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Weber MN, Mosena ACS, Baumbach LF, da Silva MS, Canova R, Dos Santos DRL, Budaszewski RDF, de Oliveira LV, Soane MM, Saraiva NB, Bellucco FT, Mazurek BA, Diehl GN, Gil LHVG, Borba MR, Corbellini LG, Canal CW. Serologic evidence of West Nile virus and Saint Louis encephalitis virus in horses from Southern Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:1021-1027. [PMID: 33797731 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Flaviviruses as West Nile virus (WNV), Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV), Ilhéus virus (ILHV), and Rocio virus (ROCV) are previously reported in different Brazilian regions, but studies in Southern Brazil are still scarce. To improve the information regarding flaviviruses in Southern Brazil, horse serum samples were analyzed using RT-qPCR and a commercial ELISA-Ab against WNV followed by PRNT75. All 1000 samples analyzed by real-time RT-PCR resulted negative. The 465 subsampled samples were analyzed by a commercial ELISA-Ab against WNV, and the 18.5% (86/465) positive samples were further analyzed by PRNT75. In the PRNT75, 13/86 and 2/86 horses were positive for SLEV and WNV, respectively. It was observed that 5.8% (13/226) of the farms presented at least one positive animal for SLEV in PRNT75, whereas 0.9% (2/226) for WNV. Apart from the lower seroprevalences identified when compared to data previously reported in other Brazilian regions, our results suggest that public health professionals must be aware of the presence of these potential zoonotic pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus N Weber
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Molecular, Instituto de Ciências da Saúde, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, Brazil.
| | - Ana C S Mosena
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Letícia F Baumbach
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Mariana S da Silva
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Raíssa Canova
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Débora R L Dos Santos
- Instituto de Veterinária, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata da F Budaszewski
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Livia V de Oliveira
- Instituto Ageu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Gustavo N Diehl
- Secretaria da Agricultura, Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural do Rio Grande do Sul (SEAPDR-RS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Laura H V G Gil
- Instituto Ageu Magalhães, Fundação Oswaldo Cruz (FIOCRUZ), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | - Mauro R Borba
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Luis G Corbellini
- Laboratório de Epidemiologia Veterinária, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Cláudio W Canal
- Laboratório de Virologia, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Morel AP, Webster A, Zitelli LC, Umeno K, Souza UA, Prusch F, Anicet M, Marsicano G, Bandarra P, Trainini G, Stocker J, Giani D, Fortes FB, Goenaga S, Reck J. Serosurvey of West Nile virus (WNV) in free-ranging raptors from Brazil. Braz J Microbiol 2021; 52:411-418. [PMID: 33108590 PMCID: PMC7966667 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-020-00393-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/17/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
West Nile virus (WNV) is a mosquito-borne Flavivirus that can affect birds, horses, and humans, and is the only zoonotic Flavivirus that has been identified in six continents. In Brazil, until 2010, there was no evidence of WNV circulation. Recently, the virus was isolated from a horse with encephalitis, and the first human cases were registered in Brazil. Despite that, there is still no information on the enzootic cycle of this virus in birds or wildlife. This study aimed to investigate whether there is evidence of WNV circulation among wild birds from Southern Brazil. For this, we used free-living wild raptors (live-trapped or rescued) as potential sentinels to investigate the presence of WNV antibodies using ELISA and plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT) assay. In addition, the presence of nucleic acids from Flavivirus family members was investigated. None of the birds sampled presented clinical findings compatible with WNV. Of the 200 serum samples from birds of prey belonging to 21 species, ten (5%) were positive for the presence of WNV antibodies on ELISA testing. The PRNT test did not confirm the ELISA results, but indicated that three birds had possibly been exposed to Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV). All samples were negative for Flavivirus RNA. The results presented here evince the need for permanent surveillance for emerging flaviviruses in Brazil, as well as for a contingency policy in the case of human/animal outbreaks, particularly in high-risk areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Paula Morel
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
| | - Anelise Webster
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Larissa Calo Zitelli
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Karen Umeno
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Ugo Araújo Souza
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabiane Prusch
- Clinica Veterinária Toca dos Bichos, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Marina Anicet
- Clinica Veterinária Toca dos Bichos, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Paulo Bandarra
- Nucleo de Reabilitação da Fauna Silvestre-UFPel, Pelotas, RS, Brazil
| | - Gustavo Trainini
- Hayabusa Consultoria Ambiental, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil
| | - Julian Stocker
- Hayabusa Consultoria Ambiental, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil
| | - Denise Giani
- Hayabusa Consultoria Ambiental, São Francisco de Paula, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávia Borges Fortes
- Programa Estadual de Sanidade Avícola (PESA), Secretaria da Agricultura Pecuária e Desenvolvimento Rural (SEAPDR), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Silvina Goenaga
- Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Virales Humanas (INEVH), Pergamino, Argentina
| | - José Reck
- Centro de Pesquisa em Saúde Animal, Instituto de Pesquisas Veterinárias Desidério Finamor (IPVDF), Eldorado do Sul, RS, Brazil.
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Câmara RJF, Bueno BL, Resende CF, Balasuriya UBR, Sakamoto SM, dos Reis JKP. Viral Diseases that Affect Donkeys and Mules. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:ani10122203. [PMID: 33255568 PMCID: PMC7760297 DOI: 10.3390/ani10122203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 11/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Donkeys have been neglected and threatened by abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. They are often treated as “small horses.” However, donkeys and horses have significant genetic, physiological, and behavioral differences. Specific knowledge about viral infectious diseases that affect donkeys and mules is important to mitigate disease outbreaks. Thus, the purpose of this review is to provide a brief update on viral diseases of donkeys and mules and ways to prevent their spread. Abstract Donkeys (Equus asinus) and mules represent approximately 50% of the entire domestic equine herd in the world and play an essential role in the lives of thousands of people, primarily in developing countries. Despite their importance, donkeys are currently a neglected and threatened species due to abandonment, indiscriminate slaughter, and a lack of proper sanitary management. Specific knowledge about infectious viral diseases that affect this group of Equidae is still limited. In many cases, donkeys and mules are treated like horses, with the physiological differences between these species usually not taken into account. Most infectious diseases that affect the Equidae family are exclusive to the family, and they have a tremendous economic impact on the equine industry. However, some viruses may cross the species barrier and affect humans, representing an imminent risk to public health. Nevertheless, even with such importance, most studies are conducted on horses (Equus caballus), and there is little comparative information on infection in donkeys and mules. Therefore, the objective of this article is to provide a brief update on viruses that affect donkeys and mules, thereby compromising their performance and well-being. These diseases may put them at risk of extinction in some parts of the world due to neglect and the precarious conditions they live in and may ultimately endanger other species’ health and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebeca Jéssica Falcão Câmara
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
| | - Bruna Lopes Bueno
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
| | - Cláudia Fideles Resende
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
| | - Udeni B. R. Balasuriya
- Louisiana Animal Disease Diagnostic Laboratory and Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, Louisiana State University, River Rd, Room 1043, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA;
| | - Sidnei Miyoshi Sakamoto
- Laboratório Multidisciplinar do Centro de Ciências Biológicas e da Saúde, Departamento de Ciências da Saúde (DCS), Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, Rio Grande do Norte 59625-900, Brazil;
| | - Jenner Karlisson Pimenta dos Reis
- Laboratório de Retroviroses, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Escola de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte 31270-901, Brazil; (R.J.F.C.); (B.L.B.); (C.F.R.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-31-3409-2100
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Burgueño A, Frabasile S, Díaz LA, Cabrera A, Pisano MB, Rivarola ME, Contigiani M, Delfraro A. Genomic Characterization and Seroprevalence Studies on Alphaviruses in Uruguay. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2018; 98:1811-1818. [PMID: 29633690 PMCID: PMC6086168 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.17-0980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Alphaviruses (Togaviridae) are arboviruses frequently associated with emerging infectious diseases. In this study, we aimed to investigate the presence of alphaviruses in Uruguay by detecting the viral genome in mosquitoes and neutralizing antibodies in equines. A total of 3,575 mosquitoes were analyzed for alphavirus genome detection. Serologic studies were performed on 425 horse sera by plaque reduction neutralization test (PRNT80) against Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (VEEV) subtype IAB, Pixuna virus (PIXV), Rio Negro virus (RNV), western equine encephalitis virus (WEEV), and Madariaga virus (MADV). Mosquitoes belonging to six genera were captured and 82.9% were identified as Culex pipiens. Two Cx. pipiens pools collected in Fray Bentos and Las Toscas localities were alphavirus positive, and phylogenetic analyses showed that the sequences grouped into two different clusters: the lineage I of eastern equine encephalitis virus and RNV (VEEV complex), respectively. Plaque reduction neutralization test assays showed antibodies against strains of the VEEV complex, MADV, and WEEV. Rio Negro virus was the most geographically widespread virus, showing higher seroprevalences (up to 20%). Seroprevalences against VEEV IAB ranged between 4.6% and 13%; antibodies against PIXV, WEEV, and MADV were less frequent (3-4%). In conclusion, RNV exhibited the highest seroprevalence in horses, a wide geographical distribution, and viral genome was detected in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes. Madariaga virus had a low seroprevalence in equines, but an epizootic lineage typical of North America was detected in Cx. pipiens mosquitoes. Taken together, our results show that alphaviruses are present in Uruguay with variable occurrence and geographical distribution being a potential threat for human and equine health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Analía Burgueño
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Sandra Frabasile
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luis Adrián Díaz
- Instituto de Virología “Dr. J.M. Vanella,” Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biológicas y Tecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Andrés Cabrera
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - María Belén Pisano
- Instituto de Virología “Dr. J.M. Vanella,” Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba, Argentina
| | - María Elisa Rivarola
- Instituto de Virología “Dr. J.M. Vanella,” Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Marta Contigiani
- Instituto de Virología “Dr. J.M. Vanella,” Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba, Argentina
| | - Adriana Delfraro
- Sección Virología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
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Monoclonal antibody against Saint Louis encephalitis prM viral protein. J Virol Methods 2015; 218:14-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 01/20/2015] [Accepted: 01/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Svoboda WK, Martins LC, Malanski LDS, Shiozawa MM, Spohr KAH, Hilst CLS, Aguiar LM, Ludwig G, Passos FDC, Silva LRD, Headley SA, Navarro IT. Serological evidence for Saint Louis encephalitis virus in free-ranging New World monkeys and horses within the upper Paraná River basin region, Southern Brazil. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop 2014; 47:280-6. [PMID: 25075477 DOI: 10.1590/0037-8682-0083-2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 06/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Saint Louis encephalitis virus (SLEV) primarily occurs in the Americas and produces disease predominantly in humans. This study investigated the serological presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. METHODS From June 2004 to December 2005, sera from 133 monkeys (Alouatta caraya, n=43; Sapajus nigritus, n=64; Sapajus cay, n=26) trap-captured at the Paraná River basin region and 23 blood samples from farm horses were obtained and used for the serological detection of a panel of 19 arboviruses. All samples were analyzed in a hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay; positive monkey samples were confirmed in a mouse neutralization test (MNT). Additionally, all blood samples were inoculated into C6/36 cell culture for viral isolation. RESULTS Positive seroreactivity was only observed for SLEV. A prevalence of SLEV antibodies in sera was detected in Alouatta caraya (11.6%; 5/43), Sapajus nigritus (12.5%; 8/64), and S. cay (30.8%; 8/26) monkeys with the HI assay. Of the monkeys, 2.3% (1/42) of A. caraya, 6.3% 94/64) of S. nigritus, and 15.4% (4/26) of S. cay were positive for SLEV in the MNT. Additionally, SLEV antibodies were detected by HI in 39.1% (9/23) of the horses evaluated in this study. Arboviruses were not isolated from any blood sample. CONCLUSIONS These results confirmed the presence of SLEV in nonhuman primates and horses from southern Brazil. These findings most likely represent the first detection of this virus in nonhuman primates beyond the Amazon region. The detection of SLEV in animals within a geographical region distant from the Amazon basin suggests that there may be widespread and undiagnosed dissemination of this disease in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walfrido Kühl Svoboda
- Instituto Latino-Americano de Ciências da Vida e da Natureza (ILACVN), Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana (UNILA), Foz do Iguaçu, PR, Brasil
| | - Lívia Carício Martins
- Departamento de Arbovirologia e Febres Hemorrágicas, Instituto Evandro Chagas, Ananindeua, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | - Lucas M Aguiar
- Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, Foz do Iguaçu, PR
| | - Gabriela Ludwig
- Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Primatas Brasileiros, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação da Biodiversidade, João Pessoa, PB
| | | | | | - Selwyn Arlington Headley
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Basil
| | - Italmar Teodorico Navarro
- Departamento de Medicina Veterinária Preventiva, Universidade Estadual de Londrina, Londrina, PR, Basil
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