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Zhou X, Zhang C, Yao S, Fan L, Ma L, Pan Y. Genetic architecture of non-syndromic skeletal class III malocclusion. Oral Dis 2023; 29:2423-2437. [PMID: 36350305 DOI: 10.1111/odi.14426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2022] [Revised: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Non-syndromic skeletal Class III malocclusion is a major craniofacial disorder characterized by genetic and environmental factors. Patients with severe skeletal Class III malocclusion require orthognathic surgery to obtain aesthetic facial appearance and functional occlusion. Recent studies have demonstrated that susceptible chromosomal regions and genetic variants of candidate genes play important roles in the etiology of skeletal Class III malocclusion. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of our current understanding of the genetic factors that affect non-syndromic skeletal Class III malocclusion, including the patterns of inheritance and multiple genetic approaches. We then summarize the functional studies on related loci and genes using cell biology and animal models, which will help to implement individualized therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Zhou
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Chengcheng Zhang
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Siyue Yao
- The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, China
| | - Liwen Fan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lan Ma
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yongchu Pan
- Department of Orthodontics, The Affiliated Stomatology Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Jiangsu Province Engineering Research Center of Stomatological Translational Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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Liu H, Müller PE, Aszódi A, Klar RM. Osteochondrogenesis by TGF-β3, BMP-2 and noggin growth factor combinations in an ex vivo muscle tissue model: Temporal function changes affecting tissue morphogenesis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1140118. [PMID: 37008034 PMCID: PMC10060664 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1140118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
In the absence of clear molecular insight, the biological mechanism behind the use of growth factors applied in osteochondral regeneration is still unresolved. The present study aimed to resolve whether multiple growth factors applied to muscle tissue in vitro, such as TGF-β3, BMP-2 and Noggin, can lead to appropriate tissue morphogenesis with a specific osteochondrogenic nature, thereby revealing the underlying molecular interaction mechanisms during the differentiation process. Interestingly, although the results showed the typical modulatory effect of BMP-2 and TGF-β3 on the osteochondral process, and Noggin seemingly downregulated specific signals such as BMP-2 activity, we also discovered a synergistic effect between TGF-β3 and Noggin that positively influenced tissue morphogenesis. Noggin was observed to upregulate BMP-2 and OCN at specific time windows of culture in the presence of TGF-β3, suggesting a temporal time switch causing functional changes in the signaling protein. This implies that signals change their functions throughout the process of new tissue formation, which may depend on the presence or absence of specific singular or multiple signaling cues. If this is the case, the signaling cascade is far more intricate and complex than originally believed, warranting intensive future investigations so that regenerative therapies of a critical clinical nature can function properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Orthopaedics and Traumatology, Beijing Jishuitan Hospital, The Fourth Medical College of Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Heng Liu, ; Roland M. Klar,
| | - Peter E. Müller
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Attila Aszódi
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roland M. Klar
- Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Musculoskeletal University Center Munich (MUM), University Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
- Department of Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO, United States
- *Correspondence: Heng Liu, ; Roland M. Klar,
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BMSC-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Osteoarthritis by Inhibiting Pyroptosis of Cartilage via Delivering miR-326 Targeting HDAC3 and STAT1//NF- κB p65 to Chondrocytes. Mediators Inflamm 2021; 2021:9972805. [PMID: 34764819 PMCID: PMC8577926 DOI: 10.1155/2021/9972805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In the past decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), and noncoding RNAs in exosomes may play a major role. Aim The present study is aimed at exploring the effect and mechanism of miR-326 in exosomes secreted by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) on pyroptosis of cartilage and OA improvement. Methods Exosomes from BMSCs (BMSC-Exos) were isolated and identified to incubate with OA chondrocytes. Proliferation, migration, specific gene and miR-326 expression, and pyroptosis of chondrocytes were detected. BMSCs or chondrocytes were transfected with miR-326 mimics or inhibitors to investigate the effect of miR-326 in BMSC-Exos on pyroptosis of chondrocytes and the potential mechanism. Finally, a rat OA model was established to verify the effect and mechanism of miR-326 in BMSC-Exos on cartilage of pyroptosis. Results Incubation with BMSC-Exos could significantly improve the survival rate, migration ability, and chondrocyte-specific genes (COL2A1, SOX9, Agg, and Prg4) and miR-326 expression of OA chondrocytes and significantly inhibit pyroptosis of chondrocytes by downregulation of the levels of inflammatory cytokines, Caspase-1 activity, and pyroptosis-related proteins such as GSDMD, NLRP3, ASC, IL-1β, and IL-18 (P < 0.01). PKH26 labeling confirmed the uptake of BMSC-Exos by chondrocytes. Incubation with exosomes extracted from BMSCs overexpressing miR-326 can significantly repress the pyroptosis of chondrocytes, while knockdown of miR-326 had the opposite effect (P < 0.01). The same result was also demonstrated by direct interference with the expression level of miR-326 in chondrocytes (P < 0.01). In addition, we found that the overexpression of miR-326 significantly inhibited the expression of HDAC3 and NF-κB p65 and significantly promoted the expression of STAT1, acetylated STAT1, and acetylated NF-κB p65 in chondrocytes (P < 0.01). The targeted relationship between miR-326 and HDAC3 was verified by dual-luciferase reporter assay. Animal experiments confirmed the mechanism by which miR-326 delivered by BMSC-Exos inhibits pyroptosis of cartilage by targeting HDAC3 and STAT1/NF-κB p65 signaling pathway. Conclusion BMSC-Exos can deliver miR-326 to chondrocytes and cartilage and improve OA by targeting HDAC3 and STAT1//NF-κB p65 to inhibit pyroptosis of chondrocytes and cartilage. Our findings provide a new mechanism for BMSC-Exos to treat OA.
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BMSC-derived exosomes from congenital polydactyly tissue alleviate osteoarthritis by promoting chondrocyte proliferation. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:142. [PMID: 33303743 PMCID: PMC7730395 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00374-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely used for the treatment of osteoarthritis (OA), and exosomes may play a major role. Here, we acquired a special kind of MSCs from the bone marrow of surgically resected tissue from the hand of a patient with polydactyly. Experiments were focused on the role of polydactyly bone marrow-derived MSCs (pBMSCs) in osteoarthritis. The results showed that the pBMSCs had a greater ability than the BMSCs to differentiate into chondrocytes. Mechanistically, the expression of BMP4 was significantly higher in the pBMSCs than it was in the BMSCs. Furthermore, we showed that the migration and proliferation of chondrocytes were stimulated by exosomes secreted by pBMSC (pBMSC-EXOs). Notably, the downregulation of BMP4 in pBMSCs by siRNA inhibited both the chondrogenic differentiation potential of the MSCs and the function of the chondrocytes. In addition, the injection of pBMSC-EXOs and BMSC-EXOs attenuated OA in an OA mouse model, but the pBMSC-EXOs had a superior therapeutic effect compared with that of the BMSC-EXOs. Taken together, the data indicate that pBMSCs have greater ability to differentiate into chondrocytes and regulate chondrocyte formation through BMP4 signaling. Therefore, pBMSC-EXOs may represent a novel treatment for OA.
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Svandova E, Anthwal N, Tucker AS, Matalova E. Diverse Fate of an Enigmatic Structure: 200 Years of Meckel's Cartilage. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:821. [PMID: 32984323 PMCID: PMC7484903 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Meckel's cartilage was first described by the German anatomist Johann Friedrich Meckel the Younger in 1820 from his analysis of human embryos. Two hundred years after its discovery this paper follows the development and largely transient nature of the mammalian Meckel's cartilage, and its role in jaw development. Meckel's cartilage acts as a jaw support during early development, and a template for the later forming jaw bones. In mammals, its anterior domain links the two arms of the dentary together at the symphysis while the posterior domain ossifies to form two of the three ear ossicles of the middle ear. In between, Meckel's cartilage transforms to a ligament or disappears, subsumed by the growing dentary bone. Several human syndromes have been linked, directly or indirectly, to abnormal Meckel's cartilage formation. Herein, the evolution, development and fate of the cartilage and its impact on jaw development is mapped. The review focuses on developmental and cellular processes that shed light on the mechanisms behind the different fates of this cartilage, examining the control of Meckel's cartilage patterning, initiation and maturation. Importantly, human disorders and mouse models with disrupted Meckel's cartilage development are highlighted, in order to understand how changes in this cartilage impact on later development of the dentary and the craniofacial complex as a whole. Finally, the relative roles of tissue interactions, apoptosis, autophagy, macrophages and clast cells in the removal process are discussed. Meckel's cartilage is a unique and enigmatic structure, the development and function of which is starting to be understood but many interesting questions still remain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Svandova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
| | - Neal Anthwal
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Abigail S. Tucker
- Centre for Craniofacial and Regenerative Biology, King’s College London, Guy’s Hospital, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Matalova
- Institute of Animal Physiology and Genetics, Academy of Sciences, Brno, Czechia
- Department of Physiology, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Brno, Czechia
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Juthani R, Madajewski B, Yoo B, Zhang L, Chen PM, Chen F, Turker MZ, Ma K, Overholtzer M, Longo VA, Carlin S, Aragon-Sanabria V, Huse J, Gonen M, Zanzonico P, Rudin CM, Wiesner U, Bradbury MS, Brennan CW. Ultrasmall Core-Shell Silica Nanoparticles for Precision Drug Delivery in a High-Grade Malignant Brain Tumor Model. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 26:147-158. [PMID: 31515460 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-1834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 07/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Small-molecule inhibitors have revolutionized treatment of certain genomically defined solid cancers. Despite breakthroughs in treating systemic disease, central nervous system (CNS) metastatic progression is common, and advancements in treating CNS malignancies remain sparse. By improving drug penetration across a variably permeable blood-brain barrier and diffusion across intratumoral compartments, more uniform delivery and distribution can be achieved to enhance efficacy. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Ultrasmall fluorescent core-shell silica nanoparticles, Cornell prime dots (C' dots), were functionalized with αv integrin-binding (cRGD), or nontargeting (cRAD) peptides, and PET labels (124I, 89Zr) to investigate the utility of dual-modality cRGD-C' dots for enhancing accumulation, distribution, and retention (ADR) in a genetically engineered mouse model of glioblastoma (mGBM). mGBMs were systemically treated with 124I-cRGD- or 124I-cRAD-C' dots and sacrificed at 3 and 96 hours, with concurrent intravital injections of FITC-dextran for mapping blood-brain barrier breakdown and the nuclear stain Hoechst. We further assessed target inhibition and ADR following attachment of dasatinib, creating nanoparticle-drug conjugates (Das-NDCs). Imaging findings were confirmed with ex vivo autoradiography, fluorescence microscopy, and p-S6RP IHC. RESULTS Improvements in brain tumor delivery and penetration, as well as enhancement in the ADR, were observed following administration of integrin-targeted C' dots, as compared with a nontargeted control. Furthermore, attachment of the small-molecule inhibitor, dasatinib, led to its successful drug delivery throughout mGBM, demonstrated by downstream pathway inhibition. CONCLUSIONS These results demonstrate that highly engineered C' dots are promising drug delivery vehicles capable of navigating the complex physiologic barriers observed in a clinically relevant brain tumor model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rupa Juthani
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Brian Madajewski
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Barney Yoo
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York. .,Department of Chemistry, Hunter College, The City University of New York, New York, New York
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Pei-Ming Chen
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Feng Chen
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Melik Z Turker
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Kai Ma
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York
| | - Michael Overholtzer
- Cell Biology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York.,BCMB Allied Program, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, New York
| | - Valerie A Longo
- Small-Animal Imaging Core Facility, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Sean Carlin
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | | | - Jason Huse
- Human Oncology & Pathogenesis Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Mithat Gonen
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Pat Zanzonico
- Department of Medical Physics, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Charles M Rudin
- Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
| | - Ulrich Wiesner
- Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York.
| | - Michelle S Bradbury
- Department of Radiology, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York. .,Molecular Pharmacology Program, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York
| | - Cameron W Brennan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sloan Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York, New York.
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Mokuda S, Nakamichi R, Matsuzaki T, Ito Y, Sato T, Miyata K, Inui M, Olmer M, Sugiyama E, Lotz M, Asahara H. Wwp2 maintains cartilage homeostasis through regulation of Adamts5. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2429. [PMID: 31160553 PMCID: PMC6546747 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10177-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The WW domain-containing protein 2 (Wwp2) gene, the host gene of miR-140, codes for the Wwp2 protein, which is an HECT-type E3 ubiquitin ligases abundantly expressed in articular cartilage. However, its function remains unclear. Here, we show that mice lacking Wwp2 and mice in which the Wwp2 E3 enzyme is inactivated (Wwp2-C838A) exhibit aggravated spontaneous and surgically induced osteoarthritis (OA). Consistent with this phenotype, WWP2 expression level is downregulated in human OA cartilage. We also identify Runx2 as a Wwp2 substrate and Adamts5 as a target gene, as similar as miR-140. Analysis of Wwp2-C838A mice shows that loss of Wwp2 E3 ligase activity results in upregulation of Runx2-Adamts5 signaling in articular cartilage. Furthermore, in vitro transcribed Wwp2 mRNA injection into mouse joints reduces the severity of experimental OA. We propose that Wwp2 has a role in protecting cartilage from OA by suppressing Runx2-induced Adamts5 via Runx2 poly-ubiquitination and degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sho Mokuda
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Ryo Nakamichi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Tokio Matsuzaki
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Yoshiaki Ito
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
- Research Core, Research Facility Cluster, Institute of Research, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Tempei Sato
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan
| | - Kohei Miyata
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Masafumi Inui
- Laboratory of Animal Regeneration Systemology, Department of Life Sciences, School of Agriculture, Meiji University, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
- Meiji University International Institute for Bio-Resource Research, 1-1-1 Higashimita, Tama-ku, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, 214-8571, Japan
| | - Merissa Olmer
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Eiji Sugiyama
- Department of Clinical Immunology and Rheumatology, Hiroshima University Hospital, 1-2-3 Kasumi, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8551, Japan
| | - Martin Lotz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Hiroshi Asahara
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Rd., La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA.
- Department of Systems BioMedicine, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University (TMDU), 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8510, Japan.
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Fan L, He Y, Han J, Ybuan P, Guo X, Wang W. The osteoarthritis-associated gene PAPSS2 promotes differentiation and matrix formation in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:5190-5200. [PMID: 30546414 PMCID: PMC6256856 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
3'-Phosphoadenosine 5'-phosphosulfate synthetase 2 (PAPSS2) has been shown to be important in the development of normal skeletal structure. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the role of PAPSS2 in the differentiation of chondrocytes as well as their mechanisms. Using RNA interference-mediated via a lentivirus and a retrovirus, PAPSS2 gene silence and overexpression in ATDC5 chondrogenic cells were performed. Chondrocyte differentiation and chondrogenic-related gene markers associated with extracellular matrix formation were noted. The mRNA and protein expression for Wnt4, β-catenin and SOX9 genes were observed. The PAPSS2 transcript expression levels progressively decline in ATDC5-induced chondrocyte-like cells during differentiation. Silencing of PAPSS2 expression had a significantly attenuating effect on cell differentiation and decreased expression of collagen II and X. In contrast, over-expression of PAPSS2 promoted the differentiation of ATDC5 chondrogenic cells. The mRNA expression levels of Wnt4 and SOX9 decreased significantly in PAPSS2 knock down cells vs. control cells. However, this expression was increased in the cells over-expressing PAPSS2. These data indicate that PAPSS2 regulates aggrecan activity as well as cell differentiation. The findings favor a mechanism by which PAPSS2 induces differentiation in ATDC5 cells via direct regulation of early signaling events that promote formation of collagenous matrix components. This control is probably mediated via extracellular matrix formation Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liying Fan
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
| | - Yuan He
- Beijing Novartis Pharma Ltd., Beijing 100004, P.R. China
| | - Jing Han
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Puwei Ybuan
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Clinical Medical College, Shaanxi University of Chinese Medicine, Xianyang, Shaanxi 712000, P.R. China
| | - Xiong Guo
- Department of Public Health, Key Laboratory of Environment and Genes Related to Diseases, Health Science Center, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Weizhuo Wang
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710004, P.R. China
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Investigate the developmental physiology of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ), a unique articulation between the cranium and the mandible. RECENT FINDINGS Principal regulatory factors for TMJ and disc development are Indian hedgehog (IHH) and bone morphogenetic protein (BMP-2). The mechanism is closely associated with ear morphogenesis. Secondary condylar cartilage emerges as a subperiosteal blastema on the medial surface of the posterior mandible. The condylar articular surface is immunoreactive for tenascin-C, so it is a modified fibrous periosteum with an underlying proliferative zone (cambrium layer) that differentiates into fibrocartilage. The latter cushions high loads and subsequently produces endochondral bone. The TMJ is a heavily loaded joint with three cushioning layers of fibrocartilage in the disc, as well as in subarticular zones in the fossa and mandibular condyle. The periosteal articular surface produces fibrocartilage to resist heavy loads, and has unique healing and adaptive properties for maintaining life support functions under adverse environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- David L Stocum
- School of Science, Department of Biology, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA
| | - W Eugene Roberts
- School of Dentistry, Department of Orthodontics & Orofacial Genetics, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI), Indianapolis, IN, USA.
- Department of Orthodontics, Loma Linda University, Loma Linda, CA, USA.
- Advanced Dental Education, St. Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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Deletion of Menin in craniofacial osteogenic cells in mice elicits development of mandibular ossifying fibroma. Oncogene 2017; 37:616-626. [PMID: 28991228 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Ossifying fibroma (OF) is a rare benign tumor of the craniofacial bones that can reach considerable and disfiguring dimensions if left untreated. Although the clinicopathological characteristics of OF are well established, the underlying etiology has remained largely unknown. Our work indicates that Men1-a tumor suppressor gene responsible of Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1-is critical for OF formation and shows that mice with targeted disruption of Men1 in osteoblasts (Men1Runx2Cre) develop multifocal OF in the mandible with a 100% penetrance. Using lineage-tracing analysis, we demonstrate that loss of Men1 arrests stromal osteoprogenitors in OF at the osterix-positive pre-osteoblastic differentiation stage. Analysis of Men1-lacking stromal spindle cells isolated from OF (OF-derived MSCs (OFMSCs)) revealed a downregulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) inhibitor Cdkn1a, consistent with an increased proliferation rate. Intriguingly, the re-expression of Men1 in Men1-deficient OFMSCs restored Cdkn1a expression and abrogated cellular proliferation supporting the tumor-suppressive role of Men1 in OF. Although our work presents the first evidence of Men1 in OF development, it further provides the first genetic mouse model of OF that can be used to better understand the molecular pathogenesis of these benign tumors and to potentially develop novel treatment strategies.
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11
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McClellan P, Jacquet R, Yu Q, Landis WJ. A Method for the Immunohistochemical Identification and Localization of Osterix in Periosteum-Wrapped Constructs for Tissue Engineering of Bone. J Histochem Cytochem 2017; 65:407-420. [PMID: 28415912 PMCID: PMC5490846 DOI: 10.1369/0022155417705300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
A novel immunohistochemistry (IHC) approach has been developed to label and localize osterix, a bone-specific transcription factor, within formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded, tissue-engineered constructs uniquely containing synthetic polymers and human periosteal tissue. Generally, such specimens consisting in part of polymeric materials and mineral are particularly difficult for IHC identification of proteins. Samples here were fabricated from human periosteum, electrospun poly-l-lactic acid (PLLA) nanofibers, and polycaprolactone/poly-l-lactic acid (PCL/PLLA, 75/25) scaffolds and harvested following 10 weeks of implantation in athymic mice. Heat-induced and protease-induced epitope retrieval methods from selected existing protocols were examined to identify osterix. All such protease-induced techniques were unsuccessful. Heat-induced retrieval gave positive results for osterix immunohistochemical staining in sodium citrate/EDTA/Tween 20 with high heat (120C) and pressure (~30 psi) for 10 min, but the heat and pressure levels resulted in tissue damage and section delamination from slides that limited protocol effectiveness. Heat-induced epitope retrieval led to other osterix-positive staining results achieved with minimal impact on structural integrity of the tissue and polymers in sodium citrate/EDTA/Tween 20 buffer at 60C and normal pressure (14.5 psi) for 72 hr. The latter approach identified osterix-positive cells by IHC within periosteal tissue, layers of electrospun PLLA nanofibers, and underlying PCL/PLLA scaffolds of the tissue-engineered constructs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phillip McClellan
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio (PM, RJ, QY, WJL)
| | - Robin Jacquet
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio (PM, RJ, QY, WJL)
| | - Qing Yu
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio (PM, RJ, QY, WJL)
| | - William J. Landis
- Department of Polymer Science, The University of Akron, Akron, Ohio (PM, RJ, QY, WJL)
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12
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Anthwal N, Peters H, Tucker AS. Species-specific modifications of mandible shape reveal independent mechanisms for growth and initiation of the coronoid. EvoDevo 2015; 6:35. [PMID: 26568815 PMCID: PMC4644282 DOI: 10.1186/s13227-015-0030-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The variation in mandibular morphology of mammals reflects specialisations for different diets. Omnivorous and carnivorous mammals posses large mandibular coronoid processes, while herbivorous mammals have proportionally smaller or absent coronoids. This is correlated with the relative size of the temporalis muscle that forms an attachment to the coronoid process. The role of this muscle attachment in the development of the variation of the coronoid is unclear. Results By comparative developmental biology and mouse knockout studies, we demonstrate here that the initiation and growth of the coronoid are two independent processes, with initiation being intrinsic to the ossifying bone and growth dependent upon the extrinsic effect of muscle attachment. A necessary component of the intrinsic patterning is identified as the paired domain transcription factor Pax9. We also demonstrate that Sox9 plays a role independent of chondrogenesis in the growth of the coronoid process in response to muscle interaction. Conclusions The mandibular coronoid process is initiated by intrinsic factors, but later growth is dependent on extrinsic signals from the muscle. These extrinsic influences are hypothesised to be the basis of the variation in coronoid length seen across the mammalian lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neal Anthwal
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
| | - Heiko Peters
- Institute of Genetic Medicine, International Centre for Life, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 3BZ UK
| | - Abigail S Tucker
- Department of Craniofacial Development and Stem Cell Biology, Dental Institute, King's College London, London, SE1 9RT UK
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13
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Huang L, Cai X, Li H, Xie Q, Zhang M, Yang C. The effects of static pressure on chondrogenic and osteogenic differentiation in condylar chondrocytes from temporomandibular joint. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 60:622-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2014] [Revised: 12/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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14
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Response of stem cells from different origins to biphasic calcium phosphate bioceramics. Cell Tissue Res 2015; 361:477-95. [PMID: 25676006 PMCID: PMC4529461 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-015-2116-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP) bioceramics have been successfully applied in a broad variety of presentation forms and with different ratios of hydroxyapatite (HA) and β-tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP). BCPs have been loaded with stem cells from different origins for bone tissue engineering purposes, but evidence of stem cell behavior on different compositions (various HA/β-TCP ratios) and physical features of BCPs is limited. We compared the adhesion, proliferation, viability and osteogenic potential of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) on granular BCPs with equal HA/β-TCP ratio of diverse particle sizes and on porous blocks which had different chemical compositions. In addition, the osteogenic differentiation of MSCs was compared to adipose-derived (ADSC) and dental pulp (DPSC) stem cells, as well as to pre-osteoblasts on a particulate BCP. MSCs growing on granular BCPs demonstrated increased number as compared to MSCs growing on blocks. Cells proliferated to a greater extent on small granular BCPs, while large granular BCPs and blocks promoted cell differentiation. Surprisingly, the expression of genes involved in osteogenesis was upregulated in MSCs on bioceramics in basal medium which indicates that BCPs may have osteoinductive potential. This was confirmed with the upregulation of osteochondrogenic markers, at different time points, when stem cells from various tissues were grown on the BCP. This study demonstrates that BCPs, depending on their physical features and chemical composition, modulate stem cell behavior, and that stem cells from different origins are inherently distinct in their gene expression profile and can be triggered toward osteochondrogenic fate by BCPs.
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15
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Study of differential properties of fibrochondrocytes and hyaline chondrocytes in growing rabbits. Br J Oral Maxillofac Surg 2015; 53:187-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjoms.2014.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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16
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Fedchenko N, Reifenrath J. Different approaches for interpretation and reporting of immunohistochemistry analysis results in the bone tissue - a review. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:221. [PMID: 25432701 PMCID: PMC4260254 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0221-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Immunohistochemistry (IHC) is a well-established, widely accepted method in both clinical and experimental parts of medical science. It allows receiving valuable information about any process in any tissue, and especially in bone. Each year the amount of data, received by IHC, grows in geometric progression. But the lack of standardization, especially on the post-analytical stage (interpreting and reporting of results), makes the comparison of the results of different studies impossible. METHODS Comprehensive PubMED literature search with a combination of search words "immunohistochemistry" and "scoring system" was performed and 773 articles describing IHC results were identified. After further manual analysis 120 articles were selected for detailed evaluation of used approaches. RESULTS Six major approaches to the interpretation and presentation of IHC analysis results were identified, analyzed and described. CONCLUSIONS The overview of the existing approaches in evaluation and interpretation of IHC data, which are provided in the article, can be used in bone tissue research and for either better understanding of existing scoring systems or developing a new one. Standard multiparametric, semiquantitative IHC scoring systems should simplify and clarify the process of interpretation and reporting of received data. VIRTUAL SLIDES The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_221.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nickolay Fedchenko
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
- Department of Pathological Anatomy and Forensic Medicine, SE "Dnipropetrovsk Medical Academy of Health Ministry of Ukraine", Dzerginskogo st. 9, 49044, Dnipropetrovsk, Ukraine.
| | - Janin Reifenrath
- Small Animal Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Foundation, Bünteweg 9, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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17
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Jing J, Hinton RJ, Jing Y, Liu Y, Zhou X, Feng JQ. Osterix couples chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in post-natal condylar growth. J Dent Res 2014; 93:1014-21. [PMID: 25192899 DOI: 10.1177/0022034514549379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Osterix (Osx) is a transcription factor essential for osteoblast differentiation and bone mineralization. Although there are indications that Osx also plays a regulatory role in cartilage, this has not been well-studied. The goal of this study was to define the function of Osx in the post-natal growth of the secondary cartilage at the mandibular condyle. Conditional Osx knockout (cKO) mice that were missing Osx only in cartilage were generated by crossing Osx-loxP mice to Aggrecan-Cre mice. Cre activity was induced by tamoxifen injection twice a week from day 12 to 1 mo of age, and specimens were collected at 1 and 5 mo of age. At 1 mo of age, the condylar hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in the cKO-mice was > three-fold thicker than that in the age-matched control, with little sign of endochondral bone formation. Immunohistochemistry and analysis of histological data revealed a defect in the coupling of chondrogenesis and osteogenesis in the cKO mice. In five-month-old mice examined to address whether late-stage removal of the Cre-deletion event would alleviate the phenotype, the hypertrophic chondrocyte zone in the cKO condyles was considerably larger than in wild-type mice. There were large discrete areas of calcified cartilage in the hypertrophic zone, few signs of endochondral bone formation, and large regions of disorganized intramembranous bone. Analysis of these data further strengthens the notion that Osterix is essential for the coupling of terminal cartilage differentiation and endochondral ossification in mandibular condylar cartilage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - R J Hinton
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Jing
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Y Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - X Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, China
| | - J Q Feng
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M Baylor College of Dentistry, Dallas, TX, USA
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