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Van der Stede T, Spaas J, de Jager S, De Brandt J, Hansen C, Stautemas J, Vercammen B, De Baere S, Croubels S, Van Assche CH, Pastor BC, Vandenbosch M, Van Thienen R, Verboven K, Hansen D, Bové T, Lapauw B, Van Praet C, Decaestecker K, Vanaudenaerde B, Eijnde BO, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y, Derave W. Extensive profiling of histidine-containing dipeptides reveals species- and tissue-specific distribution and metabolism in mice, rats, and humans. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2023; 239:e14020. [PMID: 37485756 DOI: 10.1111/apha.14020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2023] [Revised: 06/26/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023]
Abstract
AIM Histidine-containing dipeptides (HCDs) are pleiotropic homeostatic molecules with potent antioxidative and carbonyl quenching properties linked to various inflammatory, metabolic, and neurological diseases, as well as exercise performance. However, the distribution and metabolism of HCDs across tissues and species are still unclear. METHODS Using a sensitive UHPLC-MS/MS approach and an optimized quantification method, we performed a systematic and extensive profiling of HCDs in the mouse, rat, and human body (in n = 26, n = 25, and n = 19 tissues, respectively). RESULTS Our data show that tissue HCD levels are uniquely produced by carnosine synthase (CARNS1), an enzyme that was preferentially expressed by fast-twitch skeletal muscle fibres and brain oligodendrocytes. Cardiac HCD levels are remarkably low compared to other excitable tissues. Carnosine is unstable in human plasma, but is preferentially transported within red blood cells in humans but not rodents. The low abundant carnosine analogue N-acetylcarnosine is the most stable plasma HCD, and is enriched in human skeletal muscles. Here, N-acetylcarnosine is continuously secreted into the circulation, which is further induced by acute exercise in a myokine-like fashion. CONCLUSION Collectively, we provide a novel basis to unravel tissue-specific, paracrine, and endocrine roles of HCDs in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaux Van der Stede
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Spaas
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
| | - Sarah de Jager
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Jana De Brandt
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Camilla Hansen
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Stautemas
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bjarne Vercammen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siegrid De Baere
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pathobiology, Pharmacology and Zoological Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles-Henri Van Assche
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Berta Cillero Pastor
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Michiel Vandenbosch
- The Maastricht MultiModal Molecular Imaging (M4I) institute, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Kenneth Verboven
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Dominique Hansen
- BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- REVAL Rehabilitation Research Center, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Heart Center Hasselt, Jessa Hospital Hasselt, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Thierry Bové
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bruno Lapauw
- Department of Endocrinology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charles Van Praet
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karel Decaestecker
- Department of Urology, Ghent University Hospital, Ghent, Belgium
- Department of Human Structure and Repair, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bart Vanaudenaerde
- Department of Chronic Diseases and Metabolism, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Bert O Eijnde
- University MS Center (UMSC) Hasselt, Pelt, Belgium
- SMRC Sports Medical Research Center, BIOMED Biomedical Research Institute, Hasselt University, Diepenbeek, Belgium
- Division of Sport Science, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Poffé C, Robberechts R, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Exogenous ketosis elevates circulating erythropoietin and stimulates muscular angiogenesis during endurance training overload. J Physiol 2023; 601:2345-2358. [PMID: 37062892 DOI: 10.1113/jp284346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2023] [Indexed: 04/18/2023] Open
Abstract
De novo capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training and is crucial to improving performance. Excess training load, however, impedes such beneficial adaptations, yet we recently demonstrated that such downregulation may be counteracted by ketone ester ingestion (KE) post-exercise. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro-angiogenic factors and thereby stimulate muscular angiogenesis during a 3-week endurance training-overload period involving 10 training sessions/week in healthy, male volunteers. Subjects received either 25 g of a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) immediately after each training session and before sleep. In KE, but not in CON, the training intervention increased the number of capillary contacts and the capillary-to-fibre perimeter exchange index by 44% and 42%, respectively. Furthermore, KE also substantially increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS) expression both at the protein and at the mRNA level. Serum erythropoietin concentration was concomitantly increased by 26%. Conversely, in CON the training intervention increased only the protein content of eNOS. These data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis during endurance overload training stimulates muscular angiogenesis. This likely resulted from a direct stimulation of muscle angiogenesis, which may be at least partly due to stimulation of erythropoietin secretion and elevated VEGF activity, and/or an inhibition of the suppressive effect of overload training on the normal angiogenic response to training. This study provides novel evidence to support the potential of exogenous ketosis to benefit endurance training-induced muscular adaptation. KEY POINTS: Increased capillarization is a primary muscular adaptation to endurance exercise training. However, excess training load may impede such response. We previously observed that intermittent exogenous ketosis by post-exercise and pre-sleep ketone ester ingestion (KE) counteracted physiological dysregulations induced by endurance overload training. Therefore, we investigated whether KE could increase pro-angiogenic factors thereby stimulating muscular angiogenesis during a 3-week endurance training overload period. We show that the overload training period in the presence, but not in the absence, of KE markedly increased muscle capillarization (+40%). This increase was accompanied by higher circulating erythropoietin concentration and stimulation of the pro-angiogenic factors vascular endothelial growth factor and endothelial nitric oxide synthase in skeletal muscle. Collectively, our data indicate that intermittent exogenous ketosis may evolve as a potent nutritional strategy to facilitate recovery from strenuous endurance exercise, thereby stimulating beneficial muscular adaptations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruben Robberechts
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Van der Stede T, Blancquaert L, Stassen F, Everaert I, Van Thienen R, Vervaet C, Gliemann L, Hellsten Y, Derave W. Histamine H 1 and H 2 receptors are essential transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans. Sci Adv 2021; 7:7/16/eabf2856. [PMID: 33853781 PMCID: PMC8046361 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abf2856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Exercise training is a powerful strategy to prevent and combat cardiovascular and metabolic diseases, although the integrative nature of the training-induced adaptations is not completely understood. We show that chronic blockade of histamine H1/H2 receptors led to marked impairments of microvascular and mitochondrial adaptations to interval training in humans. Consequently, functional adaptations in exercise capacity, whole-body glycemic control, and vascular function were blunted. Furthermore, the sustained elevation of muscle perfusion after acute interval exercise was severely reduced when H1/H2 receptors were pharmaceutically blocked. Our work suggests that histamine H1/H2 receptors are important transducers of the integrative exercise training response in humans, potentially related to regulation of optimal post-exercise muscle perfusion. These findings add to our understanding of how skeletal muscle and the cardiovascular system adapt to exercise training, knowledge that will help us further unravel and develop the exercise-is-medicine concept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thibaux Van der Stede
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Laura Blancquaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Flore Stassen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Inge Everaert
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Chris Vervaet
- Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Technology, Department of Pharmaceutics, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lasse Gliemann
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Ylva Hellsten
- Section of Integrative Physiology, Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports (NEXS), University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2100, Denmark
| | - Wim Derave
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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Dalle S, Van Roie E, Hiroux C, Vanmunster M, Coudyzer W, Suhr F, Bogaerts S, Van Thienen R, Koppo K. Omega-3 Supplementation Improves Isometric Strength But Not Muscle Anabolic and Catabolic Signaling in Response to Resistance Exercise in Healthy Older Adults. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2021; 76:406-414. [PMID: 33284965 PMCID: PMC7907485 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glaa309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Old skeletal muscle exhibits decreased anabolic sensitivity, eventually contributing to muscle wasting. Besides anabolism, also muscle inflammation and catabolism are critical players in regulating the old skeletal muscle's sensitivity. Omega-3 fatty acids (ω-3) are an interesting candidate to reverse anabolic insensitivity via anabolic actions. Yet, it remains unknown whether ω-3 also attenuates muscle inflammation and catabolism. The present study investigates the effect of ω-3 supplementation on muscle inflammation and metabolism (anabolism/catabolism) upon resistance exercise (RE). Twenty-three older adults (65-84 years; 8♀) were randomized to receive ω-3 (~3 g/d) or corn oil (placebo [PLAC]) and engaged in a 12-week RE program (3×/wk). Before and after intervention, muscle volume, strength, and systemic inflammation were assessed, and muscle biopsies were analyzed for markers of anabolism, catabolism, and inflammation. Isometric knee-extensor strength increased in ω-3 (+12.2%), but not in PLAC (-1.4%; pinteraction = .015), whereas leg press strength improved in both conditions (+27.1%; ptime < .001). RE, but not ω-3, decreased inflammatory (p65NF-κB) and catabolic (FOXO1, LC3b) markers, and improved muscle quality. Yet, muscle volume remained unaffected by RE and ω-3. Accordingly, muscle anabolism (mTORC1) and plasma C-reactive protein remained unchanged by RE and ω-3, whereas serum IL-6 tended to decrease in ω-3 (pinteraction = .07). These results show that, despite no changes in muscle volume, RE-induced gains in isometric strength can be further enhanced by ω-3. However, ω-3 did not improve RE-induced beneficial catabolic or inflammatory adaptations. Irrespective of muscle volume, gains in strength (primary criterion for sarcopenia) might be explained by changes in muscle quality due to muscle inflammatory or catabolic signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastiaan Dalle
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Hiroux
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Mathias Vanmunster
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Walter Coudyzer
- Department of Morphology and Medical Imaging, Faculty of Medicine, Radiology Section, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Frank Suhr
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Stijn Bogaerts
- Locomotor and Neurological Disorders, Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien Koppo
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Belgium
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5
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Blocquiaux S, Gorski T, Van Roie E, Ramaekers M, Van Thienen R, Nielens H, Delecluse C, De Bock K, Thomis M. Corrigendum to "The effect of resistance training, detraining and retraining on muscle strength and power, myofibre size, satellite cells and myonuclei in older men" [Exp. Gerontol., 133, 2020, 110860]. Exp Gerontol 2020; 134:110897. [PMID: 32147251 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2020.110897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Blocquiaux
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tatiane Gorski
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Evelien Van Roie
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Research Group for Neurorehabilitation, Department of Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1501, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Henri Nielens
- Saint-Luc University Hospital and Institute of NeuroScience, System and Cognition Division, UCLouvain - University of Louvain, Avenue Mounier 53, Box B1.53.02, 1200 Woluwe-Saint-Lambert, Belgium
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zürich - Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zürich, Schorenstrasse 16, 8603 Schwerzenbach, Switzerland
| | - Martine Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven - University of Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Box 1500, 3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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6
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Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Reply from Chiel Poffé, Monique Ramaekers, Ruud Van Thienen and Peter Hespel. J Physiol 2019; 597:4679-4680. [PMID: 31468546 DOI: 10.1113/jp278544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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7
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Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Reply from Chiel Poffé, Monique Ramaekers, Ruud Van Thienen and Peter Hespel. J Physiol 2019; 597:4409-4410. [PMID: 31414486 DOI: 10.1113/jp278441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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8
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Poffé C, Ramaekers M, Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Ketone ester supplementation blunts overreaching symptoms during endurance training overload. J Physiol 2019; 597:3009-3027. [PMID: 31039280 PMCID: PMC6851819 DOI: 10.1113/jp277831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2019] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Key points Overload training is required for sustained performance gain in athletes (functional overreaching). However, excess overload may result in a catabolic state which causes performance decrements for weeks (non‐functional overreaching) up to months (overtraining). Blood ketone bodies can attenuate training‐ or fasting‐induced catabolic events. Therefore, we investigated whether increasing blood ketone levels by oral ketone ester (KE) intake can protect against endurance training‐induced overreaching. We show for the first time that KE intake following exercise markedly blunts the development of physiological symptoms indicating overreaching, and at the same time significantly enhances endurance exercise performance. We provide preliminary data to indicate that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) may be a relevant hormonal marker to diagnose the development of overtraining. Collectively, our data indicate that ketone ester intake is a potent nutritional strategy to prevent the development of non‐functional overreaching and to stimulate endurance exercise performance.
Abstract It is well known that elevated blood ketones attenuate net muscle protein breakdown, as well as negate catabolic events, during energy deficit. Therefore, we hypothesized that oral ketones can blunt endurance training‐induced overreaching. Fit male subjects participated in two daily training sessions (3 weeks, 6 days/week) while receiving either a ketone ester (KE, n = 9) or a control drink (CON, n = 9) following each session. Sustainable training load in week 3 as well as power output in the final 30 min of a 2‐h standardized endurance session were 15% higher in KE than in CON (both P < 0.05). KE inhibited the training‐induced increase in nocturnal adrenaline (P < 0.01) and noradrenaline (P < 0.01) excretion, as well as blunted the decrease in resting (CON: −6 ± 2 bpm; KE: +2 ± 3 bpm, P < 0.05), submaximal (CON: −15 ± 3 bpm; KE: −7 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.05) and maximal (CON: −17 ± 2 bpm; KE: −10 ± 2 bpm, P < 0.01) heart rate. Energy balance during the training period spontaneously turned negative in CON (−2135 kJ/day), but not in KE (+198 kJ/day). The training consistently increased growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15), but ∼2‐fold more in CON than in KE (P < 0.05). In addition, delta GDF15 correlated with the training‐induced drop in maximal heart rate (r = 0.60, P < 0.001) and decrease in osteocalcin (r = 0.61, P < 0.01). Other measurements such as blood ACTH, cortisol, IL‐6, leptin, ghrelin and lymphocyte count, and muscle glycogen content did not differentiate KE from CON. In conclusion, KE during strenuous endurance training attenuates the development of overreaching. We also identify GDF15 as a possible marker of overtraining. Overload training is required for sustained performance gain in athletes (functional overreaching). However, excess overload may result in a catabolic state which causes performance decrements for weeks (non‐functional overreaching) up to months (overtraining). Blood ketone bodies can attenuate training‐ or fasting‐induced catabolic events. Therefore, we investigated whether increasing blood ketone levels by oral ketone ester (KE) intake can protect against endurance training‐induced overreaching. We show for the first time that KE intake following exercise markedly blunts the development of physiological symptoms indicating overreaching, and at the same time significantly enhances endurance exercise performance. We provide preliminary data to indicate that growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) may be a relevant hormonal marker to diagnose the development of overtraining. Collectively, our data indicate that ketone ester intake is a potent nutritional strategy to prevent the development of non‐functional overreaching and to stimulate endurance exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Broos S, Malisoux L, Theisen D, Van Thienen R, Francaux M, Thomis MA, Deldicque L. The stiffness response of type IIa fibres after eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage is dependent on ACTN3 r577X polymorphism. Eur J Sport Sci 2018; 19:480-489. [DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2018.1529200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Siacia Broos
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Laurent Malisoux
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel Theisen
- Sports Medicine Research Laboratory, Luxembourg Institute of Health, Strassen, Luxembourg
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Marc Francaux
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Martine A. Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports & Health Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, Faculty of Movement and Rehabilitation Sciences, KU Leuven, Heverlee, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Institute of Neuroscience, Université catholique de Louvain, Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
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De Smet S, D'Hulst G, Poffé C, Van Thienen R, Berardi E, Hespel P. High-intensity interval training in hypoxia does not affect muscle HIF responses to acute hypoxia in humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:847-862. [PMID: 29423544 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3820-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The myocellular response to hypoxia is primarily regulated by hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs). HIFs thus conceivably are implicated in muscular adaptation to altitude training. Therefore, we investigated the effect of hypoxic versus normoxic training during a period of prolonged hypoxia ('living high') on muscle HIF activation during acute ischaemia. METHODS Ten young male volunteers lived in normobaric hypoxia for 5 weeks (5 days per week, ~ 15.5 h per day, FiO2: 16.4-14.0%). One leg was trained in hypoxia (TRHYP, 12.3% FiO2) whilst the other leg was trained in normoxia (TRNOR, 20.9% FiO2). Training sessions (3 per week) consisted of intermittent unilateral knee extensions at 20-25% of the 1-repetition maximum. Before and after the intervention, a 10-min arterial occlusion and reperfusion of the leg was performed. Muscle oxygenation status was continuously measured by near-infrared spectroscopy. Biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis before and at the end of the occlusion. RESULTS Irrespective of training, occlusion elevated the fraction of HIF-1α expressing myonuclei from ~ 54 to ~ 64% (P < 0.05). However, neither muscle HIF-1α or HIF-2α protein abundance, nor the expression of HIF-1α or downstream targets selected increased in any experimental condition. Training in both TRNOR and TRHYP raised muscular oxygen extraction rate upon occlusion by ~ 30%, whilst muscle hyperperfusion immediately following the occlusion increased by ~ 25% in either group (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION Ten minutes of arterial occlusion increased HIF-1α-expressing myonuclei. However, neither normoxic nor hypoxic training during 'living high' altered muscle HIF translocation, stabilisation, or transcription in response to acute hypoxia induced by arterial occlusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Smet
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Chiel Poffé
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Emanuele Berardi
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Movement Sciences, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, 3001, Leuven, Belgium. .,Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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De Smet S, van Herpt P, D'Hulst G, Van Thienen R, Van Leemputte M, Hespel P. Physiological Adaptations to Hypoxic vs. Normoxic Training during Intermittent Living High. Front Physiol 2017; 8:347. [PMID: 28620311 PMCID: PMC5449743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the setting of “living high,” it is unclear whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) should be performed “low” or “high” to stimulate muscular and performance adaptations. Therefore, 10 physically active males participated in a 5-week “live high-train low or high” program (TR), whilst eight subjects were not engaged in any altitude or training intervention (CON). Five days per week (~15.5 h per day), TR was exposed to normobaric hypoxia simulating progressively increasing altitude of ~2,000–3,250 m. Three times per week, TR performed HIIT, administered as unilateral knee-extension training, with one leg in normobaric hypoxia (~4,300 m; TRHYP) and with the other leg in normoxia (TRNOR). “Living high” elicited a consistent elevation in serum erythropoietin concentrations which adequately predicted the increase in hemoglobin mass (r = 0.78, P < 0.05; TR: +2.6%, P < 0.05; CON: −0.7%, P > 0.05). Muscle oxygenation during training was lower in TRHYP vs. TRNOR (P < 0.05). Muscle homogenate buffering capacity and pH-regulating protein abundance were similar between pretest and posttest. Oscillations in muscle blood volume during repeated sprints, as estimated by oscillations in NIRS-derived tHb, increased from pretest to posttest in TRHYP (~80%, P < 0.01) but not in TRNOR (~50%, P = 0.08). Muscle capillarity (~15%) as well as repeated-sprint ability (~8%) and 3-min maximal performance (~10–15%) increased similarly in both legs (P < 0.05). Maximal isometric strength increased in TRHYP (~8%, P < 0.05) but not in TRNOR (~4%, P > 0.05). In conclusion, muscular and performance adaptations were largely similar following normoxic vs. hypoxic HIIT. However, hypoxic HIIT stimulated adaptations in isometric strength and muscle perfusion during intermittent sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Smet
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Paul van Herpt
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Leemputte
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium.,Athletic Performance Center, Bakala Academy, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Vandoorne T, De Smet S, Ramaekers M, Van Thienen R, De Bock K, Clarke K, Hespel P. Intake of a Ketone Ester Drink during Recovery from Exercise Promotes mTORC1 Signaling but Not Glycogen Resynthesis in Human Muscle. Front Physiol 2017; 8:310. [PMID: 28588499 PMCID: PMC5440563 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Ketone bodies are energy substrates produced by the liver during prolonged fasting or low-carbohydrate diet. The ingestion of a ketone ester (KE) rapidly increases blood ketone levels independent of nutritional status. KE has recently been shown to improve exercise performance, but whether it can also promote post-exercise muscle protein or glycogen synthesis is unknown. Methods: Eight healthy trained males participated in a randomized double-blind placebo-controlled crossover study. In each session, subjects undertook a bout of intense one-leg glycogen-depleting exercise followed by a 5-h recovery period during which they ingested a protein/carbohydrate mixture. Additionally, subjects ingested a ketone ester (KE) or an isocaloric placebo (PL). Results: KE intake did not affect muscle glycogen resynthesis, but more rapidly lowered post-exercise AMPK phosphorylation and resulted in higher mTORC1 activation, as evidenced by the higher phosphorylation of its main downstream targets S6K1 and 4E-BP1. As enhanced mTORC1 activation following KE suggests higher protein synthesis rates, we used myogenic C2C12 cells to further confirm that ketone bodies increase both leucine-mediated mTORC1 activation and protein synthesis in muscle cells. Conclusion: Our results indicate that adding KE to a standard post-exercise recovery beverage enhances the post-exercise activation of mTORC1 but does not affect muscle glycogen resynthesis in young healthy volunteers. In vitro, we confirmed that ketone bodies potentiate the increase in mTORC1 activation and protein synthesis in leucine-stimulated myotubes. Whether, chronic oral KE intake during recovery from exercise can facilitate training-induced muscular adaptation and remodeling need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tijs Vandoorne
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Stefan De Smet
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Monique Ramaekers
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Bock
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium.,Laboratory of Exercise and Health, Department of Health Sciences and Technology, ETH ZurichZurich, Switzerland
| | - Kieran Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, University of OxfordOxford, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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13
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Van Thienen R, Masschelein E, D'Hulst G, Thomis M, Hespel P. Twin Resemblance in Muscle HIF-1α Responses to Hypoxia and Exercise. Front Physiol 2017; 7:676. [PMID: 28149279 PMCID: PMC5241297 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1) is a master regulator of myocellular adaptation to exercise and hypoxia. However, the role of genetic factors in regulation of HIF-1 responses to exercise and hypoxia is unknown. We hypothesized that hypoxia at rest and during exercise stimulates the HIF-1 pathway and its downstream targets in energy metabolism regulation in a genotype-dependent manner. Eleven monozygotic twin (MZ) pairs performed an experimental trial in both normoxia and hypoxia (FiO2 10.7%). Biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis before and after a 20-min submaximal cycling bout @~30% of sea-level VO2max. Key-markers of the HIF-1 pathway and glycolytic and oxidative metabolism were analyzed using real-time PCR and Western Blot. Hypoxia increased HIF-1α protein expression by ~120% at rest vs. +150% during exercise (p < 0.05). Furthermore, hypoxia but not exercise increased muscle mRNA content of HIF-1α (+50%), PHD2 (+45%), pVHL (+45%; p < 0.05), PDK4 (+1200%), as well as PFK-M (+20%) and PPAR-γ1 (+60%; p < 0.05). Neither hypoxia nor exercise altered PHD1, LDH-A, PDH-A1, COX-4, and CS mRNA expressions. The hypoxic, but not normoxic exercise-induced increment of muscle HIF-1α mRNA content was about 10-fold more similar within MZ twins than between the twins (p < 0.05). Furthermore, in resting muscle the hypoxia-induced increments of muscle HIF-1α protein content, and HIF-1α and PDK4 mRNA content were about 3-4-fold more homogeneous within than between the twins pairs (p < 0.05). The present observations in monozygotic twins for the first time clearly indicate that the HIF-1α protein as well as mRNA responses to submaximal exercise in acute hypoxia are at least partly regulated by genetic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Evi Masschelein
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Thomis
- Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven Leuven, Belgium
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De Smet S, Van Thienen R, Deldicque L, James R, Sale C, Bishop DJ, Hespel P. Nitrate Intake Promotes Shift in Muscle Fiber Type Composition during Sprint Interval Training in Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2016; 7:233. [PMID: 27378942 PMCID: PMC4906611 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: We investigated the effect of sprint interval training (SIT) in normoxia, vs. SIT in hypoxia alone or in conjunction with oral nitrate intake, on buffering capacity of homogenized muscle (βhm) and fiber type distribution, as well as on sprint and endurance performance. Methods: Twenty-seven moderately-trained participants were allocated to one of three experimental groups: SIT in normoxia (20.9% FiO2) + placebo (N), SIT in hypoxia (15% FiO2) + placebo (H), or SIT in hypoxia + nitrate supplementation (HN). All participated in 5 weeks of SIT on a cycle ergometer (30-s sprints interspersed by 4.5 min recovery-intervals, 3 weekly sessions, 4–6 sprints per session). Nitrate (6.45 mmol NaNO3) or placebo capsules were administered 3 h before each session. Before and after SIT participants performed an incremental VO2max-test, a 30-min simulated cycling time-trial, as well as a 30-s cycling sprint test. Muscle biopsies were taken from m. vastus lateralis. Results: SIT decreased the proportion of type IIx muscle fibers in all groups (P < 0.05). The relative number of type IIa fibers increased (P < 0.05) in HN (P < 0.05 vs. H), but not in the other groups. SIT had no significant effect on βhm. Compared with H, SIT tended to enhance 30-s sprint performance more in HN than in H (P = 0.085). VO2max and 30-min time-trial performance increased in all groups to a similar extent. Conclusion: SIT in hypoxia combined with nitrate supplementation increases the proportion of type IIa fibers in muscle, which may be associated with enhanced performance in short maximal exercise. Compared with normoxic training, hypoxic SIT does not alter βhm or endurance and sprinting exercise performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Smet
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven Leuven, Belgium
| | - Louise Deldicque
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven, Belgium; Institute of Neuroscience, Université Catholique de LouvainLouvain-la-Neuve, Belgium
| | - Ruth James
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - Craig Sale
- Musculoskeletal Physiology Research Group, Sport, Health and Performance Enhancement Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Nottingham Trent University Nottingham, UK
| | - David J Bishop
- Institute of Sport, Exercise and Active Living, Victoria University Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit LeuvenLeuven, Belgium; Department of Kinesiology, Bakala Academy-Athletic Performance Center, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Abstract
PURPOSE Physiological responses to hypoxia vary between individuals, and genetic factors are conceivably involved. Using a monozygotic twin design, we investigated the role of genetic factors in physiological responses to acute hypoxia. METHODS Thirteen pairs of monozygotic twin brothers participated in two experimental sessions in a normobaric hypoxic facility with a 2-wk interval. In one session, fraction of inspired O2 (FiO2) was gradually reduced to 10.7% (approximately 5300 m altitude) over 5 h. During the next 3 h at 10.7%, FiO2 subjects performed a 20-min submaximal exercise bout (EXSUB, 1.2 W·kg) and a maximal incremental exercise test (EXMAX). An identical control experiment was done in normoxia. Cardiorespiratory measurements were continuously performed, and 8-h urine output was collected. RESULTS Compared with normoxia, hypoxia decreased (P < 0.05) arterial O2 saturation (%SpO2) at rest (-22%) and during exercise (-28%). Furthermore, V˙O2max (-39%), HRmax (HR, -8%), maximal pulmonary ventilation (V˙Emax, -11%), and urinary norepinephrine excretion (-31%) were reduced (P < 0.05) whereas HR at rest (25%) and during EXSUB (16%) and V˙E at rest (38%) and during EXSUB (70%) were increased (P < 0.05). However, hypoxia-induced changes (Δ) were not randomly distributed between subjects. Between-pair variance was substantially larger than within-pair variance (P < 0.05) for Δ%SpO2 at rest (approximately threefold) and during exercise (approximately fourfold), ΔV˙O2max (approximately fourfold), ΔHR during exercise (approximately seven- to eightfold), hypoxic ventilatory response (approximately sixfold), and Δ urinary norepinephrine output (approximately threefold). Incidence of acute mountain sickness (AMS) also yielded significant twin similarity (P < 0.05). AMS subjects showed approximately 50% greater drop in urinary norepinephrine and lower hypoxic ventilator response than AMS individuals. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that genetic factors regulate cardiorespiratory responses, exercise tolerance, and pathogenesis of AMS symptoms in acute severe hypoxia. Hypoxia-induced sympathetic downregulation was associated with AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Masschelein
- 1Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM; and 2Physical Activity, Sports and Health Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, BELGIUM
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Van Thienen R, Hespel P. Enhanced muscular oxygen extraction in athletes exaggerates hypoxemia during exercise in hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 120:351-61. [PMID: 26607244 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00210.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
High rate of muscular oxygen utilization facilitates the development of hypoxemia during exercise at altitude. Because endurance training stimulates oxygen extraction capacity, we investigated whether endurance athletes are at higher risk to developing hypoxemia and thereby acute mountain sickness symptoms during exercise at simulated high altitude. Elite athletes (ATL; n = 8) and fit controls (CON; n = 7) cycled for 20 min at 100 W (EX100W), as well as performed an incremental maximal oxygen consumption test (EXMAX) in normobaric hypoxia (0.107 inspired O2 fraction) or normoxia (0.209 inspired O2 fraction). Cardiorespiratory responses, arterial Po2 (PaO2), and oxygenation status in m. vastus lateralis [tissue oxygenation index (TOIM)] and frontal cortex (TOIC) by near-infrared spectroscopy, were measured. Muscle O2 uptake rate was estimated from change in oxyhemoglobin concentration during a 10-min arterial occlusion in m. gastrocnemius. Maximal oxygen consumption in normoxia was 70 ± 2 ml·min(-1·)kg(-1) in ATL vs. 43 ± 2 ml·min(-1·)kg(-1) in CON, and in hypoxia decreased more in ATL (-41%) than in CON (-25%, P < 0.05). Both in normoxia at PaO2 of ∼95 Torr, and in hypoxia at PaO2 of ∼35 Torr, muscle O2 uptake was twofold higher in ATL than in CON (0.12 vs. 0.06 ml·min(-1)·100 g(-1); P < 0.05). During EX100W in hypoxia, PaO2 dropped to lower (P < 0.05) values in ATL (27.6 ± 0.7 Torr) than in CON (33.5 ± 1.0 Torr). During EXMAX, but not during EX100W, TOIM was ∼15% lower in ATL than in CON (P < 0.05). TOIC was similar between the groups at any time. This study shows that maintenance of high muscular oxygen extraction rate at very low circulating PaO2 stimulates the development of hypoxemia during submaximal exercise in hypoxia in endurance-trained individuals. This effect may predispose to premature development of acute mountain sickness symptoms during exercise at altitude.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Schwalm C, Jamart C, Benoit N, Naslain D, Prémont C, Prévet J, Van Thienen R, Deldicque L, Francaux M. Activation of autophagy in human skeletal muscle is dependent on exercise intensity and AMPK activation. FASEB J 2015; 29:3515-26. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-267187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Masschelein E, Puype J, Broos S, Van Thienen R, Deldicque L, Lambrechts D, Hespel P, Thomis M. A genetic predisposition score associates with reduced aerobic capacity in response to acute normobaric hypoxia in lowlanders. High Alt Med Biol 2015; 16:34-42. [PMID: 25761120 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2014.1083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the high inter-individual variability in the sensitivity to high altitude, we hypothesize the presence of underlying genetic factors. The aim of this study was to construct a genetic predisposition score based on previously identified high-altitude gene variants to explain the inter-individual variation in the reduced maximal O2 uptake (ΔVo2max) in response to acute hypoxia. Ninety-six healthy young male Belgian lowlanders were included. In both normobaric normoxia (Fio2=20.9%) and acute normobaric hypoxia (Fio2=10.7%-12.5%) Vo2max was measured. Forty-one SNPs in 21 genes were genotyped. A stepwise regression analysis was applied to detect a subset of SNPs to be associated with ΔVo2max. This subset of SNPs was included in the genetic predisposition score. A general linear model and regression analysis with age, weight, height, hypoxic protocol group, and Vo2max in normoxia as covariates were used to test the explained variance of the genetic predisposition score. A ROC analysis was performed to discriminate between the low- and high ΔVo2max subgroups. A stepwise regression analysis revealed a subset of SNPs [rs833070 (VEGFA), rs4253778 (PPARA), rs6735530 (EPAS1), rs4341 (ACE), rs1042713 (ADRB2), and rs1042714 (ADRB2)] to be associated with ΔVo2max. The genetic predisposition score was found to be an independent predictive variable with a partial explained variance of 23% (p<0.0001). A ROC analysis showed significant discriminating accuracy (AUC=0.78, 95% confidence interval=0.64-0.91) between the low- and high ΔVo2max subgroups. This six-SNP based genetic predisposition score showed a significantly predictive value for ΔVo2max.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Masschelein
- 1 Exercise Physiology Research Group , KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Abstract
Needle biopsies are being extensively used in clinical trials addressing muscular adaptation to exercise and diet. Still, the potential artifacts due to biopsy sampling are often overlooked. Healthy volunteers (n = 9) underwent two biopsies through a single skin incision in a pretest. Two days later (posttest) another biopsy was taken 3 cm proximally and 3 cm distally to the pretest incision. Muscle oxygenation status (tissue oxygenation index [TOI]) was measured by near‐infrared spectroscopy. Biopsy samples were analyzed for 40 key markers (mRNA and protein contents) of myocellular O2 sensing, inflammation, cell proliferation, mitochondrial biogenesis, protein synthesis and breakdown, oxidative stress, and energy metabolism. In the pretest, all measurements were identical between proximal and distal biopsies. However, compared with the pretest, TOI in the posttest was reduced in the proximal (−10%, P < 0.05), but not in the distal area. Conversely, most inflammatory markers were upregulated at the distal (100–500%, P < 0.05), but not at the proximal site. Overall, 29 of the 40 markers measured, equally distributed over all pathways studied, were either up‐ or downregulated by 50–500% (P < 0.05). In addition, 19 markers yielded conflicting results between the proximal and distal measurements (P < 0.05). This study clearly documents that prior muscle biopsies can cause major disturbances in myocellular signaling pathways in needle biopsies specimens sampled 48 h later. In addition, different biopsy sites within identical experimental conditions yielded conflicting results. This study clearly demonstrates that skeletal muscle biopsying per se, at least by causing local tissue inflammation and/or topical deoxygenation, can substantially alter biochemical events happening in needle biopsy specimens sampled at a later day in the same muscle belly. It is crucial to take into account these potential artifacts whenever investigating the cellular mechanisms implicated in adaptation to exercise, recovery, or hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Van Thienen
- Exercise Physiology Research Group - Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, Leuven, B-3001, Belgium
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Deldicque L, Masschelein E, Van Thienen R, D'Hulst G, Hespel P, Thomis M. Acute environmental hypoxia activates autophagy in human skeletal muscle (1167.2). FASEB J 2014. [DOI: 10.1096/fasebj.28.1_supplement.1167.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Masschelein E, Van Thienen R, D'Hulst G, Hespel P, Thomis M, Deldicque L. Acute environmental hypoxia induces LC3 lipidation in a genotype-dependent manner. FASEB J 2013; 28:1022-34. [PMID: 24200883 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-239863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia-induced muscle wasting is a phenomenon often described with prolonged stays at high altitude, which has been attributed to altered protein metabolism. We hypothesized that acute normobaric hypoxia would induce a negative net protein balance by repressing anabolic and activating proteolytic signaling pathways at rest and postexercise and that those changes could be partially genetically determined. Eleven monozygotic twins participated in an experimental trial in normoxia and hypoxia (10.7% O2). Muscle biopsy samples were obtained before and after a 20-min moderate cycling exercise. In hypoxia at rest, autophagic flux was increased, as indicated by an increased microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 type II/I (LC3-II/I) ratio (+25%) and LC3-II expression (+60%) and decreased p62/SQSTM1 expression (-25%; P<0.05), whereas exercise reversed those changes to a level similar to that with normoxia except for p62/SQSTM1, which was further decreased (P<0.05). Hypoxia also increased Bnip3 (+34%) and MAFbx (+18%) mRNA levels as well as REDD1 expression (+439%) and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation (+22%; P<0.05). Among the molecular responses to hypoxia and/or exercise, high monozygotic similarity was found for REDD1, LC3-II, and LC3-II/I (P<0.05). Our results indicate that environmental hypoxia modulates protein metabolism at rest and after moderate exercise by primarily increasing markers of protein breakdown and, more specifically, markers of the autophagy-lysosomal system, with a modest genetic contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Masschelein
- 1Exercise Physiology Research Group, Department of Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium.
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Seys SF, Daenen M, Dilissen E, Van Thienen R, Bullens DMA, Hespel P, Dupont LJ. Effects of high altitude and cold air exposure on airway inflammation in patients with asthma. Thorax 2013; 68:906-13. [PMID: 23821393 DOI: 10.1136/thoraxjnl-2013-203280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Eighteen patients with asthma were evaluated during preparation to climb to extreme altitude in order to study the effects of low fractional inspired oxygen (FiO(2)), prolonged exposure to cold air and high altitude on lung function, asthma control and airway inflammation. METHODS Spirometry and airway inflammation (fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and induced sputum) were studied under different test conditions: hypoxic (FiO(2)=11%) exercise test, 24-hour cold exposure (-5°C) and before, during and after an expedition that involved climbing the Aconcagua mountain (6965 m). RESULTS Forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV(1)) and FeNO values were slightly lower (p<0.04) after 1 h of normobaric hypoxia. FEV(1) decreased (p=0.009) after 24-hour cold exposure, accompanied by increased sputum neutrophilia (p<0.01). During the expedition FEV(1) and forced vital capacity decreased (maximum FEV(1) decrease of 12.3% at 4300 m) and asthma symptoms slightly increased. After the expedition the Asthma Control Test score and prebronchodilator FEV(1) were reduced (p<0.02), sputum neutrophil count was increased (p=0.04) and sputum myeloperoxidase levels, sputum interleukin 17 mRNA, serum and sputum vascular endothelial growth factor A levels were significantly higher compared with baseline. Patients with asthma with the lowest oxygen saturation during the hypoxic exercise test were more prone to develop acute mountain sickness. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to environmental conditions at high altitude (hypoxia, exercise, cold) was associated with a moderate loss of asthma control, increased airway obstruction and neutrophilic airway inflammation. The cold temperature is probably the most important contributing factor as 24-hour cold exposure by itself induced similar effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sven F Seys
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, KU Leuven, , Leuven, Belgium
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Masschelein E, Van Thienen R, Wang X, Van Schepdael A, Thomis M, Hespel P. Dietary nitrate improves muscle but not cerebral oxygenation status during exercise in hypoxia. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2012; 113:736-45. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01253.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise tolerance is impaired in hypoxia, and it has recently been shown that dietary nitrate supplementation can reduce the oxygen (O2) cost of muscle contractions. Therefore, we investigated the effect of dietary nitrate supplementation on arterial, muscle, and cerebral oxygenation status, symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS), and exercise tolerance at simulated 5,000 m altitude. Fifteen young, healthy volunteers participated in three experimental sessions according to a crossover study design. From 6 days prior to each session, subjects received either beetroot (BR) juice delivering 0.07 mmol nitrate/kg body wt/day or a control drink (CON). One session was in normoxia with CON (NORCON); the two other sessions were in hypoxia (11% O2), with either CON (HYPCON) or BR (HYPBR). Subjects first cycled for 20 min at 45% of peak O2 consumption (VO2peak; EX45%) and thereafter, performed a maximal incremental exercise test (EXmax). Whole-body VO2, arterial O2 saturation (%SpO2) via pulsoximetry, and tissue oxygenation index of both muscle (TOIM) and cerebral (TOIC) tissue by near-infrared spectroscopy were measured. Hypoxia per se substantially reduced VO2peak, %SpO2, TOIM, and TOIC (NORCON vs. HYPCON, P < 0.05). Compared with HYPCON, VO2 at rest and during EX45% was lower in HYPBR ( P < 0.05), whereas %SpO2 was higher ( P < 0.05). TOIM was ∼4-5% higher in HYPBR than in HYPCON both at rest and during EX45% and EXmax ( P < 0.05). TOIC as well as the incidence of AMS symptoms were similar between HYPCON and HYPBR at any time. Hypoxia reduced time to exhaustion in EXmax by 36% ( P < 0.05), but this ergolytic effect was partly negated by BR (+5%, P < 0.05). Short-term dietary nitrate supplementation improves arterial and muscle oxygenation status but not cerebral oxygenation status during exercise in severe hypoxia. This is associated with improved exercise tolerance against the background of a similar incidence of AMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evi Masschelein
- Research Center for Exercise and Health, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Research Center for Exercise and Health, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Xu Wang
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ann Van Schepdael
- Laboratory for Pharmaceutical Analysis, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Thomis
- Research Center for Exercise and Health, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
| | - Peter Hespel
- Research Center for Exercise and Health, Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; and
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