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Poffé C, Robberechts R, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Exogenous ketosis elevates circulating erythropoietin and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload. J Physiol 2023; 601:2345-2358. [PMID: 37062892 DOI: 10.1113/jp284346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training and is crucial to improving performance. Excess training load, however, impedes such beneficial adaptations, yet we recently demonstrated that such downregulation may be counteracted by ketone ester ingestion (KE) post-exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro-angiogenic factors and thereby stimulate muscular angiogenesis during a 3-week endurance training-overload period involving 10 training sessions/week in healthy, male volunteers. Subjects received either 25 g of a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) immediately after each training session and before sleep. In KE, but not in CON, the training intervention increased the number of capillary contacts and the capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange index by 44% and 42%, respectively. Furthermore, KE also substantially increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression both at the protein and at the mRNA level. Serum erythropoietin concentration was concomitantly increased by 26%. Conversely, in CON the training intervention increased only the protein content of eNOS. These data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis during endurance overload training stimulates muscular angiogenesis. This likely resulted from a direct stimulation of muscle angiogenesis, which may be at least partly due to stimulation of erythropoietin secretion and elevated VEGF activity, and/or an inhibition of the suppressive effect of overload training on the normal angiogenic response to training. This study provides novel evidence to support the potential of exogenous ketosis to benefit endurance training-induced muscular adaptation. KEY POINTS: Increased capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training. However, excess training load may impede such response. We previously observed that intermittent exogenous ketosis by post-exercise and pre-sleep ketone ester ingestion (KE) counteracted physiological dysregulations induced by endurance overload training. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro-angiogenic factors thereby stimulating muscular angiogenesis during a 3-week endurance training overload period. We show that the overload training period in the presence, but not in the absence, of KE markedly increased muscle capillarization (+40%). This increase was accompanied by higher circulating erythropoietin concentration and stimulation of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle. Collectively, our data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis may evolve as a potent nutritional strategy to facilitate recovery from strenuous endurance exercise, thereby stimulating beneficial muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Robberechts
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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2
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Bollinger L, Bartel A, Weber C, Gehlen H. Pre-Ride Biomarkers and Endurance Horse Welfare: Analyzing the Impact of the Elimination of Superoxide Dismutase, δ-Aminolevulinic-Dehydratase, Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances, Iron, and Serum Amyloid A Levels in Elite 160 km Endurance Rides. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13101670. [PMID: 37238102 DOI: 10.3390/ani13101670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2023] [Revised: 04/18/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
High elimination rates and concerns for horse welfare are important issues in endurance riding. Improved understanding of the causes of elimination could increase completion rates in this sport. We have identified pre-ride laboratory risk factors that enable an assessment of potential elimination before the ride. A longitudinal cohort study was performed among 49 healthy horses competing in the 160 km endurance ride at the 2016 World Championship of Endurance Riding in Samorin/Slovakia. Blood samples were taken before the event. For statistical evaluation, horses were categorized into three groups: finishers, lame horses, and metabolically eliminated horses. Risk factors were calculated for each group using multinominal logistic regression. δ-Aminolevulinic-dehydratase (ALAD), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARSs), iron, and serum amyloid A (SAA) were measured and did not show an impact on the race outcome, but elevated pre-ride superoxide dismutase (SOD) was shown to have an effect on lameness elimination (p = 0.011). It might serve as an indicator for withdrawing horses at risk of later elimination before endurance rides, ultimately resulting in lower elimination rates and an increase in overall horse welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Bollinger
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
| | - Alexander Bartel
- Institute for Veterinary Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Freie Universität Berlin, Königsweg 67, 14163 Berlin, Germany
| | - Corinna Weber
- Laboklin Veterinary Laboratory Diagnostics, Steubenstrasse 4, 97688 Bad Kissingen, Germany
| | - Heidrun Gehlen
- Equine Clinic, Internal Medicine, Freie Universität Berlin, Oertzenweg 19b, 14193 Berlin, Germany
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3
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Vargas-Mendoza N, Angeles-Valencia M, Morales-González Á, Madrigal-Santillán EO, Morales-Martínez M, Madrigal-Bujaidar E, Álvarez-González I, Gutiérrez-Salinas J, Esquivel-Chirino C, Chamorro-Cevallos G, Cristóbal-Luna JM, Morales-González JA. Oxidative Stress, Mitochondrial Function and Adaptation to Exercise: New Perspectives in Nutrition. Life (Basel) 2021; 11:life11111269. [PMID: 34833151 PMCID: PMC8624755 DOI: 10.3390/life11111269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/13/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cells have the ability to adapt to stressful environments as a part of their evolution. Physical exercise induces an increase of a demand for energy that must be met by mitochondria as the main (ATP) provider. However, this process leads to the increase of free radicals and the so-called reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are necessary for the maintenance of cell signaling and homeostasis. In addition, mitochondrial biogenesis is influenced by exercise in continuous crosstalk between the mitochondria and the nuclear genome. Excessive workloads may induce severe mitochondrial stress, resulting in oxidative damage. In this regard, the objective of this work was to provide a general overview of the molecular mechanisms involved in mitochondrial adaptation during exercise and to understand if some nutrients such as antioxidants may be implicated in blunt adaptation and/or an impact on the performance of exercise by different means.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy Vargas-Mendoza
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Marcelo Angeles-Valencia
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Ángel Morales-González
- Escuela Superior de Cómputo, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Juan de Dios Bátiz s/n Esquina Miguel Othón de Mendizabal, Unidad Profesional Adolfo López Mateos, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (Á.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
| | - Eduardo Osiris Madrigal-Santillán
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
| | - Mauricio Morales-Martínez
- Licenciatura en Nutrición, Universidad Intercontinental, Insurgentes Sur 4303, Santa Úrsula Xitla, Alcaldía Tlalpan, Ciudad de México 14420, Mexico;
| | - Eduardo Madrigal-Bujaidar
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - Isela Álvarez-González
- Laboratorio de Genética, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Profesional A. López Mateos, Av. Wilfrido Massieu, Col., Lindavista, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (E.M.-B.); (I.Á.-G.)
| | - José Gutiérrez-Salinas
- Laboratorio de Bioquímica y Medicina Experimental, Centro Médico Nacional “20 de Noviembre”, ISSSTE, Ciudad de México 03229, Mexico;
| | - César Esquivel-Chirino
- Área de Básicas Médicas, División de Estudios Profesionales, Facultad de Odontología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México 04510, Mexico;
| | - Germán Chamorro-Cevallos
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-L.)
| | - José Melesio Cristóbal-Luna
- Laboratorio de Toxicología Preclínica, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biológicas, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Av. Wilfrido Massieu 399, Col. Nueva Industrial Vallejo, Del. Gustavo A. Madero, Ciudad de México 07738, Mexico; (G.C.-C.); (J.M.C.-L.)
| | - José A. Morales-González
- Laboratorio de Medicina de Conservación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis y Díaz Mirón, Col. Casco de Santo Tomás, Del. Miguel Hidalgo, Ciudad de México 11340, Mexico; (N.V.-M.); (M.A.-V.); (E.O.M.-S.)
- Correspondence: (Á.M.-G.); (J.A.M.-G.); Tel.: +52-55-5729-6300 (Á.M.-G. & J.A.M.-G.)
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4
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Effects of different lengths of high-intensity interval training microcycles on the systemic and hippocampal inflammatory state and antioxidant balance of immature rats. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:5003-5011. [PMID: 34165767 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06484-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of evidence on the effects of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) microcycle duration on the antioxidant capacity and hippocampal inflammatory response of young (immature) samples. This study compared two HIIT microcycles lengths on adaptation to training, antioxidant balance, and systemic and hippocampal inflammation in immature rats. Twenty-four immature Wistar rats (27 days) were equally divided into groups: control; 4-day HIIT (3 training days + 1 rest day); and 7-day HIIT (6 training days + 1 rest day). Both microcycles of 4 and 7 days were 28 days of training (37-38 m min-1). Running performance improved in all training groups compared to controls (P < 0.05). However, the 7-day HIIT group statistically increased serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) compared to the control and 4-day HIIT groups (P < 0.05). The total serum antioxidant capacity in the 7-day HIIT group was statistically lower than in the control group (P < 0.05). There was no statistical difference for the analysis of serum malondialdehyde between the groups. The hippocampal gene expression of IL-6, IL-1β, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha in the training groups was statistically higher than in the control group (P = 0.01), with no significant difference between the 4-day HIIT and 7-day HIIT groups. We concluded that HIIT microcycles with a longer duration decrease the antioxidant capacity and increase the systematic and hippocampal inflammation. Thus, we suggest using short HIIT microcycles for young (immature) groups due to improved running performance with less inflammatory and antioxidant changes.
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5
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Bellinger P. Functional Overreaching in Endurance Athletes: A Necessity or Cause for Concern? Sports Med 2021; 50:1059-1073. [PMID: 32064575 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-020-01269-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
There are variable responses to short-term periods of increased training load in endurance athletes, whereby some athletes improve without deleterious effects on performance, while others show diminished exercise performance for a period of days to months. The time course of the decrement in performance and subsequent restoration, or super compensation, has been used to distinguish between the different stages of the fitness-fatigue adaptive continuum termed functional overreaching (FOR), non-functional overreaching (NFOR) or overtraining syndrome. The short-term transient training-induced decrements in performance elicited by increases in training load (i.e. FOR) are thought be a sufficient and necessary component of a training program and are often deliberately induced in training to promote meaningful physiological adaptations and performance super-compensation. Despite the supposition that deliberately inducing FOR in athletes may be necessary to achieve performance super-compensation, FOR has been associated with various negative cardiovascular, hormonal and metabolic consequences. Furthermore, recent studies have demonstrated dampened training and performance adaptations in FOR athletes compared to non-overreached athletes who completed the same training program or the same relative increase in training load. However, this is not always the case and a number of studies have also demonstrated substantial performance super-compensation in athletes who were classified as being FOR. It is possible that there are a number of contextual factors that may influence the metabolic consequences associated with FOR and classifying this training-induced state of fatigue based purely on a decrement in performance may be an oversimplification. Here, the most recent research on FOR in endurance athletes will be critically evaluated to determine (1) if there is sufficient evidence to indicate that inducing a state of FOR is necessary and required to induce a performance super-compensation; (2) the metabolic consequences that are associated with FOR; (3) strategies that may prevent the negative consequences of overreaching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip Bellinger
- Griffith Sports Physiology and Performance, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia. .,Menzies Health Institute Queensland, Griffith University, Gold Coast, QLD, Australia.
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6
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Cheng AJ, Jude B, Lanner JT. Intramuscular mechanisms of overtraining. Redox Biol 2020; 35:101480. [PMID: 32179050 PMCID: PMC7284919 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Strenuous exercise is a potent stimulus to induce beneficial skeletal muscle adaptations, ranging from increased endurance due to mitochondrial biogenesis and angiogenesis, to increased strength from hypertrophy. While exercise is necessary to trigger and stimulate muscle adaptations, the post-exercise recovery period is equally critical in providing sufficient time for metabolic and structural adaptations to occur within skeletal muscle. These cyclical periods between exhausting exercise and recovery form the basis of any effective exercise training prescription to improve muscle endurance and strength. However, imbalance between the fatigue induced from intense training/competitions, and inadequate post-exercise/competition recovery periods can lead to a decline in physical performance. In fact, prolonged periods of this imbalance may eventually lead to extended periods of performance impairment, referred to as the state of overreaching that may progress into overtraining syndrome (OTS). OTS may have devastating implications on an athlete's career and the purpose of this review is to discuss potential underlying mechanisms that may contribute to exercise-induced OTS in skeletal muscle. First, we discuss the conditions that lead to OTS, and their potential contributions to impaired skeletal muscle function. Then we assess the evidence to support or refute the major proposed mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle weakness in OTS: 1) glycogen depletion hypothesis, 2) muscle damage hypothesis, 3) inflammation hypothesis, and 4) the oxidative stress hypothesis. Current data implicates reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS) and inflammatory pathways as the most likely mechanisms contributing to OTS in skeletal muscle. Finally, we allude to potential interventions that can mitigate OTS in skeletal muscle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arthur J Cheng
- York University, Faculty of Health/ School of Kinesiology and Health Sciences, Muscle Health Research Centre/ Muscle Calcium Dynamics Lab, 351 Farquharson Life Sciences Building, Toronto, M3J 1P3, Canada
| | - Baptiste Jude
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology laboratory, Biomedicum C5, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johanna T Lanner
- Karolinska Institutet, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Molecular Muscle Physiology and Pathophysiology laboratory, Biomedicum C5, 17177, Stockholm, Sweden.
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7
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Ríos-Kristjánsson JG, Rizo-Roca D, Kristjánsdóttir KM, Núñez-Espinosa CA, Torrella JR, Pagès T, Viscor G. A three-criteria performance score for rats exercising on a running treadmill. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219167. [PMID: 31287828 PMCID: PMC6615608 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we propose a novel three-criteria performance score to semiquantitatively classify the running style, the degree of involvement and compliance and the validity of electric shock count for rats exercising on a treadmill. Each score criterion has several style-marks that are based on the observational registry of male Sprague-Dawley rats running for 4-7 weeks. Each mark was given a score value that was averaged throughout a session-registry and resulting in a session score for each criterion, ranging from "0" score for a hypothetical "worst runner", to score "1" for a hypothetical "perfect runner" rat. We found significant differences throughout a training program, thus providing evidence of sufficient sensitivity of this score to reflect the individual evolution of performance improvement in exercise capacity due to training. We hypothesize that this score could be correlated with other physiological or metabolic parameters, thus refining research results and further helping researchers to reduce the number of experimental subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - David Rizo-Roca
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Karen Mist Kristjánsdóttir
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- Department of Biotechnology and Chemical Engineering, Aarhus University School of Engineering, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Cristian Andrés Núñez-Espinosa
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- School of Medicine, University of Magallanes, Casilla, Punta Arenas, Chile
| | - Joan Ramon Torrella
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Teresa Pagès
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ginés Viscor
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology & Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail:
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8
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Boldt KR, Rios JL, Joumaa V, Herzog W. Force properties of skinned cardiac muscle following increasing volumes of aerobic exercise in rats. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 125:495-503. [PMID: 29722623 PMCID: PMC6139514 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00631.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The positive effects of chronic endurance exercise training on health and performance have been well documented. These positive effects have been evaluated primarily at the structural level, and work has begun to evaluate mechanical adaptations of the myocardium. However, it remains poorly understood how the volume of exercise training affects cardiac adaptation. To gain some understanding, we subjected 3-mo-old Sprague-Dawley rats ( n = 23) to treadmill running for 11 wk at one of three exercise volumes (moderate, high, and extra high). Following training, hearts were excised and mechanical testing was completed on skinned trabecular fiber bundles. Performance on a maximal fitness test was dose dependent on training volume, where greater levels of training led to greater performance. No differences were observed between animals from any group for maximal active stress and passive stress at a sarcomere length of 2.2 µm. Heart mass and passive stress at sarcomere lengths beyond 2.4 µm increased in a dose-dependent manner for animals in the control and moderate- and high-duration groups. However, hearts from animals in the extra high-duration group presented with inhibited responses for heart mass and passive stress, despite performing greatest on a graded treadmill fitness test. These results suggest that heart mass and passive stress adapt in a dose-dependent manner, until exercise becomes excessive and adaptation is inhibited. Our findings are in agreement with the beneficial role exercise has in cardiac adaptation. However, excessive exercise comes with risks of maladaptation, which must be weighed against the desire to increase performance. NEW & NOTEWORTHY For the first time, we present findings on cardiac trabecular muscle passive stiffness and show the effect of excessive exercise on the heart. We demonstrated that heart mass increases with exercise until a maximum, after which greater exercise volume results in inhibited adaptation. At paraphysiological lengths, passive stiffness increases with exercise but to a lesser degree with excessive training. Despite greater performance on graded exercise tests, animals in the highest trained group exhibited possible maladaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin R Boldt
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Jaqueline L Rios
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Venus Joumaa
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
| | - Walter Herzog
- Human Performance Laboratory, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
- Faculty of Kinesiology, University of Calgary , Calgary, Alberta , Canada
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9
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Kartiko BH, Siswanto FM. Overtraining elevates serum protease level, increases renal p16INK4α gene expression and induces apoptosis in rat kidney. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-018-0433-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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10
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da Rocha AL, Pereira BC, Teixeira GR, Pinto AP, Frantz FG, Elias LLK, Lira FS, Pauli JR, Cintra DE, Ropelle ER, de Moura LP, Mekary RA, de Freitas EC, da Silva ASR. Treadmill Slope Modulates Inflammation, Fiber Type Composition, Androgen, and Glucocorticoid Receptors in the Skeletal Muscle of Overtrained Mice. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1378. [PMID: 29163473 PMCID: PMC5669301 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Overtraining (OT) may be defined as an imbalance between excessive training and adequate recovery period. Recently, a downhill running-based overtraining (OTR/down) protocol induced the nonfunctional overreaching state, which is defined as a performance decrement that may be associated with psychological and hormonal disruptions and promoted intramuscular and systemic inflammation. To discriminate the eccentric contraction effects on interleukin 1beta (IL-1β), IL-6, IL-10, IL-15, and SOCS-3, we compared the release of these cytokines in OTR/down with other two OT protocols with the same external load (i.e., the product between training intensity and volume), but performed in uphill (OTR/up) and without inclination (OTR). Also, we evaluated the effects of these OT models on the muscle morphology and fiber type composition, serum levels of fatigue markers and corticosterone, as well as androgen receptor (AR) and glucocorticoid receptor (GR) expressions. For extensor digitorum longus (EDL), OTR/down and OTR groups increased the cytokines and exhibited micro-injuries with polymorphonuclear infiltration. While OTR/down group increased the cytokines in soleus muscle, OTR/up group only increased IL-6. All OT groups presented micro-injuries with polymorphonuclear infiltration. In serum, while OTR/down and OTR/up protocols increased IL-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor alpha, OTR group increased IL-1β, IL-6, IL-15, and corticosterone. The type II fibers in EDL and soleus, total and phosphorylated AR levels in soleus, and total GR levels in EDL and soleus were differentially modulated by the OT protocols. In summary, the proinflammatory cytokines were more sensitive for OTR/down than for OTR/up and OTR. Also, the specific treadmill inclination of each OT model influenced most of the other evaluated parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alisson L da Rocha
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Bruno C Pereira
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Giovana R Teixeira
- Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - Ana P Pinto
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fabiani G Frantz
- Department of Clinical, Toxicological, and Bromatological Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Lucila L K Elias
- Department of Physiology, Ribeirao Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Fábio S Lira
- Department of Physical Education, State University of São Paulo (UNESP), Presidente Prudente, Brazil
| | - José R Pauli
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Dennys E Cintra
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Eduardo R Ropelle
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Leandro P de Moura
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology of Exercise (LaBMEx), School of Applied Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Rania A Mekary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Business and Administrative Sciences, MCPHS University, Boston, MA, United States.,Department of Surgery, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, United States
| | - Ellen C de Freitas
- School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Adelino S R da Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Ribeirão Preto Medical School, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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11
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Oxidative Stress in Training, Overtraining and Detraining: from Experimental to Applied Research. SERBIAN JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL AND CLINICAL RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/sjecr-2016-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
According to the hormesis theory, the responses of biological systems to stressors in exercise training may be explained by a U-shaped curve with inactivity and overtraining as the two endpoints. Both of these endpoints decrease physiological functions. Markers of oxidative stress may be important parameters for biological monitoring of athletes. Numerous studies have shown that acute exercise has the potential to induce oxidative stress, but regular exposure to an increased level of prooxidants leads to upregulation of the endogenous antioxidative defence system (ADS) of an athlete. Studies that explored the redox state in athletes during the competitive season showed that the antioxidative status changes depending on the training load and training phase. During the training season, a state of fatigue known as overtraining may occur, which results from an excessive training load. Oxidative stress has been suggested as one of the causes of overtraining syndrome. Based on the existing studies, it can be said that a connection exists, but whether oxidative stress is a cause or a consequence of overtraining is yet to be clarified. Furthermore, detraining (training reduction or cessation) leads to a partial or complete loss of training-induced anatomical, physiological and performance adaptations; therefore, it seems reasonable to assume that changes in ADS are also reversible.
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Stanojevic D, Jakovljevic V, Barudzic N, Zivkovic V, Srejovic I, Parezanovic Ilic K, Cubrilo D, Ahmetovic Z, Peric D, Rosic M, Radovanovic D, Djordjevic D. Overtraining does not induce oxidative stress and inflammation in blood and heart of rats. Physiol Res 2015; 65:81-90. [PMID: 26596327 DOI: 10.33549/physiolres.933058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of our research was to evaluate the changes in levels of cytokines and redox state parameters in blood and isolated heart of rats subjected to different swimming protocols. Rats were divided into 3 groups: 1) controls, 2) moderately trained rats that during all 12 weeks swam 1 h/day, 5 days/week, and 3) overtrained rats that in 10(th) week swam twice, 11(th) week 3 times, and in 12(th) week 4 times a day for 1 h. After sacrificing, blood from jugular vein was collected, and the heart excised and perfused on a Langendorff apparatus. Samples of the coronary effluent were collected during coronary autoregulation. Levels of superoxide anion radical (O(2)(-)), hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)), nitric oxide (NO) and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) were measured in plasma and coronary effluent, while reduced glutathione (GSH), activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) were measured in erythrocytes. Venous blood was also used for interleukin 6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) determination. Moderate training protocol induced the decrease of TBARS in plasma, while both training protocols induced the decrease of O(2)(-) and H(2)O(2) in coronary effluent. There was no significant difference in levels of cytokines between groups. The results of study add evidence about beneficial effects of moderate-intensity training on blood and cardiac redox state of rats, and furthermore, shows that exercising frequently, if the intensity stays within moderate range, may not have detrimental effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Stanojevic
- Special Hospital Merkur, Vrnjacka Banja, Serbia, Faculty of Medical Sciences, University of Kragujevac, Kragujevac, Serbia.
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Zortéa D, Silveira PCL, Souza PS, Fidelis GSP, Paganini CS, Pozzi BG, Tuon T, De Souza CT, Paula MMS, Pinho RA. Effects of phonophoresis and gold nanoparticles in experimental model of muscle overuse: role of oxidative stress. ULTRASOUND IN MEDICINE & BIOLOGY 2015; 41:151-162. [PMID: 25438848 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultrasmedbio.2014.08.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2014] [Revised: 08/20/2014] [Accepted: 08/24/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
The aim of the study described here was to investigate the effects of pulsed ultrasound and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) on behavioral, inflammatory and oxidative stress parameters in an experimental model of overuse. Wistar rats performed 21 d of exercise on a treadmill at different intensities and were exposed to ultrasound in the presence or absence of AuNPs. The overuse model promoted behavioral changes and increased creatine kinase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase activity, as well as the levels of superoxide, nitrotyrosine, nitric oxide, thiobarbituric acid reactive substance, carbonyl, tumor necrosis factor α and interleukin-6. These values were significantly decreased by AuNPs and by AuNPs plus ultrasound. Catalase activity remained unchanged and the glutathione level increased significantly after exposure to AuNPs plus ultrasound. These results suggest a susceptibility to anxiety as well as elevated levels of oxidative stress. However, therapeutic interventions with AuNPs plus ultrasound reduced the production of oxidants and oxidative damage and improved the anti-oxidant defense system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Zortéa
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Paulo C L Silveira
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Priscila S Souza
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Giulia S P Fidelis
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Carla S Paganini
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Bruna G Pozzi
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Talita Tuon
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Claudio T De Souza
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Marcos M S Paula
- Laboratory of Synthesis of Multifunctional Complexes, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Pinho
- Laboratory of Physiology and Biochemistry of Exercise, PPGCS, Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Criciúma, Brazil.
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Pereira BC, Pauli JR, Antunes LMG, de Freitas EC, de Almeida MR, de Paula Venâncio V, Ropelle ER, de Souza CT, Cintra DE, Papoti M, da Silva ASR. Overtraining is associated with DNA damage in blood and skeletal muscle cells of Swiss mice. BMC PHYSIOLOGY 2013; 13:11. [PMID: 24099482 PMCID: PMC3852772 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6793-13-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 10/03/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The alkaline version of the single-cell gel (comet) assay is a useful method for quantifying DNA damage. Although some studies on chronic and acute effects of exercise on DNA damage measured by the comet assay have been performed, it is unknown if an aerobic training protocol with intensity, volume, and load clearly defined will improve performance without leading to peripheral blood cell DNA damage. In addition, the effects of overtraining on DNA damage are unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of aerobic training and overtraining on DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells in Swiss mice. To examine possible changes in these parameters with oxidative stress, we measured reduced glutathione (GSH) levels in total blood, and GSH levels and lipid peroxidation in muscle samples. RESULTS Performance evaluations (i.e., incremental load and exhaustive tests) showed significant intra and inter-group differences. The overtrained (OTR) group showed a significant increase in the percentage of DNA in the tail compared with the control (C) and trained (TR) groups. GSH levels were significantly lower in the OTR group than in the C and TR groups. The OTR group had significantly higher lipid peroxidation levels compared with the C and TR groups. CONCLUSIONS Aerobic and anaerobic performance parameters can be improved in training at maximal lactate steady state during 8 weeks without leading to DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells or to oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells. However, overtraining induced by downhill running training sessions is associated with DNA damage in peripheral blood and skeletal muscle cells, and with oxidative stress in skeletal muscle cells and total blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno Cesar Pereira
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Rodrigo Pauli
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Curso de Pós-graduação em Ciências da Motricidade Humana, Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Lusânia Maria Greggi Antunes
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Ellen Cristini de Freitas
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Mara Ribeiro de Almeida
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Vinícius de Paula Venâncio
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Departamento de Análises Clínicas Toxicológicas e Bromatológicas, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Eduardo Rochete Ropelle
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Curso de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Claudio Teodoro de Souza
- Universidade do Extremo Sul Catarinense, Laboratório de Bioquímica e Fisiologia, Criciúma, Santa Catarina, Brasil
| | - Dennys Esper Cintra
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Faculdade de Ciências Aplicadas, Curso de Pós-graduação em Nutrição, Esporte e Metabolismo, Limeira, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Adelino Sanchez Ramos da Silva
- Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Escola de Educação Física e Esporte de Ribeirão Preto (EEFERP), Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brasil
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Powers SK, Sollanek KJ, Wiggs MP, Demirel HA, Smuder AJ. Exercise-induced improvements in myocardial antioxidant capacity: the antioxidant players and cardioprotection. Free Radic Res 2013; 48:43-51. [DOI: 10.3109/10715762.2013.825371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Gandra PG, Valente RH, Perales J, Pacheco AGF, Macedo DV. Proteomic profiling of skeletal muscle in an animal model of overtraining. Proteomics 2012; 12:2663-7. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201200137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jonas Perales
- Laboratory of Toxinology; FIOCRUZ; Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | | | - Denise Vaz Macedo
- Laboratory of Biochemistry of Exercise (LABEX); UNICAMP; Campinas Brazil
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