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Bandla SS, Bhatt R, Devadiga S. Reclassification of respiratory syncytial virus genotypes in India. Virusdisease 2023; 34:1-14. [PMID: 37009257 PMCID: PMC10050612 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-022-00802-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is known to be the major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in infants and in the elderly. RSV was recently reclassified and simplified into three genotypes of the RSV-A subgroup (GA1-GA3) and into seven genotypes of the RSV-B subgroup (GB1-GB7). This classification strategy was not implemented globally. This study intended to reclassify the sequences that were submitted in GenBank till September 2021 from India. The gene sequences of the ectodomain region, second hypervariable region (SHR), and the partial second hypervariable region (PSHR) of the G gene were selected for the analysis. 25 ectodomain, 36 s hypervariable, and 19 partial second hypervariable regions of the RSV-A subgroup and 42-ectodomain, 49-s hypervariable region and 11-partial second hypervariable region of RSV-B subgroup were used for phylogenetic analysis. P-distance was calculated to support the genotype determination done by phylogenetic analysis. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that GA2.3.1, GA2.3.3, GA2.3.4, GA2.3.5, and GA2.3.6b lineages of GA2 genotype for RSV-A; and GB5.0.1, GB5.0.2, GB5.0.3, GB5.0.4a, GB5.0.4c, GB5.0.5a, GB5.0.5c lineages of GB5 genotype and GB7 genotype for RSV-B were that circulated in India. This work has implication for RSV vaccine research, and also for strategies for the prevention and control of RSV infection in humans. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13337-022-00802-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Suresh Bandla
- Father Muller Research Centre, Father Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore, 575002 Karnataka India
- Independent Researcher, Hyderabad, India
| | - Rushil Bhatt
- Father Muller Research Centre, Father Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore, 575002 Karnataka India
- Independent Researcher, Pune, India
| | - Santhosha Devadiga
- Father Muller Research Centre, Father Muller Medical College, Kankanady, Mangalore, 575002 Karnataka India
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2
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Yu S, Hua Y, Qian J, Sun M, Kang YJ. The presence of human respiratory syncytial virus in the cerebrospinal fluid of a child with Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor encephalitis of unknown trigger. Virol J 2023; 20:34. [PMID: 36829236 PMCID: PMC9951452 DOI: 10.1186/s12985-023-01997-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Anti-N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (anti-NMDAR) encephalitis is an important type of brain inflammation caused by autoantibody. As one of the primary agents responsible for respiratory tract infection, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) has also been reported to be capable of causing extrapulmonary diseases. Here, we first describe a case of anti-NMDAR encephalitis when hRSV was shown to be present in the cerebrospinal fluid. CASE PRESENTATION The child was noted to have ataxia and positive anti-NMDA receptors in the cerebrospinal fluid, diagnosed as anti-NMDA receptor encephalitis in combination with cranial MRI images. After high-dose hormone pulse therapy and medication, the disease improved, and he was discharged. However, a relapse occurred almost a year later, and the cranial MRI imaging showed progressive cerebellar atrophy. An hRSV strain from group B was detected in his cerebrospinal fluid, and the whole genome sequence was recovered using transcriptome sequencing. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this is the first report of hRSV being found in the cerebrospinal fluid of a patient with anti-NMDAR encephalitis. Even though more clinical records and experimental evidence are needed for validation, this work expands the types of diseases linked to hRSV and the likely cause of anti-NMDAR encephalitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siyan Yu
- Pediatric Laboratory, Wuxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.,The First School of Clinical Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ying Hua
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Qian
- Pediatric Laboratory, Wuxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China
| | - Mingxia Sun
- Department of Neurology, Wuxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yan-Jun Kang
- Pediatric Laboratory, Wuxi Children's Hospital Affiliated to Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, China.
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3
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Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection: Treatments and Clinical Management. Vaccines (Basel) 2023; 11:vaccines11020491. [PMID: 36851368 PMCID: PMC9962240 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines11020491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2023] [Accepted: 02/17/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major healthcare concern, especially for immune-compromised individuals and infants below 5 years of age. Worldwide, it is known to be associated with incidences of morbidity and mortality in infants. Despite the seriousness of the issue and continuous rigorous scientific efforts, no approved vaccine or available drug is fully effective against RSV. The purpose of this review article is to provide insights into the past and ongoing efforts for securing effective vaccines and therapeutics against RSV. The readers will be able to confer the mechanism of existing therapies and the loopholes that need to be overcome for future therapeutic development against RSV. A methodological approach was applied to collect the latest data and updated results regarding therapeutics and vaccine development against RSV. We outline the latest throughput vaccination technologies and prophylactic development efforts linked with RSV. A range of vaccination approaches with the already available vaccine (with limited use) and those undergoing trials are included. Moreover, important drug regimens used alone or in conjugation with adjuvants or vaccines are also briefly discussed. After reading this article, the audience will be able to understand the current standing of clinical management in the form of the vaccine, prophylactic, and therapeutic candidates against RSV. An understanding of the biological behavior acting as a reason behind the lack of effective therapeutics against RSV will also be developed. The literature indicates a need to overcome the limitations attached to RSV clinical management, drugs, and vaccine development that could be explained by dealing with the challenges of current study designs with continuous improvement and further work and approval on novel therapeutic applications.
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4
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OUP accepted manuscript. J Infect Dis 2022; 226:S110-S116. [DOI: 10.1093/infdis/jiac059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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5
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Attia MA, Essa EA, Elebyary TT, Faheem AM, Elkordy AA. Brief on Recent Application of Liposomal Vaccines for Lower Respiratory Tract Viral Infections: From Influenza to COVID-19 Vaccines. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:1173. [PMID: 34832955 PMCID: PMC8619292 DOI: 10.3390/ph14111173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination is the most effective means of preventing infectious diseases and saving lives. Modern biotechnology largely enabled vaccine development. In the meantime, recent advances in pharmaceutical technology have resulted in the emergence of nanoparticles that are extensively investigated as promising miniaturized drug delivery systems. Scientists are particularly interested in liposomes as an important carrier for vaccine development. Wide acceptability of liposomes lies in their flexibility and versatility. Due to their unique vesicular structure with alternating aqueous and lipid compartments, liposomes can enclose both hydrophilic and lipophilic compounds, including antigens. Liposome composition can be tailored to obtain the desired immune response and adjuvant characteristics. During the current pandemic of COVID-19, many liposome-based vaccines have been developed with great success. This review covers a liposome-based vaccine designed particularly to combat viral infection of the lower respiratory tract (LRT), i.e., infection of the lung, specifically in the lower airways. Viruses such as influenza, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2) are common causes of LRT infections, hence this review mainly focuses on this category of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Ahmed Attia
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK; (M.A.A.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Ebtessam Ahmed Essa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt; (E.A.E.); (T.T.E.)
| | - Toka Tarek Elebyary
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tanta University, Tanta 31511, Egypt; (E.A.E.); (T.T.E.)
| | - Ahmed Mostafa Faheem
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK; (M.A.A.); (A.M.F.)
| | - Amal Ali Elkordy
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences and Wellbeing, University of Sunderland, Sunderland SR1 3SD, UK; (M.A.A.); (A.M.F.)
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6
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Age-Specific Etiology of Severe Acute Respiratory Infections and Influenza Vaccine Effectivity in Prevention of Hospitalization in Russia, 2018-2019 Season. J Epidemiol Glob Health 2021; 11:413-425. [PMID: 34734387 PMCID: PMC8552611 DOI: 10.1007/s44197-021-00009-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The expansion and standardization of clinical trials, as well as the use of sensitive and specific molecular diagnostics methods, provide new information on the age-specific roles of influenza and other respiratory viruses in development of severe acute respiratory infections (SARI). Here, we present the results of the multicenter hospital-based study aimed to detect age-specific impact of influenza and other respiratory viruses (ORV). The 2018-2019 influenza season in Russia was characterized by co-circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and A(H3N2) virus subtypes which were detected among hospitalized patients with SARI in 19.3% and 16.4%, respectively. RSV dominated among ORV (15.1% of total cases and 26.8% in infants aged ≤ 2 years). The most significant SARI agents in intensive care units were RSV and influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus, (37.3% and 25.4%, respectively, of PCR-positive cases). Hyperthermia was the most frequently registered symptom for influenza cases. In contrast, hypoxia, decreased blood O2 concentration, and dyspnea were registered more often in RSV, rhinovirus, and metapneumovirus infection in young children. Influenza vaccine effectiveness (IVE) against hospitalization of patients with PCR-confirmed influenza was evaluated using test-negative case-control design. IVE for children and adults was estimated to be 57.0% and 62.0%, respectively. Subtype specific IVE was higher against influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, compared to influenza A(H3N2) (60.3% and 45.8%, respectively). This correlates with delayed antigenic drift of the influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 virus and genetic heterogeneity of the influenza A(H3N2) population. These studies demonstrate the need to improve seasonal influenza prevention and control in all countries as states by the WHO Global Influenza Strategy for 2019-2030 initiative.
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7
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Diniz LFA, Matsuba BK, Souza PSS, Lopes BRP, Kubo LH, Oliveira J, Toledo KA. Effects of neutrophil extracellular traps during human respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro. BRAZ J BIOL 2021; 83:e248717. [PMID: 34669797 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.248717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2021] [Accepted: 06/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the most common cause of severe lower respiratory tract diseases in young children worldwide, leading to a high number of hospitalizations and significant expenditures for health systems. Neutrophils are massively recruited to the lung tissue of patients with acute respiratory diseases. At the infection site, they release neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs) that can capture and/or inactivate different types of microorganisms, including viruses. Evidence has shown that the accumulation of NETs results in direct cytotoxic effects on endothelial and epithelial cells. Neutrophils stimulated by the hRSV-F protein generate NETs that are able to capture hRSV particles, thus reducing their transmission. However, the massive production of NETs obstructs the airways and increases disease severity. Therefore, further knowledge about the effects of NETs during hRSV infections is essential for the development of new specific and effective treatments. This study evaluated the effects of NETs on the previous or posterior contact with hRSV-infected Hep-2 cells. Hep-2 cells were infected with different hRSV multiplicity of infection (MOI 0.5 or 1.0), either before or after incubation with NETs (0.5-16 μg/mL). Infected and untreated cells showed decreased cellular viability and intense staining with trypan blue, which was accompanied by the formation of many large syncytia. Previous contact between NETs and cells did not result in a protective effect. Cells in monolayers showed a reduced number and area of syncytia, but cell death was similar in infected and non-treated cells. The addition of NETs to infected tissues maintained a similar virus-induced cell death rate and an increased syncytial area, indicating cytotoxic and deleterious damages. Our results corroborate previously reported findings that NETs contribute to the immunopathology developed by patients infected with hRSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F A Diniz
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - B K Matsuba
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - P S S Souza
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - B R P Lopes
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
| | - L H Kubo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil
| | - J Oliveira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista de Londrina - UEL, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Matemática Aplicada e Computacional - PGMAC, Londrina, PR, Brasil
| | - K A Toledo
- Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Departmento de Ciências Biológicas, Assis, SP, Brasil.,Universidade Estadual Paulista - UNESP, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Microbiologia, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brasil
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8
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Naikoo GA, Awan T, Hassan IU, Salim H, Arshad F, Ahmed W, Asiri AM, Qurashi A. Nanomaterials-Based Sensors for Respiratory Viral Detection: A Review. IEEE SENSORS JOURNAL 2021; 21:17643-17656. [PMID: 35790098 PMCID: PMC8769020 DOI: 10.1109/jsen.2021.3085084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Contagious diseases are the principal cause of mortality, particularly respiratory viruses, a real menace for public health and economic development worldwide. Therefore, timely diagnosis and treatments are the only life-saving strategy to overcome any epidemic and particularly the ongoing prevailing pandemic COVID-19 caused by SARS-CoV-2. A rapid identification, point of care, portable, highly sensitive, stable, and inexpensive device is needed which is exceptionally satisfied by sensor technology. Consequently, the researchers have directed their attention to employing sensors targeting multiple analyses of pathogenic detections across the world. Nanostructured materials (nanoparticles, nanowires, nanobundles, etc.), owing to their unique characteristics such as large surface-to-volume ratio and nanoscale interactions, are widely employed to fabricate facile sensors to meet all the immediate emerging challenges and threats. This review is anticipated to foster researchers in developing advanced nanomaterials-based sensors for the increasing number of COVID-19 cases across the globe. The mechanism of respiratory viral detection by nanomaterials-based sensors has been reported. Moreover, the advantages, disadvantages, and their comparison with conventional sensors are summarized. Furthermore, we have highlighted the challenges and future potential of these sensors for achieving efficient and rapid detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gowhar A. Naikoo
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied SciencesDhofar UniversitySalalahPC 211Oman
| | - Tasbiha Awan
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied SciencesDhofar UniversitySalalahPC 211Oman
| | | | - Hiba Salim
- Department of Mathematics and SciencesCollege of Arts and Applied SciencesDhofar UniversitySalalahPC 211Oman
| | - Fareeha Arshad
- Department of BiochemistryAligarh Muslim UniversityUttar Pradesh202002India
| | - Waqar Ahmed
- School of Mathematics and Physics, College of ScienceUniversity of LincolnLincolnLN6 7TSU.K.
| | - Abdullah M. Asiri
- Department of ChemistryFaculty of ScienceKing Abdulaziz UniversityJeddahPC 21589Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahsanulhaq Qurashi
- Department of ChemistryKhalifa UniversityAbu DhabiPC 127788United Arab Emirates
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9
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Kalergis AM, Soto JA, Gálvez NMS, Andrade CA, Fernandez A, Bohmwald K, Bueno SM. Pharmacological management of human respiratory syncytial virus infection. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:2293-2303. [PMID: 32808830 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1806821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the primary viral cause of respiratory diseases, leading to bronchiolitis and pneumonia in vulnerable populations. The only current treatment against this virus is palliative, and no efficient and specific vaccine against this pathogen is available. AREAS COVERED The authors describe the disease symptoms caused by hRSV, the economic and social impact of this infection worldwide, and how this infection can be modulated using pharmacological treatments, preventing and limiting its dissemination. The authors discuss the use of antibodies as prophylactic tools -such as palivizumab- and the use of nonspecific drugs to decrease the symptoms associated with the infection -such as bronchodilators, corticoids, and antivirals. They also discuss current vaccine candidates, new prophylactic treatments, and new antivirals options, which are currently being tested. EXPERT OPINION Today, many researchers are focused on developing different strategies to modulate the symptoms induced by hRSV. However, to achieve this, understanding how current treatments are working and their shortcomings needs to be further elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis M Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile.,Departamento De Endocrinología, Facultad De Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Jorge A Soto
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicolás M S Gálvez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Catalina A Andrade
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Ayleen Fernandez
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
| | - Susan M Bueno
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento De Genética Molecular Y Microbiología, Facultad De Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica De Chile , Santiago, Chile
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10
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11
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Viral Etiology of Acute Respiratory Infections in Pediatric Patients in Lebanon. Mediterr J Hematol Infect Dis 2019; 11:e2019059. [PMID: 31700584 PMCID: PMC6827722 DOI: 10.4084/mjhid.2019.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 09/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Acute respiratory infections (ARI) are the leading cause of death worldwide, especially among children. The majority of these infections in children are of viral etiology. In this study, we evaluated the incidence of viral ARI among children in Lebanon. Patients and Methods Children presenting with symptoms of ARI were prospectively recruited between September 2009 to February 2012. Nasopharyngeal aspirates were obtained from patients and screened for 11 respiratory viruses using a multiplex Luminex-based PCR assay. Results Two hundred twenty-one patients were recruited with a median age of 1 year (IQR: 0 - 5). Out of 221 patients, 116 (52.5%) were positive for at least one virus, the majority (103/116; 88.8%) of which were in children under 6-year of age. Overall, 188 viruses were detected. Rhinovirus (RhV) was the most common virus detected in 81 (69.8%) patients followed by coxsackie virus and echovirus (CVEV) which were detected as one target in the panel in 45 (38.8%), and parainfluenza viruses (PIV types: 1, 2, 3, 4) in 24 (20.7%) patients. Coinfection with more than one virus was detected in 49 (42.9%) patients. RhV and CVEV were the most common viruses associated with co-infections and higher risk of rhinorrhea. Conclusions Viral pathogens account for at least half of the ARIs in Lebanon, with a high frequency of co-infections being detected.
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Bawage SS, Tiwari PM, Pillai S, Dennis VA, Singh SR. Antibiotic Minocycline Prevents Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection. Viruses 2019; 11:v11080739. [PMID: 31405261 PMCID: PMC6723987 DOI: 10.3390/v11080739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2019] [Revised: 08/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Treatment drugs, besides their specific activity, often have multiple effects on the body. The undesired effect of the drug may be repurposed as therapeutics, saving significant investigative time and effort. Minocycline has anti-cancer, anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic properties. Presently, minocycline is also known to show anti-viral activity against Influenza virus, Japanese encephalitis virus, Simian immunodeficiency virus, Human immunodeficiency virus and West Nile virus. Here, we investigate the effect of minocycline on Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), a common respiratory virus that causes severe mortality and morbidity in infants, children, and older adult populations. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or treatment for RSV infection; hence, there is a critical need for alternative and effective drug choices. Our study shows that minocycline reduces the RSV-mediated cytopathic effect and prevents RSV infection. This is the first study demonstrating the anti-viral activity of minocycline against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil S Bawage
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Life Science Building, Harris way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Pooja M Tiwari
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Life Science Building, Harris way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Shreekumar Pillai
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Life Science Building, Harris way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Life Science Building, Harris way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Life Science Building, Harris way, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
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13
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Joshi S, Bawage S, Tiwari P, Kirby D, Perrie Y, Dennis V, Singh SR. Liposomes: a promising carrier for respiratory syncytial virus therapeutics. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2019; 16:969-980. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2019.1652268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Joshi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Swapnil Bawage
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Pooja Tiwari
- Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology and Emory University, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Daniel Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, School of Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow, UK
| | - Vida Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
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14
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Joshi S, Chaudhari AA, Dennis V, Kirby DJ, Perrie Y, Singh SR. Anti-RSV Peptide-Loaded Liposomes for the Inhibition of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. Bioengineering (Basel) 2018; 5:E37. [PMID: 29747393 PMCID: PMC6027156 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering5020037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Although respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the leading causes of acute respiratory tract infection in infants and adults, effective treatment options remain limited. To circumvent this issue, there is a novel approach, namely, the development of multifunctional liposomes for the delivery of anti RSV-peptides. While most of the peptides that are used for loading with the particulate delivery systems are the penetrating peptides, an alternative approach is the development of liposome-peptide systems, which are loaded with an RSV fusion peptide (RF-482), which has been designed to inhibit the RSV fusion and block infection. The results of this work have revealed that the liposomes themselves can serve as potential RSV inhibitors, whilst the anti-RSV-peptide with liposomes can significantly increase the RSV inhibition when compared with the anti-RSV peptide alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer Joshi
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
| | - Atul A Chaudhari
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
| | - Vida Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
| | - Daniel J Kirby
- Aston Pharmacy School, Life and Health Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham B4 7ET, UK.
| | - Yvonne Perrie
- Strathclyde Institute of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, University of Strathclyde, 161 Cathedral Street, Glasgow G4 0RE, UK.
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36016, USA.
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Multicenter Clinical Evaluation of the Alere i Respiratory Syncytial Virus Isothermal Nucleic Acid Amplification Assay. J Clin Microbiol 2018; 56:JCM.01777-17. [PMID: 29263208 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.01777-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The Alere i respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) assay is an isothermal nucleic acid amplification test capable of detecting RSV directly from respiratory specimens, with results being available in ≤13 min after test initiation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance characteristics of the Alere i RSV assay in a point-of-care setting by using direct nasopharyngeal (NP) swab specimens (direct NP) and nasopharyngeal swab specimens eluted and transported in viral transport medium (VTM NP). The study was a prospective, multicenter, clinical trial conducted at 9 sites across the United States to evaluate the clinical performance of the Alere i RSV assay with respiratory specimens obtained from both children (age, <18 years) and older adults (age, >60 years). The performance of the Alere i RSV assay was compared with that of the reference method, the Prodesse ProFlu+ real-time reverse transcriptase PCR (RT-PCR) assay. All specimens with discrepant test results were tested further by a second FDA-cleared PCR assay (the Verigene respiratory virus plus nucleic acid test; Luminex Inc., TX). A total of 554 subjects with signs and symptoms of respiratory infections were enrolled, and respiratory samples were collected in this study. In comparison with the ProFlu+ real-time RT-PCR, the overall sensitivity and specificity of Alere i RSV assay for the detection of RSV were 98.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 94.4 to 99.7%) and 98.0% (95% CI, 95.8 to 99.1%), respectively, for direct NP and 98.6% (95% CI, 94.4 to 99.7%) and 97.8% (95% CI, 95.5 to 98.9%), respectively, for VTM NP. The Alere i RSV is a highly sensitive and specific molecular assay ideal for rapid RSV detection in patients in the point-of-care setting due to its minimal hands-on time and rapid result availability.
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16
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Yang XX, Li CM, Li YF, Wang J, Huang CZ. Synergistic antiviral effect of curcumin functionalized graphene oxide against respiratory syncytial virus infection. NANOSCALE 2017; 9:16086-16092. [PMID: 29034936 DOI: 10.1039/c7nr06520e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
The diseases attributable to viruses remain a global burden. The respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), which is considered as the major viral pathogen of the lower respiratory tract of infants, has been implicated in severe lung disease. In this contribution, we developed a β-cyclodextrin (CD) functionalized graphene oxide (GO) composite, which displayed excellent antiviral activity and could load curcumin efficiently. RSV, a negative-sense single-stranded enveloped RNA virus, was employed as a model virus to investigate the antiviral activity of multifunctional GO. Proved by the tissue culture infectious dose assay and immunofluorescence assay, the curcumin loaded functional GO was confirmed with highly efficient inhibition for RSV infection and great biocompatibility to the host cells. The results showed that the composite could prevent RSV from infecting the host cells by directly inactivating the virus and inhibiting the viral attachment, and possessed prophylactic and therapeutic effects towards the virus. Our data indicate that the composite may provide new insights into antiviral therapy for RSV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory of Luminescent and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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17
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Luo Q, Guo X, Peng S, Luo W, Tian F, Yu P, Zou Y. The association between MICA/MICB polymorphism and respiratory syncytial virus infection in children. Int J Immunogenet 2017; 44:328-336. [PMID: 28925058 DOI: 10.1111/iji.12338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
MICA/MICB gene polymorphisms are related to several cancers and infectious diseases, but there are no reports on the association between MICA/MICB gene polymorphisms and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection. To clarify the association between MICA/MICB gene polymorphisms and infection of RSV in children, we collected fresh blood samples from paediatric patients with and without pneumonia after RSV infection. The MICA/MICB alleles were characterized by PCR sequence-specific primers (PCR-SSP) and PCR sequence-based genotyping (PCR-SBT), and then, the frequency of the MICA/MICB alleles and haplotypes was calculated. The results showed that the frequencies of MICA*002:01 and MICA-A9 in RSV-infected patients were significantly lower than in controls (9% vs. 20%, pc = 0.04). The allele frequency of MICA*002:01 in pneumonia patients (8%) and nonpneumonia patients (9%) was significantly lower than in controls (20%, pc = 0.02). MICA*002:01-MICB*008(Δrel = 0.616), MICA*009-MICB*016 (Δrel = 0.506), and MICA*045-MICB*014 (Δrel = 0.700) showed linkage disequilibrium in patients infected with RSV. The haplotype frequency of MICA*002:01-MICB*005:02 in RSV-infected patients was significantly lower than in controls (10% vs. 16%, pc = 0.033). In conclusion, allele MICA*002:01/A9 and haplotype MICA*002:01-MICB*005:02 were negatively associated with RSV respiratory tract infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q Luo
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - X Guo
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China.,Medical college of Hebei University of Engineering, Hebei, China
| | - S Peng
- The Second Xiang Ya Hospital of Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - W Luo
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - F Tian
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - P Yu
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Y Zou
- Department of Immunology, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Hunan, China
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18
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Lee JW, Kim YI, Im CN, Kim SW, Kim SJ, Min S, Joo YH, Yim SV, Chung N. Grape Seed Proanthocyanidin Inhibits Mucin Synthesis and Viral Replication by Suppression of AP-1 and NF-κB via p38 MAPKs/JNK Signaling Pathways in Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected A549 Cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:4472-4483. [PMID: 28502165 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b00923] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Airway epithelial cells are often infected by respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), one of the most common causes of asthma, bronchiolitis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pneumonia. During the infection process, excessive mucins instigate airway inflammation. However, the mechanism underlying RSV-induced airway hyper-responsiveness and inflammation is poorly understood. Furthermore, no reliable vaccines or drugs for antiviral therapy are available. In this study, the effect of the natural compound grape seed proanthocyanidin (GSP) on RSV-infected human airway epithelial cells A549 was evaluated. After pretreatment of the cells with or without exposure to RSV with 5-10 μg GSP/mL, the expression of various mucins (MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, MUC5B, and MUC8) was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Western blotting, as well as confocal microscopy. We found that GSP significantly decreased RSV-induced mucin synthesis at the mRNA and protein levels. In addition, GSP suppressed the RSV-induced signaling pathways, including extracellular signal-regulated kinase, c-Jun N-terminal kinase, and p38, together with nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) and activating protein-1 family members (c-Jun and c-Fos). Concomitantly, GSP inhibited the replication of RSV within A549 cells. Taken together, all our results suggest that GSP could be a potent therapeutic agent to suppress excessive mucus production and viral replication in RSV-induced airway inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Woo Lee
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center , Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Il Kim
- Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Medical Center , Seoul, 02447, Republic of Korea
| | - Chang-Nim Im
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Medicine, The Catholic University , Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | - Yong Hoon Joo
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Namhyun Chung
- College of Life Sciences & Biotechnology, Korea University , Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
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19
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Digital Image Analysis of Cells and Computational Tools for the Study of Mechanism of RSV Entry to Human Bronchial Epithelium. SISTEMAS E TECNOLOGIAS DE INFORMACAO : ATAS DE 12A CONFERENCIA IBERICA DE SISTEMAS E TECNOLOGIAS DE INFORMACAO (CISTI'2017) : 21 A 24 DE JUNHO DE 2017, LISBOA, PORTUGAL = INFORMATION SYSTEMS AND TECHNOLOGIES : PROCEEDINGS OF THE 12TH IB... 2017; 2017. [PMID: 34337619 DOI: 10.23919/cisti.2017.7975726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
this paper presents a research proposal which has been developed as a doctoral thesis in the PhD program in Computer Systems Engineering at the Universidad del Norte since August 2015. This research focuses on the analysis of cell images of the human bronchial epithelium infected with the Respiratory Syncytial Virus in order to understand the mechanisms of entry of the virus into the human body. Due to the large amount of information that is processed, it is necessary to use computational tools to finally differentiate between infected and uninfected cells.
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20
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Zhan L, Wu WB, Yang L, Huang CZ. Sensitive detection of respiratory syncytial virus based on a dual signal amplified plasmonic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 962:73-79. [PMID: 28231882 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2016] [Revised: 12/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The timely detection of infectious pathogen is critical in clinical early diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases. Plasmonic enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), by means of enzyme-mediated growth or aggregation of AuNPs, has received considerable attention because it allows a naked-eye detection of target in very low numbers. In this work, a dual-signal amplified plasmonic ELISA combined the high loading capacity of magnetic beads with the establishing stimulation effect of zinc ion has been developed to detect RSV as a model pathogen based on alkaline phosphatase-triggered dispersion of aggregated AuNPs. In ideal conditions, the proposed immunoassay can conveniently distinguish the concentration of RSV in a range of 0.1-30 pg/mL. In addition, the limit of detection of RSV of this immunoassay exceeds that of conventional ELISA by about 50 times. The high sensitivity makes this approach a good alternative to existing colorimetric immunoassays for pathogen detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Zhan
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Wen Bi Wu
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Lin Yang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Southwest University, Chongqing 400716, China; Chongqing Key Laboratory of Biomedical Analysis, Chongqing Science & Technology Commission, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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21
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Oliveira-Santos M, Santos JA, Soares J, Dias A, Quaresma M. Influence of meteorological conditions on RSV infection in Portugal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOMETEOROLOGY 2016; 60:1807-1817. [PMID: 27059367 DOI: 10.1007/s00484-016-1168-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2015] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 04/03/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Acute viral bronchiolitis is a common cause for infant hospital admissions. Of all etiological agents, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is commonly the most frequent. The present study assesses relationships between atmospheric factors and RSV infections in under 3-year-old patients admitted to the Inpatient Paediatric Service of Vila Real (North of Portugal). For this purpose, (1) clinical files of children admitted with a diagnosis of acute bronchiolitis from September 2005 to December 2015 (>10 years) were scrutinised and (2) local daily temperature/precipitation series, as well as six weather types controlling meteorological conditions in Portugal, were used. Fifty-five percent of all 770 admitted children were effectively infected with a given virus, whilst 48 % (367) were RSV+, i.e. 87 % of virus-infected children were RSV+. The bulk of incidence is verified in the first year of age (82 %, 302), slightly higher in males. RSV outbreaks are typically from December to March, but important inter-annual variability is found in both magnitude and shape. Although no clear connections were found between monthly temperatures/precipitation and RSV outbreaks apart from seasonality, a linkage to wintertime cold spells is apparent on a daily basis. Anomalously low minimum temperatures from the day of admittance back to 10 days before are observed. This relationship is supported by anomalously high occurrences of the E and AA weather types over the same period, which usually trigger dry and cold weather. These findings highlight some predictability in the RSV occurrences, revealing potential for modelling and risk assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Oliveira-Santos
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro EPE, CHTMAD, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - J A Santos
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, UTAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - J Soares
- Paediatric Department, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro EPE, CHTMAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - A Dias
- Paediatric Department, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro EPE, CHTMAD, Vila Real, Portugal
| | - M Quaresma
- Paediatric Department, Centro Hospitalar de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro EPE, CHTMAD, Vila Real, Portugal
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22
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Bawage SS, Tiwari PM, Singh A, Dixit S, Pillai SR, Dennis VA, Singh SR. Gold nanorods inhibit respiratory syncytial virus by stimulating the innate immune response. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2016. [PMID: 27381068 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.06] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/14/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, children and older adults. The use of metallic nanoparticles as potential therapeutics is being explored against respiratory viruses like Influenza, Parainfluenza and Adenovirus. In this study, we showed that gold nanorods (GNRs) inhibit RSV in HEp-2 cells and BALB/c mice by 82% and 56%, respectively. The RSV inhibition correlated with marked upregulated antiviral genes due to GNR mediated TLR, NOD-like receptor and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. Transmission electron microscopy of lungs showed GNRs in the endocytotic vesicles and histological analyses indicated infiltration by neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes correlating with clearance of RSV. In addition, production of cytokines and chemokines in the lungs indicates recruitment of immune cells to counter RSV replication. To our knowledge, this is the first in vitro and in vivo report that provides possible antiviral mechanisms of GNRs against RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swapnil S Bawage
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Pooja M Tiwari
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Ankur Singh
- College of Medicine, University of South Alabama, Mobile, AL, USA
| | - Saurabh Dixit
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shreekumar R Pillai
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Vida A Dennis
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA
| | - Shree R Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL, USA.
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23
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Esposito S, Pietro GD. Respiratory syncytial virus vaccines: an update on those in the immediate pipeline. Future Microbiol 2016; 11:1479-1490. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2016-0106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is among the most common causes of lower respiratory tract infection among infants and the elderly worldwide. Despite its long history, no licensed vaccine is available. Recently, advances in the knowledge of RSV biology and pathology as well as the development of new techniques to generate vaccine candidates have increased the number of promising vaccines. The aim of this review is to analyze RSV characteristics, to consider the history of RSV vaccines and to discuss RSV vaccines currently in development. Among the candidates in clinical trials, nanoparticle and subunit vaccines seem to be the most promising for pregnant women and the elderly, whereas live-attenuated or vector-based vaccines appear to be optimal for the pediatric population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanna Esposito
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Giada Di Pietro
- Pediatric Highly Intensive Care Unit, Department of Pathophysiology & Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
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24
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Application of Traditional Chinese Medical Herbs in Prevention and Treatment of Respiratory Syncytial Virus. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2016; 2016:6082729. [PMID: 27688789 PMCID: PMC5027054 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6082729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a common viral pathogen of the lower respiratory tract, which, in the absence of effective management, causes millions of cases of severe illness per year. Many of these infections develop into fatal pneumonia. In a review of English and Chinese medical literature, recent traditional Chinese medical herb- (TCMH-) based progress in the area of prevention and treatment was identified, and the potential anti-RSV compounds, herbs, and formulas were explored. Traditional Chinese medical herbs have a positive effect on inhibiting viral attachment, inhibiting viral internalization, syncytial formation, alleviation of airway inflammation, and stimulation of interferon secretion and immune system; however, the anti-RSV mechanisms of TCMHs are complicated, which should be further investigated.
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25
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Gold nanorods inhibit respiratory syncytial virus by stimulating the innate immune response. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:2299-2310. [PMID: 27381068 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2016] [Revised: 06/06/2016] [Accepted: 06/14/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe pneumonia and bronchiolitis in infants, children and older adults. The use of metallic nanoparticles as potential therapeutics is being explored against respiratory viruses like Influenza, Parainfluenza and Adenovirus. In this study, we showed that gold nanorods (GNRs) inhibit RSV in HEp-2 cells and BALB/c mice by 82% and 56%, respectively. The RSV inhibition correlated with marked upregulated antiviral genes due to GNR mediated TLR, NOD-like receptor and RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathways. Transmission electron microscopy of lungs showed GNRs in the endocytotic vesicles and histological analyses indicated infiltration by neutrophils, eosinophils and monocytes correlating with clearance of RSV. In addition, production of cytokines and chemokines in the lungs indicates recruitment of immune cells to counter RSV replication. To our knowledge, this is the first in vitro and in vivo report that provides possible antiviral mechanisms of GNRs against RSV.
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26
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Valdez J, Bawage S, Gomez I, Singh SR. Facile and rapid detection of respiratory syncytial virus using metallic nanoparticles. J Nanobiotechnology 2016; 14:13. [PMID: 26921130 PMCID: PMC4769566 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-016-0167-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) causes severe respiratory infection in infants, children and elderly. Currently, there is no effective vaccine or RSV specific drug for the treatment. However, an antiviral drug ribavirin and palivizumab is prescribed along with symptomatic treatment. RSV detection is important to ensure appropriate treatment of children. Most commonly used detection methods for RSV are DFA, ELISA and Real-time PCR which are expensive and time consuming. Newer approach of plasmonic detection techniques like localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) spectroscopy using metallic nanomaterials has gained interest recently. The LSPR spectroscopy is simple and easy than the current biophysical detection techniques like surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) and mass-spectroscopy. Results In this study, we utilized LSPR shifting as an RSV detection method by using an anti-RSV polyclonal antibody conjugated to metallic nanoparticles (Cu, Ag and Au). Nanoparticles were synthesized using alginate as a reducing and stabilizing agent. RSV dose and time dependent LSPR shifting was measured for all three metallic nanoparticles (non-functionalized and functionalized). Specificity of the functionalized nanoparticles for RSV was evaluated in the presence Pseudomonas aeruginosa and adenovirus. We found that functionalized copper nanoparticles were efficient in RSV detection. Functionalized copper and silver nanoparticles were specific for RSV, when tested in the presence of adenovirus and P. aeruginosa, respectively. Limit of detection and limit of quantification values reveal that functionalized copper nanoparticles are superior in comparison with silver and gold nanoparticles. Conclusions The study demonstrates successful application of LSPR for RSV detection, and it provides an easy and inexpensive alternative method for the potential development of LSPR-based detection devices. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-016-0167-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesus Valdez
- Laboratorio de Materiales I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Laboratorios Especializados, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba, 66451, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Swapnil Bawage
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, 1627, Harris way, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
| | - Idalia Gomez
- Laboratorio de Materiales I, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Centro de Laboratorios Especializados, Universidad Autónoma de Nuevo León, Av. Pedro de Alba, 66451, Monterrey, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| | - Shree Ram Singh
- Center for NanoBiotechnology Research, Alabama State University, 1627, Harris way, Montgomery, AL, 36104, USA.
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27
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Broadbent L, Groves H, Shields MD, Power UF. Respiratory syncytial virus, an ongoing medical dilemma: an expert commentary on respiratory syncytial virus prophylactic and therapeutic pharmaceuticals currently in clinical trials. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2016; 9:169-78. [PMID: 25847510 PMCID: PMC4474493 DOI: 10.1111/irv.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
As the most important viral cause of severe respiratory disease in infants and increasing recognition as important in the elderly and immunocompromised, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is responsible for a massive health burden worldwide. Prophylactic antibodies were successfully developed against RSV. However, their use is restricted to a small group of infants considered at high risk of severe RSV disease. There is still no specific therapeutics or vaccines to combat RSV. As such, it remains a major unmet medical need for most individuals. The World Health Organisations International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (WHO ICTRP) and PubMed were used to identify and review all RSV vaccine, prophylactic and therapeutic candidates currently in clinical trials. This review presents an expert commentary on all RSV-specific prophylactic and therapeutic candidates that have entered clinical trials since 2008.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Broadbent
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Helen Groves
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
| | - Michael D Shields
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.,The Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children, Belfast, UK
| | - Ultan F Power
- Centre for Infection & Immunity, School of Medicine, Dentistry & Biomedical Sciences, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK
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28
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Yang XX, Li CM, Huang CZ. Curcumin modified silver nanoparticles for highly efficient inhibition of respiratory syncytial virus infection. NANOSCALE 2016; 8:3040-8. [PMID: 26781043 DOI: 10.1039/c5nr07918g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Interactions between nanoparticles and viruses have attracted increasing attention due to the antiviral activity of nanoparticles and the resulting possibility to be employed as biomedical interventions. In this contribution, we developed a very simple route to prepare uniform and stable silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) with antiviral properties by using curcumin, which is a member of the ginger family isolated from rhizomes of the perennial herb Curcuma longa and has a wide range of biological activities like antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effects, and acts as reducing and capping agents in this synthetic route. The tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) assay showed that the curcumin modified silver nanoparticles (cAgNPs) have a highly efficient inhibition effect against respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infection, giving a decrease of viral titers about two orders of magnitude at the concentration of cAgNPs under which no toxicity was found to the host cells. Mechanism investigations showed that cAgNPs could prevent RSV from infecting the host cells by inactivating the virus directly, indicating that cAgNPs are a novel promising efficient virucide for RSV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xi Yang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Chun Mei Li
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
| | - Cheng Zhi Huang
- Key Laboratory on Luminescence and Real-Time Analytical Chemistry (Southwest University), Ministry of Education, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China.
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29
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Wang XF, Zhang XY, Gao X, Liu XX, Wang YH. Proteomic Profiling of a Respiratory Syncytial Virus-Infected Rat Pneumonia Model. Jpn J Infect Dis 2016; 69:285-92. [DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2015.244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Feng Wang
- The Affiliated Hospital of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xiu-Ying Zhang
- The Graduate College of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Xuejuan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Functional Protein Research of Guangdong Higher Education Institutes, Institute of Life and Health Engineering, Jinan University
| | - Xiao-Xue Liu
- The Graduate College of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
| | - Yi-Huan Wang
- The Graduate College of Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
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Eltzov E, Guttel S, Low Yuen Kei A, Sinawang PD, Ionescu RE, Marks RS. Lateral Flow Immunoassays - from Paper Strip to Smartphone Technology. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Caly L, Ghildyal R, Jans DA. Respiratory virus modulation of host nucleocytoplasmic transport; target for therapeutic intervention? Front Microbiol 2015; 6:848. [PMID: 26322040 PMCID: PMC4536372 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.00848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The respiratory diseases caused by rhinovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, and influenza virus represent a large social and financial burden on healthcare worldwide. Although all three viruses have distinctly unique properties in terms of infection and replication, they share the ability to exploit/manipulate the host-cell nucleocytoplasmic transport system in order to replicate effectively and efficiently. This review outlines the various ways in which infection by these viruses impacts on the host nucleocytoplasmic transport system, and examples where inhibition thereof in turn decreases viral replication. The highly conserved nature of the nucleocytoplasmic transport system and the viral proteins that interact with it make this virus–host interface a prime candidate for the development of specific antiviral therapeutics in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leon Caly
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
| | - Reena Ghildyal
- Faculty of ESTeM, University of Canberra, Bruce, ACT Australia
| | - David A Jans
- Nuclear Signaling Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC Australia
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Long X, Li S, Xie J, Li W, Zang N, Ren L, Deng Y, Xie X, Wang L, Fu Z, Liu E. MMP-12-mediated by SARM-TRIF signaling pathway contributes to IFN-γ-independent airway inflammation and AHR post RSV infection in nude mice. Respir Res 2015; 16:11. [PMID: 25652021 PMCID: PMC4332892 DOI: 10.1186/s12931-015-0176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is one of the most frequently observed pathogens during infancy and childhood. However, the corresponding pathogenesis has not been determined to date. We previously demonstrated that IFN-γ plays an important role in RSV pathogenesis, and SARM-TRIF-signaling pathway could regulate the production of IFN-γ. This study is to investigate whether T cells or innate immune cells are the predominant producers of IFN-γ, and further to explore other culprits in addition to IFN-γ in the condition of RSV infection. Methods Normal BALB/c mice and nude mice deficient in T cells were infected intranasally with RSV. Leukocytes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid were counted, lung histopathology was examined, and airway hyperresponsiveness (AHR) was measured by whole-body plethysmography. IFN-γ and MMP-12 were detected by ELISA. MMP408, a selective MMP-12 inhibitor, was given intragastrically. Resveratrol, IFN-γ neutralizing antibody and recombinant murine IFN-γ were administered intraperitoneally. SARM and TRIF protein were semi-quantified by Western blot. siRNA was used to knock-down SARM expression. Results RSV induced significant airway inflammation and AHR in both mice; IFN-γ was significantly increased in BALB/c mice but not in nude mice. MMP-12 was dramatically increased in both mice but earlier in nude mice. When MMP-12 was inhibited by MMP408, RSV-induced respiratory symptoms were alleviated. SARM was significantly suppressed while TRIF was significantly enhanced in both mice strains. Following resveratrol administration in nude mice, 1) SARM inhibition was prevented, 2) TRIF and MMP-12 were correspondingly down-regulated and 3) airway disorders were subsequently alleviated. Moreover, when SARM was efficiently knocked down using siRNA, TRIF and MMP-12 were markedly enhanced, and the anti-RSV effects of resveratrol were remarkably abrogated. MMP-12 was significantly increased in the IFN-γ neutralizing antibody-treated BALB/c mice but reduced in the recombinant murine IFN-γ-treated nude mice. Conclusions MMP-12 can result in at least part of the airway inflammation and AHR independent of IFN-γ. And SARM-TRIF- signaling pathway is involved in regulating the overproduction of MMP-12. To the best of our knowledge, this study is the first that has examined the effects of SARM on MMP-12 and further highlights the potential to target SARM-TRIF-MMP-12 cascades to treat RSV infection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12931-015-0176-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoru Long
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Simin Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Jun Xie
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Wei Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Na Zang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Key Laboratory of Pediatrics in Chongqing, CSTC2009CA5002, Chongqing International Science and Technology Cooperation Center for Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Luo Ren
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Yu Deng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Xiaohong Xie
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Lijia Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Zhou Fu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
| | - Enmei Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Children's Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No.136, Zhongshan 2nd Road, Yuzhong District, Chongqing, 400014, P.R. China.
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Evaluation of novel second-generation RSV and influenza rapid tests at the point of care. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2014; 81:171-6. [PMID: 25583129 DOI: 10.1016/j.diagmicrobio.2014.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Acute respiratory infections represent common pediatric emergencies. Infection control warrants immediate and accurate diagnoses. In the past, first-generation respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) rapid tests (strip tests) have shown suboptimal sensitivities. In 2013, the Food and Drug Administration licensed a second-generation RSV rapid test providing user-independent readouts (SOFIA™-RSV) using automated fluorescence assay technology known to yield superior results with influenza rapid testing. We are reporting the first point-of-care evaluation of the SOFIA™-RSV rapid test. In the Charité Influenza-Like Disease Cohort, 686 nasopharyngeal samples were tested in parallel with SOFIA™-RSV and SOFIA™-Influenza A+B. Compared to real-time PCR, SOFIA™-RSV sensitivities/specificities were 78.6%/93.9%, respectively (SOFIA™-Influenza A: 80.6%/99.3%). Performance was greatest in patients below 2 years of age with a test sensitivity of 81.8%. RSV sensitivities were highest (85%) in the first 2 days of illness and with nasopharyngeal compared to nasal swabs (P=0.055, McNemar's test). Second-generation RSV and influenza rapid testing provides highly accurate results facilitating timely patient cohortation and management.
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Bohmwald K, Espinoza JA, González PA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Central nervous system alterations caused by infection with the human respiratory syncytial virus. Rev Med Virol 2014; 24:407-19. [PMID: 25316031 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Revised: 08/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Worldwide, the human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of infant hospitalization because of acute respiratory tract infections, including severe bronchiolitis and pneumonia. Despite intense research, to date there is neither vaccine nor treatment available to control hRSV disease burden globally. After infection, an incubation period of 3-5 days is usually followed by symptoms, such as cough and low-grade fever. However, hRSV infection can also produce a larger variety of symptoms, some of which relate to the individual's age at infection. Indeed, infants can display severe symptoms, such as dyspnea and chest wall retractions. Upon examination, crackles and wheezes are also common features that suggest infection by hRSV. Additionally, infection in infants younger than 1 year is associated with several non-specific symptoms, such as failure to thrive, periodic breathing or apnea, and feeding difficulties that usually require hospitalization. Recently, neurological symptoms have also been associated with hRSV respiratory infection and include seizures, central apnea, lethargy, feeding or swallowing difficulties, abnormalities in muscle tone, strabismus, abnormalities in the CSF, and encephalopathy. Here, we discuss recent findings linking the neurological, extrapulmonary effects of hRSV with infection and functional impairment of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Bohmwald
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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Savitz J, Geaney C, Banks TA. A case of anaphylaxis to palivizumab. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2014; 113:236-7. [PMID: 25065351 DOI: 10.1016/j.anai.2014.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 06/04/2014] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Julia Savitz
- Department of Allergy/Immunology and Immunizations, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland.
| | - Casey Geaney
- Department of Allergy/Immunology and Immunizations, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Taylor A Banks
- Department of Allergy/Immunology and Immunizations, Walter Reed National Military Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland
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Espinoza JA, Bueno SM, Riedel CA, Kalergis AM. Induction of protective effector immunity to prevent pathogenesis caused by the respiratory syncytial virus. Implications on therapy and vaccine design. Immunology 2014; 143:1-12. [PMID: 24801878 DOI: 10.1111/imm.12313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2014] [Revised: 04/29/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Human respiratory syncytial virus (hRSV) is the leading cause of respiratory illness in infants and young children around the globe. This pathogen, which was discovered in 1956, continues to cause a huge number of hospitalizations due to respiratory disease and it is considered a health and economic burden worldwide, especially in developing countries. The immune response elicited by hRSV infection leads to lung and systemic inflammation, which results in lung damage but is not efficient at preventing viral replication. Indeed, natural hRSV infection induces a poor immune memory that allows recurrent infections. Here, we review the most recent knowledge about the lifecycle of hRSV, the immune response elicited by this virus and the subsequent pathology induced in response to infection in the airways. Novel findings about the alterations that this virus causes in the central nervous system and potential therapies and vaccines designed to treat or prevent hRSV infection are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janyra A Espinoza
- Millennium Institute on Immunology, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
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