed significantly decreased FC values (P < 0.05) in both the left and right calcarine, right lingual gyrus and left thalamus, respectively, when compared to HC. We also observed a positive correlation between the FC values of the left thalamus, bilateral calcarine gyrus and the visual acuity, respectively (P < 0.05). Furthermore, a negative association was seen between the duration of the disease, frequency of optic neuritis, and the FC values in the lingual gyrus, bilateral calcarine gyrus, and right lingual gyrus, respectively (P < 0.05). Conclusion Reduced visual acuity and frequency of optic neuritis are associated with alterations in the GMV and FC in NMOSD. Our current study, which provides imaging evidence on the impairment involved in NMOSD, sheds light on pathophysiological responses of optic neuritis attack on the brain especially on the visual network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jueyue Yan
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Yu Wang
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Hanpei Miao
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | | | - Yi Lu
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Qingkai Ma
- Department of Opthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Wei Chen
- Department of Psychiatry, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yunhai Tu
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
| | - Xiaozheng Liu
- China-USA Neuroimaging Research Institute, Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital & Yuying Children's Hospital, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, China
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Tambunan L, Ritarwan K, Surbakti KP. Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder: A Case Report of Effective Combination Immunosuppressant, Corticosteroids, and Therapeutic Plasma Exchange. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7:3433-3436. [PMID: 32002068 PMCID: PMC6980818 DOI: 10.3889/oamjms.2019.439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Revised: 09/15/2019] [Accepted: 09/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD) is an autoimmune disease that causes severe demyelination, especially in the optic nerve and spinal cord with typical clinical manifestations of acute optic neuritis and transverse myelitis. The symptoms can occur simultaneously or separated by a variable period. NMOSD is associated with serum aquaporin antibodies 4 immunoglobulin G (AQP4-IgG). CASE PRESENTATION We report a case of a 22-year-old male with complaints of weakness of all four limbs, impaired vision, urinary incontinence, and dyspnea. The Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) was nine. Spinal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed longitudinal extensive transversal myelitis. The brain MRI showed a normal impression, whereas the brain magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) examination showed a description of the mild demyelination process. The serum antibody AQP4 (AQP4-IgG) results were seronegative, the cerebrospinal fluid examination was normal, and the oligoclonal band was negative. The ophthalmoscopic examination found bilateral papillary atrophy but optical coherence tomography (OCT) was still normal. Somatosensory evoked potential and visual evoked potential examinations were abnormal. The patient was diagnosed with NMOSD and was given combination immunosuppressant therapy, corticosteroids, and therapeutic plasma exchange. The patient experienced significant improvement with EDSS decreased to six. CONCLUSION In the case of relapsing NMOSD patient, combination therapy of immunosuppressant's, corticosteroids, and TPE was used. There were significant improvements from EDSS nine to six.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Tambunan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Bunga Lau No. 17, Medan Tuntungan, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara-20136, Indonesia
| | - K. Ritarwan
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Bunga Lau No. 17, Medan Tuntungan, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara-20136, Indonesia
| | - K. P. Surbakti
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Sumatera Utara, Jalan Bunga Lau No. 17, Medan Tuntungan, Kota Medan, Sumatera Utara-20136, Indonesia
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Burt RK, Balabanov R, Han X, Burns C, Gastala J, Jovanovic B, Helenowski I, Jitprapaikulsan J, Fryer JP, Pittock SJ. Autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation for neuromyelitis optica. Neurology 2019; 93:e1732-e1741. [PMID: 31578302 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0000000000008394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine if autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) could be a salvage therapy for neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). METHODS Thirteen patients were enrolled in a prospective open-label cohort study (11 NMOSD aquaporin-4-immunoglobulin G [AQP4-IgG]-positive, 1 NMOSD without AQP4, and 1 NMOSD AQP4-IgG-positive with neuropsychiatric systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE]). Following stem cell mobilization with cyclophosphamide (2 g/m2) and filgrastim, patients were treated with cyclophosphamide (200 mg/kg) divided as 50 mg/kg IV on day -5 to day -2, rATG (thymoglobulin) given IV at 0.5 mg/kg on day -5, 1 mg/kg on day -4, and 1.5 mg/kg on days -3, -2, and -1 (total dose 6 mg/kg), and rituximab 500 mg IV on days -6 and +1. Unselected peripheral blood stem cells were infused on day 0. AQP4-IgG antibody status was determined by Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments-validated ELISA or flow cytometry assays. Cell-killing activity was measured using a flow cytometry-based complement assay. RESULTS Median follow-up was 57 months. The patient with coexistent SLE died of complications of active lupus 10 months after HSCT. For the 12 patients with NMOSD without other active coexisting autoimmune diseases, 11 patients are more than 5 years post-transplant, and 80% are relapse-free off all immunosuppression (p < 0.001). At 1 and 5 years after HSCT, Expanded Disability Status Scale score improved from a baseline mean of 4.4 to 3.3 (p < 0.01) at 5 years. The Neurologic Rating Scale score improved after HSCT from a baseline mean of 69.5 to 85.7 at 5 years (p < 0.01). The Short Form-36 health survey for quality of life total score improved from mean 34.2 to 62.1 (p = 0.001) at 5 years. In the 11 patients whose baseline AQP4-IgG serostatus was positive, 9 patients became seronegative by the immunofluorescence or cell-binding assays available at the time; complement activating and cell-killing ability of patient serum was switched off in 6 of 7 patients with before and after HSCT testing. Two patients remained AQP4-IgG-seropositive (with persistent complement activating and cell-killing ability) and relapsed within 2 years of HSCT. No patient with seronegative conversion relapsed. CONCLUSION Prolonged drug-free remission with AQP4-IgG seroconversion to negative following nonmyeloablative autologous HSCT warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Burt
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN.
| | - Roumen Balabanov
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Xiaoqiang Han
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Carol Burns
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Joseph Gastala
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Borko Jovanovic
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Irene Helenowski
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Jiraporn Jitprapaikulsan
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - James P Fryer
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
| | - Sean J Pittock
- From the Division of Immunotherapy, Department of Medicine (R.K.B., X.H., C.B.), and Departments of Neurology (R.B.), Radiology (J.G.), and Preventive Medicine (B.J., I.H.), Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL; and the Departments of Neurology (J.J., S.J.P.) and Laboratory Medicine and Pathology (J.J., J.P.F., S.J.P.) and Center for Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmune Neurology (S.J.P.), Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Rochester, MN
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Wagner F, Grunder L, Hakim A, Kamber N, Horn MP, Muellner J, Hoepner R, Wiest R, Metz I, Chan A, Salmen A. Rebound After Fingolimod and a Single Daclizumab Injection in a Patient Retrospectively Diagnosed With NMO Spectrum Disorder-MRI Apparent Diffusion Coefficient Maps in Differential Diagnosis of Demyelinating CNS Disorders. Front Neurol 2018; 9:782. [PMID: 30319524 PMCID: PMC6170610 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: Differential diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD) and multiple sclerosis (MS) or mimics can be challenging, especially in patients with atypical presentations and negative serostatus for aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab). This brief research report describes magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings focusing on quantitative apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis as a potential tool to differentiate NMOSD from MS. Methods: Longitudinal MRI data obtained during routine clinical examinations were retrospectively analyzed in a patient with histologically determined cerebral NMOSD, a patient with an acute tumefactive MS lesion, and a patient with ischemic stroke. Histogram analyses of ADC maps were evaluated. Results: A patient diagnosed with MS experienced a severe rebound after fingolimod withdrawal and a single daclizumab injection. Cerebral NMOSD manifestation was confirmed by brain biopsy. However, the patient did not fulfill consensus criteria for NMOSD and was AQP4-Ab negative. Comparison of ADC histogram analyses of this patient with those from a patient with MS and one with ischemic stroke revealed differential ADC characteristics: namely a more pronounced and prolonged ADC leftward shift in inflammatory than in ischemic pathology, even more accentuated in NMOSD versus MS. Conclusion: ADC map histograms and ADC threshold values for different conditions may be useful for differentiation of large inflammatory brain lesions and further studies are merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franca Wagner
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Lorenz Grunder
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Arsany Hakim
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Kamber
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Michael P Horn
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Julia Muellner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Robert Hoepner
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Roland Wiest
- Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Imke Metz
- Institute of Neuropathology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - Andrew Chan
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anke Salmen
- Department of Neurology, Inselspital, University Hospital and University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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13
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Zhang X, Guo X, Zhang N, Cai H, Sun J, Wang Q, Qi Y, Zhang L, Yang L, Shi FD, Yu C. Cerebral Blood Flow Changes in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica and Their Correlations With Clinical Disability. Front Neurol 2018; 9:305. [PMID: 29780351 PMCID: PMC5946009 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2018.00305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinguishing relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is clinically important because they differ in prognosis and treatment. This study aimed to identify perfusion abnormalities in RRMS and NMO and their correlations with gray matter volume (GMV) atrophy and clinical parameters. Structural and arterial spin labeling MRI scans were performed in 39 RRMS patients, 62 NMO patients, and 73 healthy controls. The gray matter cerebral blood flow (CBF) values were voxel-wisely compared among the three groups with and without GMV correction. The regional CBF changes were correlated with the Expanded Disability Status Scale scores in the corresponding patient groups. Although multiple brain regions showed CBF differences among the three groups without GMV correction, only three of these regions remained significant after GMV correction. Specifically, both the RRMS and NMO groups showed reduced CBF in the occipital cortex and increased CBF in the right putamen compared to the control group. The RRMS group had increased CBF only in the medial prefrontal cortex compared to the other two groups. The occipital CBF was negatively correlated with clinical disability in the NMO group; however, the CBF in the right putamen was positively correlated with clinical disability in both patient groups. These findings suggest that there are perfusion alterations independent of GMV atrophy in RRMS and NMO patients. The regional CBF in the occipital cortex and putamen could be used as imaging features to objectively assess clinical disability in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
| | - Xi Guo
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
| | - Ningnannan Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
| | - Huanhuan Cai
- Laboratory of Digital Medical Imaging, Medical Imaging Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiuhui Wang
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Qi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Linjie Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Fu-Dong Shi
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chunshui Yu
- Department of Radiology, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Functional Imaging, Tianjin, China
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14
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Geraldes R, Ciccarelli O, Barkhof F, De Stefano N, Enzinger C, Filippi M, Hofer M, Paul F, Preziosa P, Rovira A, DeLuca GC, Kappos L, Yousry T, Fazekas F, Frederiksen J, Gasperini C, Sastre-Garriga J, Evangelou N, Palace J. The current role of MRI in differentiating multiple sclerosis from its imaging mimics. Nat Rev Neurol 2018. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2018.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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15
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Zabad RK, Stewart R, Healey KM. Pattern Recognition of the Multiple Sclerosis Syndrome. Brain Sci 2017; 7:brainsci7100138. [PMID: 29064441 PMCID: PMC5664065 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci7100138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
During recent decades, the autoimmune disease neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD), once broadly classified under the umbrella of multiple sclerosis (MS), has been extended to include autoimmune inflammatory conditions of the central nervous system (CNS), which are now diagnosable with serum serological tests. These antibody-mediated inflammatory diseases of the CNS share a clinical presentation to MS. A number of practical learning points emerge in this review, which is geared toward the pattern recognition of optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, brainstem/cerebellar and hemispheric tumefactive demyelinating lesion (TDL)-associated MS, aquaporin-4-antibody and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)-antibody NMOSD, overlap syndrome, and some yet-to-be-defined/classified demyelinating disease, all unspecifically labeled under MS syndrome. The goal of this review is to increase clinicians’ awareness of the clinical nuances of the autoimmune conditions for MS and NMSOD, and to highlight highly suggestive patterns of clinical, paraclinical or imaging presentations in order to improve differentiation. With overlay in clinical manifestations between MS and NMOSD, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of the brain, orbits and spinal cord, serology, and most importantly, high index of suspicion based on pattern recognition, will help lead to the final diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana K Zabad
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198-8440, USA.
| | - Renee Stewart
- University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Nursing, Omaha, NE 68198-5330, USA.
| | - Kathleen M Healey
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center College of Medicine, Omaha, NE 68198-8440, USA.
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16
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Kaunzner UW, Gauthier SA. MRI in the assessment and monitoring of multiple sclerosis: an update on best practice. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2017; 10:247-261. [PMID: 28607577 DOI: 10.1177/1756285617708911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has developed into the most important tool for the diagnosis and monitoring of multiple sclerosis (MS). Its high sensitivity for the evaluation of inflammatory and neurodegenerative processes in the brain and spinal cord has made it the most commonly used technique for the evaluation of patients with MS. Moreover, MRI has become a powerful tool for treatment monitoring, safety assessment as well as for the prognostication of disease progression. Clinically, the use of MRI has increased in the past couple decades as a result of improved technology and increased availability that now extends well beyond academic centers. Consequently, there are numerous studies supporting the role of MRI in the management of patients with MS. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest insights into the utility of MRI in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike W Kaunzner
- Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Susan A Gauthier
- Judith Jaffe Multiple Sclerosis Center, Weill Cornell Medicine, 1305 York Avenue, New York, NY 10021, USA
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17
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Garg P, Rajasekaran M, Pandey S, Gurusamy G, Balalakshmoji D, Rathinasamy R. Magnetic resonance imaging brain findings in a case of aquaporin-4 antibody-positive neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder, presenting with intractable vomiting and hiccups. J Neurosci Rural Pract 2017; 8:135-138. [PMID: 28149102 PMCID: PMC5225700 DOI: 10.4103/0976-3147.193533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitisoptica (NMO) and multiple sclerosis (MS) were once considered to be differing manifestation of same auto immune disease, NMO predominantly involving the optic nerve and cord. Now with discovery of NMO antibody the concept has changed and a spectrum of disorders with lesions in brain has been identified. Occasionally, brain may be the first or the only site of involvement in these disorders hence it is essential to be aware of this spectrum. The brain lesions in NMO/NMOSD may be located in characteristic regions and present with symptoms mimicking non neurological disease. We herein present a case of an adult female who was admitted with intractable vomiting and hiccups; subsequently on MRI brain found to have very tiny demyelinating foci in Area Postrema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prerna Garg
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Salil Pandey
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Gnanashanmugam Gurusamy
- Department of Neurology, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Devanand Balalakshmoji
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Rajakumar Rathinasamy
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, PSG Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India
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Sudhakar SV, Muthusamy K, Mani S, Gibikote S, Shroff M. Imaging in Pediatric Demyelinating and Inflammatory Diseases of Brain- Part 2. Indian J Pediatr 2016; 83:965-82. [PMID: 27130513 DOI: 10.1007/s12098-016-2052-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Imaging plays an important role in diagnosis, management, prognostication and follow up of pediatric demyelinating and inflammatory diseases of brain and forms an integral part of the diagnostic criteria. This article reviews the spectrum of aquaporinopathies with an in-depth discussion on present criteria and differentiation from other demyelinating diseases with clinical vignettes for illustration; the latter part of article deals with the spectrum of CNS vasculitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sniya Valsa Sudhakar
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India.
| | - Karthik Muthusamy
- Department of Neurology, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sunithi Mani
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Sridhar Gibikote
- Department of Radiodiagnosis, Christian Medical College and Hospital, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, 632004, India
| | - Manohar Shroff
- Department of Pediatric Neuroimaging, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Canada
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19
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Matsusue E, Fujihara Y, Suto Y, Takahashi S, Tanaka K, Nakayasu H, Nakamura K, Ogawa T. Three cases of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. Acta Radiol Open 2016; 5:2058460116641456. [PMID: 27293805 PMCID: PMC4887874 DOI: 10.1177/2058460116641456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is characterized by attacks of optic neuritis and longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis. Cases positive for aquaporin 4 antibodies are classified to NMO spectrum disorder (NMOSD) which includes cases with optic neuritis, transverse myelitis, or with brain lesions typical of NMO. Our three cases with NMO/NMOSD revealed five imaging features: (i) extensive transverse cord lesions, extending more than three vertebral segments, partially persisting as cavitation; (ii) periependymal lesions; (iii) lesions of the corticospinal tracts; (iv) extensive and confluent hemispheric white matter lesions reflecting vasogenic edema and partially involving the cerebral cortices and basal ganglia; and (v) two patterns of serial hemispheric white matter lesions: one is cavitation and another is partial regression or disappearance. Cavitations, in the upper spinal cord and hemispheric white matter, are considered to be caused by severe vasogenic edema and are likely to be one of the characteristic findings in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eiji Matsusue
- Department of Radiology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yoshio Fujihara
- Department of Radiology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Yutaka Suto
- Department of Neurology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Shotaro Takahashi
- Department of Neurology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kenichiro Tanaka
- Department of Neurology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Nakayasu
- Department of Neurology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Nakamura
- Department of Radiology, Tottori Prefectural Central Hospital, Tottori, Japan
| | - Toshihide Ogawa
- Division of Radiology, Department of Pathophysiological Therapeutic Science, Tottori University, Tottori, Japan
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Abstract
Optic nerves are the second pair of cranial nerves and are unique as they represent an extension of the central nervous system. Apart from clinical and ophthalmoscopic evaluation, imaging, especially magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), plays an important role in the complete evaluation of optic nerve and the entire visual pathway. In this pictorial essay, the authors describe segmental anatomy of the optic nerve and review the imaging findings of various conditions affecting the optic nerves. MRI allows excellent depiction of the intricate anatomy of optic nerves due to its excellent soft tissue contrast without exposure to ionizing radiation, better delineation of the entire visual pathway, and accurate evaluation of associated intracranial pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foram Gala
- Department of Radiology, Lifescan Imaging Centre, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India; Department of Neuroradiology, University Hospital of Zurich/Children's Hospital of Zurich, Switzerland
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21
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Kremer S, Renard F, Achard S, Lana-Peixoto MA, Palace J, Asgari N, Klawiter EC, Tenembaum SN, Banwell B, Greenberg BM, Bennett JL, Levy M, Villoslada P, Saiz A, Fujihara K, Chan KH, Schippling S, Paul F, Kim HJ, de Seze J, Wuerfel JT, Cabre P, Marignier R, Tedder T, van Pelt D, Broadley S, Chitnis T, Wingerchuk D, Pandit L, Leite MI, Apiwattanakul M, Kleiter I, Prayoonwiwat N, Han M, Hellwig K, van Herle K, John G, Hooper DC, Nakashima I, Sato D, Yeaman MR, Waubant E, Zamvil S, Stüve O, Aktas O, Smith TJ, Jacob A, O'Connor K. Use of Advanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging Techniques in Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorder. JAMA Neurol 2015; 72:815-22. [PMID: 26010909 DOI: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.0248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Brain parenchymal lesions are frequently observed on conventional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans of patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorder, but the specific morphological and temporal patterns distinguishing them unequivocally from lesions caused by other disorders have not been identified. This literature review summarizes the literature on advanced quantitative imaging measures reported for patients with NMO spectrum disorder, including proton MR spectroscopy, diffusion tensor imaging, magnetization transfer imaging, quantitative MR volumetry, and ultrahigh-field strength MRI. It was undertaken to consider the advanced MRI techniques used for patients with NMO by different specialists in the field. Although quantitative measures such as proton MR spectroscopy or magnetization transfer imaging have not reproducibly revealed diffuse brain injury, preliminary data from diffusion-weighted imaging and brain tissue volumetry indicate greater white matter than gray matter degradation. These findings could be confirmed by ultrahigh-field MRI. The use of nonconventional MRI techniques may further our understanding of the pathogenic processes in NMO spectrum disorders and may help us identify the distinct radiographic features corresponding to specific phenotypic manifestations of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephane Kremer
- ICube (UMR 7357, UdS, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique), Fédération de médecine translationelle de Strasbourg, Université de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France2Department of Radiology, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Felix Renard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble Image Parole Signal Automatique, Grenoble, France
| | - Sophie Achard
- Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Grenoble Image Parole Signal Automatique, Grenoble, France
| | | | - Jacqueline Palace
- Department of Neurology, Oxford University Hospital Trust, Oxford, England
| | - Nasrin Asgari
- Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Southern Denmark, Odense7Department of Neurology, Vejle Hospital, Vejle, Denmark
| | - Eric C Klawiter
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Silvia N Tenembaum
- Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology, National Pediatric Hospital Dr Juan P. Garrahan, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Brenda Banwell
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia11Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Benjamin M Greenberg
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas13Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Jeffrey L Bennett
- Department of Neurology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora15Department of Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora
| | - Michael Levy
- Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Pablo Villoslada
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Saiz
- Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi Sunyer-Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Kazuo Fujihara
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Koon Ho Chan
- University Department of Medicine, Research Center of Heart, Brain, Hormone and Healthy Aging, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, People's Republic of China
| | - Sven Schippling
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Research Section, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland21Department of Neurology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland22Neuroscience Center Zurich, Federal Technical High School Zurich, Zurich, S
| | - Friedemann Paul
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany25Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany26Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Ger
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute, Goyang, Korea28Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Jerome de Seze
- Neurology Department, Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France30Clinical Investigation Center (INSERM 1434), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France31UMR INSERM 1119 and Fédération de médecine translationelle, Strasbourg
| | - Jens T Wuerfel
- NeuroCure Clinical Research Center, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany25Clinical and Experimental Multiple Sclerosis Research Center, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Germany26Department of Neurology, Charité University Medicine, Berlin, Ger
| | | | | | | | - Thomas Tedder
- Duke University School of Medicine, Durham, North Carolina
| | | | | | - Tanuja Chitnis
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | | | | | - Maria Isabel Leite
- Department of Neurology, Oxford University Hospital Trust, Oxford, England
| | | | | | | | - May Han
- Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | | | | | | | | | - Ichiro Nakashima
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | - Douglas Sato
- Department of Multiple Sclerosis Therapeutics, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Olaf Stüve
- Department of Neurology and Neurotherapeutics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas13Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas
| | - Orhan Aktas
- University of Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | | | | | - Kevin O'Connor
- Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
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22
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Shan F, Zhong R, Wu L, Fan Y, Long Y, Gao C. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders may be misdiagnosed as Wernicke's encephalopathy. Int J Neurosci 2015; 126:922-7. [PMID: 26287559 DOI: 10.3109/00207454.2015.1084619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Fulan Shan
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rong Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linzhan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongxiang Fan
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Youming Long
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Cong Gao
- Key Laboratory of Neurogenetics and Channelopathies of Guangdong Province and The Ministry of Education of China, Institute of Neuroscience, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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23
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Corticospinal tract integrity measured using transcranial magnetic stimulation and magnetic resonance imaging in neuromyelitis optica and multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2015; 22:43-50. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458515579441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background: Both multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica (NMO) can present with transverse myelitis; however, NMO symptoms are usually more severe and may present with more extensive axonal loss. Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)-based input–output recruitment curves can quantitatively assess the excitability of corticospinal tract pathways and myelin water imaging can quantify the amount of myelin within this same pathway. Objective: To compare differential effects of MS and NMO on TMS recruitment curves and myelin water imaging. Methods: Ten healthy controls, 10 individuals with MS and 10 individuals with NMO completed clinical assessments, a TMS assessment and magnetic resonance imaging scan to measure recruitment curves and myelin water fraction in the corticospinal tract. Results: Individuals with NMO had lower recruitment curve slopes (mean 13.6±6 μV/%) than MS (23.6±11 μV/%) and controls (21.9±9 μV/%, analysis of variance (ANOVA) P=0.05). Corticospinal tract myelin water fraction was lower in individuals with NMO (mean 0.17±0.02) compared to MS (0.19±0.02) and controls (0.20±0.02, ANOVA P=0.0006). Conclusion: Corticospinal pathway damage in individuals with NMO was evident by reduced recruitment curve slope and lower myelin water fraction. These specific measures of corticospinal function and structure may be used to obtain a better understanding and monitor brain injury caused by inflammatory central nervous system disorders.
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24
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Li Y, Jiang B, Chen B, Zhao M, Zhou C, Wang S, Li J, Wang R. Neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with multiple brainstem manifestations: a case report. Neurol Sci 2015; 37:309-13. [PMID: 25837714 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-015-2196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple brainstem manifestations have been rarely reported during the same attack in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). CASE PRESENTATION We describe a 39-year-old Asian woman presenting multiple brainstem manifestations including intractable nausea and vomiting, vertigo, diplopia, facial palsy, hypogeusia, ophthalmoplegia, hemiplegia, dysphagia and tonic spasm during the same attack. Hypogeusia was transient and recovered without any immunotherapy. The brain MRIs showed progressive multiple lesions in the brainstem. NMO-IgG (aquaporin4-antibody, AQP4-Ab) were positive in both serum and cerebral spinal fluid. The symptoms and signs were controlled after immunosuppressive therapy. No relapse happened during the 15-month follow-up. CONCLUSION This report emphasizes multiple brainstem manifestations during the same attack in NMOSD and the most characteristic symptom was reversible hypogeusia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Jiang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingxia Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Chunlai Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuhui Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
| | - Jimei Li
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China.
| | - Ruijin Wang
- Department of Neurology, Beijing Friendship Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, People's Republic of China
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25
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Spadaro M, Gerdes LA, Mayer MC, Ertl-Wagner B, Laurent S, Krumbholz M, Breithaupt C, Högen T, Straube A, Giese A, Hohlfeld R, Lassmann H, Meinl E, Kümpfel T. Histopathology and clinical course of MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis. Ann Clin Transl Neurol 2015; 2:295-301. [PMID: 25815356 PMCID: PMC4369279 DOI: 10.1002/acn3.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
We present histological, MRI, and clinical features of an adult patient with relapsing encephalomyelitis and antibodies against myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Furthermore, we report molecular details of the recognized epitope that is specific for human MOG. A brain biopsy revealed multiple sclerosis (MS)-type II pathology. Some features overlapped with both MS and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), whereas others were distinct from both MS and NMOSD. Immunoadsorption and rituximab induced clinical stabilization. This case contributes a new, so far missing link in the emerging spectrum of MOG-antibody-associated encephalomyelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melania Spadaro
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Lisa Ann Gerdes
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Marie C Mayer
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Birgit Ertl-Wagner
- Department of Radiology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Sarah Laurent
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Krumbholz
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Constanze Breithaupt
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg 06120, Halle, Germany
| | - Tobias Högen
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Andreas Straube
- Department of Neurology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Armin Giese
- Department of Neuropathology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany ; Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy) Munich, Germany
| | - Hans Lassmann
- Department for Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Research Vienna, Austria
| | - Edgar Meinl
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
| | - Tania Kümpfel
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Medical Campus Grosshadern, Ludwig Maximilian University Munich, Germany
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26
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Eshaghi A, Riyahi-Alam S, Saeedi R, Roostaei T, Nazeri A, Aghsaei A, Doosti R, Ganjgahi H, Bodini B, Shakourirad A, Pakravan M, Ghana'ati H, Firouznia K, Zarei M, Azimi AR, Sahraian MA. Classification algorithms with multi-modal data fusion could accurately distinguish neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis. Neuroimage Clin 2015; 7:306-14. [PMID: 25610795 PMCID: PMC4297886 DOI: 10.1016/j.nicl.2015.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) exhibits substantial similarities to multiple sclerosis (MS) in clinical manifestations and imaging results and has long been considered a variant of MS. With the advent of a specific biomarker in NMO, known as anti-aquaporin 4, this assumption has changed; however, the differential diagnosis remains challenging and it is still not clear whether a combination of neuroimaging and clinical data could be used to aid clinical decision-making. Computer-aided diagnosis is a rapidly evolving process that holds great promise to facilitate objective differential diagnoses of disorders that show similar presentations. In this study, we aimed to use a powerful method for multi-modal data fusion, known as a multi-kernel learning and performed automatic diagnosis of subjects. We included 30 patients with NMO, 25 patients with MS and 35 healthy volunteers and performed multi-modal imaging with T1-weighted high resolution scans, diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting-state functional MRI (fMRI). In addition, subjects underwent clinical examinations and cognitive assessments. We included 18 a priori predictors from neuroimaging, clinical and cognitive measures in the initial model. We used 10-fold cross-validation to learn the importance of each modality, train and finally test the model performance. The mean accuracy in differentiating between MS and NMO was 88%, where visible white matter lesion load, normal appearing white matter (DTI) and functional connectivity had the most important contributions to the final classification. In a multi-class classification problem we distinguished between all of 3 groups (MS, NMO and healthy controls) with an average accuracy of 84%. In this classification, visible white matter lesion load, functional connectivity, and cognitive scores were the 3 most important modalities. Our work provides preliminary evidence that computational tools can be used to help make an objective differential diagnosis of NMO and MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arman Eshaghi
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sadjad Riyahi-Alam
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Roghayyeh Saeedi
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tina Roostaei
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arash Nazeri
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Interdisciplinary Neuroscience Research Program, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Aida Aghsaei
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Rozita Doosti
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Habib Ganjgahi
- National Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Benedetta Bodini
- Centre de Recherche de l'Institut du Cerveau et de la Moelle Pinire, Universitat Pierre et Marie Curie, Inserm, Paris U975, France
| | - Ali Shakourirad
- Department of Radiology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Manijeh Pakravan
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghana'ati
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kavous Firouznia
- Advanced Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Research Center (ADIR), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mojtaba Zarei
- National Brain Mapping Center, Department of Neurology, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Azimi
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Sahraian
- MS Research Center, Neuroscience Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Department of Radiology, Sina Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Iranian Center of Neurological Research, Neuroscience Institute, University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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27
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Wang Y, Wu A, Chen X, Zhang L, Lin Y, Sun S, Cai W, Zhang B, Kang Z, Qiu W, Hu X, Lu Z. Comparison of clinical characteristics between neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders with and without spinal cord atrophy. BMC Neurol 2014; 14:246. [PMID: 25526927 PMCID: PMC4302083 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-014-0246-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spinal cord lesions is one of the predominant characteristics in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD). Interestingly, mounting evidence indicates that spinal cord atrophy (SCA) is one of common clinical features in multiple sclerosis (MS) patients, and correlates closely with the neurological disability. However, Clinical studies related to the SCA aspects of NMOSD are still scarce. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 185 patients with NMOSD, including 23 patients with SCA and 162 patients without SCA. Data were collected regarding clinical characteristics, laboratory tests, and magnetic resonance imaging findings. RESULTS 12.4% of patients had SCA in NMOSD. Patients with SCA had a longer disease duration and higher EDSS at clinical onset and last visit. More importantly, SCA patients were more prone to reach disability milestones (EDSS ≥ 6.0). Bowel or bladder dysfunction, movement disorders, and sensory disturbances symptoms were more common in patients with SCA. ESR and CRP were significantly higher in patients with SCA than those without SCA. Patients with SCA were more frequently complicated with cervical cord lesions. However, the ARR, progression index, seropositive rate of NMO-IgG and OCB were similar in the two groups. Futhermore, LETM did not differ significantly between patients with SCA and without SCA in NMOSD patients. CONCLUSIONS Patients with SCA might have longer disease duration, more severe clinical disability, and more frequently complicated with cervical spinal cord lesions. SCA might be predictive of the more severe neurologic dysfunction and worse prognosis in NMOSD. Inflammation contributes to the development of SCA in NMOSD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanqiang Wang
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Aimin Wu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Xiaoyu Chen
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Lei Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Zhuhai, China.
| | - Yinyao Lin
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Shaoyang Sun
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Wei Cai
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Bingjun Zhang
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Zhuang Kang
- Department of Radiology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Wei Qiu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Xueqiang Hu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
| | - Zhengqi Lu
- Multiple Sclerosis Center, Department of Neurology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, No 600 Tianhe Road, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510630, China.
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28
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Kim SH, Huh SY, Hyun JW, Jeong IH, Lee SH, Joung A, Kim HJ. A longitudinal brain magnetic resonance imaging study of neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108320. [PMID: 25259647 PMCID: PMC4178152 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain involvement is commonly seen in patients with neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOSD). However, little is known about the chronic changes of acute brain lesions on MRI over time. Here, our objective was to evaluate how acute brain MRI lesions in NMOSD changed on follow-up MRI. We reviewed the MRIs of 63 patients with NMOSD who had acute brain lesions and follow-up MRI over an interval of at least 3 months. Of the 211 acute brain lesions, 24% of lesions disappeared completely on T2-weighed images (WI) and a decrease in size ≥50% on T2-WI was observed in 58% of lesions on follow-up MRI. However, 47% of lesions revealed focal T1-hypointensity and, in particular, 18% showed focal cystic changes. Cystic changes were observed most commonly in corticospinal tract and corpus callosal lesions whereas the vast majority of lesions in the cerebellum, basal ganglia and temporal white matter resolved completely. MRI remission on T2-WI occurred in 82% of lesions, while approximately half of the lesions presented foci of T1-hypointensity, which may be considered a severe tissue injury over time. The extent of brain injury following an acute brain lesion in NMOSD may depend on the location of the lesion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - So-Young Huh
- Department of Neurology, Kosin University School of Medicine, Busan, Korea
| | - Jae-Won Hyun
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - In Hye Jeong
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Sang Hyun Lee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - AeRan Joung
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
| | - Ho Jin Kim
- Department of Neurology, Research Institute and Hospital of National Cancer Center, Goyang, Korea
- * E-mail:
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29
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Barnett Y, Sutton IJ, Ghadiri M, Masters L, Zivadinov R, Barnett MH. Conventional and advanced imaging in neuromyelitis optica. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2014; 35:1458-66. [PMID: 23764723 DOI: 10.3174/ajnr.a3592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Myelitis and optic neuritis are prototypic clinical presentations of both multiple sclerosis and neuromyelitis optica. Once considered a subtype of multiple sclerosis, neuromyelitis optica, is now known to have a discrete pathogenesis in which antibodies to the water channel, aquaporin 4, play a critical role. Timely differentiation of neuromyelitis optica from MS is imperative, determining both prognosis and treatment strategy. Early, aggressive immunosuppression is required to prevent the accrual of severe disability in neuromyelitis optica; conversely, MS-specific therapies may exacerbate the disease. The diagnosis of neuromyelitis optica requires the integration of clinical, MR imaging, and laboratory data, but current criteria are insensitive and exclude patients with limited clinical syndromes. Failure to recognize the expanding spectrum of cerebral MR imaging patterns associated with aquaporin 4 antibody seropositivity adds to diagnostic uncertainty in some patients. We present the state of the art in conventional and nonconventional MR imaging in neuromyelitis optica and review the place of neuroimaging in the diagnosis, management, and research of the condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Barnett
- From the Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (Y.B., M.H.B.), Sydney, AustraliaBrain and Mind Research Institute (Y.B., M.G., L.M., M.H.B.), University of Sydney, Sydney, AustraliaDepartment of Medical Imaging and Neurology (Y.B., I.J.S.), St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - I J Sutton
- Department of Medical Imaging and Neurology (Y.B., I.J.S.), St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - M Ghadiri
- Brain and Mind Research Institute (Y.B., M.G., L.M., M.H.B.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - L Masters
- Brain and Mind Research Institute (Y.B., M.G., L.M., M.H.B.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - R Zivadinov
- Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center (R.Z.), Department of Neurology, University of Buffalo, Buffalo, New York
| | - M H Barnett
- From the Sydney Neuroimaging Analysis Centre (Y.B., M.H.B.), Sydney, AustraliaBrain and Mind Research Institute (Y.B., M.G., L.M., M.H.B.), University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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30
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Jarius S, Wildemann B, Paul F. Neuromyelitis optica: clinical features, immunopathogenesis and treatment. Clin Exp Immunol 2014; 176:149-64. [PMID: 24666204 DOI: 10.1111/cei.12271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 237] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The term 'neuromyelitis optica' ('Devic's syndrome', NMO) refers to a syndrome characterized by optic neuritis and myelitis. In recent years, the condition has raised enormous interest among scientists and clinical neurologists, fuelled by the detection of a specific serum immunoglobulin (Ig)G reactivity (NMO-IgG) in up to 80% of patients with NMO. These autoantibodies were later shown to target aquaporin-4 (AQP4), the most abundant water channel in the central nervous system (CNS). Here we give an up-to-date overview of the clinical and paraclinical features, immunopathogenesis and treatment of NMO. We discuss the widening clinical spectrum of AQP4-related autoimmunity, the role of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and new diagnostic means such as optical coherence tomography in the diagnosis of NMO, the role of NMO-IgG, T cells and granulocytes in the pathophysiology of NMO, and outline prospects for new and emerging therapies for this rare, but often devastating condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Jarius
- Molecular Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, University of Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany
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31
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Cobo-Calvo Á, Alentorn A, Mañé Martínez MA, Bau L, Matas E, Bruna J, Romero-Pinel L, Martínez-Yélamos S. Etiologic spectrum and prognosis of longitudinally extensive transverse myelopathies. Eur Neurol 2014; 72:86-94. [PMID: 24942967 DOI: 10.1159/000358512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with a first episode of longitudinal extensive transverse myelopathy (LETM) were reviewed with two objectives: to evaluate the clinical spectrum of LETM and to analyze the related clinical and laboratory variables that can be used as functional prognostic markers. METHODS A retrospective review was conducted of clinical, radiologic and biochemical data of patients admitted for LETM between 1993 and 2011. RESULTS Our cohort included 72 patients [median age 41 years, interquartile range (IQR) 29-61.5]. Median follow-up was 34 months (IQR 17.2-63). The modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score was ≥2 at the end of follow-up in 72.2%. The final diagnosis was idiopathic LETM in 22 patients, multiple sclerosis in 18, parainfectious disease in 11, systemic disease in 9, spinal cord infarction and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders in 3 patients each, and acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis, dural fistula, and tumor-related LETM in 2 patients each. Unfavorable outcome was associated with mRS ≥2 at admission [odds ratio (OR) 1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.16-1.66] and older age (OR 1.06, 95% CI 1.01-1.11). CONCLUSION Idiopathic LETM was the most frequent diagnosis at the end of follow-up. Older age and clinically severe disease at onset were independent prognostic factors of poorer functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Álvaro Cobo-Calvo
- Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Neurology Department, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge-IDIBELL, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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Adawi M, Bisharat B, Bowirrat A. Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) Complicated by Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO - Devic's Disease): Clinic-Pathological Report and Review of the Literature. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-CASE REPORTS 2014; 7:41-7. [PMID: 24948869 PMCID: PMC4051802 DOI: 10.4137/ccrep.s15177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2014] [Revised: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is usually a relapsing demyelinating disease of the central nervous system associated with optic neuritis, transverse myelitis involving three or more contiguous spinal cord segments, and seropositivity for NMO-IgG antibody. NMO is often mistaken for multiple sclerosis and there are relatively sporadic publications about NMO and overlapping systemic or organ-specific autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). We described a unique case of a 25-year-old Arab young woman who was diagnosed with SLE, depending on clinical, laboratory investigations and after she had fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for SLE and had presented the following findings: constitutional findings (fatigue, fever, and arthralgia); dermatologic finding (photosensitivity and butterfly rash); chronic renal failure (proteinuria up to 400 mg in 24 hours); hematologic and antinuclear antibodies (positivity for antinuclear factor (ANF), anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies, direct Coombs, ANA and anti-DNA, low C4 and C3, aCL by IgG and IgM). Recently, she presented with several episodes of transverse myelitis and optic neuritis. Clinical, radiological, and laboratory findings especially seropositivity for NMO-IgG were compatible with NMO. Accurate diagnosis is critical to facilitate initiation of immunosuppressive therapy for attack prevention. This case illustrates that NMO may be associated with SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Adawi
- Senior Physician Specialist in Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology; North County Health Services (clalit), Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Bishara Bisharat
- Senior Physician Specialists in Family Medicine, Department of Family Medicine; Director of EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Israel
| | - Abdalla Bowirrat
- Professor of Clinical Neuroscience and Population Genetics; Department of clinical Neuroscience - EMMS Nazareth Hospital, Faculty of Medicine in the Galilee, Bar Ilan University, Israel
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Comments on "first-ever optic neuritis: distinguishing subsequent neuromyelitis optica from multiple sclerosis". Neurol Sci 2014; 35:959. [PMID: 24554420 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-014-1688-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavan Bhargava
- From the Department of Neurology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield
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Abstract
Diagnosis of multiple sclerosis (MS) is based on the demonstration of dissemination of lesions in space (DIS) and in time (DIT), as well as on the exclusion of an alternative neurologic disorder. As a paraclinical tool brain and/or spinal cord magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), showing typical lesion morphology, characteristic distribution of lesions, or involvement or specific anatomic structures, can support the diagnosis of MS. But from an imaging perspective a considerable amount of inherited and acquired disorders may manifest with radiologic evidence of DIT, DIS, or both. Hypoxic-ischemic vasculopathy, specially small-vessel disease, inflammatory disorders, vasculitis, and non-MS idiopathic inflammatory disorders, as well as some toxic, metabolic, and infectious disorders, may present mimicking MS on MR examinations and should be included in the differential diagnosis of MS-like lesions. Careful evaluation of associated findings on MRI, the so-called MRI red flags, such as the presence of infarcts, microbleeds, meningeal enhancement, and calcifications among others, are very helpful in suggesting a diagnosis other than MS. Complement MRI findings to patient's history, demographics, and serologic findings are crucial to achieve the correct diagnosis. We will review the most frequent radiologic appearance and differential features from the most frequent MS mimickers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Sánchez Aliaga
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Frederik Barkhof
- Department of Radiology and Nuclear Medicine, VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Trebst C, Jarius S, Berthele A, Paul F, Schippling S, Wildemann B, Borisow N, Kleiter I, Aktas O, Kümpfel T. Update on the diagnosis and treatment of neuromyelitis optica: recommendations of the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS). J Neurol 2013; 261:1-16. [PMID: 24272588 PMCID: PMC3895189 DOI: 10.1007/s00415-013-7169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 397] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO, Devic’s syndrome), long considered a clinical variant of multiple sclerosis, is now regarded as a distinct disease entity. Major progress has been made in the diagnosis and treatment of NMO since aquaporin-4 antibodies (AQP4-Ab; also termed NMO-IgG) were first described in 2004. In this review, the Neuromyelitis Optica Study Group (NEMOS) summarizes recently obtained knowledge on NMO and highlights new developments in its diagnosis and treatment, based on current guidelines, the published literature and expert discussion at regular NEMOS meetings. Testing of AQP4-Ab is essential and is the most important test in the diagnostic work-up of suspected NMO, and helps to distinguish NMO from other autoimmune diseases. Furthermore, AQP4-Ab testing has expanded our knowledge of the clinical presentation of NMO spectrum disorders (NMOSD). In addition, imaging techniques, particularly magnetic resonance imaging of the brain and spinal cord, are obligatory in the diagnostic workup. It is important to note that brain lesions in NMO and NMOSD are not uncommon, do not rule out the diagnosis, and show characteristic patterns. Other imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography are proposed as useful tools in the assessment of retinal damage. Therapy of NMO should be initiated early. Azathioprine and rituximab are suggested as first-line treatments, the latter being increasingly regarded as an established therapy with long-term efficacy and an acceptable safety profile in NMO patients. Other immunosuppressive drugs, such as methotrexate, mycophenolate mofetil and mitoxantrone, are recommended as second-line treatments. Promising new therapies are emerging in the form of anti-IL6 receptor, anti-complement or anti-AQP4-Ab biologicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corinna Trebst
- Department of Neurology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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Neuromyelitis optica in Austria in 2011: to bridge the gap between neuroepidemiological research and practice in a study population of 8.4 million people. PLoS One 2013; 8:e79649. [PMID: 24223985 PMCID: PMC3818238 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0079649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2013] [Accepted: 10/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In 2008 the Austrian Task Force for Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) started a nation-wide network for information exchange and multi-centre collaboration. Their aim was to detect all patients with NMO or NMO spectrum disorders (NMO-SD) in Austria and to analyse their disease courses and response to treatment. METHODS (1) As of March 2008, 1957 serum samples (of 1557 patients) have been tested with an established cell based immunofluorescence aquaporin-4 antibody (AQP4-ab) assay with a high sensitivity and specificity (both >95%). All tests were performed in a single reference laboratory (Clinical Dept. of Neurology of the Innsbruck Medical University). (2) A nation-wide survey with several calls for participation (via email newsletters, articles in the official journal of the Austrian Society of Neurology, and workshops) was initiated in 2008. All collected data will be presented in a way that allows that every individual patient can be traced back in order to ensure transparency and to avoid any data distortion in future meta-analyses. The careful and detailed presentation allows the visualization and comparison of the different disease courses in real time span. Failure and response to treatment are made visible at one glance. Database closure was 31 December 2011. All co-operators were offered co-authorship. RESULTS All 71 NMO- or NMO-SD patients with AQP4-ab positivity (age range 12.3 to 79.6 years) were analysed in detail. Sex ratio (m:f = 1:7) and the proportion of patients without oligoclonal bands in cerebrospinal fluid (86.6%) were in line with previously published results. All identified patients were Caucasians. CONCLUSIONS A nationwide collaboration amongst Austrian neurologists with good network communications made it possible to establish a database of 71 AQP4-ab positive patients with NMO/NMO-SD. This database is presented in detail and provides the basis for further studies and international cooperation in order to investigate this rare disease.
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Modifications of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis and brainstem lesions in the course of neuromyelitis optica (NMO): a population-based, descriptive study. BMC Neurol 2013; 13:33. [PMID: 23566260 PMCID: PMC3622587 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2377-13-33] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) includes transverse myelitis, optic neuritis and brain lesions. Recent studies have indicated that the brainstem is an important site of attack in NMO. Longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) is an important component of the clinical diagnosis of NMO. The frequency of brainstem and LETM lesions, changes over time of LETM and the clinical consequences in the course of NMO have only been sparsely studied. METHODS The study was a population-based retrospective case series with clinical and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) follow-up of 35 patients with definite NMO and a relapsing-remitting course. RESULTS Brainstem lesions were observed in 25 patients, 18 in medulla oblongata (11 in area postrema). Lesions in the pons, mesencephalon and diencephalon occurred in 10, 7 and 7 patients, respectively. Lesions were symptomatic in medulla oblongata and pons, asymptomatic in mesencephalon and diencephalon. Brainstem lesions were observed significantly more often in anti-aquaporin-4 (AQP-4) antibody positive than in seronegative patients (p < 0.002).LETM was demonstrated by MRI of the spinal cord in 30/36 patients, 23/30 of whom had follow-up MRI of the spinal cord. Recurrent LETM was observed in five patients. In nine patients the LETM changed into multiple lesions during remission or treatment. Spinal cord atrophy was observed in 12/23 (52%) patients, correlating to Expanded Disability Status Scale (r = 0.88, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS NMO patients had frequent occurrence of brainstem lesions and LETM. Brainstem lesions were associated with anti-AQP4 antibody positivity. LETM lesions differentiated over time and the outcome included relapses, fragmentation and atrophy. Correlation was observed between spinal cord atrophy and neurological disability.
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Ultrahigh-Field MR (7 T) Imaging of Brain Lesions in Neuromyelitis Optica. Mult Scler Int 2013; 2013:398259. [PMID: 23431447 PMCID: PMC3568863 DOI: 10.1155/2013/398259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Brain lesions are common in neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorder (NMOsd) and may resemble lesions of multiple sclerosis (MS). Objectives. To describe the imaging characteristics of supratentorial lesions in NMOsd on ultrahigh-field (7 T) MRI with special attention to vessel-lesion relationship. Methods. Ten NMOsd patients, all women and all seropositive for NMO IgG, with mean age of 51.3 ± 15.4 years and disease duration of 9.2 ± 6.4 years, were scanned at a 7 T whole-body human MR system with high-resolution 2D gradient echo sequence optimized to best visualize lesions and venous structures, T2- and T1-weighted imaging. Results. In 10 patients with NMOsd, a total of 92 lesions were observed (mean: 9.2 ± 8.8; range: 2-30), but only 8 lesions (9%) were traversed by a central venule. All lesions were <5 mm in diameter, and 83% were located in subcortical white matter. There were no lesions in the cortex or basal ganglia. Two patients exhibited diffuse periependymal abnormalities on FLAIR. Conclusions. Small, subcortical lesions without a central venule are the most consistent finding of NMOsd on 7 T MRI of the brain. Ultrahigh-field imaging may be useful for differentiating between NMOsd and MS.
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