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Liu C, Sun X, Peng J, Yu H, Lu J, Feng Y. Association between dietary vitamin A intake from different sources and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease among adults. Sci Rep 2024; 14:1851. [PMID: 38253816 PMCID: PMC10803811 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-52077-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has become an urgent public health issue with high global prevalence, but data on NAFLD are inconsistent. The association of total dietary vitamin A intake with the NAFLD risk was not well documented in previous studies. To explore the relationship between dietary vitamin A intake from different sources and NAFLD risk among American adults. Data were collected from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) from 2007 to 2014. Logistic regression and restricted cubic spline models were used to estimate the relationship between total dietary vitamin A intake and NAFLD risk. 6,613 adult participants were included. After adjusting potential confounders, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of NAFLD for the highest quartile intake of total vitamin A, preformed vitamin A, provitamin A carotenoids were respectively 0.86 (0.69-1.06), 0.97 (0.74-1.28), and 0.78 (0.61-0.99), compared to the lowest quartile. Stratifying gender and age, provitamin A carotenoids intake was inversely associated with NAFLD risk in females and participants aged < 45 years. Dose-response analysis indicated a linear negative relationship between provitamin A carotenoids intake and NAFLD risk. Provitamin A carotenoids intake was inversely associated with NAFLD, especially in women and those aged < 45 years among adult American.
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Affiliation(s)
- Can Liu
- School of Public Health, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
- School of Management, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Xiaona Sun
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Pediatrics, Qingdao Central Hospital, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Haiqing Yu
- Shenzhen Maternity and Child Healthcare Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Jiao Lu
- School of Public Policy and Administration, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yihui Feng
- School of Rehabilitation Science and Engineering, University of Health and Rehabilitation Sciences, Qingdao, China.
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Liao S, Omage SO, Börmel L, Kluge S, Schubert M, Wallert M, Lorkowski S. Vitamin E and Metabolic Health: Relevance of Interactions with Other Micronutrients. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11091785. [PMID: 36139859 PMCID: PMC9495493 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11091785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A hundred years have passed since vitamin E was identified as an essential micronutrient for mammals. Since then, many biological functions of vitamin E have been unraveled in both cell and animal models, including antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, as well as regulatory activities on cell signaling and gene expression. However, the bioavailability and physiological functions of vitamin E have been considerably shown to depend on lifestyle, genetic factors, and individual health conditions. Another important facet that has been considered less so far is the endogenous interaction with other nutrients. Accumulating evidence indicates that the interaction between vitamin E and other nutrients, especially those that are enriched by supplementation in humans, may explain at least some of the discrepancies observed in clinical trials. Meanwhile, increasing evidence suggests that the different forms of vitamin E metabolites and derivates also exhibit physiological activities, which are more potent and mediated via different pathways compared to the respective vitamin E precursors. In this review, possible molecular mechanisms between vitamin E and other nutritional factors are discussed and their potential impact on physiological and pathophysiological processes is evaluated using published co-supplementation studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijia Liao
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Sylvia Oghogho Omage
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Lisa Börmel
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Kluge
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Martin Schubert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Maria Wallert
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
| | - Stefan Lorkowski
- Institute of Nutritional Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Competence Cluster for Nutrition and Cardiovascular Health (nutriCARD) Halle-Jena-Leipzig, 07743 Jena, Germany
- Correspondence:
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Asghari S, Rezaei M, Rafraf M, Taghizadeh M, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ebadi M. Effects of Calorie Restricted Diet on Oxidative/Antioxidative Status Biomarkers and Serum Fibroblast Growth Factor 21 Levels in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Randomized, Controlled Clinical Trial. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14122509. [PMID: 35745238 PMCID: PMC9231395 DOI: 10.3390/nu14122509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 06/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress plays a fundamental role in the development and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). This study aimed to investigate the effects of a calorie-restricted (CR) diet on oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with NAFLD and the potential mediating role of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21) in this regard. This randomized, controlled clinical trial was carried out on sixty patients with NAFLD aged 20 to 60 years with body mass index (BMI) ranging from 25 to 35 kg/m2. Participants were randomly assigned to either the CR diet group (received a prescribed low-calorie diet for twelve weeks, n = 30) or the control group (n = 30). Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, dietary intake, and physical activity data were collected for all participants at baseline and at the end of the trial. Significant reductions in weight, BMI, waist circumference, and serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) were observed in the CR diet group compared to the control group (all p < 0.05). Liver steatosis grade, serum levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and FGF-21, as well as erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities did not show significant changes in the CR group when compared to the controls at the end of the study (p > 0.05). CR diet with moderate weight loss has some favorable effects on NAFLD but was not able to modify oxidative/anti-oxidative status in these patients. Future studies are warranted to target the effects of long-term interventions with a greater weight loss in this patient population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Asghari
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Mahsa Rezaei
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614711, Iran;
| | - Mahdiyeh Taghizadeh
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, Faculty of Nutritional Sciences and Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 141556117, Iran; (S.A.); (M.R.); (M.T.)
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz 5166614711, Iran;
- Cabrini Research, Cabrini Health, 154 Wattletree Rd, Malvern, VIC 3144, Australia
| | - Maryam Ebadi
- Division of Gastroenterology & Liver Unit, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2X8, Canada
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-780-248-1892
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Abdallah AAM, Abdelrahman MM, Attia HMAAS, Hafez A, Anwar Rashed S, Amin YA, Hemdan SB. Decreased Serum zinc, selenium, and vitamin E as possible risk factors of hepatic fibrosis in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutr Health 2022:2601060221103032. [PMID: 35603860 DOI: 10.1177/02601060221103032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUNDS The incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been significantly growing in recent years. Although the pathophysiology of fibrosis progression in NAFLD is not yet known, oxidative stress and inflammation have been known to have a major role in the development of NASH. Understanding the impact of micronutrients in NAFLD could potentially help us better understand NAFLD pathogenesis. AIMS Assessing the serum levels of Zn, Se, and Vitamin E and their relation to the development of hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD patients. METHODS This study included 80 NAFLD patients and 40 healthy controls. All of the patients were subjected to abdominal ultrasound and FibroScan examination (to estimate hepatic fibrosis and steatosis degree), and the serum levels of Zn, Se, and vitamin E were evaluated. RESULTS A statistically significant difference in the serum levels of Zn and Se was observed between the NAFLD group and the control group (P-value = 0.04 and 0.05, respectively). The serum levels of Zn and Se were independently related to the presence of hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD. However, serum vitamin E was not related to the severity of NAFLD. Furthermore, no significant difference in the levels of Zn, Se, and vitamin E was observed between the different groups of NAFLD patients categorized according to the degree of steatosis and the control group. CONCLUSIONS Reduced serum levels of Zn and Se can be considered a possible risk factor for hepatic fibrosis in NAFLD. Deficiency in these micronutrients could play a role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mona Mohammed Abdelrahman
- Tropical Medicine and Gastroenterology Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68889Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | | | - Alshimaa Hafez
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68889Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Anwar Rashed
- Clinical and Chemical Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68889Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Yasser Abdelkarim Amin
- Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68889Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
| | - Shimaa Badawy Hemdan
- Medical Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Medicine, 68889Sohag University, Sohag, Egypt
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Targeting CCN2 protects against progressive non-alcoholic steatohepatitis in a preclinical model induced by high-fat feeding and type 2 diabetes. J Cell Commun Signal 2022; 16:447-460. [PMID: 35038159 PMCID: PMC9411483 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-022-00667-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is an independent risk factor for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) progression and its mediators have not been resolved. In this study, a pathogenic role of cellular communication network factor 2 (CCN2) protein in NASH pathology, was investigated in an established preclinical NASH model. Male wild type C57BL/6 mice received either Chow or high fat diet (HFD) for 26 weeks, with some mice in each group randomly selected to receive low dose streptozotocin (STZ: 3 i.p. injections, 65 mg/kg) at 15 weeks to induce type 2 diabetes. In the final 10 of the 26 weeks mice from each group were administered i.p. either rabbit anti-CCN2 neutralizing antibody (CCN2Ab) or as control normal rabbit IgG, at a dose of 150 µg per mouse twice/week. NASH developed in the HFD plus diabetes (HFD+DM) group. Administration of CCN2Ab significantly downregulated collagen I and collagen III mRNA induction and prevented pro-inflammatory MCP-1 mRNA induction in HFD+DM mice. At the protein level, CCN2Ab significantly attenuated collagen accumulation by PSR stain and collagen I protein induction in HFD+DM. Phosphorylation of the pro-fibrotic ERK signalling pathway in liver in HFD+DM was attenuated by CCN2Ab treatment. Intrahepatic CCN1 mRNA was induced, whereas CCN3 was downregulated at both the mRNA and protein levels in HFD+DM. CCN3 down-regulation was prevented by CCN2Ab treatment. This in vivo study indicates that CCN2 is a molecular target in NASH with high fat diet and diabetes, and that regulation of ERK signalling is implicated in this process.
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Quercetin-loaded on whey protein improves male fertility parameters and atherogenic indices of rats on a western-style diet. J Funct Foods 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2021.104904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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Progressive Liver Fibrosis in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Cells 2021; 10:cells10123401. [PMID: 34943908 PMCID: PMC8699709 DOI: 10.3390/cells10123401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Revised: 11/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic and progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Its global incidence is increasing and makes NASH an epidemic and a public health threat. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is associated with major morbidity and mortality, with a heavy burden on quality of life and liver transplant requirements. Due to repeated insults to the liver, patients are at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma. The progression of NASH was initially defined according to a two-hit model involving an initial development of steatosis, followed by a process of lipid peroxidation and inflammation. In contrast, current evidence proposes a “multi-hit” or “multi-parallel hit” model that includes multiple pathways promoting progressive fibrosis and oncogenesis. This model includes multiple cellular, genetic, immunological, metabolic, and endocrine pathways leading to hepatocellular carcinoma development, underscoring the complexity of this disease.
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Ramai D, Tai W, Rivera M, Facciorusso A, Tartaglia N, Pacilli M, Ambrosi A, Cotsoglou C, Sacco R. Natural Progression of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis to Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020184. [PMID: 33673113 PMCID: PMC7918599 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a chronic and progressive form of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Its global incidence is increasing which makes NASH an epidemic and a public health threat. Due to repeated insults to the liver, patients are at risk for developing hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The progression of NASH to HCC was initially defined according to a two-hit model which involved the development of steatosis, followed by lipid peroxidation and inflammation. However, current research defines a “multi-hit” or “multi-parallel hit” model which synthesizes several contributing pathways involved in progressive fibrosis and oncogenesis. This perspective considers the effects of cellular, genetic, immunologic, metabolic, and endocrine pathways leading up to HCC which underscores the complexity of this condition. This article will provide an updated review of the pathogenic mechanisms leading from NASH to HCC as well as an exploration of the role of biomarkers and screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daryl Ramai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (D.R.); (W.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Waqqas Tai
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (D.R.); (W.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Michelle Rivera
- Department of Internal Medicine, The Brooklyn Hospital Center, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA; (D.R.); (W.T.); (M.R.)
| | - Antonio Facciorusso
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
| | - Nicola Tartaglia
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Mario Pacilli
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Antonio Ambrosi
- General Surgery Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (N.T.); (M.P.); (A.A.)
| | - Christian Cotsoglou
- General Surgey Unit, Department of Surgery, ASST-Vimercate, 20871 Vimercate, Italy;
| | - Rodolfo Sacco
- Section of Gastroenterology, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy;
- Correspondence:
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Uchida D, Takaki A, Oyama A, Adachi T, Wada N, Onishi H, Okada H. Oxidative Stress Management in Chronic Liver Diseases and Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12061576. [PMID: 32481552 PMCID: PMC7352310 DOI: 10.3390/nu12061576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic viral hepatitis B and C and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) have been widely acknowledged to be the leading causes of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. As anti-viral treatment progresses, the impact of NAFLD is increasing. NAFLD can coexist with chronic viral hepatitis and exacerbate its progression. Oxidative stress has been recognized as a chronic liver disease progression-related and cancer-initiating stress response. However, there are still many unresolved issues concerning oxidative stress, such as the correlation between the natural history of the disease and promising treatment protocols. Recent findings indicate that oxidative stress is also an anti-cancer response that is necessary to kill cancer cells. Oxidative stress might therefore be a cancer-initiating response that should be down regulated in the pre-cancerous stage in patients with risk factors for cancer, while it is an anti-cancer cell response that should not be down regulated in the post-cancerous stage, especially in patients using anti-cancer agents. Antioxidant nutrients should be administered carefully according to the patients’ disease status. In this review, we will highlight these paradoxical effects of oxidative stress in chronic liver diseases, pre- and post-carcinogenesis.
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Nakamura A, Zhu Q, Yokoyama Y, Kitamura N, Uchida S, Kumadaki K, Tsubota K, Watanabe M. Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 May Prevent Diet-Induced Nash Through Its Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, and Anti-Fibrotic Activities in the Liver. Foods 2019; 8:E546. [PMID: 31689883 PMCID: PMC6915480 DOI: 10.3390/foods8110546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 10/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/28/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a progressive disease that occurs in the liver. As the number of people with NASH has increased, effective prevention and treatment strategies are needed. Agaricus brasiliensis KA21 (AGA) is a mushroom native to Brazil and is considered a healthy food because of its purported health benefits, including its antioxidant properties. In this study, we focused on the oxidative stress that accompanies the onset of NASH and examined whether AGA can prevent NASH development through its antioxidant activity. We used a mouse model of NASH in which pathogenesis was promoted by dietary induction. Supplementation with AGA attenuated the development of hepatic fibrosis, which is a characteristic feature of late-stage NASH. This effect appeared to be mechanistically linked to an AGA-promoted reduction in hepatic oxidative stress. These results demonstrate a novel role for AGA in NASH prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Nakamura
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Qi Zhu
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Department of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Yoko Yokoyama
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Naho Kitamura
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Sena Uchida
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Kayo Kumadaki
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
| | - Kazuo Tsubota
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Department of Ophthalmology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan.
| | - Mitsuhiro Watanabe
- Systems Biology Program, Graduate School of Media and Governance, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Health Science Laboratory, Keio Research Institute at SFC, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
- Department of Environment and Information Studies, Keio University, Kanagawa 252-0882, Japan.
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Rafiei R, Bemanian M, Rafiei F, Bahrami M, Fooladi L, Ebrahimi G, Hemmat A, Torabi Z. Liver disease symptoms in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 56:85-89. [PMID: 29101772 DOI: 10.1515/rjim-2017-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION It seems that there is a relationship between small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of SIBO among NAFLD patients. METHODS In this descriptive-analytical cross-sectional study, 98 eligible NAFLD patients were evaluated for SIBO using hydrogen breath test (HBT). They were divided into SIBO-positive and SIBO-negative groups. Demographic, clinical, and laboratory data were obtained. RESULTS Based on the HBT, 38 patients (39%) had bacteria overgrowth. There were no significant differences between SIBO-positive and SIBO-negative regarding demographic data and BMI classification (P > 0.05). Biochemical variables, the results of abdominal ultrasound, and liver elastography did not show any significant difference between SIBO-positive and SIBO-negative patients (P > 0.05). Patients with SIBO were found to have higher rates of bloating, while abdominal pain was more prevalent in SIBO-negative patients (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS SIBO is prevalent in NAFLD and associated with bloating in these patients. Further studies are necessary to elucidate if therapeutic manipulation of gut microbiota reduces the risk of NAFLD, fibrosis, and liver cirrhosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahmatollah Rafiei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch,Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahboobeh Bemanian
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch,Isfahan, Iran
| | - Fereshteh Rafiei
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch,Isfahan, Iran
| | | | | | - Giti Ebrahimi
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch,Isfahan, Iran
| | - Ahmadreza Hemmat
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Islamic Azad University, Najafabad Branch,Isfahan, Iran
| | - Zahra Torabi
- Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
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Takaki A, Kawano S, Uchida D, Takahara M, Hiraoka S, Okada H. Paradoxical Roles of Oxidative Stress Response in the Digestive System before and after Carcinogenesis. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11020213. [PMID: 30781816 PMCID: PMC6406746 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11020213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is recognized as a cancer-initiating stress response in the digestive system. It is produced through mitochondrial respiration and induces DNA damage, resulting in cancer cell transformation. However, recent findings indicate that oxidative stress is also a necessary anticancer response for destroying cancer cells. The oxidative stress response has also been reported to be an important step in increasing the anticancer response of newly developed molecular targeted agents. Oxidative stress might therefore be a cancer-initiating response that should be downregulated in the precancerous stage in patients at risk of cancer but an anticancer cell response that should not be downregulated in the postcancerous stage when cancer cells are still present. Many commercial antioxidant agents are marketed as “cancer-eliminating agents” or as products to improve one’s health, so cancer patients often take these antioxidant agents. However, care should be taken to avoid harming the anticancerous oxidative stress response. In this review, we will highlight the paradoxical effects of oxidative stress and antioxidant agents in the digestive system before and after carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Seiji Kawano
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Takahara
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Sakiko Hiraoka
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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Molecular Pathogenesis of Nonalcoholic Steatohepatitis- (NASH-) Related Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:8543763. [PMID: 30228976 PMCID: PMC6136489 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8543763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The proportion of obese or diabetic population has been anticipated to increase in the upcoming decades, which rises the prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and its progression to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Recent evidence indicates that NASH is the main cause of chronic liver diseases and it is an important risk factor for development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although the literature addressing NASH-HCC is growing rapidly, limited data is available about the etiology of NASH-related HCC. Experimental studies on the molecular mechanism of HCC development in NASH reveal that the carcinogenesis is relevant to complex changes in signaling pathways that mediate cell proliferation and energy metabolism. Genetic or epigenetic modifications and alterations in metabolic, immunologic, and endocrine pathways have been shown to be closely related to inflammation, liver injury, and fibrosis in NASH along with its subsequent progression to HCC. In this review, we provide an overview on the current knowledge of NASH-related HCC development and emphasize molecular signaling pathways regarding their mechanism of action in NASH-derived HCC.
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14
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Uchida D, Takaki A, Adachi T, Okada H. Beneficial and Paradoxical Roles of Anti-Oxidative Nutritional Support for Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. Nutrients 2018; 10:E977. [PMID: 30060482 PMCID: PMC6116036 DOI: 10.3390/nu10080977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress is being recognized as a key factor in the progression of chronic liver disease (CLD), especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Many NAFLD treatment guidelines recommend the use of antioxidants, especially vitamin E. Many prospective studies have described the beneficial effects of such agents for the clinical course of NAFLD. However, as these studies are usually short-term evaluations, lasting only a few years, whether or not antioxidants continue to exert favorable long-term effects, including in cases of concomitant hepatocellular carcinoma, remains unclear. Antioxidants are generally believed to be beneficial for human health and are often commercially available as health-food products. Patients with lifestyle-related diseases often use such products to try to be healthier without practicing lifestyle intervention. However, under some experimental NAFLD conditions, antioxidants have been shown to encourage the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma, as oxidative stress is toxic for cancer cells, just as for normal cells. In this review, we will highlight the paradoxical effects of antioxidants against NAFLD and related hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Uchida
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Akinobu Takaki
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Takuya Adachi
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
| | - Hiroyuki Okada
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan.
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15
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Asghari S, Rafraf M, Farzin L, Asghari-Jafarabadi M, Ghavami SM, Somi MH. Effects of Pharmacologic Dose of Resveratrol Supplementation on Oxidative/Antioxidative Status Biomarkers in Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Patients: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Adv Pharm Bull 2018; 8:307-317. [PMID: 30023333 PMCID: PMC6046420 DOI: 10.15171/apb.2018.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 05/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Despite a proposed role for oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), antioxidant approaches have not been sufficiently investigated in human NAFLD management. Resveratrol has been reported to possess a wide range of biological functions, including antioxidant activities. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of resveratrol supplementation on oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with NAFLD. Methods: This randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial was conducted on 60 patients with NAFLD (males and females) aged 20 to 60 years, and body mass index (BMI) of 25-35 kg/m2. Subjects were randomly assigned to receive a daily dose of 600 mg resveratrol (2×300 mg pure trans-resveratrol capsules; n=30) or placebo capsules (n=30) for 12 wk. Fasting blood samples, anthropometric measurements, and dietary intakes were collected for all patients at baseline and at the end of the trial. Oxidative stress was evaluated by measurement of serum malondialdehyde (MDA), oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), and erythrocyte superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities. Changes in the outcomes were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA). Results: Resveratrol supplementation did not significantly affect neither serum MDA, ox-LDL, and TAC levels, nor erythrocyte SOD and GSH-Px activities, compared to placebo group (All P>0.05). Moreover, changes in serum levels of liver enzymes (ALT, AST, GGT, and ALP) were not significant in neither of the study groups (All P>0.05). Conclusion: Resveratrol supplementation did not modify oxidative/anti-oxidative status in patients with NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayyeh Asghari
- Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Maryam Rafraf
- Nutrition Research Center, Department of Community Nutrition, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Laleh Farzin
- Students' Research Committee, Faculty of Nutrition and Food Science, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Asghari-Jafarabadi
- Road Traffic Injury Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.,Department of Statistics and Epidemiology, Faculty of Health, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Seyed-Mostafa Ghavami
- Department of Radiology, Paramedical school, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mohammad-Hossein Somi
- Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases Research Centre, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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16
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Supplementation with Alpha-Tocopherol and Ascorbic Acid to Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease's Statin Therapy in Men. Adv Pharmacol Sci 2018; 2018:4673061. [PMID: 29887885 PMCID: PMC5985129 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4673061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress and inflammation contribute to the pathogenesis and progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), and the control of lipid status by statins may help to stop the progression of NAFLD. We hypothesized that the addition of antioxidant vitamins C and E to atorvastatin therapy is associated with improved serum enzyme antioxidant status. NAFLD-related serum parameters and the activity of antioxidant enzymes, before and after 3 months of treatment, were determined in patients receiving atorvastatin alone or atorvastatin plus antioxidants. Compared to healthy controls, the patients, before receiving therapy, had increased catalase and glutathione reductase, with no significant difference in glutathione peroxidase activity. After the treatment, the levels of all three antioxidant markers were reduced to the same degree in both groups of patients, indicating therapy-induced lower level of reactive oxygen species production and/or improved nonenzymatic antioxidant mechanisms. Both therapies led to the normalization of the serum lipid profile and aminotransferase levels in the patients, but the reduction in CRP, although significant, did not reduce levels to those of the controls. The obtained results favor the notion that therapy with atorvastatin alone is equally efficient during the early stages of NAFLD, regardless of the addition of antioxidant vitamins. This trial is registered with TCTR20180425001.
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17
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Javanmardi MA, Mohammad Shahi M, Seyedian SS, Haghighizadeh MH. Effects of Phytosterol Supplementation on Serum Levels of Lipid Profiles, Liver Enzymes, Inflammatory Markers, Adiponectin, and Leptin in Patients Affected by Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Randomized Clinical Trial. J Am Coll Nutr 2018; 37:1-8. [PMID: 29768109 DOI: 10.1080/07315724.2018.1466739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Considering the high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease and based on the evidence about the role of dietary cholesterol in liver inflammation, and also with regard to the effect of phytosterols on the metabolism of cholesterol, we aimed at exploring the therapeutic potential of phytosterol supplementation against nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. METHOD Thirty-eight patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease were randomly divided into two groups: The phytosterol group (n = 19) received a 1.6-g phytosterol supplement daily and the control group (n = 19) received 1.6 g starch daily as placebo for an 8-week period. Blood samples of all patients were taken at baseline (week 0) and at the end of the study (week 8) for measurement of lipid profiles, liver enzymes, inflammatory markers, adiponectin, and leptin. RESULTS Phytosterol supplementation significantly improved the levels of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha compared to the placebo group. On the other hand, there were no significant differences between the two groups in total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, ratios of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and total cholesterol/high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, gamma-glutamyl transferase, interleukin 6, high-sensitivity C-reactive protein, adiponectin, and leptin. CONCLUSIONS The present study suggested that daily consumption of 1.6 g phytosterols efficiently lowers low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and tumor necrosis factor alpha in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Javanmardi
- a Diabetes Research Center, Health Research Institute, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Majid Mohammad Shahi
- b Hyperlipidemia Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Seyed Saeed Seyedian
- c Research Institute for Infectious Diseases of the Digestive System, School of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
| | - Mohammad Hossein Haghighizadeh
- d Department of Health Statistics, School of Public Health , Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences , Ahvaz , Iran
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Borrelli A, Bonelli P, Tuccillo FM, Goldfine ID, Evans JL, Buonaguro FM, Mancini A. Role of gut microbiota and oxidative stress in the progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease to hepatocarcinoma: Current and innovative therapeutic approaches. Redox Biol 2018; 15:467-479. [PMID: 29413959 PMCID: PMC5975181 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2018.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 01/10/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) represents the most common chronic liver disease in industrialized countries. NAFLD progresses through the inflammatory phase of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) to fibrosis and cirrhosis, with some cases developing liver failure or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Liver biopsy remains the gold standard approach to a definitive diagnosis of NAFLD and the distinction between simple steatosis and NASH. The pathogenesis of NASH is still not clear. Several theories have been proposed ranging from the "Two Hit Theory" to the "Multiple Hit Theory". However, the general consensus is that the gut microbiota, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial damage play key roles in the pathogenesis of NASH. The interaction between the gut epithelia and some commensal bacteria induces the rapid generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The main goal of any therapy addressing NASH is to reverse or prevent progression to liver fibrosis/cirrhosis. This problem represents the first "Achilles' heel" of the new molecules being evaluated in most ongoing clinical trials. The second is the inability of these molecules to reach the mitochondria, the primary sites of energy production and ROS generation. Recently, a variety of non-pharmacological and pharmacological treatment approaches for NASH have been evaluated including vitamin E, the thiazolidinediones, and novel molecules related to NASH pathogenesis (including obeticholic acid and elafibranor). Recently, a new isoform of human manganese superoxide dismutase (MnSOD) was isolated and obtained in a synthetic recombinant form designated rMnSOD. This protein has been shown to be a powerful antioxidant capable of mediating ROS dismutation, penetrating biological barriers via its uncleaved leader peptide, and reducing portal hypertension and fibrosis in rats affected by liver cirrhosis. Based on these distinctive characteristics, it can be hypothesized that this novel recombinant protein (rMnSOD) potentially represents a new and highly efficient adjuvant therapy to counteract the progression from NASH to HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Borrelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Bonelli
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Franca Maria Tuccillo
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | | | | | - Franco Maria Buonaguro
- Molecular Biology and Viral Oncology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori IRCCS "Fondazione G Pascale", 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Aldo Mancini
- Leadhexa Biotechnologies Inc., Belvedere, CA, USA
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Boland ML, Oldham S, Boland BB, Will S, Lapointe JM, Guionaud S, Rhodes CJ, Trevaskis JL. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis severity is defined by a failure in compensatory antioxidant capacity in the setting of mitochondrial dysfunction. World J Gastroenterol 2018; 24:1748-1765. [PMID: 29713129 PMCID: PMC5922994 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v24.i16.1748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2018] [Revised: 02/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To comprehensively evaluate mitochondrial (dys) function in preclinical models of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
METHODS We utilized two readily available mouse models of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) with or without progressive fibrosis: Lepob/Lepob (ob/ob) and FATZO mice on high trans-fat, high fructose and high cholesterol (AMLN) diet. Presence of NASH was assessed using immunohistochemical and pathological techniques, and gene expression profiling. Morphological features of mitochondria were assessed via transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence, and function was assessed by measuring oxidative capacity in primary hepatocytes, and respiratory control and proton leak in isolated mitochondria. Oxidative stress was measured by assessing activity and/or expression levels of Nrf1, Sod1, Sod2, catalase and 8-OHdG.
RESULTS When challenged with AMLN diet for 12 wk, ob/ob and FATZO mice developed steatohepatitis in the presence of obesity and hyperinsulinemia. NASH development was associated with hepatic mitochondrial abnormalities, similar to those previously observed in humans, including mitochondrial accumulation and increased proton leak. AMLN diet also resulted in increased numbers of fragmented mitochondria in both strains of mice. Despite similar mitochondrial phenotypes, we found that ob/ob mice developed more advanced hepatic fibrosis. Activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) was increased in ob/ob AMLN mice, whereas FATZO mice displayed increased catalase activity, irrespective of diet. Furthermore, 8-OHdG, a marker of oxidative DNA damage, was significantly increased in ob/ob AMLN mice compared to FATZO AMLN mice. Therefore, antioxidant capacity reflected as the ratio of catalase:SOD activity was similar between FATZO and C57BL6J control mice, but significantly perturbed in ob/ob mice.
CONCLUSION Oxidative stress, and/or the capacity to compensate for increased oxidative stress, in the setting of mitochondrial dysfunction, is a key factor for development of hepatic injury and fibrosis in these mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Boland
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Stephanie Oldham
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Brandon B Boland
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - Sarah Will
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | | | - Silvia Guionaud
- Pathology, Drug Safety and Metabolism, IMED Biotech Unit, AstraZeneca, Cambridge CB22 3AT, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher J Rhodes
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
| | - James L Trevaskis
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, MedImmune LLC, Gaithersburg, MD 20878, United States
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20
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Alqasim AA, Noureldin EEM, Hammadi SH, Esheba GE. Effect of melatonin versus vitamin D as antioxidant and Hepatoprotective agents in STZ-induced diabetic rats. J Diabetes Metab Disord 2017; 16:41. [PMID: 29021975 PMCID: PMC5622449 DOI: 10.1186/s40200-017-0322-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a serious chronic disease, with multiple complications including hepatopathy associated with imbalance of the oxidative status. The purpose of this study is to observe possible protective effects of vitamin-D and melatonin on glucose profile, antioxidant-oxidant status, lipid peroxidation, and histopathological protection of the liver in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods Eighty three male albino rats were divided into nine groups as follows: G1 (n = 10) Normal control rats; G2 (n = 8) were normal rats treated with melatonin only; G3 (n = 10) were normal rats treated with vitamin D only; G4 (n = 9) were diabetic rats, which received no medications; G5 (n = 8) were diabetic rat treated with insulin only; G6 (n = 10) were diabetic rats treated with melatonin only; G7 (n = 9) were diabetic rats treated with melatonin and insulin; G8 (n = 9) were diabetic rats treated with vitamin D only; G9 (n = 10) were diabetic rats treated with vitamin D and insulin. Two months post treatment, blood was collected to measure: Fasting blood sugar (FBS), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fructosamine (FA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), malondialdahyde (MDA). livers were isolated for histopathological study. Results As compared to normal rats, our results demonstrate that glucose, fructosamine and HbA1c levels is increased in diabetic groups and declined to lesser levels in treated groups. TAC level of diabetic rats is not significantly changed. Vitamin D administration significantly increased TAC while it is not changed with melatonin either in treated or non-treated groups. The liver of diabetic rats shows only mild focal microvesicular fatty degeneration. The liver of diabetic rats treated with insulin shows degeneration of cell edema in the stroma. The liver of diabetic rats treated with melatonin with or without insulin, exhibited marked improvement. The liver of diabetic rats treated with vitamin D with or without insulin, shows degeneration of cells and edema in the stroma. Conclusion Our results demonstrated the beneficial antioxidant effect of vitamin D administration to normal and diabetic rats as compared to melatonin. Nevertheless, melatonin still shows more therapeutic effect on liver cell injury induced by induction of diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulmonim A Alqasim
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Essam Eldin M Noureldin
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sami H Hammadi
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura university, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghada E Esheba
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Umm Alqura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
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Alwahsh SM, Gebhardt R. Dietary fructose as a risk factor for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Arch Toxicol 2016; 91:1545-1563. [PMID: 27995280 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-016-1892-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glucose is a major energy source for the entire body, while fructose metabolism occurs mainly in the liver. Fructose consumption has increased over the last decade globally and is suspected to contribute to the increased incidence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD is a manifestation of metabolic syndrome affecting about one-third of the population worldwide and has progressive pathological potential for liver cirrhosis and cancer through non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Here we have reviewed the possible contribution of fructose to the pathophysiology of NAFLD. We critically summarize the current findings about several regulators, and their potential mechanisms, that have been studied in humans and animal models in response to fructose exposure. A novel hypothesis on fructose-dependent perturbation of liver regeneration and metabolism is advanced. Fructose intake could affect inflammatory and metabolic processes, liver function, gut microbiota, and portal endotoxin influx. The role of the brain in controlling fructose ingestion and the subsequent development of NAFLD is highlighted. Although the importance for fructose (over)consumption for NAFLD in humans is still debated and comprehensive intervention studies are invited, understanding of how fructose intake can favor these pathological processes is crucial for the development of appropriate noninvasive diagnostic and therapeutic approaches to detect and treat these metabolic effects. Still, lifestyle modification, to lessen the consumption of fructose-containing products, and physical exercise are major measures against NAFLD. Finally, promising drugs against fructose-induced insulin resistance and hepatic dysfunction that are emerging from studies in rodents are reviewed, but need further validation in human patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salamah Mohammad Alwahsh
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany. .,MCR Centre for Regenerative Medicine, University of Edinburgh, 5 Little France Dr, EH16 4UU Edinburgh, UK.
| | - Rolf Gebhardt
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry, University of Leipzig, Johannisallee 30, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Novel Action of Carotenoids on Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: Macrophage Polarization and Liver Homeostasis. Nutrients 2016; 8:nu8070391. [PMID: 27347998 PMCID: PMC4963867 DOI: 10.3390/nu8070391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Revised: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common chronic liver disease. It is characterized by a wide spectrum of hepatic changes, which may progress to non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) and cirrhosis. NAFLD is considered a hepatic manifestation of metabolic syndrome; however, mechanisms underlying the onset and progression of NAFLD are still unclear. Resident and recruited macrophages are key players in the homeostatic function of the liver and in the progression of NAFLD to NASH. Progress has been made in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the polarized activation of macrophages. New NAFLD therapies will likely involve modification of macrophage polarization by restraining M1 activation or driving M2 activation. Carotenoids are potent antioxidants and anti-inflammatory micronutrients that have been used to prevent and treat NAFLD. In addition to their antioxidative action, carotenoids can regulate macrophage polarization and thereby halt the progression of NASH. In this review, we summarize the molecular mechanisms of macrophage polarization and the function of liver macrophages/Kupffer cells in NAFLD. From our review, we propose that dietary carotenoids, such as β-cryptoxanthin and astaxanthin, be used to prevent or treat NAFLD through the regulation of macrophage polarization and liver homeostasis.
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El-Lakkany NM, Seif El-Din SH, Sabra ANAA, Hammam OA, Ebeid FAL. Co-administration of metformin and N-acetylcysteine with dietary control improves the biochemical and histological manifestations in rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver. Res Pharm Sci 2016; 11:374-382. [PMID: 27920819 PMCID: PMC5122826 DOI: 10.4103/1735-5362.192487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a burgeoning health problem that affects 1/3 of the adult population and an increasing number of children in developed countries. Oxidative stress and insulin resistance are the mechanisms that seem to be mostly involved in its pathogenesis. This study was conceived in a NAFLD rat model to evaluate the efficacy of both metformin (MTF) and N-acetylcysteine (NAC) with dietary control on biochemical and histologic liver manifestations. Rats were classified into nine groups; normal (I), NAFLD-induced by feeding high-fat diet (HFD; II) for 12 weeks, NAFLD switched to regular diet (RD; III), NAFLD-HFD or -RD treated with MTF in a dose of 150 mg/kg (IV, V), NAC in a dose of 500 mg/kg (VI, VII) or MTF+NAC (VIII, IX) respectively for 8 weeks. After 20 weeks, the rats in group II showed notable steatosis, lobular inflammation, fibrosis accompanied with elevated (P < 0.05) serum alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), gamma glutamyl transferase (γ-GT), cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL, VLDL, leptin, tumor necrosis factor (TNF-α), transforming growth factor (TGF-β1) and hepatic malondialdehyde (MDA) compared with group I. Meanwhile, hepatic superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione GSH with serum HDL, adiponectin were significantly decreased (P < 0.05). These changes were to a less extent in group III. MTF or NAC individually resulted in improvement of most of these biochemical and histological parameters. These improvements were more pronounced in the combined groups VIII and IX versus each drug alone. NAC supplementation concomitant with MTF could be beneficial for the treatment of NAFLD and prevention of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sayed Hassan Seif El-Din
- Department of Pharmacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | | | - Olfat Ali Hammam
- Department of Pathology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
| | - Fatma Abdel-Latif Ebeid
- Department of Pharmacology, Theodor Bilharz Research Institute, Warak El-Hadar, Imbaba, Giza, Egypt
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Abstract
Microsomal triglyceride transfer protein (MTP) is one of the promising targets for the therapy of dyslipidemia and MTP inhibition can lead to robust plasma low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction. Lomitapide, a small-molecule MTP inhibitor, was recently approved by the US FDA as an additional treatment for homozygous familial hypercholesterolemia (hoFH). However, liver-related side effects, including hepatic fat accumulation and transaminase elevations, are the main safety concerns associated with MTP inhibitors. Here, we review recent knowledge on the mechanisms underlying liver toxicity of MTP inhibitors. The contribution of altered levels of intracellular triglycerides, cholesteryl esters, and free cholesterols toward cellular dysfunction is specifically addressed. On this basis, therapies targeted to attenuate cellular lipid accumulation, to reduce risk factors for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) (i.e., insulin resistance and oxidative stress) and to specifically inhibit intestinal MTP may be useful for ameliorating liver damage induced by MTP inhibitors. In particular, weight loss through lifestyle interventions is expected to be the most effective and safest way to minimize the undesirable side effects. Specific dietary supplementation might also have protective effects against hepatosteatosis. Despite that, to date, few clinical data support these therapeutic options in MTP inhibition-related liver damage, such proposed approaches may be further explored in the future for their use in preventing unwanted effects of MTP inhibitors.
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25
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Cichoż-Lach H, Michalak A. Oxidative stress as a crucial factor in liver diseases. World J Gastroenterol 2014; 20:8082-8091. [PMID: 25009380 PMCID: PMC4081679 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v20.i25.8082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 681] [Impact Index Per Article: 68.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Redox state constitutes an important background of numerous liver disorders. The redox state participates in the course of inflammatory, metabolic and proliferative liver diseases. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are primarily produced in the mitochondria and in the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes via the cytochrome P450 enzymes. Under the proper conditions, cells are equipped with special molecular strategies that control the level of oxidative stress and maintain a balance between oxidant and antioxidant particles. Oxidative stress represents an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant agents. Hepatocytic proteins, lipids and DNA are among the cellular structures that are primarily affected by ROS and reactive nitrogen species. The process results in structural and functional abnormalities in the liver. Thus, the phenomenon of oxidative stress should be investigated for several reasons. First, it may explain the pathogenesis of various liver disorders. Moreover, monitoring oxidative markers among hepatocytes offers the potential to diagnose the degree of liver damage and ultimately to observe the response to pharmacological therapies. The present report focuses on the role of oxidative stress in selected liver diseases.
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Herbal medicines for the treatment of nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: current scenario and future prospects. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:648308. [PMID: 24987431 PMCID: PMC4060323 DOI: 10.1155/2014/648308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is a multifactorial disease and has close correlations with other metabolic disorders. This makes its treatment difficult using a single pharmacological drug. Use of plant extract/decoction or polyherbal formulation to treat various liver diseases is very well mentioned in various traditional systems of medicine (Ayurveda, Japanese or traditional Chinese Medicine, and Kampo medicine). Medicinal herbs are known for their multifaceted implications and thus can form an effective treatment schedule against NASH. Till date, several plant extracts, polyherbal formulations, and phytochemicals have been evaluated for their possible therapeutic potential in preventing onset and progression of NASH in experimental models, but clinical studies using the same are sparse. Herbal extracts with antioxidants, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic properties have been shown to ameliorate symptoms of NASH. This review article is a meticulous compilation of our current knowledge on the role of natural products in alleviating NASH and possible lacunae in research that needs to be addressed.
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Mobley CB, Toedebusch RG, Lockwood CM, Heese AJ, Zhu C, Krieger AE, Cruthirds CL, Hofheins JC, Company JM, Wiedmeyer CE, Kim DY, Booth FW, Roberts MD. Herbal adaptogens combined with protein fractions from bovine colostrum and hen egg yolk reduce liver TNF-α expression and protein carbonylation in Western diet feeding in rats. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2014; 11:19. [PMID: 24822076 PMCID: PMC4017828 DOI: 10.1186/1743-7075-11-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/16/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background We examined if a purported anti-inflammatory supplement (AF) abrogated Western-diet (WD)-induced liver pathology in rats. AF contained: 1) protein concentrates from bovine colostrum and avian egg yolk; 2) herbal adaptogens and antioxidants; and 3) acetyl-L-carnitine. Methods Nine month-old male Brown Norway rats were allowed ad libitum access to WD for 41–43 days and randomly assigned to WD + AF feeding twice daily for the last 31–33 days (n = 8), or WD and water-placebo feeding twice daily for the last 31–33 days (n = 8). Rats fed a low-fat/low-sucrose diet (CTL, n = 6) for 41–43 days and administered a water-placebo twice daily for the last 31–33 days were also studied. Twenty-four hours following the last gavage-feed, liver samples were analyzed for: a) select mRNAs (via RT-PCR) as well as genome-wide mRNA expression patterns (via RNA-seq); b) lipid deposition; and, c) protein carbonyl and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). Serum was also examined for TAC, 8-isoprostane and clinical chemistry markers. Results WD + AF rats experienced a reduction in liver Tnf-α mRNA (-2.8-fold, p < 0.01). Serum and liver TAC was lower in WD + AF versus WD and CTL rats (p < 0.05), likely due to exogenous antioxidant ingredients provided through AF as evidenced by a tendency for mitochondrial SOD2 mRNA to increase in WD + AF versus CTL rats (p = 0.07). Liver fat deposition nor liver protein carbonyl content differed between WD + AF versus WD rats, although liver protein carbonyls tended to be lower in WD + AF versus CTL rats (p = 0.08). RNA-seq revealed that 19 liver mRNAs differed between WD + AF versus WD when both groups were compared with CTL rats (+/- 1.5-fold, p < 0.01). Bioinformatics suggest that AF prevented WD-induced alterations in select genes related to the transport and metabolism of carbohydrates in favor of select genes related to lipid transport and metabolism. Finally, serum clinical safety markers and liver pathology (via lesion counting) suggests that chronic consumption of AF was well tolerated. Conclusions AF supplementation elicits select metabolic, anti-inflammatory, and anti-oxidant properties which was in spite of WD feeding and persisted up to 24 hours after receiving a final dose.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ryan G Toedebusch
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | | | - Alexander J Heese
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Conan Zhu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Anna E Krieger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Clayton L Cruthirds
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John C Hofheins
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Joseph M Company
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Charles E Wiedmeyer
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Dae Y Kim
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Frank W Booth
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA ; Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA ; Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Michael D Roberts
- School of Kinesiology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA ; Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO, USA
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Conlon BA, Beasley JM, Aebersold K, Jhangiani SS, Wylie-Rosett J. Nutritional management of insulin resistance in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Nutrients 2013; 5:4093-114. [PMID: 24152749 PMCID: PMC3820061 DOI: 10.3390/nu5104093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging global health concern. It is the most common form of chronic liver disease in Western countries, affecting both adults and children. NAFLD encompasses a broad spectrum of fatty liver disease, ranging from simple steatosis (NAFL) to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), and is strongly associated with obesity, insulin resistance, and dyslipidemia. First-line therapy for NAFLD includes weight loss achieved through diet and physical activity. However, there is a lack of evidenced-based dietary recommendations. The American Diabetes Association's (ADA) recommendations that aim to reduce the risk of diabetes and cardiovascular disease may also be applicable to the NAFLD population. The objectives of this review are to: (1) provide an overview of NAFLD in the context of insulin resistance, and (2) provide a rationale for applying relevant aspects of the ADA recommendations to the nutritional management of NAFLD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth A. Conlon
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Jeannette M. Beasley
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Karin Aebersold
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
| | - Sunil S. Jhangiani
- Division of Gastroenterology and Clinical Nutrition, Department of Internal Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center (Wakefield), 2425 Eastchester Road, Bronx, NY 10469, USA; E-Mail:
| | - Judith Wylie-Rosett
- Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 1300 Morris Park Avenue, Bronx, NY 10461, USA; E-Mails: (J.M.B.); (K.A.); (J.W.-R.)
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