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Wu E, Zhu J, Ma Z, Tuo B, Terai S, Mizuno K, Li T, Liu X. Gastric alarmin release: A warning signal in the development of gastric mucosal diseases. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1008047. [PMID: 36275647 PMCID: PMC9583272 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1008047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Alarmins exist outside cells and are early warning signals to the immune system; as such, alarmin receptors are widely distributed on various immune cells. Alarmins, proinflammatory molecular patterns associated with tissue damage, are usually released into the extracellular space, where they induce immune responses and participate in the damage and repair processes of mucosal diseases.In the stomach, gastric alarmin release has been shown to be involved in gastric mucosal inflammation, antibacterial defense, adaptive immunity, and wound healing; moreover, this release causes damage and results in the development of gastric mucosal diseases, including various types of gastritis, ulcers, and gastric cancer. Therefore, it is necessary to understand the role of alarmins in gastric mucosal diseases. This review focuses on the contribution of alarmins, including IL33, HMGB1, defensins and cathelicidins, to the gastric mucosal barrier and their role in gastric mucosal diseases. Here, we offer a new perspective on the prevention and treatment of gastric mucosal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enqin Wu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Jiaxing Zhu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Zhiyuan Ma
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Biguang Tuo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
| | - Shuji Terai
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Kenichi Mizuno
- Division of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Niigata University, Niigata, Japan
| | - Taolang Li
- Department of General Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Liu, ; Taolang Li,
| | - Xuemei Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Digestive Disease Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, China
- *Correspondence: Xuemei Liu, ; Taolang Li,
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Finding relief for the self-conscious esophagus: laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery and the esophageal hypersensitivity and anxiety scale. Surg Endosc 2022; 36:7656-7663. [PMID: 35182218 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-022-09081-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 01/25/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Measures of mood and effective coping strategies have notable correlations with quality of life and treatment responses. There is evidence that patients with previously diagnosed anxiety disorders have less improvement in patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) after laparoscopic anti-reflux surgery (LARS) and that objective pathology does not correlate well with symptom severity. We were interested in investigating whether anxiety and hypervigilance, as measured preoperatively with the esophageal hypervigilance anxiety scale (EHAS), is associated with the improvement in GERD-specific PROMs and EHAS scores 6 months after LARS. METHODS We performed a retrospective cohort study of 102 adult patients (31% men, average age 64) who underwent LARS. In the preoperative evaluation, baseline gastroesophageal reflux disease-health-related quality of life (GERD-HRQL), laryngopharyngeal reflux symptom index (LPR-RSI) and EHAS scores were collected in addition to the standard reflux workup, including endoscopy, manometry, barium swallow, and pH study. For all three surveys, a higher score represents worse symptom severity. At 6 months postoperatively, 70 patients completed repeat GERD-HRQL, LPR-RSI, and EHAS surveys. We then analyzed for surgical and patient-related factors associated with improvement in the 6-month postoperative GERD-HRQL and LPR-RSI scores. RESULTS There was a statistically significant decrease in the GERD-HRQL (25 vs. 2, p < 0.001), LPR-RSI (17 vs. 3, p < 0.001) and EHAS (34 vs. 15, p < 0.001) 6 months after LARS. On multivariable linear regression, a higher baseline EHAS score was independently associated with a greater improvement in GERD-HRQL (β 0.35, p < 0.001) and LPR-RSI (β 0.19, p = 0.03) 6-months after LARS. Additionally, the degree of improvement in EHAS, GERD-HRQL, and LPR-RSI was not influenced by the type of LARS performed or by the severity of disease. CONCLUSION These findings are consistent with literature suggesting that measures of psychoemotional health correlate better with symptom intensity than objective pathology. We found that patients with a higher EHAS score have greater symptom severity and lower quality of life at baseline. Novel findings to this study are that patients with a higher preoperative EHAS, a measure of psychoemotional health, actually benefitted more from surgery and not less, which has been the traditional view in the literature. Future studies are warranted to establish directionality and explore the role of preoperative cognitive behavioral therapy with LARS for patients with significant symptoms of hypervigilance and anxiety.
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Sadiku E, Hasani E, Këlliçi I, Mone I, Kraja F, Kraja B, Burazeri G. Extra-esophageal symptoms in individuals with and without erosive esophagitis: a case-control study in Albania. BMC Gastroenterol 2021; 21:76. [PMID: 33593300 PMCID: PMC7885502 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-021-01658-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Erosive reflux esophagitis caused a large clinical spectrum of symptoms. Our aim was to assess the prevalence of extra-esophageal symptoms in individuals with and those without erosive esophagitis in Albania. METHODS A case-control study was conducted at the Regional Hospital of Durres, the second main district in Albania, a transitional country in South Eastern Europe, including 248 patients with erosive esophagitis (aged 46.5 ± 16.3 years) and 273 controls (aged 46.4 ± 16.0 years; response rate: 70%) enrolled during the period January 2013-June 2014. Both cases and controls underwent upper endoscopy. Information on socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle factors was also collected. Binary logistic regression was used to assess the association of erosive esophagitis and extra-esophageal symptoms. RESULTS Patients with erosive esophagitis had a higher prevalence of excessive alcohol consumption, smoking, sedentarity, non-Mediterranean diet and obesity compared to their control counterparts (9% vs. 5%, 70% vs. 49%, 31% vs. 17%, 61% vs. 49% and 22% vs. 9%, respectively). Upon adjustment for all socio-demographic characteristics and lifestyle/behavioral factors, there was evidence of a strong association of erosive esophagitis with chronic cough (OR = 3.2, 95% CI = 1.7-5.8), and even more so with laryngeal disorders (OR = 4.4, 95% CI = 2.6-7.5). In all models, the association of erosive esophagitis with any extra-esophageal symptoms was strong and mainly consistent with each of the symptoms separately (fully-adjusted model: OR = 4.6, 95% CI = 2.9-7.3). CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that the prevalence of extra-esophageal symptoms is higher among patients with erosive esophagitis in a transitional country characterized conventionally by employment of a Mediterranean diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edite Sadiku
- University Clinic of Gastrohepatology and Hepatology Service, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Dibra Street 371, 1001, Tirana, Albania
| | - Eqerem Hasani
- Emergency Departments, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania.,Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania
| | - Indrit Këlliçi
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania.,Endoscopy Unit, Service of Surgery, Regional Hospital Durrës, Telat Noga Street, Durrës, Albania
| | - Iris Mone
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania.,Department of Laboratory, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania
| | - Fatjona Kraja
- Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania.,University Clinic of Oncology, University Hospital Center Mother Teresa, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania
| | - Bledar Kraja
- University Clinic of Gastrohepatology and Hepatology Service, University Hospital Center "Mother Teresa", Dibra Street 371, 1001, Tirana, Albania. .,Division of Physiology, Department of Biomedical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine, Dibra Street 371, Tirana, Albania.
| | - Genc Burazeri
- Department of International Health, School for Public Health and Primary Care (CAPHRI), Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Bhatia SJ, Makharia GK, Abraham P, Bhat N, Kumar A, Reddy DN, Ghoshal UC, Ahuja V, Rao GV, Devadas K, Dutta AK, Jain A, Kedia S, Dama R, Kalapala R, Alvares JF, Dadhich S, Dixit VK, Goenka MK, Goswami BD, Issar SK, Leelakrishnan V, Mallath MK, Mathew P, Mathew P, Nandwani S, Pai CG, Peter L, Prasad AVS, Singh D, Sodhi JS, Sud R, Venkataraman J, Midha V, Bapaye A, Dutta U, Jain AK, Kochhar R, Puri AS, Singh SP, Shimpi L, Sood A, Wadhwa RT. Indian consensus on gastroesophageal reflux disease in adults: A position statement of the Indian Society of Gastroenterology. Indian J Gastroenterol 2019; 38:411-440. [PMID: 31802441 DOI: 10.1007/s12664-019-00979-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The Indian Society of Gastroenterology developed this evidence-based practice guideline for management of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in adults. A modified Delphi process was used to develop this consensus containing 58 statements, which were generated by electronic voting iteration as well as face-to-face meeting and review of the supporting literature primarily from India. These statements include 10 on epidemiology, 8 on clinical presentation, 10 on investigations, 23 on treatment (including medical, endoscopic, and surgical modalities), and 7 on complications of GERD. When the proportion of those who voted either to accept completely or with minor reservation was 80% or higher, the statement was regarded as accepted. The prevalence of GERD in India ranges from 7.6% to 30%, being < 10% in most population studies, and higher in cohort studies. The dietary factors associated with GERD include use of spices and non-vegetarian food. Helicobacter pylori is thought to have a negative relation with GERD; H. pylori negative patients have higher grade of symptoms of GERD and esophagitis. Less than 10% of GERD patients in India have erosive esophagitis. In patients with occasional or mild symptoms, antacids and histamine H2 receptor blockers (H2RAs) may be used, and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) should be used in patients with frequent or severe symptoms. Prokinetics have limited proven role in management of GERD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobna J Bhatia
- Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India.
| | | | - Philip Abraham
- P D Hinduja Hospital and MRC, and Hinduja Heathcare Surgical, Mumbai, 400 016, India
| | - Naresh Bhat
- Aster CMI Hospital, Bengaluru, 560 092, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Fortis Escorts Liver and Digestive Diseases Institute, Delhi, 110 025, India
| | | | - Uday C Ghoshal
- Department of Gastroenterology, Sanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences, Lucknow, 226 014, India
| | - Vineet Ahuja
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - G Venkat Rao
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | | | - Amit K Dutta
- Christian Medical College, Vellore, 632 004, India
| | - Abhinav Jain
- Seth GS Medical College and KEM Hospital, Mumbai, 400 012, India
| | - Saurabh Kedia
- All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110 029, India
| | - Rohit Dama
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | - Rakesh Kalapala
- Asian Institute of Gastroenterology, Hyderabad, 500 082, India
| | | | | | - Vinod Kumar Dixit
- Institute of Medical Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, 221 005, India
| | | | - B D Goswami
- Gauhati Medical College, Dispur Hospitals, Guwahati, 781 032, India
| | - Sanjeev K Issar
- JLN Hospital and Research Center, Bhilai Steel Plant, Bhilai, 490 009, India
| | | | | | | | - Praveen Mathew
- Vydehi Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Centre, Bengaluru, 560 066, India
| | | | - Cannanore Ganesh Pai
- Kasturba Medical College, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, 576 104, India
| | | | - A V Siva Prasad
- Institute of Gastroenterology, Visakhapatnam, 530 002, India
| | | | | | - Randhir Sud
- Medanta - The Medicity, Gurugram, 122 001, India
| | | | - Vandana Midha
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, 141 001, India
| | - Amol Bapaye
- Deenanath Mangeshkar Hospital and Research Center, Pune, 411 004, India
| | - Usha Dutta
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | - Ajay K Jain
- Choithram Hospital and Research Centre, Indore, 452 014, India
| | - Rakesh Kochhar
- Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, 160 012, India
| | | | | | | | - Ajit Sood
- Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, 141 001, India
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Choe JW, Joo MK, Kim HJ, Lee BJ, Kim JH, Yeon JE, Park JJ, Kim JS, Byun KS, Bak YT. Foods Inducing Typical Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease Symptoms in Korea. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2017; 23:363-369. [PMID: 28147346 PMCID: PMC5503285 DOI: 10.5056/jnm16122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2016] [Revised: 10/17/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/Aims Several specific foods are known to precipitate gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms and GERD patients are usually advised to avoid such foods. However, foods consumed daily are quite variable according to regions, cultures, etc. This study was done to elucidate the food items which induce typical GERD symptoms in Korean patients. Methods One hundred and twenty-six Korean patients with weekly typical GERD symptoms were asked to mark all food items that induced typical GERD symptoms from a list containing 152 typical foods consumed daily in Korea. All patients underwent upper gastrointestinal endoscopy followed by 24-hour ambulatory esophageal pH monitoring. The definition of “GERD” was if either of the 2 studies revealed evidence of GERD, and “possible GERD” if both studies were negative. Results One hundred and twenty-six cases (51 GERD and 75 possible GERD) were enrolled. In 19 (37.3%) of 51 GERD cases and in 17 (22.7%) of 75 possible GERD cases, foods inducing typical GERD symptoms were identified. In the GERD group (n = 19), frequent symptom-inducers were hot spicy stews, rice cakes, ramen noodles, fried foods, and topokki. In the possible GERD group (n = 17), frequent symptom-inducers were hot spicy stews, fried foods, doughnuts, breads, ramen noodles, coffee, pizza, topokki, rice cakes, champon noodles, and hotdogs. Conclusions In one-third of GERD patients, foods inducing typical symptoms were identified. Hot spicy stews, rice cakes, ramen noodles, fried foods, and topokki were the foods frequently inducing typical symptoms in Korea. The list of foods frequently inducing typical GERD symptoms needs to be modified based on their own local experiences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Wan Choe
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Moon Kyung Joo
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyo Jung Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Beom Jae Lee
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ji Hoon Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Eun Yeon
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Jae Park
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Seon Kim
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwan Soo Byun
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Tae Bak
- Department of Gastroenterology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Seoul, Korea
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Pasricha PJ, Yates KP, Nguyen L, Clarke J, Abell TL, Farrugia G, Hasler WL, Koch KL, Snape WJ, McCallum RW, Sarosiek I, Tonascia J, Miriel LA, Lee L, Hamilton F, Parkman HP. Outcomes and Factors Associated With Reduced Symptoms in Patients With Gastroparesis. Gastroenterology 2015; 149:1762-1774.e4. [PMID: 26299414 PMCID: PMC4663150 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2015.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Gastroparesis is a chronic clinical syndrome characterized by delayed gastric emptying. However, little is known about patient outcomes or factors associated with reduction of symptoms. METHODS We studied adult patients with gastroparesis (of diabetic or idiopathic type) enrolled in the National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases Gastroparesis Clinical Research Consortium Gastroparesis Registry, seen every 16 weeks and treated according to the standard of care with prescribed medications or other therapies at 7 tertiary care centers. Characteristics associated with reduced symptoms, based on a decrease of 1 or more in the gastroparesis cardinal symptom index (GCSI) score after 48 weeks of care, were determined from logistic regression models. Data were collected from patients for up to 4 years (median, 2.1 y). RESULTS Of 262 patients, 28% had reductions in GCSI scores of 1 or more at 48 weeks. However, there were no significant reductions in GCSI score from weeks 48 through 192. Factors independently associated with reduced symptoms at 48 weeks included male sex, age 50 years and older, initial infectious prodrome, antidepressant use, and 4-hour gastric retention greater than 20%. Factors associated with no reduction in symptoms included overweight or obesity, a history of smoking, use of pain modulators, moderate to severe abdominal pain, a severe gastroesophageal reflex, and moderate to severe depression. CONCLUSIONS Over a median follow-up period of 2.1 years, 28% of patients treated for gastroparesis at centers of expertise had reductions in GCSI scores of 1 or greater, regardless of diabetes. These findings indicate the chronic nature of gastroparesis. We identified factors associated with reduced symptoms that might be used to guide treatment. ClinicalTrials.gov no: NCT00398801.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Linda Lee
- Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD
| | - Frank Hamilton
- National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD
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Buzzelli JN, Chalinor HV, Pavlic DI, Sutton P, Menheniott TR, Giraud AS, Judd LM. IL33 Is a Stomach Alarmin That Initiates a Skewed Th2 Response to Injury and Infection. Cell Mol Gastroenterol Hepatol 2015; 1:203-221.e3. [PMID: 28210674 PMCID: PMC5301136 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmgh.2014.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 12/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Interleukin (IL)33 is a recently described alarmin that is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and potently activates Th2 immunity. It may play a pivotal role during Helicobacter pylori infection. Here, we delineate the role of IL33 in the normal gastric mucosa and in response to gastropathy. METHODS IL33 expression was evaluated in mice and human biopsy specimens infected with H pylori and in mice after dosing with aspirin. IL33 expression was localized in the gastric mucosa using immunofluorescence. Mice were given 1 or 7 daily doses of recombinant IL33 (1 μg/dose), and the stomach and the spleen responses were quantified morphologically, by flow cytometry and using quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting. RESULTS In mice, the IL33 protein was localized to the nucleus of a subpopulation of surface mucus cells, and co-localized with the surface mucus cell markers Ulex Europaeus 1 (UEA1), and Mucin 5AC (Muc5AC). A small proportion of IL33-positive epithelial cells also were Ki-67 positive. IL33 and its receptor Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1 (ST2) were increased 4-fold after acute (1-day) H pylori infection, however, this increase was not apparent after 7 days and IL33 expression was reduced 2-fold after 2 months. Similarly, human biopsy specimens positive for H pylori had a reduced IL33 expression. Chronic IL33 treatment in mice caused systemic activation of innate lymphoid cell 2 and polarization of macrophages to the M2 phenotype. In the stomach, IL33-treated mice developed transmural inflammation and mucous metaplasia that was mediated by Th2/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling. Rag-1-/- mice, lacking mature lymphocytes, were protected from IL33-induced gastric pathology. CONCLUSIONS IL33 is highly expressed in the gastric mucosa and promotes the activation of T helper 2-cytokine-expressing cells. The loss of IL33 expression after prolonged H pylori infection may be permissive for the T helper 1-biased immune response observed during H pylori infection and subsequent precancerous progression.
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Key Words
- AB, Alcian blue
- DC, dendritic cell
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- ERK, extracellular signal–regulated kinase
- FBS, fetal bovine serum
- Gastric Cancer
- HBSS, Hank’s balanced salt solution
- Helicobacter pylori
- IL, interleukin
- IL33
- ILC, innate lymphoid cell
- Inflammatory Response
- NF-κB, nuclear factor-κB
- PAS, periodic acid–Schiff
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- QRT-PCR, quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction
- SMC, surface mucus cells
- SPF, specific pathogen free
- SS1, Sydney strain 1
- STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription
- TFF, trefoil factor
- Th, T-helper
- WT, wild type
- mRNA, messenger RNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon N. Buzzelli
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Heather V. Chalinor
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Daniel I. Pavlic
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Philip Sutton
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Centre for Animal Biotechnology, School of Veterinary Science, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Trevelyan R. Menheniott
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Andrew S. Giraud
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Louise M. Judd
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Royal Children’s Hospital, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Department of Paediatrics, Royal Children’s Hospital, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia,Correspondence Address correspondence to: Louise Judd, PhD, Royal Children’s Hospital–Murdoch Children’s Research Institute, Gastrointestinal Research in Inflammation and Pathology, Royal Children’s Hospital, Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria, Australia 3052. fax: (61) 3-9936-6528.
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