1
|
Gu J, Qiao Y, Cong S. Causal role of immune cells on risk of Parkinson's disease: a Mendelian randomization study. Front Aging Neurosci 2024; 16:1368374. [PMID: 38586828 PMCID: PMC10995297 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2024.1368374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Previous observational studies have suggested a correlation between immune cells and Parkinson's disease (PD), yet specific investigations into the causal relationship between the two remain limited. This study aims to explore this potential causal relationship. Methods We utilized genome-wide association study (GWAS) data on immune cells and Parkinson's Disease, conducting a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). To estimate causality, we employed inverse variance weighting (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median (WM) methods. For sensitivity analysis, we used Cochran's Q-test, MR-Egger intercept, leave-one-out analysis, and funnel plots. Results After false discovery rate (FDR) correction, the effects of PD on immune cells, and vice versa, were not statistically significant. These include CX3CR1 on CD14+ CD16-monocyte (OR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86-0.96, p = 0.0003 PFDR = 0.152), CD62L-CD86+ myeloid DC AC (OR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.89-0.97, p = 0.0005, PFDR = 0.152),CD11b on Mo (OR = 1.08, 95% CI = 1.03-1.13, p = 0.001, PFDR = 0.152), CD38 on igd+ cd24- (OR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.06-1.23, p = 0.001, PFDR = 0.152), D14+ cd16+ monocyte %monocyte (OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 1.04-1.17, p = 0.001, PFDR = 0.159). Additionally, PD may be causally related to the immune phenotype of CM CD8br %T cell (beta = 0.10, 95% CI = 1.14-1.16, p = 0.0004, PFDR = 0.151), SSC-A on monocyte (beta = 0.11, 95% CI = 1.15-1.18, p = 0.0004, PFDR = 0.1 SSC-A on monocyte). No pleiotropy was determined. Conclusion This study suggested a potential causal link between immune cells and Parkinson's Disease through the MR method, which could provide a new direction for the mechanistic research and clinical treatment of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Shuyan Cong
- Department of Neurology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
COVID-19 and Parkinson's Disease: Possible Links in Pathology and Therapeutics. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:1586-1596. [PMID: 35829997 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-022-00540-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of SARs-CoV-2 with emerging new variants is leading to global health crisis and has brought a major concern for patients with comorbidities. Parkinson's disease (PD) is a motor neurodegenerative disease involving various metabolic and psychological ailments along with the common occurrence of hyposmia as observed in COVID-19 patients. In addition, the observed surplus inflammatory responses in both diseases are also alarming. Alongside, angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) receptor, essentially required by SARS-CoV-2 to enter the cell and dopamine decarboxylase (DDC), required for dopamine synthesis is known to co-regulate in the non-neuronal cells. Taken together, these conditions suggested the probable reciprocal pathological relation between COVID-19 and PD and also suggested that during comorbidities, the disease diagnosis and therapeutics are critical and may engender severe health complications. In this review, we discuss various events and mechanisms which may have implications for the exacerbation of PD conditions and must be taken into account during the treatment of patients.
Collapse
|
3
|
Colony-stimulating factor 1 receptor signaling in the central nervous system and the potential of its pharmacological inhibitors to halt the progression of neurological disorders. Inflammopharmacology 2022; 30:821-842. [PMID: 35290551 DOI: 10.1007/s10787-022-00958-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colony Stimulating Factor-1 (CSF-1)/Colony Stimulating Factor-1 Receptor (CSF-1R) signaling axis plays an essential role in the development, maintenance, and proliferation of macrophage lineage cells. Within the central nervous system, CSF-1R signaling primarily maintains microglial homeostasis. Microglia, being the resident macrophage and first responder to any neurological insults, plays critical importance in overall health of the human brain. Aberrant and sustained activation of microglia along with continued proliferation and release of neurotoxic proinflammatory cytokines have been reported in various neurological and neurodegenerative diseases. Therefore, halting the neuroinflammatory pathway via targeting microglial proliferation, which depends on CSF-1R signaling, has emerged as a potential therapeutic target for neurological disorders. However, apart from regulating the microglial function, recently it has been discovered that CSF-1R has much broader role in central nervous system. These findings limit the therapeutic utility of CSF-1R inhibitors but also highlight the need for a complete understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. Moreover, it has been found that selective inhibitors of CSF-1R may be more efficient in avoiding non-specific targeting and associated side effects. Short-term depletion of microglial population in diseased conditions have also been found to be beneficial; however, the dose and therapeutic window for optimum effects may need to be standardized further.This review summarizes the present understanding of CSF-1R function within the central nervous system. We discuss the CSF-1R signaling in the context of microglia function, crosstalk between microglia and astroglia, and regulation of neuronal cell function. We also discuss a few of the neurological disorders with a focus on the utility of CSF-1R inhibitors as potential therapeutic strategy for halting the progression of neurological diseases.
Collapse
|
4
|
Bantle CM, French CT, Cummings JE, Sadasivan S, Tran K, Slayden RA, Smeyne RJ, Tjalkens RB. Manganese exposure in juvenile C57BL/6 mice increases glial inflammatory responses in the substantia nigra following infection with H1N1 influenza virus. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0245171. [PMID: 33493177 PMCID: PMC7833173 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0245171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Influenza A virus can lead to the development of encephalitis and subsequent neurological deficits ranging from headaches to neurodegeneration. Post-encephalitic parkinsonism has been reported in surviving patients of H1N1 infections, but not all cases of encephalitic H1N1 infection present with these neurological symptoms, suggesting that interactions with an environmental neurotoxin could promote more severe neurological damage. The heavy metal, manganese (Mn), is a potential interacting factor with H1N1 because excessive exposure early in life can induce long-lasting effects on neurological function through inflammatory activation of glial cells. In the current study, we used a two-hit model of neurotoxin-pathogen exposure to examine whether exposure to Mn during juvenile development would induce a more severe neuropathological response following infection with H1N1 in adulthood. To test this hypothesis, C57BL/6 mice were exposed to MnCl2 in drinking water (50 mg/kg/day) for 30 days from days 21–51 postnatal, then infected intranasally with H1N1 three weeks later. Analyses of dopaminergic neurons, microglia and astrocytes in basal ganglia indicated that although there was no significant loss of dopaminergic neurons within the substantia nigra pars compacta, there was more pronounced activation of microglia and astrocytes in animals sequentially exposed to Mn and H1N1, as well as altered patterns of histone acetylation. Whole transcriptome Next Generation Sequencing (RNASeq) analysis was performed on the substantia nigra and revealed unique patterns of gene expression in the dual-exposed group, including genes involved in antioxidant activation, mitophagy and neurodegeneration. Taken together, these results suggest that exposure to elevated levels of Mn during juvenile development could sensitize glial cells to more severe neuro-immune responses to influenza infection later in life through persistent epigenetic changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin M. Bantle
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - C. Tenley French
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Jason E. Cummings
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Shankar Sadasivan
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Kevin Tran
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard A. Slayden
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Richard J. Smeyne
- Department of Neuroscience, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ronald B. Tjalkens
- Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Cai LJ, Tu L, Huang XM, Huang J, Qiu N, Xie GH, Liao JX, Du W, Zhang YY, Tian JY. LncRNA MALAT1 facilitates inflammasome activation via epigenetic suppression of Nrf2 in Parkinson's disease. Mol Brain 2020; 13:130. [PMID: 32972446 PMCID: PMC7513532 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00656-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The goal of the present study was to elucidate the mechanism by which long non-coding RNA metastasis-associated lung adenocarcinoma transcript 1 (lncRNA MALAT1) promotes inflammation in Parkinson’s disease (PD). 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) was used to induce PD development in C57BL/6 mice, and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression was analysed by immunohistochemical analysis. Western blot and qPCR analyses were conducted to assess the expression of protein and mRNA levels, respectively. Lipopolysaccharide/adenosine triphosphate (LPS/ATP) was used to activate microglia in vitro. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), RNA pull-down and RNA immunoprecipitation chip (RIP) assays were performed to investigate the interaction among specific molecules. The 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was used to evaluate cell viability and proliferation. Flow cytometry was performed to analyse cell apoptosis after staining. The dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) assay was used to measure the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in cells. The results showed that MALAT1 was highly expressed in the brains of MPTP-induced PD model mice and in LPS/ATP-induced microglia cells. Knockdown of MALAT1 inhibited elevated nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like-2 factor (NRF2) expression, thereby inhibiting inflammasome activation and ROS production. MALAT1 was shown to promote neuroinflammation by recruiting enhancer of zeste homologue 2 (EZH2) to the promoter of NRF2, suppressing Nrf2 expression. In summary, MALAT1 epigenetically inhibits NRF2, thereby inducing inflammasome activation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in PD mouse and microglial cell models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Li-Jun Cai
- Department of Neurology, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P.R. China
| | - Li Tu
- Department of General Medical, the Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, 550004, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Mo Huang
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Jia Huang
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Nan Qiu
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Guang-Hong Xie
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Xiong Liao
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Wei Du
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Ying-Yue Zhang
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin-Yong Tian
- Department of Emergency, Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, No.83 Zhongshan East Road, Guiyang, 550002, Guizhou Province, P.R. China.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Okurut S, Boulware DR, Olobo J, Meya DB. Landmark clinical observations and immunopathogenesis pathways linked to HIV and Cryptococcus fatal central nervous system co-infection. Mycoses 2020; 63:840-853. [PMID: 32472727 PMCID: PMC7416908 DOI: 10.1111/myc.13122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cryptococcal meningitis remains one of the leading causes of death among HIV-infected adults in the fourth decade of HIV era in sub-Saharan Africa, contributing to 10%-20% of global HIV-related deaths. Despite widespread use and early induction of ART among HIV-infected adults, incidence of cryptococcosis remains significant in those with advanced HIV disease. Cryptococcus species that causes fatal infection follows systemic spread from initial environmental acquired infection in lungs to antigenaemia and fungaemia in circulation prior to establishment of often fatal disease, cryptococcal meningitis in the CNS. Cryptococcus person-to-person transmission is uncommon, and deaths related to blood infection without CNS involvement are rare. Keen to the persistent high mortality associated with HIV-cryptococcal meningitis, seizures are common among a third of the patients, altered mental status is frequent, anaemia is prevalent with ensuing brain hypoxia and at autopsy, brain fibrosis and infarction are evident. In addition, fungal burden is 3-to-4-fold higher in those with seizures. And high immune activation together with exacerbated inflammation and elevated PD-1/PD-L immune checkpoint expression is immunomodulated phenotypes elevated in CSF relative to blood. Lastly, though multiple Cryptococcus species cause disease in this setting, observations are mostly generalised to cryptococcal infection/meningitis or regional dominant species (C neoformans or gattii complex) that may limit our understanding of interspecies differences in infection, progression, treatment or recovery outcome. Together, these factors and underlying mechanisms are hypotheses generating for research to find targets to prevent infection or adequate therapy to prevent persistent high mortality with current optimal therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Samuel Okurut
- Research DepartmentInfectious Diseases InstituteMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
- Department of MicrobiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - David R. Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
| | - Joseph Olobo
- Department of Immunology and Molecular BiologySchool of Biomedical SciencesCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| | - David B. Meya
- Research DepartmentInfectious Diseases InstituteMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International MedicineDepartment of MedicineUniversity of MinnesotaMinneapolisMinnesota
- Department of MedicineSchool of MedicineCollege of Health SciencesMakerere UniversityKampalaUganda
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
HMGB1 Mediates Paraquat-Induced Neuroinflammatory Responses via Activating RAGE Signaling Pathway. Neurotox Res 2019; 37:913-925. [PMID: 31858421 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-019-00148-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Paraquat (PQ), a widely characterized neurotoxicant, has been generally accepted as one of the environmental factors in the etiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). Despite the direct evidence that PQ could induce inflammatory responses in central nervous system, the putative adverse effects of PQ on the neuroimmune interactions have rarely been investigated. High-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) has been proven to be relevant to the neuroinflammation involved in PD; however, whether and how HMGB1 exerts modulatory effects in nervous system upon PQ exposure remain elusive. Therefore, the present study investigated the underlying association between HMGB1 and PQ exposure in SH-SY5Y cells, which is a well-established in vitro model for PD research. We observed that HMGB1 was markedly increased in a concentration and time-dependent manner upon PQ exposure, and the elevated HMGB1 could be translocated into cytosol and then released to the extracellular milieu of SH-SY5Y cells. Knockdown of HMGB1 inhibited the activation of RAGE-P38-NF-κB signaling pathway and the expression of inflammation cytokines such as TNF-α and IL-6. These results suggested that HMGB1 is involved in the PQ-induced neuron death via activating RAGE signaling pathways and promoting neuroinflammatory responses.
Collapse
|
8
|
Bantle CM, Phillips AT, Smeyne RJ, Rocha SM, Olson KE, Tjalkens RB. Infection with mosquito-borne alphavirus induces selective loss of dopaminergic neurons, neuroinflammation and widespread protein aggregation. NPJ PARKINSONS DISEASE 2019; 5:20. [PMID: 31531390 PMCID: PMC6744428 DOI: 10.1038/s41531-019-0090-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Neuroinvasive infections with mosquito-borne alphaviruses such as Western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV) can cause post-encephalitic parkinsonism. To understand the mechanisms underlying these neurological effects, we examined the capacity of WEEV to induce progressive neurodegeneration in outbred CD-1 mice following non-lethal encephalitic infection. Animals were experientally infected with recombinant WEEV expressing firefly luciferase or dsRed (RFP) reporters and the extent of viral replication was controlled using passive immunotherapy. WEEV spread along the neuronal axis from the olfactory bulb to the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and basal midbrain by 4 days post infection (DPI). Infection caused activation of microglia and astrocytes, selective loss of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNpc) and neurobehavioral abnormalities. After 8 weeks, surviving mice displayed continued loss of dopamine neurons in the SNpc, lingering glial cell activation and gene expression profiles consistent with a neurodegenerative phenotype. Strikingly, prominent proteinase K-resistant protein aggregates were present in the the entorhinal cortex, hippocampus and basal midbrain that stained positively for phospho-serine129 α-synuclein (SNCA). These results indicate that WEEV may cause lasting neurological deficits through a severe neuroinflammatory response promoting both neuronal injury and protein aggregation in surviving individuals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Collin M Bantle
- 1Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Aaron T Phillips
- 1Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA.,2Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Richard J Smeyne
- 3Department of Neuroscience, Vickie & Jack Farber Institute for Neuroscience, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107 USA
| | - Savannah M Rocha
- 2Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Ken E Olson
- 2Arthropod-Borne and Infectious Disease Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Pathology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| | - Ronald B Tjalkens
- 1Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523 USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Where Is Dopamine and how do Immune Cells See it?: Dopamine-Mediated Immune Cell Function in Health and Disease. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2019; 15:114-164. [PMID: 31077015 DOI: 10.1007/s11481-019-09851-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Dopamine is well recognized as a neurotransmitter in the brain, and regulates critical functions in a variety of peripheral systems. Growing research has also shown that dopamine acts as an important regulator of immune function. Many immune cells express dopamine receptors and other dopamine related proteins, enabling them to actively respond to dopamine and suggesting that dopaminergic immunoregulation is an important part of proper immune function. A detailed understanding of the physiological concentrations of dopamine in specific regions of the human body, particularly in peripheral systems, is critical to the development of hypotheses and experiments examining the effects of physiologically relevant dopamine concentrations on immune cells. Unfortunately, the dopamine concentrations to which these immune cells would be exposed in different anatomical regions are not clear. To address this issue, this comprehensive review details the current information regarding concentrations of dopamine found in both the central nervous system and in many regions of the periphery. In addition, we discuss the immune cells present in each region, and how these could interact with dopamine in each compartment described. Finally, the review briefly addresses how changes in these dopamine concentrations could influence immune cell dysfunction in several disease states including Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, as well as the collection of pathologies, cognitive and motor symptoms associated with HIV infection in the central nervous system, known as NeuroHIV. These data will improve our understanding of the interactions between the dopaminergic and immune systems during both homeostatic function and in disease, clarify the effects of existing dopaminergic drugs and promote the creation of new therapeutic strategies based on manipulating immune function through dopaminergic signaling. Graphical Abstract.
Collapse
|
10
|
Neuroprotective Effect of Echinacoside in Subacute Mouse Model of Parkinson's Disease. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 2019:4379639. [PMID: 30834264 PMCID: PMC6374833 DOI: 10.1155/2019/4379639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 12/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Objective To study the protective effect of Echinacoside for 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) induced dopaminergic (DA) neurons injury in the subacute mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) and to explore its mechanism of action. Methods We chose 10 weeks of healthy wild type C57BL/6 male mice, hypodermic MPTP 30 mg/kg/day, five days, to prepare PD subacute mouse model. Behavior indexes of open field test and pole test were applied to examine the function of ECH to PD subacute mice model of PD sample action. The effects of ECH on dopaminergic neurons and astrocyte were examined using Immunohistochemistry including tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. The total numbers of TH-positive neurons and GFAP-positive cells in the substantia nigra pars compacts (SNpc) and ventral tegmental area (VTA) were obtained stereologically using the optical fractionator method. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect the inflammatory cytokines in the serum, including TNF-α (Ttumor necrosis factor alpha) and IFN-γ (interferon gamma). Protein expressions of ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1), TNF-α, Cleaved caspase-3, glial derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF), and phosphorylated and total extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK and ERK) in the anatomical region of substantia nigra (SN) were tested by protein immunoblot method (i.e., Western blotting). Results ECH reversed the reduction of total distance in open field test in MPTP-induced PD model mice (P < 0.01), shortened the return time and total time of PD subacute model mice in pole test (P < 0.01, P < 0.05), significantly reversed the reduction of TH positive neurons induced by MPTP (P < 0.05), and reduced the activation of astrocytes (P < 0.05). Meanwhile, ECH significantly inhibited the expression of IBA-1, Cleaved caspase-3, and TNF-α in midbrain of MPTP model mice (P < 0.05, P < 0.05, and P < 0.05) and upregulated the expression of GDNF (P < 0.05). And ECH lowered the level of TNF-α and IFN-γ in serum (P < 0.05, P < 0.05). Conclusion ECH has protective effects on the MPTP subacute model mice, its mechanism may be through inhibiting activation of microglia and astrocytes, reducing inflammatory reaction and promoting the secretion of neurotrophic factors, and eventually resulting in the reduction of the DA neurons apoptosis.
Collapse
|
11
|
A lincRNA-p21/miR-181 family feedback loop regulates microglial activation during systemic LPS- and MPTP- induced neuroinflammation. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:803. [PMID: 30038357 PMCID: PMC6056543 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0821-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Revised: 05/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The role of microglial-mediated sustained neuroinflammation in the onset and progression of Parkinson’s disease (PD) is well established, but the mechanisms contributing to microglial activation remain unclear. LincRNA-p21, a well studied long intergenic noncoding RNA (lincRNA), plays pivotal roles in diverse biological processes and diseases. Its role in microglial activation and inflammation-induced neurotoxicity, however, has not yet been fully elucidated. Here, we report that lincRNA-p21 promotes microglial activation through a p53-dependent transcriptional pathway. We further demonstrate that lincRNA-p21 competitively binds to the miR-181 family and induces microglial activation through the miR-181/PKC-δ pathway. Moreover, PKC-δ induction further increases the expression of p53/lincRNA-p21 and thus forms a circuit. Taken together, our results suggest that p53/lincRNA-p21, together with miR-181/PKC-δ, form a double-negative feedback loop that facilitates sustained microglial activation and the deterioration of neurodegeneration.
Collapse
|
12
|
Tiwari PC, Pal R. The potential role of neuroinflammation and transcription factors in Parkinson disease. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 28566949 PMCID: PMC5442366 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2017.19.1/rpal] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder characterized by dopaminergic neurons affected by inflammatory processes. Post-mortem analyses of brain and cerebrospinal fluid from PD patients show the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines, confirming an ongoing neuroinflammation in the affected brain regions. These inflammatory mediators may activate transcription factors—notably nuclear factor κB, Ying-Yang 1 (YY1), fibroblast growth factor 20 (FGF20), and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)—which then regulate downstream signaling pathways that in turn promote death of dopaminergic neurons through death domain-containing receptors. Dopaminergic neurons are vulnerable to oxidative stress and inflammatory attack. An increased level of inducible nitric oxide synthase observed in the substantia nigra and striatum of PD patients suggests that both cytokine—and chemokine-induced toxicity and inflammation lead to oxidative stress that contributes to degeneration of dopaminergic neurons and to disease progression. Lipopolysaccharide activation of microglia in the proximity of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra causes their degeneration, and this appears to be a selective vulnerability of dopaminergic neurons to inflammation. In this review, we will look at the role of various transcription factors and signaling pathways in the development of PD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Rishi Pal
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, King George's Medical University, Utter Pradesh Lucknow-226003, India
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Machado V, Gilsbach R, Das R, Schober A, Bogatyreva L, Hauschke D, Krieglstein K, Unsicker K, Spittau B. Gdf-15 deficiency does not alter vulnerability of nigrostriatal dopaminergic system in MPTP-intoxicated mice. Cell Tissue Res 2016; 365:209-23. [PMID: 27115420 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-016-2406-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Growth/differentiation factor-15 (Gdf-15) is a member of the transforming growth factor-β (Tgf-β) superfamily and has been shown to be a potent neurotrophic factor for midbrain dopaminergic (DAergic) neurons both in vitro and in vivo. Gdf-15 has also been shown to be involved in inflammatory processes. The aim of this study was to identify the role of endogenous Gdf-15 in the MPTP (1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine) mouse model of Parkinson's disease (PD) by comparing Gdf-15 (+/+) and Gdf-15 (-/-) mice. At 4 days and 14 days post-MPTP administration, both Gdf-15 (+/+) and Gdf-15 (-/-) mice showed a similar decline in DAergic neuron numbers and in striatal dopamine (DA) levels. This was followed by a comparable restorative phase at 90 days and 120 days, indicating that the absence of Gdf-15 does not affect the susceptibility or the recovery capacity of the nigrostriatal system after MPTP administration. The MPTP-induced microglial and astrocytic response was not significantly altered between the two genotypes. However, pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine profiling revealed the differential expression of markers in Gdf-15 (+/+) and Gdf-15 (-/-) mice after MPTP administration. Thus, the MPTP mouse model fails to uncover a major role of endogenous Gdf-15 in the protection of MPTP-lesioned nigrostriatal DAergic neurons, in contrast to its capacity to protect the 6-hydroxydopamine-intoxicated nigrostriatal system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venissa Machado
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Spemann Graduate School of Biology and Medicine (SGBM), University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Ralf Gilsbach
- Institute of Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Richa Das
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.,German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Andreas Schober
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Lioudmila Bogatyreva
- Institute of Medical Biometry and Medical Informatics, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dieter Hauschke
- German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases, 53115, Bonn, Germany
| | - Kerstin Krieglstein
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Klaus Unsicker
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| | - Björn Spittau
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Department of Molecular Embryology, University of Freiburg, 79104, Freiburg, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Lee Y, Chun HJ, Lee KM, Jung YS, Lee J. Silibinin suppresses astroglial activation in a mouse model of acute Parkinson׳s disease by modulating the ERK and JNK signaling pathways. Brain Res 2015; 1627:233-42. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Revised: 07/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|