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Pollock KE, Stevens D, Pennington KA, Thaisrivongs R, Kaiser J, Ellersieck MR, Miller DK, Schulz LC. Hyperleptinemia During Pregnancy Decreases Adult Weight of Offspring and Is Associated With Increased Offspring Locomotor Activity in Mice. Endocrinology 2015. [PMID: 26196541 DOI: 10.1210/en.2015-1247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pregnant women who are obese or have gestational diabetes mellitus have elevated leptin levels and their children have an increased risk for child and adult obesity. The goals of this study were to determine whether offspring weights are altered by maternal hyperleptinemia, and whether this occurs via behavioral changes that influence energy balance. We used 2 hyperleptinemic mouse models. The first was females heterozygous for a leptin receptor mutation (DB/+), which were severely hyperleptinemic, and that were compared with wild-type females. The second model was wild-type females infused with leptin (LEP), which were moderately hyperleptinemic, and were compared with wild-type females infused with saline (SAL). Total food consumption, food preference, locomotor activity, coordinated motor skills, and anxiety-like behaviors were assessed in wild-type offspring from each maternal group at 3 postnatal ages: 4-6, 11-13, and 19-21 weeks. Half the offspring from each group were then placed on a high-fat diet, and behaviors were reassessed. Adult offspring from both groups of hyperleptinemic dams weighed less than their respective controls beginning at 23 weeks of age, independent of diet or sex. Weight differences were not explained by food consumption or preference, because female offspring from hyperleptinemic dams tended to consume more food and had reduced preference for palatable, high-fat and sugar, food compared with controls. Offspring from DB/+ dams were more active than offspring of controls, as were female offspring of LEP dams. Maternal hyperleptinemia during pregnancy did not predispose offspring to obesity, and in fact, reduced weight gain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly E Pollock
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Damaiyah Stevens
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Kathleen A Pennington
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Rose Thaisrivongs
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Jennifer Kaiser
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Mark R Ellersieck
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Dennis K Miller
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
| | - Laura Clamon Schulz
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Women's Health (K.E.P., K.A.P., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Department of Animal Sciences (K.E.P., M.R.E., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; Department of Health Sciences (D.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; School of Medicine (R.T.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65212; Division of Biological Sciences (J.K., L.C.S.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211; and Department of Psychological Sciences (D.K.M.), University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri 65211
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Xu R, Lord SA, Peterson RM, Fergason-Cantrell EA, Lever JR, Lever SZ. Ether modifications to 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (SA4503): effects on binding affinity and selectivity for sigma receptors and monoamine transporters. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:222-30. [PMID: 25468036 PMCID: PMC4274187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Two series of novel ether analogs of the sigma (σ) receptor ligand 1-[2-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)ethyl]-4-(3-phenylpropyl)piperazine (SA4503) have been prepared. In one series, the alkyl portion of the 4-methoxy group was replaced with allyl, propyl, bromoethyl, benzyl, phenethyl, and phenylpropyl moieties. In the second series, the 3,4-dimethoxy was replaced with cyclic methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy and propylenedioxy groups. These ligands, along with 4-O-des-methyl SA4503, were evaluated for σ1 and σ2 receptor affinity, and compared to SA4503 and several known ether analogs. SA4503 and a subset of ether analogs were also evaluated for dopamine transporter (DAT) and serotonin transporter (SERT) affinity. The highest σ1 receptor affinities, Ki values of 1.75-4.63 nM, were observed for 4-O-des-methyl SA4503, SA4503 and the methylenedioxy analog. As steric bulk increased, σ1 receptor affinity decreased, but only to a point. Allyl, propyl and bromoethyl substitutions gave σ1 receptor Ki values in the 20-30 nM range, while bulkier analogs having phenylalkyl, and Z- and E-iodoallyl, ether substitutions showed higher σ1 affinities, with Ki values in the 13-21 nM range. Most ligands studied exhibited comparable σ1 and σ2 affinities, resulting in little to no subtype selectivity. SA4503, the fluoroethyl analog and the methylenedioxy congener showed modest six- to fourteen-fold selectivity for σ1 sites. DAT and SERT interactions proved much more sensitive than σ receptor interactions to these structural modifications. For example, the benzyl congener (σ1Ki=20.8 nM; σ2Ki=16.4 nM) showed over 100-fold higher DAT affinity (Ki=121 nM) and 6-fold higher SERT affinity (Ki=128nM) than the parent SA4503 (DAT Ki=12650 nM; SERT Ki=760 nM). Thus, ether modifications to the SA4503 scaffold can provide polyfunctional ligands having a broader spectrum of possible pharmacological actions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Sarah A Lord
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - Ryan M Peterson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA
| | - Emily A Fergason-Cantrell
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
| | - John R Lever
- Department of Radiology, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65212, USA; Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans' Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA.
| | - Susan Z Lever
- Department of Chemistry, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA; Department of MU Research Reactor Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211, USA.
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