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Voudren CD, Mayhue EJ, Riehm MD, Jugan MC. Evaluation of the relationship between plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 and gastrointestinal dysbiosis in canine chronic enteropathies. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0305711. [PMID: 38935795 PMCID: PMC11210855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0305711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2024] [Accepted: 06/04/2024] [Indexed: 06/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Chronic enteropathies are a common cause of morbidity in dogs and are associated with disruption of the normal gastrointestinal mucosal barrier. The objective of this prospective study was to determine the association between measures of gastrointestinal dysbiosis and plasma concentrations of glucagon-like peptide-2, a hormone responsible for normal mucosal structure, in dogs with chronic enteropathies. Fecal 16S V4 rRNA gene sequencing and quantitative PCR via the dysbiosis index was performed on 16 healthy controls and 18 dogs with chronic enteropathy prior to and 1 month after initiation of individualized therapy. Fasting and post-prandial plasma GLP-2 concentrations were measured via ELISA in healthy dogs and chronic enteropathy dogs at both time points. Alpha and beta diversity indices, as well as bacterial population abundances were compared between groups and time-points. Principal component analysis combined with least squares regression was used to identify taxa contributing to glucagon-like peptide-2 variance among groups. While the dysbiosis index did not differ between healthy dogs and dogs with chronic enteropathy, 16S V4 genomic sequencing identified 47 operational taxonomic units that differed between the groups, all but 2 of which resolved following chronic enteropathy treatment. Principal component analysis identified 6 families and 19 genera that contributed to differences in glucagon-like peptide-2 concentrations between groups. Dysbiosis associated with chronic enteropathies in dogs may contribute to the observed lower plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 concentrations. Further research into mechanisms of microbiota impact on the enteroendocrine system is needed. Association between glucagon-like peptide-2 secretion and microbiome indices may help to guide research into future treatment strategies for dogs with chronic enteropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caylie D. Voudren
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Erin J. Mayhue
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Michelle D. Riehm
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
| | - Maria C. Jugan
- Department of Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS, United States of America
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Riehm MD, Mayhue EJ, Jugan MC. Plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 concentrations are lower in dogs with chronic enteropathies than in healthy dogs. Am J Vet Res 2023; 84:ajvr.23.06.0149. [PMID: 37657734 PMCID: PMC10840783 DOI: 10.2460/ajvr.23.06.0149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/03/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare plasma glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) concentrations in dogs with treatment-naïve chronic enteropathies to healthy dogs and describe changes over time in dogs with chronic enteropathies (CE). ANIMALS 18 client-owned dogs with treatment-naïve CE and 17 client-owned healthy control dogs. METHODS This was a prospective study. Fasting, 1-hour, and 3-hour postprandial plasma GLP-2 concentrations were measured using a commercial immunoassay in healthy dogs and dogs with uncontrolled, untreated CE. Repeated fasting and postprandial plasma concentrations were measured in dogs with CE after initiating directed treatment for gastrointestinal disease. RESULTS There was no significant difference between fasting and postprandial GLP-2 concentrations in either group. Dogs with treatment-naïve CE had lower fasting (mean, 424 ± SD 176 pg/mL) plasma GLP-2 concentrations than healthy dogs (1184 ± 435 pg/mL; P < .0001). Fasted plasma GLP-2 concentrations (624 ± 314 pg/mL) remained lower in dogs with CE than in healthy dogs at recheck. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Dogs with CE have disrupted GLP-2 secretion. Future studies are required to evaluate subsets of CE and changes in response to therapy.
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Prahm AP, Hvistendahl MK, Brandt CF, Blanche P, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Jeppesen PB. Post-prandial secretion of glucagon-like peptide-2 (GLP-2) after carbohydrate-, fat- or protein enriched meals in healthy subjects. Peptides 2023; 169:171091. [PMID: 37640265 DOI: 10.1016/j.peptides.2023.171091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is an important regulator of intestinal growth and function. In adherable mixed meals the macronutrient composition with the best potential for stimulating GLP-2 secretion is not known. We compared the effect of 3 iso-energetic meals, where approximately 60 % of the energy ratio was provided as either carbohydrate, fat, or protein, respectively, on the post-prandial endogenous GLP-2 secretion. The responses were compared to secretion profiles of peptide YY (PYY), and glucose-dependent insulinotropic peptide (GIP). Ten healthy subjects were admitted on three occasions, at least a week apart, after a night of fasting. In an open-label, crossover design, they were randomized to receive a high carbohydrate (HC), high fat (HF) or high protein (HP) meal. The meals were approximately ∼3.9 MJ. Venous blood was collected for 240 min, and plasma concentrations of GLP-2, GIP and PYY were measured with specific radioimmunoassays. Mean GLP-2 levels peaked already at 30 min for the HC meal, however the HP meal induced the highest mean GLP-2 peaking levels, resulting in significantly higher mean GLP-2 area under the curve (AUC) from baseline of 7279 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [6081;8477] compared to the HC meal: 4764 pmol*min/L, 95 %-CI [3498;6029], p = 0.020 and the HF meal: 4796 pmol*min/L, [3385;6207], p = 0.011. Findings were similar for the PYY. The HC meal provided a greater AUC for GIP compared to the HP- and HF meals. The HP meal was most effective with respect to stimulation of the postprandial GLP-2 and PYY secretion, whereas the HC meal was more effective for GIP.
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Affiliation(s)
- August Pilegaard Prahm
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark.
| | - Mark Krogh Hvistendahl
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christopher Filtenborg Brandt
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Paul Blanche
- Section of Biostatistics, University of Copenhagen, Øster Farimagsgade 5, 1353 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens Juul Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and the NovoNordisk Foundation, Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health Science, Panum Institute 12.2, University of Copenhagen, Blegdamsvej 3B, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Palle Bekker Jeppesen
- Department of Intestinal Failure and Liver Diseases, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Blegdamsvej 9, 2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
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Markandey M, Bajaj A, Ilott NE, Kedia S, Travis S, Powrie F, Ahuja V. Gut microbiota: sculptors of the intestinal stem cell niche in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Gut Microbes 2022; 13:1990827. [PMID: 34747326 PMCID: PMC8583176 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2021.1990827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Intestinal epithelium represents a dynamic and diverse cellular system that continuously interacts with gut commensals and external cues. Intestinal stem cells, which lie at the heart of epithelial renewal and turnover, proliferate to maintain a steady stem cell population and differentiate to form functional epithelial cell types. This rather sophisticated assembly-line is maintained by an elaborate micro-environment, sculpted by a myriad of host and gut microbiota-derived signals, forming an intestinal stem cell niche. This complex, yet crucial signaling niche undergoes dynamic changes during homeostasis and chronic intestinal inflammation. Inflammatory bowel disease refers to a chronic inflammatory response toward pathogenic or commensal microbiota, in a genetically susceptible host. Compositional and functional alterations in gut microbiota are pathognomonic of IBD.The present review highlights the modulatory role of gut microbiota on the intestinal stem cell niche during homeostasis and inflammatory bowel disease. We discuss the mechanisms of direct action of gut commensals (through microbiota-derived or microbiota-influenced metabolites) on ISCs, followed by their effects via other epithelial and immune cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manasvini Markandey
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Aditya Bajaj
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | - Saurabh Kedia
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | - Simon Travis
- Translational Gastroenterology Unit, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Oxford, UK
| | - Fiona Powrie
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India,CONTACT Vineet Ahuja Department of Gastroenterology and Human Nutrition, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India, 110029
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Lucotti P, Lovati E, Lenti MV, Valvo B, Sprio E, Aronico N, Giuffrida P, Dell'Aera D, Pasini A, Ubezio C, Delliponti M, Tinelli C, Corazza GR, Di Sabatino A. Abnormal post-prandial glucagon-like peptide release in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Res Hepatol Gastroenterol 2021; 45:101533. [PMID: 33036955 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinre.2020.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Glucagon-like peptide GLP-1 and -2 have been shown to regulate immune responses in immune-mediated disorders, including Crohn's disease (CD). Our aim was to investigate post-prandial GLP release and its potential link to chronic inflammation, insulin secretion/sensitivity and body composition changes in CD patients. METHODS Fifteen patients with CD, 15 healthy controls (HC) and 15 patients with metabolic syndrome (MS) were recruited. All patients underwent assessment of body composition by means of bio-impedance followed by a meal tolerance test (MTT). Only one CD patient did not tolerate the MTT and was excluded. RESULTS Basal GLP-1 levels were up-regulated in CD, however, as compared to HC, stimulated GLP-1 secretion was significantly reduced in CD (-31 %, p < 0.05) as in MS (-52 %, p < 0.003). Similarly, basal GLP-2 levels were comparable to that of HC, while response to MTT in CD was virtually absent (p < 0.05). Similar fasting insulin sensitivity, estimated 1st and 2nd phase insulin secretion and insulinogenic index were found in CD and in HC. Post-prandial GLP secretion was positively correlated to insulin secretion indices, both in CD and MS. In CD, high-sensitive C reactive protein levels (hsCRP) and extra-cellular to intra-cellular water ratio (ECW/ICW), an index of cellular inflammation, were inversely correlated with stimulated GLP-1 (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) levels. CONCLUSION CD is characterized by abnormal fasting and post-prandial GLP levels. Circulating GLP influences subclinical inflammation and glucose metabolism in CD patients, but not their body composition parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Lucotti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Lovati
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Marco Vincenzo Lenti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Beatrice Valvo
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Elisa Sprio
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Nicola Aronico
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Paolo Giuffrida
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Dominica Dell'Aera
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Alessandra Pasini
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Cristina Ubezio
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Mariangela Delliponti
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Carmine Tinelli
- Clinical Epidemiology and Biometric Unit, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, Pavia, Italy
| | - Gino Roberto Corazza
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonio Di Sabatino
- First Department of Internal Medicine, San Matteo Hospital Foundation, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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Nóbrega S, Monteiro MP, Pereira-da-Silva L, Pereira SS, Hartmann B, Holst JJ, Barbosa Silva R, Cordeiro-Ferreira G. Congenital Glucagon-like Peptide-1 Deficiency in the Pathogenesis of Protracted Diarrhea in Mitchell-Riley Syndrome. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:1084-1090. [PMID: 33382423 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Mitchell-Riley syndrome due to RFX6 gene mutations is characterized by neonatal diabetes and protracted diarrhea. The RFX6 gene encodes a transcription factor involved in enteroendocrine cell differentiation required for beta-cell maturation. In contrast to the pathway by which RFX6 mutations leads to diabetes, the mechanisms underlying protracted diarrhea are unknown. OBJECTIVE To assess whether glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) was involved in the pathogenesis of Mitchell-Riley syndrome protracted diarrhea. METHODS Two case report descriptions. in a tertiary pediatric hospital. "Off-label" treatment with liraglutide. We describe 2 children diagnosed with Mitchell-Riley syndrome, presenting neonatal diabetes and protracted diarrhea. Both patients had nearly undetectable GLP-1 plasma levels and absence of GLP-1 immunostaining in distal intestine and rectum. The main outcome was to evaluate whether GLP-1 analogue therapy could improve Mitchell-Riley syndrome protracted diarrhea. RESULTS "Off-label" liraglutide treatment, licensed for type 2 diabetes treatment in children, was started as rescue therapy for protracted intractable diarrhea resulting in rapid improvement during the course of 12 months. CONCLUSION Congenital GLP-1 deficiency was identified in patients with Mitchell-Riley syndrome. The favorable response to liraglutide further supports GLP-1 involvement in the pathogenesis of protracted diarrhea and its potential therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Nóbrega
- Special Nutrition and Respiratory Care Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Medicine of Woman, Childhood and Adolescence, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana P Monteiro
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Pereira-da-Silva
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Medicine of Woman, Childhood and Adolescence, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NICU, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sofia S Pereira
- Endocrine, Cardiovascular & Metabolic Research, Unit for Multidisciplinary Research in Biomedicine (UMIB), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Department of Anatomy, Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (I3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
- Institute of Molecular Pathology and Immunology of the University of Porto (IPATIMUP), Portugal
| | - Bolette Hartmann
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jens J Holst
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Raul Barbosa Silva
- Special Nutrition and Respiratory Care Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gonçalo Cordeiro-Ferreira
- Special Nutrition and Respiratory Care Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Unit, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
- Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), Medicine of Woman, Childhood and Adolescence, NOVA Medical School | Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Nova de Lisboa, Lisbon, Portugal
- NICU, Hospital Dona Estefânia, Centro Hospitalar Universitário de Lisboa Central, Lisbon, Portugal
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Shelby RD, Cromeens B, Rager TM, Besner GE. Influence of Growth Factors on the Development of Necrotizing Enterocolitis. Clin Perinatol 2019; 46:51-64. [PMID: 30771819 PMCID: PMC6380490 DOI: 10.1016/j.clp.2018.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Growth factors have important roles in gastrointestinal tract development, maintenance, and response to injury. Various experiments have been used to demonstrate growth factor influence in multiple disease processes. These studies demonstrated enhancement of mucosal proliferation, intestinal motility, immune modulation, and many other beneficial effects. Select growth factors, including epidermal growth factor and heparin-binding epidermal growth factor like growth factor, demonstrate some beneficial effects in experimental and clinical intestinal injury demonstrated in necrotizing enterocolitis. The roles of glucagon-like peptide 2, insulin-like growth factor 1, erythropoietin, growth hormone, and hepatocyte growth factor in necrotizing enterocolitis are summarized in this article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita D. Shelby
- Surgical Research Fellow, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Barrett Cromeens
- Surgical Research Fellow, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Terrance M Rager
- Surgical Research Fellow, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
| | - Gail E. Besner
- Chief, Department of Pediatric Surgery, H. William Clatworthy, Jr. Professor of Surgery, Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Center for Perinatal Research, the Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, OH
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Magro DO, Cazzo E, Kotze PG, Vasques ACJ, Martinez CAR, Chaim EA, Geloneze B, Pareja JC, Coy CSR. Glucose Metabolism Parameters and Post-Prandial GLP-1 and GLP-2 Release Largely Vary in Several Distinct Situations: a Controlled Comparison Among Individuals with Crohn's Disease and Individuals with Obesity Before and After Bariatric Surgery. Obes Surg 2018; 28:378-388. [PMID: 28776152 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-017-2851-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to compare the post-prandial curves of glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GLP-2 among individuals with Crohn's disease (CD), obese individuals before and after bariatric surgery, and healthy controls. METHODS This an exploratory cross-sectional study that involved five groups of patients (two groups of individuals with CD-active and inactive), bariatric patients (pre- and post-surgery, who were their own controls), and a distinct separated control group of healthy volunteers. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and the post-prandial curves of glucose, insulin, GLP-1, and GLP-2 curves were assessed and compared. RESULTS The pre-RYGB group presented significantly higher levels of CRP than the post-RYGB (p = 0.001) and the control group (p = 0.001). The inactive CD group presented a higher post-prandial GLP-1 area under the curve (AUC) than the pre-RYGB group (p = 0.009). The post-RYGB group presented significantly higher AUCs of GLP-2 than the pre-RYGB group (p < 0.0001), both inactive and active CD groups (p < 0.0001 in both situations), and the control group (p = 0.002). The pre-RYGB group presented a significantly higher AUC of glucose than the post-RYGB (p = 0.02) and both active and inactive CD groups (p = 0.019 and p = 0.046, respectively). The pre-RYGB group presented a significantly higher AUC of insulin than the control (p = 0.005) and both CD groups (p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS Obesity is associated with an inflammatory state comparable to the one observed in CD; inflammation may also be enrolled in the blockade of GLP-2. CD individuals present a more incretin-driven pattern of glucose metabolism, as a way to prevent hypoglycemia and compensate the carbohydrate malabsorption and GLP-2 blockade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniéla Oliveira Magro
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, s/n, 13083-887, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Everton Cazzo
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, s/n, 13083-887, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Gustavo Kotze
- Colorectal Surgery Unit, Cajuru University Hospital, Catholic University of Paraná, Curitiba, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Junqueira Vasques
- Research Laboratory of Metabolism and Diabetes (LIMED), Gastrocentro, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carlos Augusto Real Martinez
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, s/n, 13083-887, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Elinton Adami Chaim
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, s/n, 13083-887, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Geloneze
- Research Laboratory of Metabolism and Diabetes (LIMED), Gastrocentro, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José Carlos Pareja
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, s/n, 13083-887, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cláudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medical Sciences, State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), R. Alexander Fleming, s/n, 13083-887, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
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Cazzo E, Pareja JC, Chaim EA, Coy CSR, Magro DO. COMPARISON OF THE LEVELS OF C-REACTIVE PROTEIN, GLP-1 AND GLP-2 AMONG INDIVIDUALS WITH DIABETES, MORBID OBESITY AND HEALTHY CONTROLS: AN EXPLORATORY STUDY. ARQUIVOS DE GASTROENTEROLOGIA 2018; 55:72-77. [PMID: 29561982 DOI: 10.1590/s0004-2803.201800000-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1/GLP-2) are gut hormones that may directly affect the glucose homeostasis and their activity seems to be significantly affected by chronic inflammation. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the postprandial levels of glucagon-like peptides 1 and 2 (GLP-1/GLP-2), C-reactive protein (CRP), and the postprandial glucose and insulin levels among individuals with obesity, type 2 diabetes, and healthy controls. METHODS An exploratory cross-sectional study, which involved individuals awaiting for bariatric/metabolic surgery and healthy controls. Postprandial levels of GLP-1, GLP-2, glucose, and insulin were obtained after a standard meal tolerance test. Inflammation was assessed by means of CRP. RESULTS There were 30 individuals enrolled in the study, divided into three groups: non-diabetic with morbid obesity (NDO; n=11 individuals), diabetic with mild obesity (T2D; n=12 individuals), and healthy controls (C; n=7 individuals). The mean CRP levels were significantly higher in the NDO group (6.6±4.7 mg/dL) than in the T2D (3.3±2.2 mg/dL) and C groups (2.5±3.2 mg/dL) (P=0.038). The GLP-1 levels following standard meal tolerance test and the area under the curve of GLP-1 did not differ among the three groups. The GLP-2 levels were significantly lower in the NDO and T2D than in the C group following standard meal tolerance test at all the times evaluated. The area under the curve of the GLP-2 was significantly lower in the NDO and T2D groups than in the C group (P=0.05 and P=0.01, respectively). CONCLUSION GLP-2 levels were impaired in the individuals with obesity and diabetes. This mechanism seems to be enrolled in preventing the worsening of the glucose homeostasis in these individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Cazzo
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - José Carlos Pareja
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Elinton Adami Chaim
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Cláudio Saddy Rodrigues Coy
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Daniéla Oliveira Magro
- Departamento de Cirurgia, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, São Paulo, Brasil
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Yang PY, Zou H, Lee C, Muppidi A, Chao E, Fu Q, Luo X, Wang D, Schultz PG, Shen W. Stapled, Long-Acting Glucagon-like Peptide 2 Analog with Efficacy in Dextran Sodium Sulfate Induced Mouse Colitis Models. J Med Chem 2018. [PMID: 29528634 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) is a hormone that has been shown to stimulate intestinal growth and attenuate intestinal inflammation. Despite being efficacious in a variety of animal models of disease, its therapeutic potential is hampered by the short half-life in vivo. We now describe a highly potent, stapled long-acting GLP-2 analog, peptide 10, that has a more than 10-fold longer half-life than teduglutide and improved intestinotrophic and anti-inflammatory effects in mouse models of DSS-induced colitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng-Yu Yang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Huafei Zou
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Candy Lee
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Avinash Muppidi
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Elizabeth Chao
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Qiangwei Fu
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Xiaozhou Luo
- Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Danling Wang
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Peter G Schultz
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States.,Department of Chemistry, The Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology , The Scripps Research Institute , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
| | - Weijun Shen
- California Institute for Biomedical Research , La Jolla , California 92037 , United States
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Salaga M, Mokrowiecka A, Zielinska M, Malecka-Panas E, Kordek R, Kamysz E, Fichna J. New Peptide Inhibitor of Dipeptidyl Peptidase IV, EMDB-1 Extends the Half-Life of GLP-2 and Attenuates Colitis in Mice after Topical Administration. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2017; 363:92-103. [PMID: 28724693 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.242586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease inhibition has become a possible new approach in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy. A serine exopeptidase, dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV), is responsible for the inactivation of incretin hormone, glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2), a potent stimulator of intestinal epithelium regeneration and growth. Recently, we showed that the novel peptide analog of endomorphin-2, Tyr-Pro-D-ClPhe-Phe-NH2 (EMDB-1) is a potent blocker of DPP IV and has an inhibitory effect on gastrointestinal (GI) smooth muscle contractility. The aim of this study was to characterize the anti-inflammatory effect and mechanism of action of EMDB-1 in the mouse GI tract. We used two models of experimental colitis (induced by TNBS and DSS). The anti-inflammatory effect of EMDB-1 was assessed by the determination of macroscopic score, ulcer score, colonic wall thickness, as well as myeloperoxidase activity. Additionally, we measured the expression of GLP-2, GLP2R, and DPP IV in the colon of control and colitic animals treated with the test compound. The expression of GLP-2 and GLP2R in the serum and colon of IBD patients and healthy control subjects has been assessed. We showed that EMDB-1 elevates the half-life of GLP-2 in vitro and attenuates acute, semichronic, and relapsing TNBS as well as DSS-induced colitis in mice after topical administration. The anti-inflammatory action of EMDB-1 is associated with changes in the level of colonic GLP-2 but not DPP IV expression. Our results validate DPP IV as a pharmacological target for the anti-IBD drugs, and its inhibitors based on natural substrates, such as EMDB-1, have the potential to become valuable anti-inflammatory therapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maciej Salaga
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Anna Mokrowiecka
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Marta Zielinska
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Ewa Malecka-Panas
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Radzislaw Kordek
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Elzbieta Kamysz
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
| | - Jakub Fichna
- Department of Biochemistry, Department of Digestive Tract Diseases, Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland (M.S., A.M., M.Z., E.M.P., R.K., J.F.); and Department of Molecular Biotechnology, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdansk, Gdansk, Poland (E.K.)
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12
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Kaunitz J, Nayyar P. Bugs, genes, fatty acids, and serotonin: Unraveling inflammatory bowel disease? F1000Res 2015; 4:F1000 Faculty Rev-1146. [PMID: 27508055 PMCID: PMC4963018 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.6456.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The annual incidence of the inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs) ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease has increased at an alarming rate. Although the specific pathophysiology underlying IBD continues to be elusive, it is hypothesized that IBD results from an aberrant and persistent immune response directed against microbes or their products in the gut, facilitated by the genetic susceptibility of the host and intrinsic alterations in mucosal barrier function. In this review, we will describe advances in the understanding of how the interaction of host genetics and the intestinal microbiome contribute to the pathogenesis of IBD, with a focus on bacterial metabolites such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) as possible key signaling molecules. In particular, we will describe alterations of the intestinal microbiota in IBD, focusing on how genetic loci affect the gut microbial phylogenetic distribution and the production of their major microbial metabolic product, SCFAs. We then describe how enteroendocrine cells and myenteric nerves express SCFA receptors that integrate networks such as the cholinergic and serotonergic neural systems and the glucagon-like peptide hormonal pathway, to modulate gut inflammation, permeability, and growth as part of an integrated model of IBD pathogenesis. Through this integrative approach, we hope that novel hypotheses will emerge that will be tested in reductionist, hypothesis-driven studies in order to examine the interrelationship of these systems in the hope of better understanding IBD pathogenesis and to inform novel therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Kaunitz
- Medical Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
- Department of Surgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Piyush Nayyar
- Medical Service, West Los Angeles VAMC, Los Angeles, CA, 90073, USA
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
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13
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Wang CW, Chang WL, Huang YC, Chou FC, Chan FN, Su SC, Huang SF, Ko HH, Ko YL, Lin HC, Chang TC. An essential role of cAMP response element-binding protein in epidermal growth factor-mediated induction of sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 gene expression and intestinal glucose uptake. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 64:239-51. [PMID: 25936754 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2014] [Revised: 03/26/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The sodium/glucose cotransporter 1 (SGLT1) is responsible for glucose uptake in intestinal epithelial cells. Its expression is decreased in individuals with intestinal inflammatory disorders and is correlated with the pathogenesis of disease. The aim of this study was to understand the regulatory mechanism of the SGLT1 gene. Using the trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid-induced mouse models of intestinal inflammation, we observed decreased SGLT1 expression in the inflamed intestine was positively correlated with the mucosal level of epidermal growth factor (EGF) and activated CREB. Overexpression of EGF demonstrated that the effect of EGF on intestinal glucose uptake was primarily due to the increased level of SGLT1. We identified an essential cAMP binding element (CRE) confers EGF inducibility in the human SGLT1 gene promoter. ChIP assay further demonstrated the increased binding of CREB and CBP to the SGLT1 gene promoter in EGF-treated cells. In addition, the EGFR- and PI3K-dependent CREB phosphorylations are involved in the EGF-mediated SGLT1 expression. This is the first report to demonstrate that CREB is involved in EGF-mediated transcription regulation of SGLT1 gene in the normal and inflamed intestine, which can provide potential therapeutic applications for intestinal inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Wen Wang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wen-Liang Chang
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yu-Chuan Huang
- Institute of Preventive Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Chi Chou
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Fang-Na Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shih-Chieh Su
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Shu-Fen Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Hsuan Ko
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yi-Ling Ko
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hang-Chin Lin
- School of Pharmacy, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsu-Chung Chang
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Department of Biochemistry, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC.
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14
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Baldassano S, Amato A. GLP-2: what do we know? What are we going to discover? ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 194-195:6-10. [PMID: 25218018 DOI: 10.1016/j.regpep.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucagon-like peptide 2 [GLP-2] is a 33-amino acid peptide released from the mucosal enteroendocrine L-cells of the intestine. The actions of GLP-2 are transduced by the GLP-2 receptor [GLP-2R], which is localized in the neurons of the enteric nervous system but not in the intestinal epithelium, indicating an indirect mechanism of action. GLP-2 is well known for its trophic role within the intestine and interest in GLP-2 is now reviving based on the approval of the GLP-2R agonist for treatment of short bowel syndrome [SBS]. Recently it also seems to be involved in glucose homeostasis. The aim of this review is to outline the importance of neuroendocrine peptides, specifically of GLP-2 in the enteric modulation of the gastrointestinal function and to focus on new works in order to present an innovative picture of GLP-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Baldassano
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche [STEBICEF], Italy.
| | - Antonella Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche, Chimiche e Farmaceutiche [STEBICEF], Italy
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